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Indian Archaeology 1980-81 a Review

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Indian Archaeology 1980-81 a Review INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1980-81 —A REVIEW EDITED BY DEBALA MITTRA Director General Archaeological Survey of India ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA GOVERNMENT OF INDIA NEW DELHI 1983 Cover : rock-paintings, Bhimbetka 1983 ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY OF INDIA GOVERNMENT OF INDIA Prices : Rs. 65.00 PRINTED AT NABA MUDRAN PRIVATE LIMITED, CALCUTTA, 700004 PREFACE This is the twenty-eighth issue of the Review containing report on archaeological activities in various fields including certain spheres of interdisciplinary researches. Thanks to the Physical Research Laboratory, Ahmadabad, and the Bhabha Atomic Research Centre, Bombay, we have now been able to introduce a sub-section on the thermoluminescence dating. I hope these institutions along with the Birbal Sahani Institute of Palaeobotany, Lucknow, will continue to devote their time and attention to the cause of archaeological research in India. It is a matter of great satisfaction that the Deccan College Post-graduate and Research Institute, Pune, has stepped forward for undertaking multidisciplinary archaeological investigations. The manuscript for the Review for 1981-82 will shortly be sent to the press; it is hoped that the issue will be printed off by the end of this year. Much of the time in compilation can be saved if all the contributors follow the pattern systematized in the Review and use the spelling of place-names as given in the maps of Survey of India. Apart from the items relating to the activities of Archaeological Survey which have been supplied by my colleagues in Headquarters, Circles and Branches, the material was received as usual from various State Governments, Universities and other research organizations. I am deeply beholden to all the contributors and apologize for any omissions and commissions that might have occurred. I express my sincere appreciation of the cooperation I received from H. Sarkar, J. S. Nigam, K. P. Gupta, C. Dorje, S. R. Varma and Arundhati Banerji in the preparation and publication of the present Review. My thanks are also due to Messrs Naba Mudran Private Ltd., Calcutta for their close cooperation in printing this issue within a remarkable short time. New Delhi 4 October, 1983 DEBALA MITRA C ONTENTS PAGE I.Explorations and Excavations Andhra Pradesh 1; Arunachal Pradesh 8; Bihar 8; Goa, Daman and Diu 10 ; Gujarat 10; Haryana 15; Jammu and Kashmir 21; Karnataka 26; Kerala 31; Madhya Pradesh 31; Maharashtra 39; Manipur 44; Nagaland 44; Orissa 44; Punjab 45; Rajasthan 51; Sikkim 63; Tamil Nadu 65; Uttar Pradesh 66; West Bengal 76 II. Epigraphy 78 Sanskritic and Dravidic Inscriptions 78 Andhra Pradesh 78; Gujarat 79; Haryana 79; Kerala 80; Karnataka 80; Madhya Pradesh 81; Maharashtra 81;Tamil Nadu 81 Arabic and Persian Inscriptions 83 Andhra Pradesh 83; Gujarat 83; Jammu and Kashmir 84; Maharashtra 84; Uttar Pradesh 84 III.Numismatics and Treasure Troves 86 Andhra Pradesh 86; Goa, Daman and Diu 86; Gujarat 86; Karnataka 87; Maha- rashtra 88; Rajasthan 88 IV. Other Important Discoveries 89 Andhra Pradesh 89; Gujarat 89; Haryana 91; Himachal Pradesh 91; Jammu and Kashmir 91; Karnataka 91 ; Madhya Pradesh 92; Maharashtra 92; Mizoram 93; Orissa 93; Punjab 93; Rajasthan 93; Tamil Nadu 94; Uttar Pradesh 94; West Bengal 96 V. Radiocarbon and Thermoluminescence Dates 97 Radiocarbon Dates 97 Samples from India 97 Madhya Pradesh 97; Maharashtra 98; Rajasthan 98; Uttar Pradesh 99 Samples from Abroad 99 Pakistan 99 Thermoluminescence Dates 100 Andhra Pradesh 102; Gujarat 102; Punjab 103; Rajasthan 104; Uttar Pradesh 104 VI. Palacobotanical and Pollen Analytical Investigation 106 Samples from India 106 Andhra Pradesh 106; Jammu and Kashmir 107; Madhya Pradesh 108; Maharashtra 108; Uttar Pradesh 110 Samples from Abroad 110 Sri Lanka 110 VII. Museums 111 VIII. Architectural Survey of Temples 118 Northern Region 118; Southern Region 119 IX. Preservation of Monuments 124 Monuments of National Importance 124 Central Circle 124; Delhi Circle 127; Eastern Circle 129; Mid-eastern Circle 129; Mid- southern Circle 131; Northern Circle 135; North-western Circle 138; Southern Circle 141; South- eastern Circle 145; South-western Circle 146; Western Circle 146 Monuments maintained by the States 148 Andhra Pradesh 148; Goa 149; Gujarat 149; Karnataka 150; Madhya Pradesh 150; Orissa 151; Rajasthan 151; West Bengal 152 X. Archaeological Chemistry 154 Treatment of Monuments and Paintings 154 Andhra Pradesh 154; Delhi 154; Goa, Daman and Diu 155; Gujarat 156; Himachal Pradesh 156; Jammu and Kashmir 156; Karnataka 157; Kerala 157; Madhya Pradesh 158; Maharashtra 159; Orissa 160; Rajasthan 160; Tamil Nadu 160; Uttar Pradesh 161; West Bengal 162 Treatment of Excavated Objects and Museum Exhibits 163 XI. Archaeological Gardens 165 Andhra Pradesh 165; Bihar 165; Delhi 165; Goa, Daman and Diu 166; Gujarat 166; Himachal Pradesh 166; Jammu and Kashmir 166; Karnataka 166; Madhya Pradesh 166; Maharashtra 167; Orissa 167; Rajasthan 167; Uttar Pradesh 168 XII.Publications 169 Publications of the Survey 169; other Publications 169 INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1980-81 —A REVIEW I. EXPLORATIONS AND EXCAVATIONS ANDHRA PRADESH 1.EXPLORATION IN DISTRICT CUDDAPAH.—Two mounds were located near the village Tallapaka by the Registering Officer of the Department of Archaeology and Museums, Govern-ment of Andhra Pradesh. These mounds yielded pottery consisting of black and black-and-redwares, a lotus medallion and several brick structures. 2. EXCAVATION AT RAJAHMUNDRY, DISTRICT EAST GODAVARI.—In continuation of the last year's (Indian Archaeology 1979-80—A Review,1 p. 1) work the Department of Archaeology and Museums, Government of Andhra Pradesh, resumed excavation with a view to expose more structures. The excavation shows that the earliest settlement took place over a river-borne silt superimposed by a fine gravel deposit. A circular brick structure (brick size: 42 to 35 x 25 to 23 cm), with a diameter of 3.6 m internally and 85 cm in height, belonged to this phase. The finds include coarse red ware ascribable to circa sixth-seventh century AD. A square brick cella of 3.5 m side, with an antechamber (2.2 x 1.65 m), facing east, was exposed in the succeeding phase. Its floor was laid with two brick courses plastered with lime. This stratum may be ascribed to the thirteenth century AD. Contemporaneous with the cella are two brick walls, with an extant height of 1.1 m and 0.50 m. The average brick size is 30 x 20 cm. The pottery represents a grey ware. Excavation also revealed superimposition of the aforesaid cella by a badly-damaged stone structure. A number of stone balls along with a damaged cannon were found in association with the structure. The pottery of this phase consisted of medieval grey ware. The latest structural activity was represented by a brick built (size : 25 x 12 cm) channel intended to carry water lifted from the river Godavari. Besides grey ware, there were some fine porcelains bearing beautiful floral designs in different colour combination. 3. EXPLORATION IN DISTRICTS EAST GODAVARI AND PRAKASAM.—With a view to studying coastal and hinterland land-forms and to correlate the effects of sea-level changes with the Stone Age sites S. N. Rajaguru, R. S. Pappu, M. L. K. Murty, J. V. Prasad Rao of the Deccan College Post-graduate and Research Institute, Pune, B. K. Subrahamanyam, V. V. Madhusudan Rao and M. Kasturibai of the Nagarjuna University, Guntur, conducted explorations in Eleru and Paleru valleys. Their survey started from the hills of the Eastern Ghats on the west to the deltaic zones up to the river basins of the Godavari and the Krishna to the east. Fairly thick (25 m) alluvial fills, representing two cut and fill episodes of the Eleru river, are preserved on the piedmont zone of the Eastern Ghats. These alluvial fills rest against the steep rock-cut slopes of the Khondalites. The top surface of the older fill occurs at an elevation of about 25 m above the modern bed level of the Eleru, while the younger fill terrace is inset into the older fill at an elevation of about 10 m above the bed level. The Upper Palaeolithic tools 'The above-mentioned publication is referred to in the following pages by the year only. INDIAN ARCHAEOLOGY 1980-81—A REVIEW occur in a stratified context in the gravel beds at an elevation of about 20 m in the older alluvial fill. On the other hand, Mesolithic and Neolithic occupations occur on the top of the older terrace (25 m). These field observations show that the Eleru river has passed through at least two major phases of aggradation and degradation during the late Quaternary. The cliff section of the Older alluvial fill exposed on the left bank of the Eleru at Uppalapadu revealed interesting changes in the mode of sedimentation. Both cut and fill terraces and changes in the sedimentatary facies of the alluvial fills suggest that the region was affected by eustatic climatic changes. The deltaic plain of the lower Eleru did not reveal on the surface any field evidence of sea-level changes during the Late Quaternary. On the other hand, the lower coastal plain of the Paleru further south, in the District Prakasam, revealed the following interesting geomorphic features. First, the occurrence of a pebbly gravel (fluvial) at a depth of 8 to 10 m below the present sea-level in a well-section at Kothapatnam suggests that the sea-level was lower by at least 10 m some time during the Quaternary. Second, the presence of a beach rock in another well at a depth of— 15 m further corroborates a lower sea-level during the Quaternary. Third, the examination of recently-dug well-sections in the area shows that the coastal plain is a product of gradually prograding deltaic plain of the Holocene Age. Fourth, about 15 km inland from the coast exposures of ferricreted cobbly gravels were observed between Singrayakonda and Ullapalem at a height of about 15-20 m above sea- level.
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