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A History of the Progressive Federal Party, 1981 - 1989

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A History of the Progressive Federal Party, 1981 - 1989 STRUCTURAL CRISIS AND LIBERALISM: A HISTORY OF THE PROGRESSIVE FEDERAL PARTY, 1981 - 1989 DAVID SHANDLER Dissertation submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts in the Department of Economic History, Faculty of Arts, University of Cape Town, January 1991 The copyright of this thesis vests in the author. No quotation from it or information derived from it is to be published without full acknowledgement of the source. The thesis is to be used for private study or non- commercial research purposes only. Published by the University of Cape Town (UCT) in terms of the non-exclusive license granted to UCT by the author. .ABSTRACT Whereas an extensive literature has developed on the broad conditions of crisis in South Africa in the seventies and eighties, and on the dynamic of state and popular responses to it, little focus has fallen .on the reactions . of the other key elements among the dominating classes. It is the aim of this dissertation to attempt to address an aspect of this lacuna by focussing on the Progressive Federal Party's responses from 1981 until 1989. The thesis develops an understanding of the period as one entailing conditions of organ.le crisis. It attempts to show the PFP' s behaviour in the context of structural and conjunctural crises. The thesis periodises the Party's policy and strategic responses and makes an effort to show its contradictory nature. An effort is made to understand this contradictory character in terms of the party's class location with respect to the white dominating classes and leading elements within it; in relation to the black dominated classes; as well as in terms of the liberal tradition within which the Party operated. ) J CONTENTS Acknowledgements List of Abbreviations INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER ONE A Brief History of the l'FP: 1959 - 1981 31 CHAPTER TWO Response to Reform: 1981 - 1983 45 CHAPTER THREE The Failure of "The Politics of Power": 1984 - 1986 98 CHAPTER FOUR The Party in Decline: 1986 - 1988 153 CHAPTER FIVE The End of the Party: 1987 - 1989 211 CONCLUSION 247 BIBLIOGRAPHY 253 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This dissertation would never have been possible without the assistance, support and encouragement of many people: My supervisor Alan Hirsch provided me with invaluable guidance and encouragement Professors Ian Phimister and Dave Kaplan were a sympathetic source of support. The librarians at the UCT Centre for African Studies, the South African Library, the Centre for Policy Studies at Wits University, and the Democratic Party were very helpful. Thanks also to James Selfe of the PFP and DP. I wish to express appreciation to the Human Sciences Research Council, the Council of the University of Cape Town, as well as the UCT Centre for African Studies for financially assisting the research. Doctors Saville Furman, Frank Spracklen, and Rex Johnson without whose help I would not have been able to complete this thesis as I.passed through the mist that is M.E. My family who were always there for me. And, Jane, my dearest one. ABBREVIATIONS ANC African National Congress ASSOC OM Association of Chambers of Commerce AZ APO Azanian People's Organisation CBM Consultative Business Movement COSATU Congress of South African Trade Unions CP Conservative Party DP Democratic Party FCI Federated Chamber of Industries FDP Free Democratic Party GDP Gross Domestic Product HNP Herstigte Nasionale Party IDASA Institute for a Democratic Alternative in South Africa IP Independent Party JODAC Johannesburg Democratic Action Committee LP Labour Party MP Member of Parliament MPC Member of the Provincial Council NACTU National Council of Trade Unions NCM National Convention Movement NDM National Democratic Movement NP National Party NRP New Republic Party NU SAS National Union of South African Students PAC Pan Af ricanist Congress PE Port Elizabeth PFP Progressive Federal Party pp Progressive Party PRP Progressive Reform Party SACP South African Communist Party SADF South African Defence Force SAIRR South African Institute of Race Relations TIC Transvaal Indian Congress UDF United Democratic Front UMAC Unrest Monitoring and Action Committee UNI SA University of South Africa UP United Party us United States USA United States of America ~------~-~------------------ ------ 1 INTRODUCTION As South Africa enters the 1990s and there is the prospect of a resolution of its crisis, the predominantly white Democratic Party is riddled with uncertainty regarding its future. Both members of the party and outside observers are uncertain as to the role that this liberal institution will play in the unfolding of a post-apartheid country. The DP's dilemma is not something new to most of the members of the party who had previously made up its forerunner, the PFP. Something of an understanding of the future of the DP can be found in looking back at the history of the PFP during the turbulent years of the eighties. In this earlier period the PFP battled to come to terms with a rapidly changing context which placed unprecedented pressures on it and its dominant liberal ideology. This thesis attempts to deal with this process. An extensive literature has been built up over the years which investigates various aspects of the crisis of the seventies and the eighties. ( 1) Much emphasis in this literature has been placed on defining and analysing the broad structural parameters of the crisis. In this respect the structural weaknesses of the South African economy and the dominant system of social organisation have been comprehensive 1 y dea 1 t with . The conjunctural dynamic of state initiative and popular resistance have also been 1 The basic foundation discussion of the South African crisis is that of Saul and Gelb (1981 and 1986); see also Gelb (1987); Morris and Padayachee (1988); Cobbet, Glaser, Hindson and Swilling (1987); Wolpe (1987); Johnson (1988); Frankel, Pines and Swilling (1988); Swilling and Phillips (1989 a and b); Moss and Obery (1989); Hyslop (1989); Cassim (1986 and 1987); Hirsch (1988); Black and Stanwix (1987); Sutcliffe (1986); Moss and Obery (1987); Glaser (1987); Kaplan (1987); Gelb (1991); and Osborn (1991) 2 widely considered. ( 2) There has, however, been a lesser focus on the response of the dominating classes generally, and capital in particular. There has been some work on the politics of the white community and its varying responses to the unfolding conditions of struggle. In the main this work has focussed on dynamics within the National Party, and the white right. (3) With a few exceptions there has been no extensive consideration of the fortunes and responses of the Progressive Federal Party. (4) There has been some discussion of the experience of the liberal tradition in South Africa more generally, however. ( 5) Where this discussion has not originated from within the liberal community, it has been either superficial or limited in its focus. This leaves us with what is either a partisan appraisal of liberalism, or a confined focus on it. One notable exception has been the thesis completed by Brian Hackland on the history of the PFP until 1981. (6) It is a valuable contribution to the debate and has been of great benefit in the preparation of this dissertation. The period covered by it, however, covers the history of the PFP and 2 For coverage of the development of popular class responses during the 1980s, see e.g. the contributions to various editions of South African Review, such as Barrell; Lodge; McCarthy and Swilling; Grest and Hughes (all 1984); Lodge; Collinge; and Dollie (all 1986); Lodge; Muller; Helliker, Roux and White; Chaskalson, Jochelson and Seekings; and Keenan (all 1987); Webster and Friedman; Lodge; Nasson; Boraine; and Seekings (all 1989). See also the contributions to Cobbett and Cohen's 1988 collection, including Lambert and Webster; Seekings; Swilling; Molobi; and Hyslop (all 1988) 3 See Charney (1982); O'Meara (1982); Glaser (1986); Mare (1987); Freund (1986); Mann (1988); Welsh (1988); Sampson (1987) 4 Welsh (1987); Shandler (1989) 5 Godsell (1985); Bernstein and Godsell (1988); Butler, Elphick and Welsh (1987); Slabbert (1987 and 1988); Gerson (1987); Owen (1987); Simkins (1985); Glaser (1984 a and b; and 1989); De Beer (1984) 6 Hackland (1984) 3 its forerunners from its establishment in 1959 until its election successes in 1981. As such, it does not cover the whole period of the eighties and the ultimate dissolution of the Party. Aims of the Dissertation The aim of this dissertation is to fill this gap by investigating the history of the PFP from 1981 until the end of the Party in 1989. Not only were these years of dramatic economic, social and political upheaval for the country as a whole, but they were also tumultuous in the history of the PFP. The thesis will attempt to come to terms with the dynamic interaction between the broad context of structural and conjunctural crisis within South Africa, and the impact on, and response of the PFP. It will attempt to show how the Party was greatly influenced by outside forces and developments. An effort will be made to illustrate the party's varying, and at times contradictory, responses to events and developments. In particular, a focus will fall on the PFP's response in terms of its character as a liberal institution. In this respect it will seek to understand the class nature of the party, as well as the key non-class determinants in its behaviour. The thesis does not purport to be an absolutely comprehensive history of the party during the period under review. Rather, it attempts to highlight key issues which illustrate the impact of the crisis on the party, and its most significant responses. 4 Sources and Methodology As a contemporary history this study suffers from a number of limitations. These are largely related to access to sources and information, as well as the "freshness" of the material.
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