HAWAIIAN'awa Piper Methysticum a STUDY in ETHNOBOTANY
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HAWAIIAN'AWA Piper methysticum A STUDY IN ETHNOBOTANY A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE GRADUATE DMSION OF THE UNIVERSITY OF HAWAI'I IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF SCIENCE IN BOTANY AUGUST 2004 By Kawika Winter Thesis Committee: Will McClatchey, Chairperson Isabella Aiona Abbott Gerald Carr ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The research for this thesis was made possible through the funding ofthe University ofHawai'i, Beatrice Krauss Ethnobotany Scholarship Fund, and the support ofthe Harold L. Lyon Arboretum. Additionally, this research was made possible with the tremendous amount of aloha, support, and guidance offrom Ke Akua, my 'ohana, friends, kumu, and kupuna. In particular I would like to extend my aloha and mahalo to my wife Makani, my daughter Kala, and my mother for their love and undying support; to Kamaui Aiona, who has been a friend and a guiding force in the development ofmy methods for intracultural research; to Kamana Beamer and Laua'e Murphy who provided me housing while researching in Hilo; to my Kumu hula John Ka'imikaua, my Kumu la'au lapa'au Levon 'Ohai, and Kaleikoa Ka'eo for all they have taught me; and especially to Kupuna Eddie Kaanaana, who has been a guiding light and an inspiration. I would also like to give my mahalo to the many kupuna who have been so gracious as to share with me the stories oftheir lives and their families: Lilia Wahinemaika'i Hale, Lani Kealoha, Wilfred Kala, Joseph "Blondie" Kaina, Ebon KaHi'au, and Janet Kaohi Kahalekomo; and all the kupuna who had the wisdom and foresight to record their traditions and customs for the enlightenment of our generation and those beyond. To June Gutmanis whose research has been an invaluable resource and to her family who allowed me access into her private archives. To Jerry Konanui, Ed Johnston, Jonathan Yee, and Jim Henderson who 111 have been instrumental in collecting the old Hawaiian varieties of'Awa. To H<fala Fraiola and Namaka'ekoluika'ena'ena Whitehead for their help in collecting data. I would like to thank Dr. Alan Teramura for the opportunity to conduct research on the grounds ofthe Lyon Arboretum. Also Dr. Kim Bridges for advice in statistical analysis. And finally to my committee Dr. Isabella Aiona Abbott, Dr. Gerry Carr, and especially to my chair Dr. Will McClatchey for his teachings, guidance, and amazing amount ofsupport. IV TABLE OF CONTENTS il(;~()"'lj~j()(i~~~~~---------------------------------------------------------------------------iii ~~lj~ ()~ (;()1\T~~~~----------------------------------------------- ---------------------------------(7 j[Jf~~ ()~ ~~~~-------------------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ~ j[Jf~~ ()~ ~Jr(il)r~~~-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------~ (;15r~~~~ j[: Jr~~()j()l)r(;~Jr()1\T------------------------------------------------------------------- j[ ~it~JrlltllJr~ lBt~~~~----··--···············-···············-········· ....-............•......•.•....•-. ~ Modern History- of'Awa in Hawai'i............................•..........................-. 4 &llltiv~ C11ltllJrW Imporillnc~ ofPlllnt CllltivllJrS -- --.. 5 Folk Taxonomy llnd Binomilll Nom~nclllture•.....•...............--.........•..••--.. 8 Hawaiian Ethnobotanical Nomenclature ---------------------------------------------------10 Common GllJrd~n Exp~rim~nts.......•......•..............................•.....•..·········1~ Common Garden Studies ofPiper methysticum ------------------------------------------ 13 "A~ll coll~ctionsin Hll~lli"i.-.-.•--•.••-•.•.....-......•..•••......•.•...•...•.••--····-·······14 BllSis fOJr the &s~llJrCh PJroj~ct••....•.•.•...•.........•....-......•...•.•.........•.·········15 Basis for Experiment------------------------------------------------------------------------------16 (;15r~~~ ~: 15r}T])()~15r~~~~ (llltl ~~~15r()j()~ ---.-----------.--------.--.-.-.-------------j[~ &s~llJrch Hypoth~s~s..-.•...••.....•.....•....•...•.......-.....•..•.--..-·-·-··-···-············17 M~thods fOJr Exploring GJrlly ~it~JrlltUJr~ ··············----······--···-···················18 M~thodsfOJr IntJrllcultllJrlll &s~llJrch ..........................•........•..•...•...........·19 Interactin~witl1 ~iipuna-------------------------------------------------------------------------~O Direction ofResearch------------------------------------------------------------------------------ ~~ M~thods fOJr Studying Div~Jrsityin Hll~millnC11ltiVllJrS·························· ~3 (;15r~~~ 8: ~~~l)rlj~~()~ (i~A.Yj[JfT~RA.Tl)r~~~EVJr~'"·--------------·--------~4 Th~ ()rigin of"A~ll in Hll~m.. i···-·················-··········································~4 "A~ll llS lln ~~ring······-·-·-.·.···-······-··.·····.············································_·3() C>"eI1riew-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------30 The Papai'awa Ceremony------------------------------------------------------------------------ 3~ Papai'awa Defined ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 33 Example ofa Papai'awa Ceremony Performed by Papa ---------------------------- 35 Examples ofPapai'awa Performed by ~amel1amel1a-------------------------------- 39 Papai'awa Examples from ~awelo---------------------------------------------------------40 More Papai'awa Performed by ~mel1ameha------------------------------------------ 41 'Awa and the Ancestors -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 44 " 'Awa Varieties Used in Offerings ----------------------------------------------------------45 The Act of Offering ------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 46 Cleanliness of Offerings -----------------------------------------------------------------------47 Importance of Prayer--------------------------------------------------------------------------- 49 Use of a Haka ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 50 Mano (Shark) 'Aumakua------------------------------------------------------------------------- 51 Origins of Shark 'Aumakua------------------------------------------------------------------ 53 Mo'() «}iant 1Jizards)-------------------------------------------------------------------------------54 Inside the Hale Mua-------------------------------------------------------------------------------54 Ipu-o-~ono---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------56 l\Jine and l\1inaloa----------------------------------------------------------------------------------57 Pele------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------59 Chants for J>ele-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------60 Special Occasions ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 62 ... Ailolo «}raduation) Ceremonies -------------------------------------------------------------- 64 Wa'a (Canoes) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 64 Hula-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------65 The ~uahu-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------65 Hula Prayers ------------------~------------------------------------------------------------------- 66 Malicious Use of Ancestors ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 67 Spirit Sending ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------613 '~~~ ~s ~ 1J~~~lr~~~ ••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••··························fjfJ O'fer1Tiew-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------69 The Ceremonial 'Awa Drink --------------------------------------------------------------------70 Ali'i------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------71 J>rotocols and SeNing Order ---------73 Consequences of Protocol De'fiation ------------------------------------------------------- 76 'Awa's Role in Politics-------------------------------------------------------------------------- 77 Transfering the Effects of 'Awa -------------------------------------------------------------713 Ulterior Moti'fes in Causing Intoxication------------------------------------------------79 'Awa as a Symbol ofJ>ower and Wealth--------------------------------------------------130 Drinking Times-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------130 Role of ~u---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------131 ~UIl8l-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------134 Story of'Umi --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------134 I>i'fiIl8ltioIl------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------13f> ]v.[8llr8l'Siin8lIl8l-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1313 Maka'Siinana and the 'Aumakua----------------------------------------------------------- 92 'Awa amongst fishermen ---------------------------------------------------------------------- 95 Female Consumption of 'Awa ------------------------------------------------------------------ 95 Ad'ferse Effects on Female Reproduti'fe