We Have Stopped the Land Subsidence in the Nobi Plain, Japan
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WGLS UNESCO IHP Workshop “Land subsidence induced by fluid extraction”, 14 November 2017, Madrid, Spain We have stopped the Land Subsidence in the Nobi Plain, Japan. Mean sea level Kenji Daito Daido University Nagoya, Japan Counter Measures for Land Subsidence and Groundwater Control of the Nobi Plain Ninth International Symposium on Land Subsidence (NISOLS) November,13~19,2015 Tokai Three‐Prefecture Investigation Committee on Land Subsidence Table of Contents 1. Mission of the Tokai Three‐Prefecture Investigation Committee on Land Subsidence 2. Organization of the Tokai Three‐ Prefecture Investigation Committee on Land Subsidence 3. Views of the delta in the west part of the Nobi Plain 4. Land condition map of the Nobi Plain 5. The largest area of zero meter above the sea level in Japan 6. Ground level at section A‐A’ and B‐B’ 7. E‐W oriented cross‐section through the coastal area of the Nobi Plain 8. Accumulation of land subsidence since 1961 9. Land subsidence at the benchmark and piezometric head of groundwater at the observation well 10. Land subsidence at the bench mark still showing small amount of quantity 11. Monitoring system of the Nobi Plain 12. Allowable yield of the Guideline 1985 to stop the land subsidence in the Nobi Plain 13. Regulation for groundwater withdrawal in the Nobi Plain 1. Mission of the Tokai Three‐Prefecture Investigation Committee on Land Subsidence Investigation of Research of Forecast research actual conditions realities in the future Measures Simulation model Geological and Drawing up of geotechnical Structure of groundwater engineering groundwater ground survey basin Change in groundwater level Leveling Past land Investigation of Situation of subsidence amount of land subsidence compression and groundwater level of stratum with observation well Change of Groundwater use groundwater in the future Investigation of level groundwater level State of • Flood control groundwater level measures Investigation of in the future • Pumping actual on restriction of groundwater use Usage groundwater and investigation condition of • Supply of groundwater Land subsidence alternative water Forecast in the futurethe in Forecast authorization Inferior of pump level groundwater safety of Calculation in the future discharge • Rationalization of Groundwater use Allowable yield of Land subsidence groundwater measures Management Groundwater groundwater level management <Large area land subsidence measures work flow> The Tokai Three‐Prefecture Investigation Committee on Land Subsidence investigates the causes of land subsidence. Structure of groundwater basin is presumed based on soil exploration, leveling, groundwater level exploration, and pump displacement exploration etc., analysis that forecasts land subsidence and groundwater level in the future to groundwater use is done, and land subsidence measures of the Nobi Plain is supported. 2. Organization of the Tokai Three‐ Prefecture Investigation Committee on Land Subsidence <Organizations> Tokai Regional Agricultural Administration Office, Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Chubu Economy Industry Station, Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry Chubu Regional Development Bureau, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Chubu Regional Survey Department, Geospatial Information Authority of Japan, Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Aichi Prefecture Gifu Prefecture Mie Prefecture Nagoya City Nagoya Port Authority Yokkaichi Port Authority <Advisors> Prof. Takeshi Sato (Gifu University) Prof. Takeshi Makinouchi (Meijo University) Prof. Kenji Daito (Daido University) Prof. Emeritus Mamoru Adachi (Nagoya University) Prof. Emeritus Kano Ueshita (Nagoya University) Prof. Emeritus Katsuro Ogawa (Nagoya University) Associate Prof. Kohji Kamiya (Gifu University) Prof. Emeritus Tsutomu Sugiura (Aichi University of Education) Prof. Emeritus Ryuichi Sugisaki (Nagoya University) Prof. Emeritus Fusetsu Takagi (Nagoya University) Prof. Emeritus Kazuki Mori (Mie University) <Secretariat> Chubu Regional Survey Department, Geospatial Information Authority of Japan, Measurements: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism Chubu Regional Development Bureau, Analysis: Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, Transport and Tourism 3. Views of the delta in the west part of the Nobi Plain Three big rivers, the Kiso river in the right, the Nagara river in the middle and the Ibi river in the left, pour it into the Ise bay which is located in the photograph lower part. The area of the plain is almost 1300 km2 and the population reaches almost 6 million in 2010 which is 16 % increases of the 2005. Average precipitation has been recorded as 1543 mm per year since 1961. Groundwater withdrawal was reported as 1,251 million m3 per year in 1976 which breakdown is 743 million m3 for industry, 228 million m3 for drinking and 156 million m3 for agricultural use. Originally this area was morasses less than the mean sea water level, and ground level is decreasing by land subsidence more and is the area that is at increased risk corresponding to natural disaster such as a tsunami or a high tide. 4. Land condition map of the Nobi Plain A reclaimed land, a delta, a flood plain and an alluvial fan spread out broadly in turn from the shore in the Nobi Plain. A natural levee, which is considerably obstinate, lies scattered in the delta and the flood plain. At the invasion of the Typhoon Vera, the areas were more likely to avoid dike collapse. The bench marks with big quantity of land subsidence do not exist at the natural levee during the past 5 years. There are groundwater cultivation areas in the alluvial fan along the Shonai river basin, the Kiso river basin, the Nagara and Ibi river basin and the Makita river basin. I t has been recognized that these areas are main groundwater cultivation for the confined aquifer of the alluvial Nobi Plain. A water balance simulation showed that the total quantity of groundwater cultivation reached 6,700 million m3 a year which increased to 6,900 million m3 a year in the case of induced cultivation by drawdown of piezometric head of groundwater. This is equivalent to quantity of precipitation of 640 mm to 660 mm a year. 5. The largest area of zero meter above the sea level in Japan Motosu Kitagata Godo Gifu Kakamigahara Mizuho Ginan Ogaki Huso Inuyama Konan Ichinomiya Ohguchi Yoro Komaki Iwakura Inazawa Kitanagoya Kaizu Kiyosu Nishi‐ku Nakamura Tsushima ‐kuNaka‐ku Nakagawa Nagoya Kanie ‐ku Yatomi Minato ‐ku Kuwana Tobishima Yokkaichi ground level at Mean high water in the spring tide (T.P.+1.20m) Ise Bay Area of zero meter above the sea level (T.P.±0m) Area below the mean low water in the spring tide (T.P.‐1.37m) ground level at T.P.‐2.00m The area of zero meters above the sea water level, which accords with a reclaimed land and a delta, reaches 274 km2 which is the largest area of Japan. Originally this area was morass, and the ground level has been decreasing due to land subsidence more. A risk for natural disaster such as a tsunami or a high tide increases. 6. Ground level at section A‐A’ and B‐B’ (see the previous page) Nabeta coastal levee Higashimeihan Expressway Tokaido Shinkansen Nabeta reclamation dike National Highways 23 Tokaido Line Isewangan Expressway National Highways 1 Meishin Expressway Kisosaki reclamation dike Kintetsu Railways A Ikada R. Nikko R. Kansai Line A’ Ise Bay Ichinomiya Elevation(T.P.m) Inazawa Ama T.P Yatomi Tobishima Nagoya ‐1.37m ±0m Mean high water in the spring tide Ground level of 1961 Mean low water in the spring tide Ground level of 2000 <A-A’ Section> Nagara R. Ibi R. Kiso R. Nabeta R. Shin R. B Ikada R. Nikko R. Shonai R. B’ Elevation(T.P.m) T.P ‐1.37m ±0m Mean high water in the spring tide Ground level of 1961 Mean low water in the spring tide Ground level of 2000 Planning high‐water level <B-B’ Section> This area is at increased risk for disaster such as a tsunami and a high tide with progress of the land subsidence. When the Tokai, the Tohnankai and the Nankai earthquake are simultaneously generated, it is predicted that tsunami more than 3 meters height hits the Ise bay seaside part. Disaster prevention measures are urgent problem of the seaside low land area. 7. E‐W oriented cross‐section through the coastal area of the Nobi Plain The Nobi Plain was formed by a block faulting which began at middle Pleistocene time and has tilted westward (Nobi Tilting Block). Depositional process in this plain has been controlled by the westward tilting and glacial eustacy. The westward tilting brings a sedimentary basin deepened westward. The glacial eustasy influences the sedimentary facies, marine facies in the transgressive stage and fluvial facies in the regressive stage. As a result, marine clay, sand, and fluviatile gravel beds have alternately accumulated in this basin, and many formations have become thicker and deeper toward the west owing to the tilting. Three main confined aquifer(G1, G2 and G3) deposits in the Nobi Plain. The bottom of the groundwater basin is considered as the Tokai Group in the Neogene strata. The withdrawal from the basin reaches 142 million m3 a year in 2012. The quantity of groundwater storage reaches 100 billion m3 within the strata of more shallow than 200 m of depth. Land subsidence is generated nevertheless the withdrawal is only 0.14 % of the quantity of groundwater storage. Groundwater cultivation speed is not so enough to compensate the drawdown of the piezometric head of groundwater due to discharge. 8. Accumulation of land subsidence since 1961 Gifu Kakamigahara Inuyama Ogaki Huso Yoro Ichinomiya Inazawa Kaizu Nagoya Yokkaichi Tokoname Ise Bay Suzuka There are two areas subsiding more than 1 m in 52 years since 1961. The one is estuary of the Kiso‐san‐sen which includes the Kiso, the Nagara and the Ibi rivers and the other is downstream of the Nikko river. Land Subsidence is recorded as more than 140 cm in the both areas.