Excavations at Madina

Excavations at Madina, District , 2007-08: A Report

Manmohan Kumar M.D. University, Rohtak Vasant Shinde Deccan College, Pune Akinori Uesugi Research Institute for Humanity and Nature, Kyoto Vivek Dangi M.D. University, Rohtak Sajjan Kumar M.D. University, Rohtak Vijay Kumar M.D. University, Rohtak

ABSTRACT

It has been a matter of immense debate whether there was a hiatus between the Late Harappan culture and the Painted Grey Ware culture. Although many sites have been excavated in order to reveal this problem and the archaeological evidence from some sites like Bhagwanpura indicate that there was an overlap between two cultures, it has never been explained what the nature of the overlap or relations was. The excavations at Madina has revealed that some traits of the Late Harappan culture like pottery and faience technology continued into the Painted Grey Ware culture. This indicates that the Late Harappan culture was neither totally replaced by the Painted Grey Ware culture nor the Late Harappan culture developed to form the Painted Grey Ware culture. This evidence from Madina provides new clues to understand the relations between two cultures.

INTRODUCTION adjacent to the Mokhra Minor. At present this site is partially occupied by the Bhoot Nath temple, while The Department of History of M.D. University, rest of the area is under cultivation. The site occupies Rohtak and Deccan College, Pune, under the an area of about 1 ha. This site has yielded Late direction of Prof. Manmohan Kumar and Prof. Vasant Harappan pottery (Surender Singh 1989: 20). Shinde assisted by Sajjan Kumar, Vijay Kumar and Vivek Dangi conducted archaeological excavations Madina-2 (76°30'05"N and 29°02'55"E) at a site in the jurisdiction of the Madina village. This site is located about of 2 km southwest of the The Madina village is 15 km east of the Meham village. A cart track from the village leads to the site. town and about the same distance from the district This site occupies an area of about 3 ha and is about 3 headquarters Rohtak on National Highway (NH) no. m in height. The ceramic industries represented at the 10. The village is about 90 km northwest of Delhi. site are the Late Harappan pottery, the Painted Grey There are seven archaeological sites in the revenue Ware (hereafter called PGW), the Black Slipped Ware jurisdiction of the village (Figure 1). The details of the (hereafter called BSW) and early historical pottery sites are given below. (Surender Singh 1989: 20)

Madina-1 (76°30'15"N and 29°04'02"E) Madina-3 (76°25'11.8"N and 29°12'00"E) This site lies about 1.5 km to the west of the village The site Madina-3 is located about 3 km southwest

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NAGAR KATHPALON

ROPAR

DADHERI THAPLI

RANIHAT

SUGH

BHAGWANPURA

MORADWAJ HULAS

PANIPAT HASTINAPURA

MADINA KHOKRAKOT

PURANA QILA ALLAHAPUR AHICHCHHATRA

SUNARI

JAKHERA MATHURA ATRANJIKHERA SONKH

JODHPURA NOH

0 200km

Figure 1 Map showing the location of Madina and main Late Harappan and PGW sites of the village on the left side of the Mokhra Minor. Medieval pottery was reported from the site (Surender This site is locally known as Khera. Most of the site Singh 1889: 21), but the late Kushana pottery, bricks has been levelled for an agricultural purpose. The and coins were also found (Dangi 2006) southern part of the mound is still intact. The mound is about 1.5 m high from the ground level. The PGW Madina-5 (76°30'50"N and 29°33'45"E) and BSW can easily be picked up from this site This site is about 2.5 km east of the village and is (Surender Singh 1989: 20) about 800 m north of a radio station. A kuccha road from the Shital Baba temple leads to the site. The site Madina-4 (76°33'55"N and 29°33'20"E) is situated on a very high sand-dune of about 8 m This site lies about 2 km west of the village and is high. This site spreads over an area of 1.7 ha and has about 400 m north of NH no.10. A road leading to yielded evidence of the Harappan and Late Harappan the Shital Baba temple divides this site. This site is periods. The pottery recovered from the site is akin to located on sand-dunes, which are about 5 m high the pottery from Bedwa-2 (Dangi, 2006). and spread over an area of about 2 ha. Initially only

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Madina-6 (76°30'02"N and 29°03'25"E) is associated with Layer (9). Only one floor level of This site is about 1.5 km west of the village and is this phase was encountered during the excavations. about 500 m south of NH no.10. The entire site is The inhabitants used Grey Ware (hereafter called under cultivation. It occupies an area of about 1.5 GW) and PGW (10%) along with associated red ha. The ceramic recovered from the site during the ware (Figures 31 and 51-53). The GW is thick and of explorations includes the PGW and associated red dark grey in colour and has usual shapes found in such ware (Dangi 2006). ware. The PGW is of medium fabric and the average thickness of sherds is 3.05 mm. Dishes and bowls Madina -7 (76°32'30"N and 29°05'30"E) are main shapes of the ware (Figure 31: 28-35). The This site located about 2 km north of the village. The associated red ware is of thick fabric, while sherds of Madina-Girawad road divides the site. This is about medium fabric are also quite common. The common 2 ha in size and has been levelled for cultivation. The shapes in the red ware include vases and miniature PGW and early historical pottery were found during pots (Figure 31: 36-37). Only one faience bangle the exploration (Dangi 2006). piece (plano-convex) was found in this phase ( Figure 116). EXCAVATION AT MADINA- 3 Phase-II Excavations at Madina-3 were conducted during Layer (8), which is of compact in nature and light February-March and September 2008. Initially this yellowish in colour, belongs to this phase. Only a thin site spread over an area of 2 ha, but now only less than deposit of 13 cm having only one floor level in it was half a hectare is intact. The site had yielded the PGW identified. and BSW earlier. But during the recent explorations Pottery found in this phase is both of Grey and Red sherds of the Late Harappan pottery and antiquities ware tradition (Figures 32 and 54-57). The GW (40 were also found. %) is of medium fabric with the average thickness of The excavations at the site were undertaken in order 4.19 mm. While the PGW (60 %) is of medium fabric to study any linkage between the Late Harappan and with an average thickness of 3.05 mm. The thickness PGW cultures and to know about the settlement of this ware ranges between 2.91 and 3.20 mm. The pattern of the PGW culture in this area. Since the site common shapes in both these ware are bowls and is quite small in size and has an habitation deposit dishes (Figure 32: 38-46). of only about 1.40 m in thickness, the site was taken The associated red ware is both handmade (10 %) up for horizontal excavations. In all 16 trenches and wheel-made. The handmade pottery is very thick measuring 5 × 5 m were laid on the site (Figure 2). and is of coarse fabric. Mostly basins are found in During the excavations, eight habitational phases of this ware (Figure 32: 49). The wheel-made pottery is the PGW culture were encountered. The details of the mostly made on slow wheel (Figure 32: 47, 48, 50- excavations are as following. 60). The main shapes in this ware include jars, bowls and basins. The pottery made on fast wheel is about Phase-I 40 % of the total red ware. This is of medium fabric The earliest habitants at the site settled on the having jars, vases, etc. Some sherds of Late Harappan yellowish compact kankary earth. They dug the tradition were also found in this phase. postholes in the natural soil and erected circular huts. Total deposit of this phase is 30 cm in thickness and

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CULTIVATION FIELD

CULTIVATION FIELD

ZD1

D1 C1 B1

D2

CULTIVATION FIELD CULTIVATION FIELD CULTIVATION

Figure 2 Madina Layout of trenches

Phase-III which can be termed as PGW, though no paintings Layer (7) having two floor levels belongs to this phase on them are found. The average thickness of the ware (Figure 3). The first floor level is brownish compact in is 3.0 mm. The common shapes in the ware are bowls nature and the second one is greyish compact. Total and dishes. deposit of this phase is only 10 cm. The PGW is mostly of medium fabric (90 %) and The pottery of this phase is both of grey and red only 8 % can be termed as of thick variety. Dishes and colour (Figures 33 and 58-63). The former category bowls of this ware have paintings mostly on the inner has GW (70 %), PGW (28 %) and chocolate-coloured side (Figure 33: 63-70). Mostly the black colour and ware (2 %). The GW of thick variety is 10 %. The occasionally sepia is used for paintings. average thickness of the ware is 5 mm. The pottery of The chocolate-coloured ware consists of 2 % of the medium fabric is about 80 % with average thickness assemblage representing bowls, dishes and sharp edge of 3.76 mm. Only 10 % of the GW is of fine variety, bowls. The average thickness of the ware is 3.50 mm.

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Figure 3 Madina Excavated features from Phase-III, Trench ZD1 (1:100)

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Figure 4 Madina Excavated features from Phase-IV, Trench ZD1 (1:100)

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Figure 5 Madina Excavated features from Phase-V, Trench ZD1 (1:100)

The red ware is of thick and medium fabric, around its circumference was also found. representing incurved bowls, vases, basins, storage jars, etc (Figure 33: 71-74). Phase-IV This phase has yielded terracotta toy-cart wheel, The total deposit of this phase is about 15 cm in biconical and ghata-shaped beads, one bone point and thickness and Layer (6), having two floor levels, faience bangle pieces (including one heart-shaped) represents this phase (Figure 4). Of the two floor (Figures 118-119). One terracotta disc having notches levels, the earlier one is compact yellowish in colour,

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Figure 6 Madina Excavated features from Phase-VII , Trench B1 (1:100)

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Figure 7 Madina Excavated features from Phase-VIII, Trench B1 (1:100)

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Figure 8 Madina Excavated features from Phase-VI, Trench C1 (1:100)

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Figure 9 Madina Excavated features from Phase-VII, Trench C1 (1:100

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Figure 10 Madina Excavated features from Phase-VI, Trench D1 (1:100)

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Figure 11 Madina Excavated features from Phase-VII, Trench D1 (1:100)

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Figure 12 Madina Excavated features from Phase-VII, Trench D2 (1:100) while the later one is also compact but is of dark bulk of ceramic is slow wheel made (65 %). About brownish in colour. 20 % is thrown on fast wheel. The colour of this ware This phase represents the full dvelopment of the varies from pale red to ochre colour. Jars, basins, vases, PGW from the simple GW and red ware tradition. water vessels, storage jars etc. are the common shapes The array of the wares includes GW (40 %), PGW (30 of this ware. The Late Harappan ware is made of well %), BSW (8 %) and the black ware (22 %) (Figures levigated clay and is well fired. The common shape in 34, 35, 64-68). The GW of this phase is mostly of this ware is the vase. medium variety. The PGW is of thin variety having Only two ghata-shaped beads were found in the paintings on both interior and exterior (Figure 34: 77- layer of this phase (Figure 123). 92). The BSW is of medium to thick fabric and the only shape represented in this ware is bowl. The black Phase-V ware is of medium fabric and has bowls and dishes as Layer (5), having two floor levels with a deposit of common shapes. 12 cm in thickness, represents this phase (Figure 5). Of the total red ware, only 5 % is of the Late The earlier floor is greenish ashy compact one and Harappan tradition (Figure 34: 75-76). The rest is has ochre flooring. The later floor level is brownish in of the red ware belong to the PGW culture (Figure colour mixed with kankars. 34: 93-101). The red ware is made of ill levigated clay Among the pottery (Figures 36 and 69-72), the half having grain husk and straw mixed in it. The firing of of grey ware pottery includes GW (50 %), PGW (40 the pots is inadequate as is reflected in the core of the %), chocolate-coloured ware (8 %) and black ware sherds, which is either smoky or grey in colour. Of (2 %). Of the GW (Figure 36: 103-115), 35 % is of the total red ware 15 % is handmade, while the major thick variety, 50 % is of medium fabric, while 15 % is

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Figure 13 Madina General view of the mound, from east

Figure 14 Madina General view of the mound, from west

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Figure 15 Madina General view of the excavation trenches, from east

Figure 16 Madina General view of the excavation trenches, from south

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Figure 17 Madina Cross section of the excavation trench ZD1, from north

Figure 18 Madina Cross section of the excavation trench C1

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Figure 19 Madina Excavated features of Phase-IV in the excavation trench ZD1, from west

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Figure 20 Madina Excavated features of Phase-V in the excavation trench ZD1, from northwest

Figure 21 Madina Excavated features of Phase-VII in the excavation trench ZD1, from northwest

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Figure 22 Madina Excavated features of Phase-IV in the excavation trench ZD1, from north

Figure 23 Madina Excavated features of Phase-VIII in the excavation trench B1, from west

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Figure 24 Madina Excavated features of Phase-VIII in the excavation trench B1, from east

Figure 25 Madina Excavated features of Phase-VII in the excavation trench C1, from east

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Figure 26 Madina Excavated features of various phases in the excavation trench D1, from east

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Figure 27 Madina Excavated features of Phase-VI in the excavation trench D1, from northwest

Figure 28 Madina Hearth of Phase-VII in the excavation trench D2, from east

- 94 - Excavations at Madina of thin or fine variety. The thick variety has common ware and two discs are made of the Late Harappan shapes as bowls and basins, while the medium fabric pottery. has dishes, bowls and miniature bowls, bowls with sharp edges, etc. The fine GW has bowls, dishes and Phase-VI miniature bowls as common shapes. The total deposit of this phase is 20 cm and Layer The PGW found in this phase has three categories - (4) belongs to this phase. The structural activities in medium thick (50 %), thick (20 %) and fine variety (30 this phase are attested by the discovery of three floor %). The paintings are executed mostly in black colour levels and postholes in regular patterns (Figures 8 and are found on both interior and exterior. and 10). The earliest floor level is of brownish colour The chocolate-coloured ware is 8 % of the total and mixed with kankars. The middle floor level is grey tradition assemblage. Bowls and dishes are the brownish compact, while the latest floor level is common shapes found in this ware. The paintings greenish ashy in colour and is compact in nature. are just akin to the PGW paintings. Of the total The pottery of this phase is both red ware and GW chocolate-coloured ware sherds only 10 % are painted. (Figures 37-39 and 74-80). The red ware (Figure 38: The black ware is about 20 % and is of medium 141-152, Figure 39: 153-159) is both handmade fabric. Although the sherds of this ware are too small, (43.47 %) and wheel-made (56.53 %). Of the bowls and dishes can be recognized. handmade pottery, 40% is of coarse thick fabric, while The associated red ware is mostly ill to well fired and 60 % is of coarse medium fabric. Common shapes the clay is mixed with husk (Figure 36: 116-121). Of in both the wares are pots, handled pots, big basins, the total pottery 30 % is handmade, 50 % is thrown basins, storage jars and miniature lamps (diya), etc. on slow wheel and only 20 % thrown on fast wheel. The wheel-made pottery has two distinct traditions In the handmade variety, common shapes are basins, - the Late Harappan tradition and the red ware jars, vases and storage. This ware is of dull red colour industry which is generally found associated with and is ill-fired. The pottery of slow-wheel variety is of the PGW and GW. The latter pottery industry is red colour, which has vases, basin and jars as common thrown on slow wheel, while a few pots were made shapes. The fast-wheel-thrown pottery is of red colour on fast wheel also (about 8 %). The fast-wheel variety and made of well-levigated clay. Basins, jars, miniature of pottery is made of well-levigated clay and is well vases, miniature bowls, vases, carinated handis are fired. The common shapes in the pottery thrown on common shapes in this ware. In this phase 15 % sherds fast wheel has incurved bowls, miniature vases, etc. are decorated with incised horizontal lines and a few Some of the sherds show the signs of red slip also. The sherds have paintings on their surfaces. slow-wheel-made pottery is ill fired having smokey Pottery of the Late Harappan tradition is about 5 % and greyish core. The clay is not well levigated and is of the total red ware (Figure 36: 102). Mostly dishes mixed with wheat and rice husk (Figure 39: 154-156). and dish-on-stand are represented in this ware. Occasionally grain impressions of rice and wheat Faience bangle pieces (heart-shaped), a broken are also visible. The common shapes in this ware jasper pendulum or bead, one complete bone point, are storage jars, jars, vases, miniature vases, flat-base etc., were found in this phase (Figures 124 and 125). beakers, etc. Of the slow-wheel-made pottery 37 % One unidentified copper object is the only metal have decorations consisting of impressed (80 %) and object found in this phase. Apart from these, eight appliqué decorations (20 %). These designs resemble pottery discs were found, of these three are of GW, the decorations found on the associated red ware from one of medium red ware fabric, four of course red Cholistan (Mughal 1997).

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The grey-coloured pottery has both plain GW and lined structures were found. These chulhas had mostly PGW (Figure 37: 125-138, Figure 38: 139-140). the north-south orientation. There are instances of A few sherds of BSW are also found. The PGW is change of orientation of these chulhas. The kitchens of thin fabric and consists of 25.92 % of total grey- generally have small round mud seats for sitting. The coloured assemblage. It is generally 2.0 mm to 3.0 diameter of these mud seats is around 35 cm. mm thick. The painted designs are mostly confined to This phase has the evidences of two structural sub- the inner side. Generally black colour is preferred for phases. The former floor level is compact brownish- decoration while the use of chocolate colour is very ashy colour, while the latter is compact greenish one rare. having a mixture of kankars. These wattle-and-daub The bulk of pottery of this phase is plain GW of fine huts may have had thatched roofs. to medium fabric (55.55 %). The thickness of sherds The ceramic assemblages of this period include red ranges from 3.0 mm to 4.0 mm with average thickness ware and GW pottery (Figures 40-43 and 81-102). of about 3.43 mm. The thick GW has an average The red ware includes pottery of the Late Harappan thickness of about 6.02 mm (thickness ranging tradition (Figure 40: 160-161) as well as that generally between 5.70 mm and 6.60 mm). The common shapes found with the PGW. Of the total red ware 2 % of in the GW and PGW are bowls, dishes, small basins, pottery is of the Late Harappan traditions, which miniature pots, etc. is made of well-levigated clay and is well fired. This An iron arrowhead was found in this phase (Figure pottery consists of sherds of dish-on-stand, basins, 126). The hopscotches made of pot-sherds are the vases with round base, jars, storage jars, miniature only other antiquities belongings to this phase of vases, etc. which one is made of a BSW sherd and the rest on red The red ware, generally found with the PGW, is ware. both handmade (20 %) and wheel-made (Figure 43: 207-224). The clay used for the handmade pottery Phase-VII is generally mixed with wheat and rice husk and the This phase marks the mature phase of the settlement impression of the rice and wheat grains are quite at the site. The average deposit of this phase (Layer (3)) conspicuous. The colour of the pottery is generally is 20 cm in thickness and two structural phases are dull red or pale red, while burnished or dark grey found associated with this phase (Figures 6, 9, 11 and sherds are also common. The pottery is carelessly 12). potted and is ill fired as is attested by the grey or Most probably rectangular huts having sloping smokey core of the sherds. thatched roofs were in used. This is further attested by The wheel-made pottery constitute about 80 % the impression of bamboo, reed, etc., on the roofing of the total ceramic assemblage. Out of this 70 % is material. Strangely they did not construct the mud thrown on slow wheel and is of medium to coarse walls but used mud and reed screen plastered with fabric. The colour of this ware varies from red, mud as a substitute of walls. This is evident from a pale red, ocher to dull red. For the first time red large number of burnt clay lumps having impressions ware sherds show varied decorations in the form of of bamboo, wood and reed. paintings (0.5 %), incised design (5 %) and appliqué Their kitchens were just outside the huts and have designs (1.0 %). Bulk of design found in this ware mud windscreens. The chulhas or oven were ‘U’- is stamped designs (30 %). Common shapes in this shaped, while the hearths (haras) were of an oval pottery are vases, jars, pots, bowls, basins, miniature shape. Near the chulhas, postholes and a thin mud- pots, handled cups, pots with out-turned rims, etc.

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Figure 29 Madina Pottery, surface collection (1:3)

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Figure 30 Madina Pottery, surface collection (1:3)

The fine red ware constitutes 9 % of the total red coarse red ware and 10 of medium fabric red ware. ware and made of well-levigated clay and is well fired. The discovery of a terracotta seal having emblem is Most of the sherds have red slip on them. None of the significant (Figure 127). fine red ware has painted designs, although incised and appliqué designs are found on some sherds. Phase-VIII Common shapes in this ware are vases, jars, basins, Layers (1) and (2) represent the latest phase at the site dishes, bowls with incurved rims, small basins, small and total deposit of this phase is 20 cm in thickness. bowls, jars with long and narrow neck, etc. The PGW culture was at its zenith during this phase. This phase has yielded a large number of antiquities. Two floor levels, the former being compact ashy The excavations has yielded five red coloured ghata- soil of grayish colour and the latter compact mixed shaped beads, seven bone points (tanged variety), with kankars, were found in the layers of this period two terracotta sling balls, one terracotta disc having (Figure 7). Since the surface of the site had very thick notched designs, one ivory bead, copper antimony vegetation, particularly that of kabuli keekar (aracacia) rods, one copper bead, iron arrowheads and points, whose roots have disturbed the area to the extent stone weights, querns and grinding stones, one that it was difficult to distinguish the postholes and terracotta grinder having stone chips, a terracotta the root holes. The huts of this phase may have had pendent and arecanut-shaped terracotta beads. thatched roofs. A typical hut had two big postholes Interesting is the discovery of a pear-shaped painted supporting beams and two smaller beams on both pot having two holes (Figures 42 and 91-94: 205). sides as is reflected in the presence of smaller posts This was perhaps a conch or a musical instrument. It (two on each side). These huts had walls made of split was blown from top, like flute and with holes musical bamboo screen plastered with mud on both sides. sound was controlled. The kitchens were just outside the huts where the A few antiquities of the Late Harappan traditions hearths were covered with small roof to protect them were also found. These include three pottery discs from wind and rain. The sides of the kitchens had a made of the Late Harappan pottery, terracotta animal thin mud wind-screen (3 cm thick). Orientation of figurines representing bull (Figure 131: 64), one the huts was generally directed from north to south. A single hubbed toy cart wheel, etc. A large number of large number of burnt clay lumps having bamboo and hopscotches made of pot-sherds were found in this reed impression were found, which give us idea about phase which includes six of GW, one of PGW, 70 of the structural activities.

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36 0 10cm 37 0 10cm 0 10cm Madina_200901_099 Madina_200901_098 Figure 31 Madina Pottery from the Phase-I (1:3)

Interesting is the discovery of a big pit, which has this phase and some of these pits may have been used postholes on the edges. This was perhaps used for for firing the ceramics. In the rural area of Haryana, dwelling purpose. Another interesting discovery is a the potters generally fire their pots in the open pits. pottery clay-levigation pit. Similar pits are still used by The pottery of this phase, like the preceding phase, potters in the surrounding villages, where the potters is both of the red and grey ware industries (Figures levigate their clay before making pots. This type of 44-48 and 103-112). The red ware pottery is both pit called kumbal in Punjab were found during the handmade (33.70 %) and wheel-made (Figures 47- excavations conducted at in Punjab (Sharma 48). The common shapes in the red ware are big basins and Sharma 1982: 72-82). A terracotta pottery and storage jars. The wheel-made pottery is generally dabber was also found near the pit. In the area of the of medium fabric and wheel made pottery forms excavations potters kiln was not encountered. But 29.42 % of the total pottery assemblage. Common there was a large number of refuge pits in the layers of shapes in this ware are storage jars, basins, bowls, small

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59 60 0 10cm 0 0 10cm 10cm Madina_200901_086 Figure 32 Madina Pottery from the Phase-II (1:3)Madina_200901_087

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72 0 10cm 74 0 0 10cm 10cm Madina_200901_069 Figure 33 Madina Pottery from the Phase-III (1:3) Madina_200901_067 to medium vases, etc. A lota with flat base found in vases are represented in it. Black-and-Red Ware (0.42 this phase has holes in the bottom (Figure 47: 260). %) was also found in layers of this period (Figure Such pots are usually used for preparing jalebis in the 46: 252), along with pottery of the Late Harappan rural area today. Various types of the decoration are tradition (1.36 %) (Figure 44: 225). found on the pottery, viz. mat impressions (2.56 %), In the grey ware tradition we find mostly the GW mud appliqué designs (1.77 %), incised decorations 69.09 % which includes bowls, dishes and miniature (1.09 %) and also decorated with red slip (0.68 %). jars and pots (Figure 44: 226-239, Figure 45: 240- Fine red ware was also encountered which forms 251). The GW is generally of medium fabric has an 1.02 % of the total wheel-made red ware assemblages. average thickness of 5.0 mm, with thickness ranging This type of pottery is of thin fabric and mostly small between 3.50 mm and 5.84 mm. The coarse GW is

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75 0 10cm

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Madina_200901_056

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0 8410cm 0 10cm 83 82 Madina_200901_045 0 10cm Madina_200901_018

Madina_200901_046

86 85 0 10cm 0 10cm Madina_200901_008

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0 10cm 89 90 0 10cm Madina_200901_047 Madina_200901_006

91 92 0 10cm 0 10cm 0 10cm Madina_200901_005 Madina_200901_004 Figure 34 Madina Pottery from the Phase-IV (1:3) represented by big basins. The thickness of this ware with black colour. Occasionally white and chocolate varies between 5.35 mm to 8.0 mm with an average colours were also used. thickness as 6.15 mm. The antiquities belonging to this phase (Figures The PGW forms 19.27 % of the total grey ware 131-168) are both of the grey ware tradition and tradition pottery. It is very fine with thickness of Harappan traditions. These includes terracotta beads, sherds ranging between 1.50 mm and 2.50 mm with biconical beads of pre-Harappan traditions (two of an average thickness of 1.60 mm. Dishes, bowls red colour and one of grey colour), tubular bead, and miniature bowls having paintings on both sides arecanut-shaped beads (two), etc. Typical ghata-

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93 94 0 10cm

Madina_200901_017

0 10cm 95 96 0 10cm Madina_200901_049 Madina_200901_016

0 10cm 98 0 10cm 97 Madina_200901_054 0 10cm 99 Madina_200901_051 Madina_200901_050

0 10cm 101 100 0 10cm 0 10cm Madina_200901_000 Madina_200901_052 0 10cm Madina_200901_015 Figure 35 Madina Pottery from the Phase-IV (1:3) shaped beads (17) are quite impressive. The stone figurines, one represents the hind portion of a bull sling ball found from the site can be classified into the figurine and two caparisoned horses with riders, one missile category. Bone points of this phase include male (bigger in size) and other one female (smaller nine tanged and one socket variety. Some points have in size). The horses have a long tail and an apertured grooves and incised designs. Terracotta discs, one of nose. A few toy-cart wheels were also found, which grey colour and one of red colour which is decorated, include one single-hubbed wheel. Apart from this, one stone disc and a large number of discs made of two toy-cart wheels made of red ware were also found. pot-sherds were found. Out of 217 pottery discs, 13 Other antiquities include marble weight (200 g), are made of the Late Harappan pottery, 25 are of the stone querns and marbles, touchstone and a pottery GW and one of the PGW, 168 of coarse fabric red arrow head. ware and 20 of medium fabric red ware. The items of ornaments found in this phase include When the PGW culture was at its zenith, the site six pendants (including two GW pottery), two was abandoned as no later remains, viz. coarse GW, terracotta bangle pieces, one ear-stud of grey colour, BSW and associated ware have been found. The three faience bangle pieces (of the Late Harappan reason for this was that due to the water-logging of tradition), one tubular agate bead, one carnelian bead the area the inhabitants had to shift to nearby safer and one marble bead. Shell and bone was also used for locations which are away from the depression. preparing bangles as is evident from the discovery of This depression originates in the district such objects. and carries overflow water of the . Passing The inhabitants of this phase were well versed with through the , then this depression metallurgy. Copper antimony rod, fishhook, scooper carries water to the district. Madina-3 along with iron arrowheads (three) and small iron rod is located in the depression. The famous site of (one) were found. The discovery of large number of Girawad, Madina, Mokhra, etc. are situated on the iron slag points to local manufacture of iron objects. course of this stream. During the rainy season this The animal figurines found in this phase are quite stream overflows with water and the area is flooded interesting (Figures 131: 62, 63 and 65). Of the three causing danger to the inhabitants and crops. During

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102

0 10cm

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0 10cm 103 0 10cm 104 Madina_200901_030 Madina_200901_029

107 0 10cm 106 0 10cm 105 0 10cm Madina_200901_033 Madina_200901_031

Madina_200901_028

109 0 10cm

Madina_200901_013 108 110 0 10cm 0 10cm

Madina_200901_037 Madina_200901_012

111 0 10cm

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0 10cm 112 113 0 10cm Madina_200901_014 Madina_200901_011

0 10cm 114 0 10cm 115

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0 10cm 117 0 10cm 116 Madina_200901_039 Madina_200901_038 0 10cm

118 0 10cm

Madina_200901_041 119

0 10cm

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120 0 10cm

Madina_200901_034

121 Figure 36 Madina Pottery from the Phase-V (1:3) 0 10cm

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122 0 10cm

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Madina_200901_025 Madina_200901_024

0 10cm127 0 10cm 128

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130 Madina_200901_023

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131 0 10cm 134 0 10cm

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0 10cm 135 136 0 10cm Madina_200901_022

137 138 0 10cm 0 10cm 0 10cm Madina_200901_021 Figure 37 Madina Pottery from the Phase-VI (1:3)

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139 0 10cm

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0 10cm 146 147 0 10cm

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149

0 10cm

0 10cm150

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152 0 10cm 0 10cm Figure 38 Madina Pottery from the Phase-VI (1:3)

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0 10cm 153

154

0 10cm

155 0 10cm

156 0 10cm

159 0 10cm 0 15810cm

0 10cm 157

0 10cm Figure 39 Madina Pottery from the Phase-VI (1:3) the current rainy season (2008), this stream caused The view that the site was abandoned due to the damage at a large scale. Similar phenomena might water-logging is further corroborated by Prof. M.D. have happened during the PGW phase around 800 Kajale who carried out palaeobotanical investigations BCE, when not only the inhabitants of Madina-3 at the site. During the excavation, in spite of the abandoned this site but also the other sites around application of floating method, no palaeobotanical (having the PGW or other contemporary deposit) evidence was found. Even the soil samples taken at were deserted as no later period remains are found at various depths (in the cuttings) did not yield any these sites. These sites include Girawad-1, Girawad-2, palaeobotanical remains. This was due to the fact that Madina-2, Madina-3, Madina-6, Madina-7. The the pollen grains cannot be preserved in the humid sites away from this depression are Kharkara-1, condition. The evidence of the floral remains at the Mokhra-3, Mokhra-4, Mokhra-5 have the PGW and site were found from the pottery only. The clay used later deposit. This means that the inhabitants of the for making pottery is mixed with husks of wheat, rice, abandoned sites established their new settlements on etc. A large number of potsherds have impressions these sites. Future excavations at some of these sites of grains. Only the seeds of jujube (ber) which may corroborate this view. could survive the conditions were found during the

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161 0 10cm 160 0 10cm

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0 10cm 166 167 0 10cm

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170 0 10cm 171 0 10cm

172 173 0 10cm 0 10cm

0 10cm176 0 10cm 174 0 10cm175

0 17710cm 0 10cm178 179 0 10cm 0 10cm

Figure 40 Madina Pottery from the Phase-VII (1:3)

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181 0 10cm 180 0 10cm

0 10cm 182 183 0 10cm

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Madina_200901_010

193 0 10cm

194 0 10cm 0 10cm Figure 41 Madina Pottery from the Phase-VII (1:3)

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195 196 0 10cm 0 10cm

0 10cm 197 0 10cm 198

0 10cm 200 199 0 10cm

0 10cm 201

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204

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Figure 42 Madina Pottery from the Phase-VII (1:3)

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0 10cm207 0 10cm208 0 10cm 209

0 10cm212 0 10cm 211 0 10cm 210

0 10cm 213

214 0 10cm

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218 217 0 10cm 0 10cm

0 10cm220 0 10cm 219 0 10cm 221

0 10cm 222 0 10cm 0 223 10cm 224 0 10cm

Figure 43 Madina Pottery from the Phase-VII (1:3)

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225 0 10cm

226 227 0 10cm 0 10cm 228 0 10cm

231 0 10cm 0 10cm 230 0 10cm229

232 233 0 10cm 0 10cm

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235

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237 0 10cm

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239 0 10cm 0 10cm Figure 44 Madina Pottery from the Phase-VIII (1:3)

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0 10cm 240 241 0 10cm

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247

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249

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0 10cm 251 0 10cm Figure 45 Madina Pottery from the Phase-VIII (1:3)

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253 0 10cm

252

0 10cm

254 255 0 10cm 0 10cm

257 256 0 10cm 0 10cm

258 0 10cm

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Figure 46 Madina Pottery from the Phase-VIII (1:3) excavation. here in this paper, so far as our site is concerned, it is clear that there is a continuation of the Harappan CHRONOLOGY tradition until the onset of the PGW culture towards the end of second millennium BCE. Some percentage In the absence of any radiocarbon material for of the total red ware pottery is the Harappan pottery. establishing the chronology, we had to depend This means that the inhabitants continued to use the on either thermo-luminiscence (TL) dating or Late Harappan pottery during the PGW period but interpretation of archaeological evidence. The results they did not copy the shapes of the Late Harappan of TL dating are not yet available hence we are left Pottery as at Bhagwanpura. Instead they used dishes, with only archaeological data. An important result of dish-on-stand, basins, etc. of the Harappan tradition. the excavations is the discovery of the Late Harappan Not only the Late Harappan pottery but antiquities traits during the PGW period. This is not a new of Harappan traditions were also found in a good phenomenon as the excavations at Bhagwanpura, number, which include faience bangles, terracotta Dadaheri, Kathpalon and Manda have yielded similar biconical beads, hubbed toy-cart wheels, terracotta evidences. The excavator (late Shri J.P. Joshi) has bull figurines, etc. A good number of Late Harappan interpreted this as an interlocking between the Late sherds were fabricated into hopscotches also. Harappan and PGW cultures (Joshi 1993: 27-31). Most of the Harappan elements are found in the Although the feasibility of this theory is not discussed mature phase of the PGW, although the pottery of

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261 0 10cm 262 260 0 10cm 0 10cm

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266 0 10cm

0 10cm267 0 10cm 269 0 10cm 268

270 0 27110cm 0 10cm 0 10cm272

0 10cm 274 0 273 10cm

0 10cm 275 276 0 10cm

277 0 10cm 0 10cm

Figure 47 Madina Pottery from the Phase-VIII (1:3)

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278 0 10cm

0 10cm 279

280 0 10cm

281 0 10cm

283 284 282 0 10cm 0 10cm 0 10cm

286 285 287 0 10cm 0 10cm 0 10cm 0 10cm Figure 48 Madina Pottery from the Phase-VIII (1:3) the Late Harappan tradtions made its first appearance deposit is quite meagre. The inhabitants burnt crop in Phase-II. This phase can be dated c. 1000 - 800 chaff in their hearth which leaves little ash and this BCE on the basis of pottery and pottery decoration. was the reason that even in a large excavated area (400 For the earliest date of the PGW culture at the site m2) we did not get any charcoal sample for dating. we shall have to depend upon the interpretation of There is about 80 cm deposit of pre-mature PGW accumulated deposits. Since the site has only huts phase (of the total 1.40 m) and we can safely place with thatched roofs and hence the accumulated the beginning of PGW culture to about 400 years

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13

1 3

0 10cm

Figure 49 Madina Pottery, from surface collection (ca. 1:2)

13 1 3

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Figure 50 Madina Pottery, from surface collection (ca. 1:2)

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33

35

28

11

34

36

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29 32 37 0 10cm

Figure 51 Madina Pottery from Phase-I (ca. 1:2)

0 10cm

Figure 52 Madina Pottery from Phase-I (ca. 1:1)

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0 10cm

Figure 53 Madina Pottery from Phase-I (ca. 1:2)

45 39 40 41

46 44 42

43

0 10cm

Figure 54 Madina Pottery from Phase-II (ca. 1:2)

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0 10cm

Figure 55 Madina Pottery from Phase-II (ca. 1:2)

58 55 54 56

53 52 59 51

50

60 49 57

0 10cm 48 47

Figure 56 Madina Pottery from Phase-II (ca. 1:2)

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0 10cm

Figure 57 Madina Pottery from Phase-II (ca. 1:2)

70 65 68

67

66 64 69

63

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Figure 58 Madina Pottery from Phase-III (ca. 1:2)

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0 10cm

Figure 59 Madina Pottery from Phase-III (ca. 1:2)

0 5cm

Figure 60 Madina Pottery from Phase-III (ca. 1:1)

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Figure 61 Madina Pottery from Phase-III (ca. 1:2)

62 61 0 10cm

73 74 72

71

Figure 62 Madina Pottery from Phase-III (ca. 1:2)

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0 10cm

Figure 63 Madina Pottery from Phase-III (ca. 1:2)

79 80

81

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88 0 10cm

Figure 64 Madina Pottery from Phase-IV (ca. 1:2)

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91 78 92

77

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110 109 112 113 0 10cm

Figure 65 Madina Pottery from Phases-II, IV and V (ca. 1:2)

101

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Figure 66 Madina Pottery from Phase-IV (ca. 1:2)

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75

76

99 95 98 97

93 0 10cm

Figure 67 Madina Pottery from Phase-IV (ca. 1:2)

96 100 94

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Figure 68 Madina Pottery from Phase-IV (ca. 1:2)

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111

102

114 104 105

103 115 106 107 0 10cm

Figure 69 Madina Pottery from Phase-V (ca. 1:2)

110 109 12

113

0 10cm

Figure 70 Madina Pottery from Phase-V (ca. 1:2)

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0 5cm

Figure 71 Madina Pottery from Phase-V (ca. 1:1)

116 119

108

117

120 121

118 0 10cm

Figure 72 Madina Pottery from Phase-V (ca. 1:2)

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0 5cm

Figure 73 Madina Pottery from Phase-V (ca. 1:1)

140 128

127 129

139 138

134 133 0 10cm 136

Figure 74 Madina Pottery from Phase-VI (ca. 1:2)

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131 137

130

125

135 132 126

0 10cm

Figure 75 Madina Pottery from Phase-VI (ca. 1:2)

123

124

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0 10cm

Figure 76 Madina Pottery from Phase-VI (ca. 1:2)

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142 143 144

148 149

147 146 0 10cm

Figure 77 Madina Pottery from Phase-VI (ca. 1:2)

145

141

159

151 157

0 10cm

Figure 78 Madina Pottery from Phase-VI (ca. 1:2)

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152

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Figure 79 Madina Pottery from Phase-VI (ca. 1:2)

156 155 154

0 10cm

Figure 80 Madina Pottery from Phase-VI (ca. 1:2)

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162

0 10cm

Figure 81 Madina Pottery from Phase-VII (ca. 1:2)

162

0 10cm

Figure 82 Madina Pottery from Phase-VII (ca. 1:2)

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193

0 10cm

Figure 83 Madina Pottery from Phase-VII (ca. 1:2)

174 164 175 169

168

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165 0 10cm 167

Figure 84 Madina Pottery from Phase-VII (ca. 1:2)

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181 202

195

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199 196 0 10cm

Figure 85 Madina Pottery from Phase-VII (ca. 1:2)

187

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197 186

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Figure 86 Madina Pottery from Phase-VII (ca. 1:2)

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0 10cm

Figure 87 Madina Pottery from Phase-VII (ca. 1:2)

0 10cm

Figure 88 Madina Pottery from Phase-VII (ca. 1:2)

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0 10cm

Figure 89 Madina Pottery from Phase-VII (ca. 1:2)

172

0 10cm

Figure 90 Madina Pottery from Phase-VII (ca. 1:2)

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205

0 5cm

Figure 91 Madina Pottery from Phase-VII (ca. 1:1)

205 0 5cm

Figure 92 Madina Pottery from Phase-VII (ca. 1:1)

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205

0 5cm

Figure 93 Madina Pottery from Phase-VII (ca. 1:1)

205 0 5cm

Figure 94 Madina Pottery from Phase-VII (ca. 1:1)

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204

0 10cm

Figure 95 Madina Pottery from Phase-VII (ca. 1:2)

176 166

171

182 203 200 179

163 197 0 10cm 183

Figure 96 Madina Pottery from Phase-VII (ca. 1:2)

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202 190 184

198

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Figure 97 Madina Pottery from Phase-VII (ca. 1:2)

215

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Figure 98 Madina Pottery from Phase-VII (ca. 1:2)

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207

218

208 209

0 10cm

Figure 99 Madina Pottery from Phase-VII (ca. 1:2)

211 219

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220 212 221

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Figure 100 Madina Pottery from Phase-VII (ca. 1:2)

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222

224 223

161

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Figure 101 Madina Pottery from Phase-VII (ca. 1:2)

0 10cm

Figure 102 Madina Pottery from Phase-VII (ca. 1:2)

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257 236

244 235

0 10cm

Figure 103 Madina Pottery from Phase-VIII (ca. 1:2)

231 245 240 230

0 10cm

Figure 104 Madina Pottery from Phase-VIII (ca. 1:2)

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0 10cm

Figure 105 Madina Pottery from Phase-VIII (ca. 1:2)

0 10cm

Figure 106 Madina Pottery from Phase-VIII (ca. 1:2)

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0 10cm

Figure 107 Madina Pottery from Phase-VIII (ca. 1:2)

266

276

267 0 10cm

Figure 108 Madina Pottery from Phase-VIII (ca. 1:2)

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275 270

265

271 274 0 10cm 272

273 268 277

Figure 109 Madina Pottery from Phase-VIII (ca. 1:2)

286

287

285 284 0 10cm

Figure 110 Madina Pottery from Phase-VIII (ca. 1:2)

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225

0 10cm

Figure 111 Madina Pottery from Phase-VIII (ca. 1:2)

250 251

282

249 0 10cm

Figure 112 Madina Pottery from Phase-VIII (ca. 1:2)

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1 2

5

3

4

0 5cm

Figure 113 Madina Terracotta bead and miniature pot from surface (ca. 1:1)

6

7

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Figure 114 Madina Copper object and shell bangle from surface (ca. 1:1)

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8

9

10

11 12 0 5cm

Figure 115 Madina Pottery and terracotta disc from surface (ca. 1:1)

13

0 5cm

Figure 116 Madina Faience objects from Phase-I (ca. 1:1)

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14 15

0 10cm

Figure 117 Madina Stone objects from Phase-I (ca. 1:2)

16 17

18

19 20 0 5cm

Figure 118 Madina Faience and terracotta objects from Phase II (ca. 1:1)

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21 22 23

24

0 5cm

Figure 119 Madina Terracotta and copper objects from Phase-II (ca. 1:1)

26

25

0 5cm

Figure 120 Madina Terracotta objects from Phase-III (ca. 1:1)

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27 28

29

30 0 5cm

Figure 121 Madina Terracotta objects from Phase-III (ca. 1:1)

31 32 33 34 36 35

0 5cm

Figure 122 Madina Faience objects from Phase-III (ca. 1:1)

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38 37

0 5cm

Figure 123 Madina Terracotta objects from Phase IV (ca. 1:1)

39

40

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Figure 124 Madina Terracotta objects from Phase-V (ca. 1:1)

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41 42 43

0 5cm 44

Figure 125 Madina Faience, stone, copper and bone objects from Phase-V (ca. 1:1)

45

0 5cm

Figure 126 Madina Iron object from Phase-VI (ca. 1:1)

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46

0 2cm

Figure 127 Madina Terracotta seal from Phase-VII (ca. 2:1)

47 48 49 50

52 51

53

0 5cm

Figure 128 Madina Terracotta objects, stone bead and stone ball from Phase-VII (ca. 1:1)

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56 55 54

57 0 10cm 58

Figure 129 Madina Stone objects from Phase-VII (ca. 1:2)

59

61

60

0 5cm

Figure 130 Madina Copper and iron objects from Phase-VII (ca. 1:1)

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62 63

64 65 0 5cm

Figure 131 Madina Terracotta animal figurines from Phases-VII and VIII ca( . 1:1)

66

67

0 5cm

Figure 132 Madina Terracotta objects from Phase-VIII (ca. 1:1)

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68 69 70

71 72 73

0 5cm

Figure 133 Madina Terracotta bead from Phase-VIII (ca. 1:1)

74 75 76

77 78 79

0 5cm

Figure 134 Madina Terracotta bead from Phase-VIII (ca. 1:1)

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80

82 83

81

0 5cm

Figure 135 Madina Faience and terracotta objects from a pit of Phase-VIII (ca. 1:1)

84

85 86

88 87 0 5cm

Figure 136 Madina Terracotta perforated disc from Phase-VIII (ca. 1:1)

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89 90 91

92 94 93

95 96 97

0 5cm 88

Figure 137 Madina Terracotta ball from Phase-VIII (ca. 1:1)

99 100 98

102 103 101

105 104 0 5cm

Figure 138 Madina Terracotta ball from Phase-VIII (ca. 1:1)

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106

107

0 5cm

Figure 139 Madina Pottery perforated disc from Phase-VIII (ca. 1:1)

110 109 108

111 113 112 114

115 0 5cm

Figure 140 Madina Terracotta objects from Phase-VIII (ca. 1:1)

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116 117

0 5cm

Figure 141 Madina Terracotta objects from a pit of Phase-VIII (ca. 1:1)

118

0 5cm

Figure 142 Madina Terracotta objects from a pit of Phase VIII (ca. 1:1)

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119

0 5cm

Figure 143 Madina Terracotta dabber from Phase-VIII (ca. 1:1)

120

121

0 5cm

Figure 144 Madina Terracotta obects from Phase-VIII (ca. 1:1)

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123 122

0 5cm

Figure 145 Madina Terracotta and stone objects from Phase-VIII (ca. 1:1)

124 125

127 126 128

129

0 5cm 130

Figure 146 Madina Bone arrowhead from Phase-VIII (ca. 1:1)

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131

132 133

134 135 136 137

0 5cm

Figure 147 Madina Stone bead and faience bangle from Phase-VIII (ca. 1:1)

138 139 140

143 144 142 141 0 10cm

Figure 148 Madina Stone objects from Phase-VIII (ca. 1:2)

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145

146 147

0 10cm

Figure 149 Madina Stone objects from Phase-VIII (ca. 1:2)

148

149

150 151 0 10cm

Figure 150 Madina Stone objects from Phase-VIII (ca. 1:2)

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152

153 154

155

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0 5cm

Figure 151 Madina Iron objects from Phase-VIII (ca. 1:1)

159

157

158

0 5cm

Figure 152 Madina Copper object from Phase-VIII (ca. 1:1)

- 168 - Excavations at Madina before the mature phase, i.e. to c. 1400 - 1200 BCE. SOCIO-POLITICAL STRUCTURE This is quite in consonance with the dating of the Late Harappan levels from and Bhagwanpura. The study of the remains found during the excavations Prof. Y.D. Sharma dated the Late Harappan phase at indicates that the inhabitants had rudimentary society Banawali on the basis of the pottery c. 2000 - 1400 with no urban contacts. Their antiquities were mostly BCE and later to c. 1460 - 1200 BCE (Sharma and locally made and the use of semiprecious stones for Sharma 1982: 34-35). At Bhagwanpura the overlap beads is very limited. The pottery of both the Late phase (Period IB) is dated to c. 1400 - 1000 BCE Harappan and PGW have standardization in shapes (Joshi 1993: 25). This is clearly indicated that the and paintings, which indicates some sort of social Late Harappan traits survived as late as 1000 B.C. structure. But on local levels the situation was quite or even later as is evident from the Madina evidence, different. where these traits continued up to 800 BCE or so The discovery of horse bones and the terracotta (see Appendix: the list of sites yielding both the Late figurine representing horse rider in the later phase of Harappan and PGW). the culture along with the toy-cart wheels points to Another important point which needs an attention the fact that the simple clan-based society gave way to is that copper is found at the site right from Phase- a centric aristocracy. These aristocrats used the Late II, but iron made its appearance for the first time Harappan pottery and other material along with fine in Phase-VI. On the basis of this we can very well PGW, while the bulk of population used plain GW, speculate a pre-iron PGW phase at the site. coarse GW and even handmade coarse red ware. The huts of the well-to-do people may have had more stably constructed house and mud-lined chulhas or ECONOMY ovens (haras), whereas the ordinary people lived in the thatched huts and their chulhas were very simple, The economy of the inhabitants of this culture was that is, these were dug into the soils without any mud based on agriculture and animal husbandry. The lining. evidences of rice and wheat are quite numerous in the form of husks and the impression of grains on the References pottery, seeds of jujube (ber) are the only evidence Surender Singh (1989) History and Archaeology of Meham of cultivation. Evidences of grasses and Bathua were Block, District Rohtak. Unpublished M. Phil. dissertation. obtained during the flotation of soil. M.D. Univesity, Rohtak. Dr. P.P. Jogleker studied the faunal remains from Dangi, Vivek (2006) Settlement Pattern of Meham Block (Rohtak). Unpublished M. Phil. desseration. the site and has identified the following animals Univesity, Kurukshetra. and birds, viz. cattle, buffalo, goat, sheep, dog, Sharma, Y.D. and G.B. Sharma (1982) ‘Bara Culture and its peacock/fowl, deer, wolf, antelope, tortoise, horse, Housing remains with special reference to Sanghol’, in pig, bandicoot, etc. Some of them are domesticated R.K. Sharma (ed.) Indian Archaeology - New Perspectives. species. The evidence of the wild animals are found pp.75-76. in the form of bones of wolf, dear and antelope. The Joshi, Jagat Pati (1993) Excavation at Bhagwanpura and prevalence of wild animals indicate that the hunting Other Explorations and Excavations 1975-1981 in also was practiced by people occasionally. Haryana, Jammu & Kashmir and Punjab. Memoirs of the Archaeological Survey of no. 89. Archaeological Survey of India, .

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Appendix: List of Late Harappan and PGW sites in Haryana

Abbreviations in this Appendix EH = Early Harappan, MH = Mature Harappan, LH = Late Harappan, PGW = Painted Grey Ware, OCP = Ochre-Coloured Pottery, BSW = Black Slipped Ware, BRW = Black-and-Red Ware

Abbreviations in the references HSHC = Haryana Study in History and Culture IAR = Indian Archaeology - A Review- JHS = Journal of Haryana Studies KURJ = Kurukshetra University Research Journal

Size No. Name of Village Location District Teh/Block/Taluka Cultural material Reference (ha) 29°03'00"N 1 Ahulana-III Rohtak Gohana LH, PGW, GW 4.80 Thakran 2000: 66-67 76°52'00"E 29o07'06"N Ashok Kumar 1990: 2 Ahulana Rohtak Kathura LH, PGW 0.90 76o38'50"E 90 28°58'56"N LH, PGW, GW, Surender Singh 3 Ajaib-II (Khera) Rohtak Meham 2.70 76o25'05"E BSW 1989: 15 28°45'08"N EH, LH, PGW, 4 Asauda Rohtak 4.80 Joon 1999: 13 76°05'23"E GW, Early Historic 29°48'50" Suraj Bhan 1975: 5 Bahola Karnal LH, PGW - 76°45'00"E 125 30°21'00" Manmohan Kumar 6 Bahloli-I Ambala Naraingarh LH, PGW 5.0 77°03'00"E 1978: 46 30°13'00" Suraj Bhan and 7 Bahni Theh Kurukshetra Kurukshetra EH (), LH - 77°02'500"E Shaffer 1978 30°20'00"N LH, PGW, Early Palahia 1964: 103- 8 Balana Ambala Ambala - 76°44'00"E Historic 111 29°38'45"N Amar Singh 1981: 9 Balarkha Narwana LH 1.0 76°07'43"E 101 28°48'00"N 10 Baland Rohtak Kalanaur EH, LH - Lamba 1989: 33-34 76°35'00"E 28°58'00"N 11 II Hisar-I EH, LH 1.87 Rajesh 2008 75°50'00"E 29°12'00"N 12 Bali Rohtak Gohana LH, PGW 0.45 Thakran 2000: 67-68 76°54'00"E 28°53'00"N 13 Baliana Rohtak Rohtak EH, LH - IAR 1978-79: 9 76°43'00"E 28°53'20"N Kailash Kumar 1989: 14 Baliana II Rohtak Rohtak EH, LH 1.0 76°39'40”E 13 28°53'70"N EH, GW, BRW, 15 Baliana III Rohtak Rohtak 1.0 Silak Ram 1972: 48 76°39'50”E PGW 29°35'00"N Suraj Bhan 1975: 16 Bani Sirsa EH, LH, PGW - 74°35'00"E 124 30°02'00"N 17 Banehra I Gulha LH, PGW - IAR 1966-67: 13 76°25'00"E

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Size No. Name of Village Location District Teh/Block/Taluka Cultural material Reference (ha) 29°08'56"N Gulab Singh 1990: 18 Baroda Rohtak Mundlana LH, PGW 1.2 76°36'57"E 10 29°07'03"N EH, MH, LH, 19 Baroda II Rohtak Gohana 0.4 Thakran 2000: 69 76°36°07"E PGW 29°09'09"N 20 Baroda III Rohtak Gohana MH, LH, PGW 0.4 Thakran 2000: 401 76°35'02"E 29°07'20"N LH, PGW, Early 21 Barota Rohtak Gohana 1.0 Thakran 2000: 69 76°44'35" E Historic LH, PGW, Early 22 Basahra II - Panipat - - Historic 29°53'00"N LH, PGW, Early Manmohan Kumar 23 Baursham I Kurukshetra 3.0 76°47'00"E Historic 1978: 76 30°24'00"N Manmohan Kumar 24 Behloli-I Ambala Naraingarh LH, PGW 5.0 76°57'00"E 1978: 46 29°22'50"N LH, PGW, Early 25 Beri khera-I Jind Safidon 1.92 - 76°34'50"E Historic 29°22'50"N Suraj Bhan 1975: 26 Beri Khera-II Jind Safidon LH, PGW - 76°33'75”E 125 30°04'00"N 27 Bhagwanpura Kurukshetra Thanesar LH, PGW 1.0 Joshi et al. 1984: 524 76°57'00"E 29°05'50"N LH, PGW, Early 28 Bhainswan Khurd I Rohtak Gohana - Thakran 2000: 71 76°44'50"E Historic 29°59'00"N LH, PGW, Early 29 Bhatgaon-II Sonepat Sonepat - Thakran 2000: 100 76°54'00"E Historic 29°11"00"N 30 Bhawad Rohtak Gohana LH, PGW 5.0 Thakran 2000: 72 76°30'00"E 29°59'00"N 31 Bhawani Khera Kurukshetra Thanesar LH, PGW - KURJ 10: 28-29 76°50'00"E 29°11'36"N LH, PGW, Early Ashok Kumar 1990: 32 Bhawar-I Rohtak Kathura 2.8 76°30'45"E Historic 10 30°11'00"N LH, PGW, Early Suraj Bhan and 33 Bhukhari Jagadhari 10.0 77°21'00"E Historic Shaffer 1978: 66 29'12'50"N Yogeshwar Kumar 34 Bichpari Ambala Naraingarh LH (OCP), GW - 76°40'50"E 1987: 17 29°05'00"N 35 Bohala Sonepat Sonepat LH, PGW 0.45 Thakran 2000: 101 76°51'50"E 29°23'30"N Amar Singh 1981: 36 Budha Khera-II Jind Jind LH, PGW - 76°35'30"E 341 29°14'00"N 37 Busana Kalan Rohtak Gohana LH, OCP, GW - Thakran 2000: 74 76°44'04"E 29°10'02"N 38 Butana-I Rohtak Gohana LH, GW 0.40 Thakran 2000: 74-75 76°37'06"E 29°06'00"N Thakran 2000: 101- 39 Chatia Deva Sonepat Sonepat LH, PGW 1.25 76°53'00"E 102 29°07'00"N LH, PGW, BSW, Silak Ram 1972: 33; 40 Chhapra-I Rohtak Gohana - 76°32'00"E NBPW JHS 3(i): 3 29°07'30"N EH, LH, PGW, Ashok Kumar 1990: 41 Chhapra-III Rohtak Kathura 0.30 76°32'33"E GW, Early Historic 12-13 29°13'00"N Gulab Singh 1990: 42 Chhatehra Rohtak Mundlana LH(OCP), PGW - 76°44'00"E 12-13 29°04'15"N LH, PGW, GW, 43 Datauli Sonepat Sonepat 10.0 Thakran 2000:103 77°03'00"E Early Historic

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Size No. Name of Village Location District Teh/Block/Taluka Cultural material Reference (ha) 29°57'00"N LH, PGW, Early IAR 1967-68 to 44 Daulatpur Kurukshetra Thanesar 5.70 76°57'00"E Historic 1977-78 30°26'00"N 45 Dhanana Ambala Naranyargarh LH. PGW 0.80 New site 76°50'00"E 30°04'28"N LH, GW, NBPW, Manmohan Kumar 46 Dhantori-I Kurukshetra Thanesar 4.50 76°53'02"E Early Historic 1978: 65 29°05'56"N 47 Dodwa Sonepat Sonepat LH, GW 10.0 Thakran 2000: 104 76°49'45"E 29°46'00"N 48 Dudakheri Kurukshetra Thanesar LH, PGW - KURJ 10: 28-29 76°27'00"E 29°33'10"N Amar Singh 1981: 49 Dumarkha-II Jind Narwana LH, PGW, BSW 0.90 76°09'15"E 106-7 Dumarkha Kalan- 29°33'24"N 50 Jind Narwana LH, PGW 0.90 Joshi et al. 1984: 525 II 76°09'40"E 51 Durad - Karnal Karnal LH, PGW - IAR 1975-76: 38 28°58'00"N EH, LH, PGW, Thakran 2000: 104- 52 -II Sonipat Sonipat 2.20 76°50'00"E GW 105 28°50'00"N LH, PGW, GW, 53 Gandhara-I Rohtak Sampla 3.0 Sneh Lata 1990: 14 76°44'00"E BSW 29°12'10"N Gulab Singh 1990: 54 Gangeshar Rohtak Mundlana EH, LH, GW - 76°40'36"E 14 29°11'06"N LH, PGW, GW, 55 Gangesar-II Rohtak Gohana 1.0 Thakran 2000: 77-78 76°40'09"E BSW 28°26'00"N Mohinder Singh 56 Garhi Kalan Gurgaon LH, PGW - 77°13'00"E 1990: 62 29°57'30"N LH, PGW, Early Manmohan Kumar 57 Garhi Rodan Kurukshetra Thanesar 4.0 76°43'44"E Historic 1978: 66 29°10'56"N LH, PGW, GW, Ashok Kumar 1990: 58 Gharwal-IV Rohtak Kathura 1.68 76°32'24"E Early Historic 14 29°10'06"N Amar Singh 1981: 59 Gharwali Jind Jind LH, PGW 1.20 76°20'31"E 53 29°00'20"N LH, GW, Early 60 Ghiland Kalan Rohtak Gohana - Thakran 2000: 80 76°39'00"E Historic 29°03'00"N 61 Ghilaur Khurd Rohtak Gohana LH, PGW 1.0 Thakran 2000: 80-81 76°39'00"E 29°12'50"N LH, BRW, PGW, Mohinder Singh 62 Gopalpur-II Gurgaon Gurgaon - 76°22'28"E BSW 1990: 65 30°02'00"N 63 Guhla Kaithal Guhla LH, GW - New site 76°17'50"E 28°27'00"N LH (OCP), PGW, Mohinder Singh 64 Gurgaon Sayyad Gurgaon Gurgaon - 77°00'00" Early Historic 1990: 66 28°53'00"N Kailash Kumar 1989: 65 Hamayunpur Rohtak Rohtak LH, PGW, EH 4.0 76°49'00"E 15-6 30°01'34"N Manmohan Kumar 66 Hansyala Kurukshetra Thanesar LH, PGW 2.25 76°47'30"E 1978: 67 30°13'30"N Yamunanagar Manmohan Kumar 67 Harnauli-II Jagadhari LH, PGW - 77°17'10"E 1978: 41-42 28°57'00"N Thakran 2000: 107- 68 Harsana Kalan-I Sonepat Sonepat LH, PGW, GW 1.80 77°02'00"E 108 28°50'20"N 69 Hassangarh-II Rohtak Sampla LH, PGW 2.40 Sneh Lata 1990: 17 76°50'45"E 28°53'00"N Kailash Kumar 1989: 70 Humayunpur Rohtak Rohtak LH, PGW 4.0 76°49'00"E 15-6

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Size No. Name of Village Location District Teh/Block/Taluka Cultural material Reference (ha) 29°06'50"N 71 Hulana Rohtak Gohana LH, PGW, BSW 1.60 Silak Ram 1972: 35 76°40'00"E 27°56'05"N Mohinder Singh 72 Imam Nagar Gurgaon Firozpur Jhirka LH (OCP), PGW - 77°03'07"E 1990: 131 28°47'40"N LH, PGW, Early Sneh Lata 1990: 18- 73 Ismaila-I Rohtak Sampla 7.50 76°44'15"E Historic 19 28°47'45"N LH, PGW, Early Sneh Lata 1990: 19- 74 Ismaila-II Rohtak Sampla 1.20 76°45'17"E Historic 20 29°12'20"N 75 Ishapurkheri-II Rohtak Gohana LH, GW 1.00 Thakran 2000: 81 76°35'10"E 28°47'40"N LH, PGW, Early 76 Jasaur Kheri-II Bahadurgarh 3.25 Sneh Lata 1990: 25 76°51'50"E Historic 29°44'00"N 77 Jatheri Kaithal Kaithal LH (Bara), PGW - Suraj Bhan 1975: 22 76°33'00"E 29°44'20"N 78 Jatheri-II Karnal Karnal LH, GW - IAR 1966-67: 13 76°33'30"E 29°15'06"N LH, PGW, Early Amar Singh 1981: 79 Jaurasi Khas Panipat Panipat 2.20 77°02'58"E Historic 67-8 29°00'45"N 80 Jawahara-I Rohtak Gohana L.Har,PGW 1.0 Thakran 2000: 82-83 76°47'20"E 28°28'00"N LH (OCP), GW, Mohinder Singh 81 Jhajgarh Gurgaon Gurgaon - 76°55'00"E Early Historic 1990: 71 29°19'02"N 82 Jind-I Jind Jind LH, PGW - IAR 1978-79: 8 76°19'00"E 29°59'00"N 83 Jogna Khera Kurukshetra Thanesar LH, PGW - KURJ 10: 28-29 76°48'00"E 29°54'00"N LH, PGW, Early 84 Kalsi Kaithal Kaithal - New site 76°10'34"E Historic 29°23'30"N Amar Singh 1981: 85 Kandela-II Jind Jind EH, LH, PGW 4.0 76°19'30"E 85-6 28°53'00"N LH, PGW, Early Kailash Kumar 1989: 86 Kansala Rohtak Rohtak 9.0 76°46'00"E Historic 17-8 29°38'00"N 87 Karsa Karnal - L.Har, PGW - Joshi et al. 1984: 524 76°40'00"E 29°09'00"N LH, PGW, Early Amar Singh 1981: 88 Karsola-II Jind Jind 1.10 76°26'00"E Historic 86-7 30°00'00"N LH, PGW, Early Manmohan Kumar 89 Kasor Kaithal Guhla - 76°15'00"E Historic 1978: 52 29°10'20"N LH, PGW, Early 90 Khanpur Kalan-I Rohtak Gohana 8.0 Thakran 2000: 86-7 76°47'30"E Historic 29°25'14"N Amar Singh 1981: 91 Khapran Jind Narwana LH, GW, BSW 2.25 76°10'18"E 112-3 29°10'07"N Amar Singh 1981: 92 Kharainti Jind Jind EH, LH, PGW 2.0 76°19'10"E 88-89 29°40'00"N Joshi et al. 1984: 93 Kharak Pandwan Jind Jind EH, LH, PGW - 76°17'00"E 519-525 28°56'05"N LH, PGW, Early Surender Singh 94 Kharkhara Rohtak Meham 3.50 76°21'57"E Historic 1989: 19-20 Mohinder Singh 28°27'07"N LH, PGW, Early 1990: 76; 95 Khedki Majra Gurgaon Gurgaon - 76°58'00"E Historic Suraj Bhan 1975: 126

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Size No. Name of Village Location District Teh/Block/Taluka Cultural material Reference (ha) 29°20'00"N 96 Khokhri-I Jind Safidon LH, PGW - IAR 1966-67: 13 76°20'00"E 29°20'00"N LH, PGW, Early 97 Khokhri-II Jind Safidon - IAR 1966-67: 13 76°20'00"E Historic Ghosh (ed.) 1989: 98 Khokhri - Kurukshetra Kurukshetra LH, GW - 277 29°10'00"N 99 Kirsola Jind Jind LH, PGW 6.07 IAR 1978-79: 8 76°25'00"E 29°10'55"N LH, GW, Early Gulab Singh 1990: 100 Kohla Rohtak Mundlana 12.0 76°36'52"E Historic 18 29°37'35"N Hakra, EH, MH, Khatri and Acharya 101 Kunal Hisar Fatehabad 2.90 75°39'30"E LH, PGW 1995: 84-88 30°02'00"N Suraj Bhan 1975: 102 Lukhi Kurukshetra Thanesar LH, PGW - 76°14'00"E 123 29°13'00"N MH, PGW, Early 103 Madha Hisar 1.50 New site 76°05'00"E Historic 28°51'00"N LH, PGW, Early 104 Maina-I Rohtak Kalanaur 1.80 Lamba 1989: 48 76°36'00"E Historic 29°22'28"N 105 Malar Khera Jind Jind LH, PGW 6.50 Joshi et al. 1984: 525 76°34'25"E 29°22'28"N 106 Malhar Jind Jind LH, PGW 6.50 Joshi et al. 1984: 525 76°34'25"E 28°50'00"N LH, PGW, BSW, 107 Mana Rohtak Rohtak - Silak Ram 1972: 53 76°36'00"E Early Historic 29°21'00"N HSHC: 138; 108 Manoharpur-II Jind Jind LH, PGW - 76°24'00"E IAR 1966-67: 13 29°47'40"N LH, PGW, Early Amar Singh 1981: 109 Maudi-III Karnal Karnal 1.50 76°46'30"E Historic 57-8 29°18'00"N Vijay Kumar 2001: 110 -I Hisar Nanrnaund LH, PGW 1.0 76°10'00"E 21 76°37'29"N LH, PGW, Early Ashok Kumar 1990: 111 Mirzapur Kheri Rohtak Kathura 0.80 29°03'52"E Historic 17 30°20'36"N Yogeshwar Kumar 112 Nakhrauli Ambala Naraingarh LH, GW - 77°06'20"E 1987: 20-21 29°59'00"N LH, PGW, Early Manmohan Kumar 113 Nandu Khera Kurukshetra Thanesar 5.0 76°39'00"E Historic 1978: 72 29°15'00"N 114 Narani Jind - LH - Joshi et al. 1984: 525 76°25'00"E 29°27'70"N 115 Narain Khera Sirsa - LH, EH - IAR 1983-84: 32 75°10'00"E Manmohan Kumar 1978: 73; The site 29°57'50"N was earlier reported 116 Narkatari Kurukshetra Thanesar LH, PGW, NBP - 76°48'00"E to have yielded PGW only (KURJ 10: 25-27). 29°13'00"N LH, PGW, Early Vijay Kumar 2001: 117 Narnaund Hisar 1.10 76°08'00"E Historic 23 29°38'00"N 118 Narukheri Karnal - LH, PGW - Joshi et al. 1984: 524 76°52'00"E 28°40'22"N EH, LH, PGW, 119 Nunamajra Jhajjar Bahadurgarh 4.0 Joon 1999: 25 76°52'17"E Early Historic

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Size No. Name of Village Location District Teh/Block/Taluka Cultural material Reference (ha) 29°13'00"N 120 Nurankhera-II Rohtak Gohana LH, PGW, BSW 4.0 Dutt 1980: 20 76°33'00"E 29°11'00"N LH, PGW, BSW, Silak Ram 1972: 121 Nurankhera Sonepat Sonepat - 76°34'00"E Early Historic 85-6 29°12'00"N EH, MH, LH, Vijay Kumar 2001: 122 Pali Hisar Narnaund 4.50 76°04'00"E PGW 24 29°45'00"N LH, PGW, Early 123 Panditon Ka Tila Kurukshetra Thanesar - KURJ 10: 28-29 76°34'00"E Historic 30°27'30"N Manmohan Kumar 124 Panjalasa Ambala Naraingarh LH (OCP), GW - 77°07'20"E 1978: 48 29°12'22"N Amar Singh 1981: 125 Patti Kalyana Panipat Panipat LH, PGW 0.70 77°01'43"E 71-72 29°58'00"N Kurukshetra Manmohan Kumar 126 Pipli Thanesar LH (Bara), GW - 76°63'00"E 1978: 74 Mohinder Singh 28°05'50"N 1990: 144; Also 127 Pondri-II Gurgaon Nuh LH (OCP), PGW - 77°08'50"E faience bangle pieces have been reported. 29°51'00"N Joshi et al. 1984: 128 Pujam Karnal Karnal L.Har,PGW - 76°55'00"E 521-524 29°03'40"N 129 Puthi Rohtak Gohana LH, GW 1.50 Dhankhar 1990: 20 76°41'57"E 29°53'00"N Amar Singh 1981: 130 Raison-II Karnal - LH, PGW - 76°48'00"E 337 29°12'26"N 131 Ram Kali Jind - LH, PGW 1.40 Joshi et al. 1984: 525 76°25'16"E 132 Rhan Rani Khera - Kurukshetra - LH, PGW - Possel 1999: 815 29°24'20"N Joshi et al. 1984: 133 Rituali Jind - LH, PGW 11.0 76°30'10"E 521-524 134 Ritauli-I - Kaithal Kaithal LH, PGW - IAR 1966-67: 13 28°55'00"N 135 Rithal Rohtak Gohana LH, PGW, BSW 1.0 Thakran 2000: 91 76°40'00"E 29°02'00"N 136 Rukhi-II Rohtak Gohana LH, PGW 1.0 Thakran 2000: 92 76'41'00"E 29°46'00"N LH, PGW, Early Amar Singh 1981: 137 Saga Karnal Karnal 5.0 76°53'00"E Historic 60 28°57'48"N Krishan Kumar 138 Samar Rohtak Lakhan EH, LH, PGW 2.62 76°30'45"E 1990: 17-18 29°49'10"N 139 Sambi-I Karnal Karnal LH, PGW - New site 76°49'10"E Samdo (Ratak 29°29'31"N Amar Singh 1981: 140 Jind Jind LH, PGW, BSW 0.25 Khera) 76°23'51"E 39 29°11'00"N 141 Samri Rohtak Gohana LH (OCP), GW 5.0 Thakran 2000: 94-95 76°47'00"E 29°10'00"N 142 Sanghi-III Rohtak Rohtak LH, PGW - New site 76°38'00"E 29°07'00"N 143 Sargthal Rohtak Gohana LH (OCP), GW 2.80 Thakran 2000: 93-94 76°50'00"E 29°02'00"N Manmohan Kumar 144 Sarola Kaithal Guhla LH, PGW 3.0 76°15'00"E 1978: 54 29°48'35"N LH, PGW, Early Amar Singh 1981: 145 Saunkhra-I Karnal Karnal 2.40 76°51'55"E Historic 61

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Size No. Name of Village Location District Teh/Block/Taluka Cultural material Reference (ha) 29°10'00"N LH (OCP), GW, 146 Shamdi Rohtak Gohana - Thakran 2000: 404 76°50'00"E Early Historic 29°56'00"N Meena 1996: 110- 147 Sitaura Kurukshetra Pehowa LH, PGW - 76°33'00"E 111 Sinkh-I (Tarkhu 29°23'00"N 148 Jind Safidon LH, PGW 1.20 New site Tirth) 76°22'00"E 28°53'00"N Thakran 2000: 122- 149 Sisana-I Sonepat Sonepat LH, PGW 0.40 76°53'02"E 123 28°52'00"N 150 Sisana-II Sonepat Sonepat LH, PGW 1.0 Thakran 2000: 123 76°50'07"E 29°23'00"N Suraj Bhan and 151 Solath Jind - LH, PGW 3.90 76°31'00"E Shaffer 1978: 62 28°52'00"N 152 Sunari Khurd Rohtak Kalanaur LH, PGW 1.20 Lamba 1989: 55 76°34'00"E EH, MH, LH 28°33'40"N 153 Surha Jhajjar Jhajjar (OCP), PGW, Early 5.40 Rahar 1993: 43-5 76°44'05"E Historic 30°27'00"N LH, PGW, GW, Malhotra 1964: 41- 154 Tandwal Ambala Naraingarh 77°04'00"E NBP, Early Historic 50 27°53'08"N LH (OCP), PGW, Mohinder Singh 155 Ter-II Gurgaon Firozpur Jhirka 77°07'00"E Early Historic 1990: 152 29°06'08"N EH, LH, PGW, Ashok Kumar 1990: 156 Thuska Rohtak Kathura 0.72 76°40'34"E Medieval 20 39°37'00"N 157 Toka Panchkula LH, PGW 1.0 IAR 1994-95: 24 76°59'00"E

Reference for the Appendix Dutt, Breham (1980) Settlements of Painted Grey Ware Amar Singh (1981) Archaeology of Jind and Karnal Districts in Haryana. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis. Kurukshetra (Haryana). Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis. Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra. University, Kurukshetra. Gulab Singh (1990) Archaeology and History of Mundlana Ashok Kumar (1990) Archaeology and History of Kathura Block (Dist. Rohtak). Unpublished M.Phil. Dissertation. Block (Rohtak). Unpublished M.Phil. Dissertation. M.D. M.D. University, Rohtak. University, Rohtak. Joon, Rajiv (1999) Archaeology and History of Dadri Block No. Ashok Kumar (1991) Archaeology and History of Badli Region II (Dist. Bhiwani). Unpublished M.Phil. Dissertation. (Distt. Rohtak). Unpublished M.Phil. Dissertation, M.D. M.D. University, Rohtak. University, Rohtak. Joshi, J.P., Madhu Bala and Jassu Ram (1984) “The Indus Dhaka, Surender Singh (1993) Archaeology and History of Civilization : A Reconsideration on the Basis of Salhawas Block (Dist. Rohtak). Unpublished M.Phil. Distribution Maps”, in B.B. Lal and S.P. Gupta (eds) Dissertation. M.D. University, Rohtak. Frontiers of the Indus Civilisation. Agam Kala Prakashan, Dhankhar, Ramdhan (1990) Archaeology and History New Delhi. pp. 519-26 of Gohana Block (Rohtak). Unpublished M.Phil. Kadian, Rai Singh (1990) Archaeology and History of Beri Dissertation. M.D. University, Rohtak. Block (Dist. Rohtak). Unpublished M.Phil. Disserttion. Dhattarwal, D.S. (1978) Archaeology of Safidon Tehsil (Dist. M.D. University, Rohtak. Jind). Unpublished M.Phil. Dissertation. Kurukshetra Kailash Kumar (1989) Archaeology and History of Rohtak University, Kurukshetra. Block (Dist. Rohtak). Unpublished M.Phil. Dissertation.

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M.D. University, Rohtak. Block (Dist. Rohtak). Unpublished M.Phil. Dissertation. Kataria, Rajiv (1990) Archaeology and History of Bahadurgarh M.D. University, Rohtak. Block (Dist. Rohtak). Unpublished M.Phil. Dissertation, Satdev (1980) Archaeology of Jind Tehsil. Unpublished M.Phil. M.D. niversity, Rohtak. Dissertation. Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra. Khatri, J.S. and M. Acharya (1995) Kunal: A New Indus- Sharma, Y.D., G.B. Sharma and B.S. Nijjar (1982) “A New Saraswati Site. Puratattva 25: 84-86. Pre-Harappan Site in Panjab with a likely Neolithic Krishan Kumar (1990) History and Archaeology of Lakhan Stratum”, in R.K. Sharma (ed.) Indian Archaeology - New Majra Block (Rohtak). Unpublished M.Phil. Dissertation. Perspective. Agam Kala Prakashan, Delhi. pp.184-192. M.D. University, Rohtak. Silak Ram (1972) Archaeology of Rohtak and Hissar Districts Lal, B.B. (1954-55) Excavations at Hastinapura and other (Haryana). Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis. Kurukshetra Explorations in Uppar Ganga and Sutluj Basins. Ancient University, Kurukshetra. India 10-11: 5-151. Singh, U.V. (1976) Explorations in the Vicinity of Thanesar. Malhotra, P.S. (1964) Archaeology of Naraingarh Tehsil Kurukshetra University Research Journal (Arts), Vol. (Dist. Ambala). Unpublished M.A. Dissertation. Punjab No.10. University, . Sneh Lata (1990) Archaeology and History of Sampla Block Mani Ram Lamba (1989) Archaeology and History of (Dist. Rohtak). Unpublished M.Phil. Dissertation. M.D. Kalanaur Block (Dist. Rohtak). Unpublished M.Phil. University, Rohtak. Dissertation. M.D. University, Rohtak. Suraj Bhan (1975) Excavations at (1968) and Other Manmohan Kumar (1978) Archaeology of Ambala and Explorations in Sutlej-Yamuna Divide. Kurukshetra Kurukshetra Districts (Haryana). Unpublished Ph.D. University, Kurukshetra. Thesis. Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra. Suraj Bhan and Jim G. Shaffer (1978) New Discoveries in Meena, B.R. (1996) Recent Exploration in Saraswati-Ghaggar Northern Haryana. Man and Environment 2: 59-68. Basin. Puratattva 26: 106-114. Surender Singh (1989) Archaeology and History of Meham Mohinder Singh (1990) Settlement Archaeology of Gurgaon Block (Dist. Rohtak). Unpublished M.Phil. Dissertation. District Haryana. Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis. Kurukshetra M.D. University, Rohtak. University, Kurukshetra. Thakran, R.C. (1998) “Protohistoric Settlement Patterns in Mughal, M.R. (1997) Ancient Cholisthan: Archaeology and Haryana”, in K.M. Shrimali (ed.) Reason and Archaeology. Architecture. Ferozsons, Lahore. Association for the Study of History and Archaeology, Narain, Jai (1993) Archaeology and History of Block New Delhi. pp.29-62. (Dist. Rohtak). Unpublished M.Phil. Dissertation. M.D. Thakran, R.C. (2000) Dynamics of Settlement Archaeology University, Rohtak. (Haryana). Gyan Prakashan, New Delhi. Palahia, M.K. (1964) Archaeology Ambala Tehsil. Unpublished Vijay Kumar (2001) Archaeology and History of Narnaund M.A. Dissertation. Punjab University, Chandigarh. Block (Dist. Hissar). Unpublished M.Phil. Dissertation. Parmod Kumar (2002) Archaeology and History of M.D. University, Rohtak. and Adampur Blocks (Dist. Hissar). Unpublished M.Phil. Yashvir Singh (1992) Archaeology and History of Charkhi Dissertation. M.D. University, Rohtak. Dadri Block No. 1 (Dist. Bhiwani). Unpublished M.Phil. Punia, D.S. (1976) Archaeology of Gurgaon and Mahendergarh Dissertation. M.D. University, Rohtak. Districts (Haryana). Unpublished Ph.D. Thesis. Yogeshwar Kumar (1987) Archaeology and History of Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra. Naraingarh Tehsil. Unpublished M.Phil. Dissertation. Rahar, Jagdish Singh (1993) Archaeology and History of Jhajjar Kurukshetra University, Kurukshetra.

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