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Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-89520-0 - The Renaissance in Italy: A Social and Cultural History of the Rinascimento Guido Ruggiero Index More information

INDEX

Abel (Bible), depiction in art, 561–2 classics and, 251 , 257–8 Abortion, 129–30 clothing, depiction of, 363–4 Academies, 539–47 consensus realities and, 254–6 , 363–4 Accademia della Crusca (Academy), 541–2 culture and, 251 , 254 , 257 Accolti, Bernardo, 452 Dante compared, 253 Acta Ecclesiae Mediolanenesis Eugenius IV and, 275 (Borromeo), 521 Gianfrancesco Gonzaga and, 294 Adam (Bible) on honor, 254–6 depiction in art, 561–2 Lorenzo de’ Medici and, 316 Garden of Eden and, 1–2 , 7 Ludovico Sforza and, 294 , 295 knowledge of, 260 Nicholas V and, 276 naming of things by, 221 , 261 , as painter, 294 266–7 , 423 Petrarch compared, 253 Savonarola on, 489–90 Alberti, Lionardo, 254–6 Addormentati (Academy), 541 Albert of Stade, 21 Adoration of the Christ Child (Fra Filippo Albizzi family, 299–300 Lippi), 307–8 Albornoz, Egidio, 60–1 , 157 , 166 Adoration of the Magi (Leonardo), 350 Alexander III (Pope), 39 , 41 , 270 Adoration of the Magi, The (Botticelli), Alexander the Great (Macedon), 458 , 582 345–6 , 357–9 Alexander VI (Pope) Adrian VI (Pope), 503–4 , 507–8 generally, 278 , 379 , 510 Aeschylus, 397 death of, 355 , 442 Africa (Petrarch), 225 French invasion of Italy and, 404–5 , Agathocles (Greece), 448 , 449 410–11 , 412 Age of the Beloveds, The (Andrews and “New World” and, 427 Kalpaki), 582 Piero de’ Medici and, 401 Age of marriage, 375 , 474 , 478 , 480–1 , 483 Savonarola and, 491 , 492 Ages of the world, 1–6 sex and, 404 Agnadello, Battle of, 418 War of League of Cambrai and, 413–14 Agnes (Saint), 277 Alexandria, Battle of, 177–8 Alberti, Leon Battista, 251–4 Alfonso I (Naples), 250 , 258 , 286–90 , 291 , generally, 324 403 , 407 , 579 as architect, 276 , 294 , 295 Alfonso II (Naples), 321 , 322 , 409 , 410–11

601

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-89520-0 - The Renaissance in Italy: A Social and Cultural History of the Rinascimento Guido Ruggiero Index More information

602 Index

Alfonso of Calabria, 321 , 322 Andrew (apostle), 279–80 Alhazen, 252 Andrews, Walter, 582 Aligheri, Dante. See Dante Angevin dynasty in Naples, 62–4 , 65–6 Allegory of Government (Lorenzetti), 69 Anghiari, Battle of, 197 , 356 Alternative terms for Rinascimento , 12 Anguissola, Sofonisba, 580 Ambrosian Republic, 198 Annunciation , The (Fra Angelico), 306–7 Amelia, Jacopo di Nino di, 470–1 Antichrist, 2–3 Americas Anti-popes, 60 , 269 Alexander VI and, 427 Apocalypse, 1 , 116–18 diaspora of Rinascimento in, 585–6 Apologi (Leon Battista Alberti), 252–3 disease and, 431–4 Apprentices, 146 exploration of, 421–8 Aquinas, Thomas, 37 , 230 , 233 , 246 fi rst times and, 423–4 Aquitaine, Duke of, 48 Jesuits in, 523 , 585–6 Aragon, conquest of Naples, 286 “the New” and, 421–8 L’arcadia (Sannazaro), 291 newness denied, 421 Ardenti (Academy), 541 Spanish conquests in, 508–9 Aretino, Pietro, 469–76 Ameto (Boccaccio), 216 generally, 531 Amorosa Visione (Boccaccio), 216 on Ariosto, 470 Ancient Athens, 138 , 242 Castiglione compared, 469 , 472 , 473 Ancient Rome. See also Rebirth concept on civic morality, 469 , 472–3 , Boccaccio on, 228 , 234 476 , 487–8 Florence compared, 138 Francis I and, 471–2 as ideal, 9 , 11 , 15–16 , 64 , 68 , 80 , 93 , 96 , humanism and, 244–6 107–8 , 223–4 , 234 , 237–8 , 276 , 294 Leo X and, 469 , 470 Machiavelli on, 440 , 443 , 448–51 Libertines and, 487–8 Petrarch on, 68–9 , 225–7 , 234–7 on love, 482–3 popolo grosso and, 80 , 93 , 538–9 Machiavelli compared, 469 , 473 Salutati and, 238 overview, 438 Venice and, 44 on sex, 473–7 , 478 , 481–2 virtù in, 113 , 224 , 230 on virtù , 469–76 , 487–8 Ancient world Arezzo in 13th Century, 31 Bible and, 366 Arienti, Giovanni Sabadino degli, civiltà and, 108 , 334–6 372–5, 378 fi rst times and, 223–4 Ariosto, Ludovico, 460–5 fl o r i l e g i a and, 210 generally, 465 , 531 Greek and, 240–1 on Angelica, 463–5 Latin and, 224–5 on Aretino, 470 law and, 94 Bembo and, 461 Leon Battista Alberti and, 254 on Bradamante, 378–9 , 460–1 , 464 printing and, 397 Castiglione compared, 463 , 465 religion and, 243 Ippolito d’Este and, 379–80 sex and, 384 , 454 Isabella d’Este and, 378–9 studia humanitatis and, 246–9 on love, 463–5 virtù and, 443–5 , 458 , 469 , 538–9 Machiavelli compared, 462 , 463 Andreini, Francesco, 584 overview, 438 Andreini, Isabella, 584 on prostitution, 478

Index 603

vernacular and, 543 Petrarch and, 206 , 236 on violence, 463 Plato and, 302 on virtù , 460–5 printing of works of, 389 on women, 463–4 , 466 , 468 virtù and, 230 Ariosto’s Bitter Harmony (Ascoli), 462–3 Augustinian Observants, 497 Aristides, 241 , 242 Augustus (Rome), 235 Aristocracy, 16–18 , 271–4 , 538–9 , 553 Aurispa, Giovanni, 275 Aristophanes, 397 Avignon, papacy at, 52–3 , 54 , 59–62 , 64–5 , Aristotle 166–7 , 227 , 271 , 415 generally, 243 , 458 Cosimo de’ Medici and, 302 Bacon, Roger, 252 Dante and, 37 Baglioni, Giampaolo, 414–15 Machiavelli on, 450–1 Baldo da Ubaldis, 74 on mixed government, 242 , 450–1 , Balia (wet nurse), 131–3 532–3 , 589 Balìa (special committee), 96–7 , 157 , printing of, 397 159–60 , 167 , 199–203 , 322 rhetoric of, 246 Banchini, Antonio, 570 on sex, 454 Banchini, Letitia, 570–2 in studia humanitatis , 247 , 249 Banco, Nanni di, 336–7 virtù and, 230 , 233 , 455–6 Bandello, Matteo, 434–6 on women, 454 Banking, 31 , 33 , 49 , 63 , 137–40 , 147–50 , Arrabbiati (Outraged), 490–1 151–2 , 202 Arranged marriage, 110 , 474 , 483 , Barbara of Brandenburg, 293 , 295 545 , 583–4 Barbarigo, Agostino (Doge), 342–5 Art of War (Machiavelli), 443 , 444 , 539 Barbarigo, Marco, 344–5 Arthurian legend, 292 , 294 , 460 Barbaro, Francesco, 256–7 , 301–2 Arti maggiori (major guilds), 143 Barbavara, Francesco, 188–9 , 192 Arti medie (middling guilds), 143 Barbiano, Alberico da, 164 Arti minori (minor guilds), 143–4 Bardi, Donato di Niccolò di Betto. Arts. See also specifi c artists See Donatello fi rst times, depiction of, 332 Barnabites, 522 individual in, 326–8 Baron, Hans, 240 , 241 , 242 literature. See Literature Bartolus of Sassoferrato, 74 love poetry, 212–20 ( See also Love Baths, 29 poetry) Battle of. See specifi c battles portraits. See Portraits Battle of Love and Chastity , The sex in, 384 , 471–2 (Perugino), 384 sculpture, 338 Beccadelli, Antonio (Panormita), Ascoli, Albert, 462–3 288–9 , 290–1 Asia, Jesuits in, 586–7 Becket, Thomas, 22 Athenaeus, 397 “Bedroom culture,” 578–9 Athens (ancient), 138 , 242 “Bedroom diplomacy,” 287 , 401 , 420 , 506 , Attendolo, Muzio, 164 508–9 , 576 Augustine (Saint) Belfagor (Machiavelli), 444 Cosimo de’ Medici and, 302 Bellini, Gentile, 342 , 581–2 depiction in art, 345 Bellini, Giovanni, 342–4 Isotta Nogarola and, 374 Bellini, Jacopo, 342

604 Index

Bellini, Niccolosa, 342 Blaise (Saint), 565 Bellini family, 342–4 . See also specifi c family Boccaccio, Giovanni members generally, 446 , 453 , 461 , 542 Bembo, Pietro on Black Death, 116–18 , 119 , 120 , 123 generally, 531 , 566 civiltà and, 109–15 Ariosto and, 461 classicism and, 242–3 Castiglione and, 452 on corruption, 493–4 Colonna and, 468–9 culture and, 210 Gambara and, 467 Decameron ( See Decameron (Boccaccio)) Isabella d’Este and, 382–3 Divine Comedy and, 228–9 on language, 552 fi rst times and, 220–9 on love, 459–60 , 465 in Florence, 63 overview, 542 Fortuna and, 218–19 , 228 , 231 Paul III and, 511 gender and, 228 printing of works of, 397 Giannozzo Manetti and, 258–9 on women, 466 on honor, 154–6 Benedict XI (Pope), 51–2 humanism and, 206 Benevento, Battle of, 62 Leon Battista Alberti compared, 251 Bentivoglio, Giovanni II, 372 , 373 , 414–15 on love, 109–15 , 230–4 Bentivoglio, Sante, 365 love poetry of, 216–20 Benucci, Alessandra, 461–2 oral culture and, 210 Bergamo overview, 552 in Italian Hundred Years’ War, 195 rebirth concept and, 228–9 in War of League of Cambrai, 416–17 on Rome (ancient), 228 , 234 Bernardino of Siena, 128–9 , 496–7 on sex, 512 Bessarion (Cardinal), 279–80 , 365–6 , 395–6 virtù and, 228 , 230–4 Betto, Bernardino di (Pinturicchio), 283 on women, 360 , 370–1 Beyazid I (Ottoman), 180–1 Boiardo, Matteo Maria, 378–9 , 463 Bible, 2 , 40 , 201 , 223 , 243 , 397 , 398 , 514 , Boissy, Adriano Gouffi er de, 470–1 527 , 587 . See also specifi c book or person Bologna Bigi (Grays), 490–1 academies in, 541 Biondo, Flavio, 275 , 276–7 economic competition with Birth control, 129–33 Florence, 135 abortion as, 129–30 in Italian Hundred Years’ War, 171–81 balia as, 131–3 pilgrimages to Rome through, 26 , 30 coitus interruptus as, 129 in War of League of Cambrai, 414 child abandonment as, 130–1 in War of the Eight Saints, 167–8 , foundling homes and, 130–1 169 Bisticci, Vespasiano da, 387 , 587 Bolzano, 24 Black Death Bonaventure (Saint), 37 bubonic plague as cause of, doubts Bondone, Giotto di, 63–4 , 329 regarding, 118–23 Bonfi res of the vanities, 490 causes of, 118–23 Boniface VIII (Pope) economic eff ects of, 123–5 generally, 33 , 70 as Malthusian check on population, jubilee year, 21–2 , 35 , 37 126–9 , 133–4 Philip IV and, 48–51 overview, 116–18 Boniface IX (Pope), 189 , 281

Index 605

Bonsignori, Francesco, 382–3 Buonarroti, Michelangelo di Lodovico. Book of the Courtier , The (Castiglione) See Michelangelo generally, 382 , 451–2 , 459 Burckhardt, Jacob, 12–13 , 324 , 326 , 386 love and, 452 , 459–60 , 465 virtù and, 438 , 451–3 , 455–60 , 487 Cabot, John (Giovanni Caboto), 425–6 Books. See Printing Caboto, Giovanni, 425–6 Borgia, Cesare Caboto, Mattea, 425 Isabella d’Este and, 381–2 Caboto, Sebastian, 425–6 Leonardo and, 355 Cà da Mosto, Alvise da, 426 Machiavelli on, 441–2 , 446 , 448 , 449 Calixtus III (Pope), 278 , 290 , 404 Michelangelo and, 556 Calvin, John, 519 nepotism and, 404 Cambiaso, Luca, 580 War of League of Cambrai and, Camera degli Sposi (Mantegna), 296 413–15 Camera Picta (Mantegna), 296 Borgia, Goff redo, 405 Cane, Facino, 192–3 Borgia, Lucretia, 379 , 404 , 405 Canis (Leon Battista Alberti), 252–3 Borgia family, 278 . See also specifi c family Canterbury, pilgrims in, 22 members Canterbury Tales (Chaucer), 22 Borja, Rodrigo Lanzo e. See Alexander Canzoniere (Petrarch), 206 VI (Pope) Capistrano, Giovanni da, 496–7 Borromeo, Carlo, 517 , 520–1 Capitano del Popolo, 100 , 102 Boschetti, Isabella, 383–4 Capponi, Piero, 410 Botticelli, Sandro, 283 , 316–17 , 345–7 , Capuchians, 521–2 357–9 , 555–6 Carafa, Giovanni Pietro. See Paul IV Bouswma, William, 533 , 589 (Pope) Bracceschi, 164 , 196 , 197 Cardinals, 49–50 , 52 , 53 , 61 , 167 , 170 , 268 , Bracciolini, Poggio, 273 , 275 , 289 274 , 278 , 283–5 , 296 , 313–14 , 470–1 , Bramante, Donato, 560 494–5 , 501–2 , 520 Brancacci, Pietro, 333–4 Carducho, Bartolomé, 580 Brancacci Chapel, 333–6 Carducho, Vicente, 580 Brenner Pass, 23–5 Caresini, Raff arino, 369 Brescia Carmagnola, Francesco da, 164 , 193 , 195–6 in Italian Hundred Years’ War, 195 Carolingian dynasty, 40 in War of League of Cambrai, Caracciolini (Clerks Regular Minor), 522 416–17 Carrara, Antonio, 189 Brigata dei Crusconi (Academy), 541 Carrara, Brunoro, 189 Broccadelli, Lucia, 497–8 Carrara, Francesco da, 174–5 , 176 , 185 , Bronzino (Agnolo di Cosimo), 554–5 236 Brucker, Gene, 14 Carrara, Francesco Novello, 176 , 189–91 Brunelleschi, Filippo Carrara family, 193–4 . See also specifi c Donatello and, 336 family members Duomo and, 31 , 268 , 269 Casa, Giovanni della, 512 San Lorenzo and, 303–4 , 307 Casa del Soccorso (House of Support or virtù of, 257–8 Rescue), 485–6 Bruni, Leonardo, 240–4 , 247 , 539 Castel Sant’Angelo, Siege of, 503 , Bubonic plague as cause of Black Death, 504–6 , 510 doubts regarding, 118–23 Castiglionchio, Lapo da, 274–5

606 Index

Castiglione, Baldassare Scolopi , 522 generally, 531 Theatines, 521 Aretino compared, 469 , 472 , 473 Cattanei, Vannozza, 404 Ariosto compared, 463 , 465 Cavalcanti, Ginevra, 256 Bembo and, 452 Cavallini, Pietro, 329 Book of the Courtier, The . See Book of La Cazzaria (Vignali), 544 , 545 the Courtier , The (Castiglione) Celenza, Christopher, 274 Clement VII and, 451 , 452 Celestine V (Pope), 49–50 Isabella d’Este and, 382 Cellini, Benvenuto, 524–30 Machiavelli compared, 451–2 , 455–7 beatifi c vision of, 528 overview, 438 consensus realities and, 528–9 vernacular and, 543 fame of, 581 on virtù , 438 , 451–3 , 455–60 , 487 Fortuna and, 524–5 on women, 453–5 , 465 Great Social Divide and, 524 , 526–7 , Catasto (Florentine survey of Tuscan 529–30 wealth) of 1427, 127–8 , 129 , 201 , 208, Leonardo and, 356–7 310–11 Michelangelo and, 525 Cateau-Cambrésis, Treaty of, 412–13 , 420 , Paul III and, 532 , 563 514 , 577–8 Peter in vision of, 528–9 Catechism, 516–17 , 520–1 Sack of Rome and, 502–3 , 510 Catherine of Siena (Saint), 497–8 , 565 self-fashioning and, 528–9 Catholic Church . See also Papacy on virtù, 524–5 , 526 Augustinian Observants, 497 Le cene (Grazzini), 541–2 Capuchians, 521–2 Censorship, Council of Trent and, 512–13 Caracciolini , 522 Cereta, Laura, 375–6 , 377 catechisms and, 516–17 Cervia, Venetian expansion in, 413–14 Charles V and, 502 Chalcondylas, Demetrius, 316 corruption in, 281–2 , 493–6 Chambers, D. C., 14 Council of Trent, 509–20 Charity, 107 , 548–9 ( See also Council of Trent) Charlemagne (Emperor), 40 , 292 , 294 , Decameron, portrayal in, 493–4 316–17 , 378–9 , 460 discipline in, 520–4 Charles I (Naples), 62–3 Dominicans, 497 , 522 , 575–6 Charles I (Spain). See Charles V (Emperor) Eucharist and, 514–15 Charles II (Naples), 63 in France, 48 , 49 , 51–2 , 61 Charles IV (Emperor), 60–1 Franciscans, 3–5 , 37 , 168–9 , 206 , 492 , Charles V (Emperor) 496–7 , 521–2 generally, 385 , 468 , 526 Holy Spirit and, 515–16 Catholic Church and, 502 Jesuits, 522–3 Clement VII and, 504–5 Jews and, 521 Colonna and, 466–7 Matritani , 522 diaspora of Rinascimento and, 579–80 poverty and, 547–8 Francis I and, 504–5 , 506–7 , 508 purgatory and, 514–15 Gambara and, 466–7 reform . See Reform Guicciardini and, 534–6 religious enthusiasm in, 496–502 later years of, 508–9 sacraments and, 514–15 Maximilian I and, 411 salvation and, 513 Sack of Rome and, 502 , 505–7

Index 607

Suleiman compared, 582 legislation and, 364–6 War of League of Cambrai and, 420 Machiavelli on, 440 , 443 , 448–51 , Charles VII (France), 390 , 407 487 Charles VIII (France) papacy and, 277 generally, 442 popolo grosso and, 440 Ferrante and, 402–3 , 407 prostitution and, 484 Guicciardini and, 535–6 republicanism and, 238–40 , 300–1 Italy, invasion of, 291 , 376 , in Venice, 533–4 399–413 virtù and, 443 , 473 Savonarola and, 489 Civilization of the Renaissance in Italy , The Charles IX (France), 576 , 577–8 (Burckhardt), 12–13 Charles of Calabria, 65 Civiltà (urban civilization) Charles of Valois, 55 Black Death, eff ect of, 116–18 Chaucer, Geoff rey, 22 Boccaccio and, 109–15 Cheese and the Worms , The Capitano del Popolo , 100 , 102 (Ginzburg), 583 civic morality and, 107–8 , 158 , 167–8 , Chigi family, 285 201 , 206–7 , 238 , 253–4 Child abandonment, 130–1 consensus realities in, 108–15 , 116–18 Chinazzo, Daniele di, 186 councils in, 94–5 , 96–7 Chioggia, War of, 181–8 . See also War of criminal punishment in, 102–3 Chioggia cultural analysis of, 76 Christ. See Jesus Dante and, 76 , 77 Chrysoloras, Emmanuel, 240 debt in, 106–7 Church Fathers, 8 , 135 , 210 , 233 , 275 , 374 , elections in, 95 398 , 495–6 executive government in, 103–5 Cicero fi rst times and, 15 , 108 , 206–7 generally, 96 , 543 in Florence, 77–82 Petrarch and, 205 , 224–5 , 234–6 , guilds in, 95–6 , 107 238 , 250 justice and, 70–1 , 97–103 printing of works of, 389 , 390 law and, 94 republicanism of, 238 love poetry and, 218–20 rhetoric of, 245–6 , 247 Machiavelli on, 326 Valla on, 250 Marxist analysis of, 75–6 virtù and, 234–6 in Milan, 89–93 Ciompi Rising (Florence), 157–61 , morality and, 107–8 299–300 “new men” in, 154–6 Circularity of time, 6–9 , 221–2 overview, 15–16 , 17–18 , 67–72 City of God (Augustine), 389 Petrarch and, 67 , 69–72, 75 , 76 “Civic humanism,”, 238–9 , 240 Podestà, 97–8 , 99–100 , 102 Civic morality. See also Civiltà (urban popolo grosso in, 94 , 104–5 , 108 civilization) il popolo in, 74–7 generally, 549 , 552 popolo minuto in, 104–5 Aretino on, 469 , 472–3 , 476 , public versus private power in, 72–7 487–8 Sapientes, 96–7 Barbaro on, 256–7 in Siena, 69–72 civiltà and, 107–8 , 158 , 167–8 , 201 , Signoria , 104–5 206–7 , 238 , 253–4 Signori di Notte , 100–1

608 Index

(cont.) Columbus, Christopher, 252 , 422–5 , social confl ict in, 72–7 426–7 , 431–2 , 587–8 sodomy and, 101 Comedies, 131 , 378–9 , 462 , 472 , 541–2 , taxation in, 105–6 544–6 , 551 , 583–4 , 588 vendettas, 98–9 Comici Gelosi , 584 in Venice, 82–9 Commedia dell’arte, 584 violence in, 154–6 Commentaries (Pius II), 279 Classical culture, 15 , 243–4 Communes, 74 , 77 Classical world. See Ancient world Compagnacci (Bad Boys), 490–1 Classicism, 243–4 Company of San Giorgio, 164 Clement V (Pope), 52 , 53 , 85 Conciliar Movement, 53 , 54 , 287 Clement VI (Pope), 53 , 227 Condottieri (mercenaries) Clement VII (Pope) cities ruled by, 291–2 generally, 471–2 , 494–5 , 524 , 531 in diaspora of Rinascimento , 584–5 ascension to papacy, 314 French invasion of Italy and, 408 , 409 Capuchians and, 521–2 in Italian Hundred Years’ War, 162–5 , Castiglione and, 451 , 452 171–81 , 188–92 Catherine de’ Medici and, 576–7 Machiavelli and, 195 , 585 Charles V and, 504–5 overview, 162–5 Great Schism and, 170 Sforza as, 192–9 Guicciardini and, 534–5 in War of Chioggia, 181–8 Isabella d’Este and, 385 Confession Michelangelo and, 555–6 , 562–3 generally, 21 , 521 Sack of Rome and, 383 , 502 , 503–6 , Council of Trent and, 519–20 507–8 , 510 Confraternity, 112 , 327 , 340 on women, 454–5 Confusi (Academy), 541 Cleofl io, Ottavio, 285 Consensus realities Clericos Laicos (Papal Bull), 48–9 generally, 112 Clerks Regular Minor (Caricciolini ), Cellini and, 528–9 522 civiltà and, 108–15 , 116–18 Clerks Regular of the Mother of God clothing and, 363–4 (Matritani ), 522 Council of Trent and, 519 La Clizia (Machiavelli), 440–1 , 444 , dialogues and, 363–4 479–80 , 484 , 551 honor and, 108–15 Clothing in portraits, 357–67 individual in art and, 326–36 Cloth production, 32 , 137 , 139–42 , 146 , Leon Battista Alberti and, 254–6 , 363–4 152–3 , 400 love poetry and, 212–13 , 224 Cohn, Samuel, 119 , 121–2 Machiavelli and, 456–7 Coinage, 147–50 portraits and, 342–5 Coitus interruptus , 129 sculpture and, 336–9 Colomba of Rieti, 497–8 self-fashioning and, 112 , 386 , 528–9 Colombo, Cristoforo. See Columbus, Consilium de emendanda Ecclesia Christopher (Contarini), 511 Colonna, Pompeo, 504–5 Consorterie (extended families), 73 Colonna, Vittoria, 466 , 467–9 , 531 Constable of Bourbon, 502–3 , 505 Colonna family, 227 , 271 , 274 , 410–11 , 467 . Constantine (Emperor), 35 , 39 , 40–1 , See also specifi c family members 249–50

Index 609

Constantinople, fall of, 276 , 278 Courts Contarini, Andrea (Doge), 185 , 186 , 511 of Alfonso I, 286–90 Contarini, Gasparo, 500 , 501–2 , 531–4 , 589 of Cosimo de’ Medici, 300–1 Convertite (house for ex-prostitutes), of Ferrante, 290–1 485 , 486 in Florence, 298–325 Convivio (Dante), 10 of Gonzagas, 291–8 Convivio de’secreti della Sacra Scrittura in Mantua, 291–8 (Meleto), 499 of Medicis, 298 Copernicus, Nicolaus, 587–8 in Naples, 286–91 Corbaccio (Boccaccio), 219 overview, 268–71 Corner, Andrea, 470–1 papal court, 271–85 Corner, Pietro, 184 of Pius II, 278–80 Corporate bodies, 73 , 110 , 146–7 , 162 , Cox, Virginia, 370–1 , 372 , 375 , 468 255 , 549 Crema, in Italian Hundred Years’ War, 189 Correggio, Antonio da, 384 Cremona Corruption in Italian Hundred Years’ War, 195 in elections, 199 , 310, 311–12 in War of League of Cambrai, 416–17 in papacy, 281–2 , 493–6 Crescenzi, Giovan Battista, 580 Corsini, Marietta di Luigi, 480 Criminal punishment, 70–1 , 98 , 99 , 100–1 , Cortés, Hernán, 508–9 102–3 , 105 , 129 , 154–6 , 478 , 481–2 Cortona in thirteenth century, 31 Crisis of the Early Italian Renaissance , The Cosa, Juan de la, 422–3 (Baron), 240 Cosmas (Saint), 304 , 305 Critics of the Italian World (Grendler), 475 Costa, Lorenzo, 382–3 Cultural analysis of civiltà , 76 Council of Seventy (Florence), 322 Cultural reform, 438 , 449–50 , 477 Council of Ten (Venice), 97 , 101–2 , 183 , Culture . See also Civic morality ; Civiltà 195–6 , 532 arts ( See Arts) Council of Trent, 509–20 “bedroom culture,” 578–9 background, 509–10 Boccaccio and, 210 books and, 516–17 classical culture, 15 , 243–4 censorship under, 512–13 everyday culture, 129 , 324–5 confession under, 519–20 in Florence, 323–5 consensus realities and, 519–20 illicit culture, 476–7 , 479–80 discipline and, 512 , 514 , 517–18 Latin culture, 209–10 doctrine under, 514–15 Leon Battista Alberti and, 251 , 254 , 257 Julius III and, 513–14 love and, 212–20 , 230 Paul III and, 510–11 of money, 147 Pius IV and, 514–15 oral culture, 210–11 , 254 reform under, 515–16 papacy, promotion by, 282–3 Roman Inquisition and, 512 , 514 , Petrarch and, 209–10 517–18 shared primary culture, 219 , 229 , 230 , salvation and, 512–13 233 , 237 , 243 , 248 , 251 , 254 , 255 , 257 , Councils, 94–5 , 96–7 261 , 267 , 325 , 421 , 433 , 438 , 440 , “Count of Virtù .” See Visconti, Gian 451 , 532–3 Galeazzo time and, 261 , 266 Courtesan , The (Aretino), 472 virtù and, 229–30 , 233 , 237 , 438 Courtesans, 434–7 , 479–80 , 482–4 , 485 Currency. See Money

610 Index

Cyropaedia (Xenophon), 289 Davis, Natalie Z., 548 , 575 , 576 , 581 Cyrus (Persia), 289 De amore (Leon Battista Alberti), 252–3 Debt, 106–7 , 170 , 199 , 202 , 400 , d’ Albizzi, Maso, 199 , 298–9 429–30 , 577 d’ Albizzi, Rinaldo, 194 , 199–203 , 304 , Decameron (Boccaccio), 109–15 310–11 Arienti compared, 372 d’Alviano, Bartolomeo, 417–18 Black Death in, 116–18 Damian (Saint), 304 Catholic Church, portrayal of, 493–4 Dandolo, Andrea (Doge), 38–45 censorship of, 512 Dandolo, Marco, 482 fi rst times, return to, 228 Dante honor in, 109–15 generally, 323 , 459 , 461 , 465 , 527 , Leon Battista Alberti compared, 251 542 , 566 love in, 216 , 232–3 Aristotle and, 37 manners and, 218–19 civiltà and, 76 , 77 morality in, 219 classicism and, 242–3 as oral culture, 210 Divine Comedy , The ( See Divine setting of, 218–19 Comedy , The (Dante)) virtù in, 217–19 , 228 , 230–4 fi rst times and, 38 De casibus virorum illustrium in Florence, 31–2 (Boccaccio), 228 Giannozzo Manetti and, 258–9 De claris mulieribus (Boccaccio), in guilds, 144 228 , 370–1 on Holy Roman Empire, 55 , 56 , 57 De commodis litterarum atque incommodes humanism and, 206 , 207 (Leon Battista Alberti), 252–3 on importance of Italian, 9–10 , 11–12 De componendis cifris (Leon Battista individualism and, 327 Alberti), 252 on justice, 98 De Curiae Commodis Last Judgment and, 331–2 (Castiglionchio), 274–5 on legitimacy, 36–8 , 41 Dedel, Adrian. See Adrian VI (Pope) Leon Battista Alberti compared, 253 De dignitate et excellentia hominis on love, 37 , 231 (Giannozzo Manetti), 259 love poetry of, 212–15 , 219–20 , 476 De equo animante (Leon Battista overview, 552 Alberti), 252–3 on pilgrimages to Rome, 22–3 De iciarchia (Leon Battista Alberti), 252–3 printing of works of, 397 De iure (Leon Battista Alberti), 252–3 rebirth concept and, 224 De latinae linguae reparatione Roman revivalism and, 224 (Sabellico), 395 on virtù , 80–1 , 224 Della pittura (Leon Battista Alberti), 251–2 d’Aragona, Tullia, 436 della Scala, Antonio, 174–5 d’Arrigo, Giuliano, 338 della Scala family, 25–6 , 189 d’Avalos, Alfonso, 467 Della Torre, Guido, 92 d’Avalos, Francesco Ferrante, 467 Della Torre, Napoleone, 91 David (Bible) Della Torre family, 58–9 , 89–93 , 171 . Donatello, depiction by, 308–9 , 337–8 , See also specifi c family members 481 , 566 De magistratibus et republica Venetorum Florence and, 308–9 , 310 (Contarini), 532 Michelangelo, depiction by, 556–9 De monarchia (Dante), 37–8 , 41

Index 611

Demosthenes, 397 in France, 575–8 De oratione (Cicero), 389 in Ottoman Empire, 581–3 Deposition , The (Michelangelo), 567–9 overview, 581 De re aedifi catoria (Leon Battista political legacy, 588–90 Alberti), 252 printing and, 587 , 588 De re uxoria (Barbaro), 256–7 revolutionary change, lack of, 587–8 Descriptio Urbis Romae (Leon Battista in Spain, 579–80 Alberti), 252–3 women and, 576–9 d’Este, Alfonso, 379 , 460–1 , 462 Diaz, Bartholomew, 426 d’Este, Beatrice, 355 , 379 , 383 Diaz de Isla, Rodrigo, 431–2 d’Este, Ercole I, 372 , 378–9 , 497–8 Dictionnaire de l’Academie française , 542–3 d’Este, Ercole II, 380 , 383 , 384–5 Diet of Worms, 507 d’Este, Federigo, 380 , 383–4 , 385 Discipline. See also Civic morality ; Civiltà ; d’Este, Ferrante I, 379–80 Consensus realities d’Este, Ferrante II, 380 in Catholic Church, 520–4 d’Este, Giulio, 379–80 Council of Trent and, 512 , 514 , 517–18 d’Este, Ippolito, 379–80 , 460–1 , 462 , 464 Great Social Divide and, 553–4 d’Este, Isabella, 378–86 honor and, 109–15 , 524 , 569–74 generally, 411–12 Discipline and Punish (Foucault), 103 Ariosto and, 378–9 Discourses on the First Decade of Titus Livy Bembo and, 382–3 (Machiavelli) Cesare Borgia and, 381–2 generally, 441 Clement VII and, 385 academies and, 539 Leonardo and, 355 , 382–3 Guicciardini compared, 534 , 536 Ludovico Sforza and, 383 politics in, 444 Michelangelo and, 556 virtù in, 439–40 , 445 , 447–8 , 449–50 , 451 patronage of, 378–86 war in, 443 power of, 297–8 , 467 Disegno (design), 357 reputation of, 465–6 Disputationes Camaldulenses (Landino), 316 d’Este, Sigismondo, 379–80 Divine Comedy, The (Dante) d’Este family, 164–5 , 246 , 372 , 460–1 , 464 . Antonio Manetti and, 257 See also specifi c family members Boccaccio and, 228–9 De voluptate (Valla), 250 individualism in, 327 De vulgari eloquentia (Dante), 10 Joachim of Fiore in, 37 Dialogi ad Petrum Paulum Histrum (Bruni), Landino and, 316 241 , 242–4 love in, 213–15 Dialogo del Reggimento di Firenze Orpheus story in, 214 (Guicciardini), 534 pilgrimage and, 22–3 , 36–7 , 214 , 327 Dialogue, 246 , 253–4 , 363–4 , 452–3 , il popolo and, 77 473 , 539 punishment and, 98 Dialogues (Plato), 303 in Tuscan dialect, 10 Diane of Portier, 577–8 urban life and, 36–7 , 77 , 98 , 214 Diaspora of Rinascimento virtù in, 80–1 in Americas, 585–6 Doges. See specifi c doges in Asia, 586–7 Dominicans, 492 , 497 , 522 , 575–6 Catherine de’ Medici and, 576–9 Dominici, Luca, 129 Charles V and, 579–80 Donatello, 304 , 308 , 334 , 336–9 , 566

612 Index

Donation of Constantine, 40–1 , England 249–50 , 289 Hundred Years’ War, 53 , 162 , 406 , 433 Donatus pro puerulis (Sweynheym and patronage of explorers by, 425–6 Pannartz), 389 Epicureanism, 250 Doni, Anton Francesco, 475 Epistolae familiaries (Cicero), 390 Dossi, Dosso, 382–3 Erasmus, 397 Dovizi, Bernardo (Cardinal Bibbiena), Erudite Comedies, 583–4 382–3 , 452 , 453–4 Eucharist, 514–15 , 517–18 Dowry, 128–9 , 366 , 474 , 477 , 548 Eugenius IV (Pope), 268 , 269 , 270–1 , 274–5 , 287 Early Christianity, 93 , 238–9 , 261–2 Euripides, 397 Economy in Florence European Grand Tour, 588 banking, 138–40 Eve (Bible) Black Death, eff ects of, 123–5 depiction in art, 561–2 coinage, 147–50 Garden of Eden and, 1–2 , 7 currency, 147–50 Savonarola on, 489–90 guilds ( See Guilds) Everyday culture. See Culture leases of land, 135–6 Expositiones (Nicolaus of Lyra), 389 letters of credit, 151–2 Ex votos, 211 , 222–3 libelli , 135–6 local trade, 137 Fabriano, Gentile da, 341 mezzadria , 135–6 Faenza, Venetian expansion in, 413–14 monetary systems, 147–50 Faliero, Marin (Doge), 183 money lending, 136–7 Familiar Letters (Cicero), 238 overview, 152–3 Family values, 206–7 , 253–4 . See also Civic popolo grosso and, 134–5 morality taxation. See Taxation Farnese, Alessandro. See Paul III (Pope) textile industry, 139–42 Farnese, Giulia, 404 , 510 transportation, 141 Fat Thursday Carnival (1571), 569–74 Edict of Worms, 504 , 507 Feast in the House of Levi (Veronese), Egidio of Viterbo, 497 517–18 Egyptian Genesis (Hermes Fedele, Cassandra, 375 , 376–8 Trismegistus), 265 Felix V (Anti-Pope), 269 Eight Saints, War of. See War of the Eight Feltre, Vittorino da, 246 , 247 , 248 , 256 , 294 Saints Ferdinand (Emperor), 506 , 508–9 Elections, 78 , 95–6 , 146–7 , 199 , 310 , 311–12 Ferdinand I (Aragon) Elegantiarum Latinae Linguae (Valla), generally, 286 , 506 251, 289 Columbus and, 422–3 Elegy of Madonna Fiammetta Granada, conquest of, 421–2 (Boccaccio), 216 Jews and, 428–9 Eleonora of Toledo, 580 Spanish Inquisition and, 511 Elias, Norbert, 553 Valla on, 289 Elizabeth I (England), 577–8 War of League of Cambrai and, 413 Empire. See Holy Roman Empire Fernando II (Naples), 411–12 End of Rinascimento , 18 , 437 , 546–7 , Ferrante (Naples) 569 , 573–4 generally, 405 End of world, Rinascimento and, 1–6 Charles VIII and, 402–3 , 407

Index 613

claim to Naples, 287 papacy and, 44 court of, 290–1 popolo grosso and, 135 , 369 death of, 409 printing and, 389 , 397–9 Lorenzo de’ Medici and, 321–2 Fisher, John, 511 Pius II and, 290 , 403 Flanders, Count of, 48 Ferrara Florence condottieri in, 291–2 academies in, 541–2 pilgrimages to Rome through, Athens (ancient) compared, 138 26 , 29–30 Balìas in, 322 in War of League of Cambrai, 417 banking in, 138–40 war with Venice, 85 Black Death in, 117 , 125 Ferraro, Joanne, 14 Boccaccio in, 63 Ferrer, Vincent, 497 Ciompi Rising, 157–61 , 299–300 Ficino, Marsilio, 260–7 civiltà in, 77–82 generally, 421 , 459 , 461 , 566 coinage in, 147–50 academies and, 539 Council of Seventy, 322 Cosimo de’ Medici and, 260 “court” in, 298–325 fi rst times and, 260–7 culture in, 323–5 ( See also individual Lorenzo de’ Medici and, 316 , 323–4 Florentines) Medici family and, 260–1 currency in, 147–50 magic and, 261–2 Dante in, 31–2 metaphorical vision of, 261–3 David and, 308–10 metaphysics of, 260–7 economic competition with, 135 Michelangelo and, 555–6 economy in. See Economy in Florence nous and, 264 , 266 elections in, 199 , 311–12 Piero de’ Medici and, 312–13 fl ourishing of culture in, 323–5 Plato and, 260–1 , 262 , 263–4 forced loans in, 310–11 Platonic Academy and, 303 French invasion of Italy and, 400–1 , rebirth concept and, 267 409–10 Fiesole, Mino da, 307–8 Ghibellines in, 137–8 Filocolo (Boccaccio), 216 Gonfalonier of Justice, 311–12 Filostrato (Boccaccio), 216 Guelphs in, 78 , 107 , 137–8 Fini, Tommaso di Cristoforo guilds in, 142–7 ( See also Guilds) (Masolino), 334 in Italian Hundred Years’ War, Firenze, Domenico da, 191 171–81 , 192–9 First times. See also Ancient Rome ; leases of land in, 135–6 Rebirth concept ; Reform letters of credit in, 151–2 Ancient Athens and, 242 libelli , 135–6 Arthurian legend and, 294 local trade in, 137 Boccaccio and, 220–9 London compared, 138 civiltà and, 15 , 108 , 206–7 Lucca, control of, 400 Dante and, 38 Lucca, war with, 201–2 in Decameron , 228 Madrid compared, 138 depiction in art, 332 magnates in, 78 Ficino and, 260–7 Medici. See entries beginning with “New World” and, 422–4 Medici overview, 8–9 mezzadria , 135–6

614 Index

Florence (cont.) Guicciardini on, 536–7 Milan, wars with, 179 , 203 Machiavelli on, 179 , 446–8 monetary system in, 147–50 in The Prince , 446 , 447–8 money lending in, 136–7 Foscari, Francesco (Doge), 194–5 Naples compared, 64 Foscarini, Lodovico, 374 , 375 New York compared, 138 Foucault, Michel, 103 Ordinances of Justice, 77–82 , 143 , Foundling homes, 130–1 , 549 159–60 , 299 Fra Angelico, 305 , 306–7 Ottimati , 199–200 , 201 , 202 , 299 , 300 Fra Filippo Lippi, 307–8 Palleschi , 299 , 310–11 , 312–13 , 319–20 France Papacy, war with, 318–22 Church in, 48 , 49 , 51–2 , 61 Paris compared, 138 diaspora of Rinascimento in, 575–8 patronage in, 63–4 Hundred Years’ War, 53 , 162 , 406 , 433 pilgrimages to Rome through, 31–2 in Italian Hundred Years’ War, 177–8 Pisa, control of, 400 Italy, invasion of, 291 , 399–413 popolo grosso in, 77–82 , 142 , 159–60 , Leonardo da Vinci in, 356 161 , 188 Machiavelli in, 442 popolo minuto in, 157 , 158–9 , 160 , Milan, claims to, 402 299–300 , 312 Naples, claims to, 399 , 407 portraits in, 339–41 as nation-state, 406 prostitution in, 479 Ottoman Empire, proposed crusade Rome (ancient) compared, 138 against, 399 scholarly focus on, 14 Franceschi, Giovanni Francesco, 544 Siena, control of, 400 Francesco I (Tuscany), 578 Sixtus IV and, 323 Francia, Francesco, 382–3 sodomy in, 551 Franciscans, 3–5 , 37 , 168–9 , 206 , 492 , textile industry in, 139–42 496–7 , 521–2 in thirteenth century, 31–3 Francis I (France) transportation in, 141 generally, 577 Venice, alliance with, 318 Aretino and, 471–2 War of the Eight Saints, 157 , 158–9 , Charles V and, 504–5 , 506–7 , 508 166–71 ( See also War of the Eight Leonardo and, 356–7 Saints) War of League of Cambrai and, 419 Florilegia , 210 , 398 Francis II (France), 577–8 Florin, 147–50 Francis of Assisi (Saint), 3–5 , 8 , 67 , 168–9 , Foix, Gaston de, 419 329 , 495 In the Footsteps of the Ancients Franco, Niccolò, 475 (Witt), 205–6 Franco, Veronica, 436–7 Footwear in portraits, 360–1 Fra Rondinelli, 492 Foreigners, isolation of, 550 Frederick I “Barbarossa” (Emperor), Forlì, Melozzo da, 283 39–40 , 41–2 , 270 Fortuna (fortune) Frederick II (Emperor), 4–5 , 55 , 62 , 137–8 , Boccaccio and, 218–19 , 228 , 231 147 , 287 Cellini and, 524–5 Frederick IV (Sicily), 171–2 Filippo Maria Visconti and, 193 Fregoso, Ottavio, 452 , 453–4 , 455–6 Gian Galeazzo Visconti and, 179 Furbizia (cleverness). See Virtù

Index 615

Gabriel (archangel), 306–7 Ghiberti, Lorenzo, 336–7 Gaddi, Agnolo, 338 Ghirlandaio, Domenico, 283 , Galen, 249 316–17 , 555–6 Galileo (Galilei), 587–8 Giannetti, Laura, 544–5 Gallerani, Cecilia, 352 Giberti, Giovanni Matteo, 471–2 Gama, Vasco di, 426–7 Gilbert, Felix, 589 Gambara, Umberto, 467 Ginzburg, Carlo, 583 Gambara, Veronica, 466–7 , 468–9 , 531 Giordano, Luca, 580 Gambarato, Girolamo, 44 Giorgione (Castelfranco), 554–5 Garden of Eden, 1–2 , 7 , 261 , 265 , 489–90 Giotto (di Bondone), 63–4 , 329 Gattamelata (condottiere ), 338 , 339 Giovani (adolescents), 480–1 , 482 , 527–8 Gelati (Academy), 541 Giovanni, Bertoldo di, 555–6 Gender. See also Sex ; Sodomy ; Women Giovedi Grasso Carnival (1571), 569–74 balia and, 131–3 Giustiniani, Tommaso, 499–501 , 531–2 Boccaccio and, 228 Gl’ingannati (Intronati), 544–5 , 583–4 clothing and, 361 Gnosis, 265–6 in literature, 464 Gonzaga, Elisabetta, 381–2 Machiavelli and, 446–7 , 451 Gonzaga, Federigo I, 297–8 masculinity, 156 , 229–30 , 308–9 , Gonzaga, Francesco I, 293 , 296 , 380 404 , 433 Gonzaga, Francesco II, 297–8 , 411–12 overview, 13–14 Gonzaga, Gianfrancesco, 248 , 293–4 religion and, 535 Gonzaga, Guido, 293 violence and, 156 Gonzaga, Ludovico, 293 , 294–6 virtù and, 445 , 454 Gonzaga, Luigi, 26 Genealogiae deorum gentilium Gonzaga family, 164–5 , 246 , 294 . (Boccaccio), 228 See also specifi c family members Genesis (Bible), 221 Gossip, 210–11 , 274 Genius, 324 , 348 , 356 , 357 , 529–30 , Gozzoli, Benozzo, 307–8 , 339–40 554–5 , 567–9 Gradenigo, Pietro (Doge), 85–6 Genoa Grammatica della lingua toscana (Leon academies in, 541 Battista Alberti), 252 Black Death in, 117 Granada, Spanish conquest of, 421–2 in Italian Hundred Years’ War, 193–4 Grandi del popolo (great of the people), 77 Spain, role in, 422 , 580 , 589–90 Grasso, Achille, 471 in thirteenth century, 32–3 Grazzini, Anton Francesco (Il in War of Chioggia, 181–8 ( See also War Lasca), 541–3 of Chioggia) Great Companies, 162 George (Saint), depiction in art, 337 Great Schism, 53 , 54 , 170 , 175 , 271 Ghettoes, 430 , 550 Great Social Divide Ghibellines generally, 3 Ciompi Rising and, 157–60 academies, role of, 539–47 in Florence, 137–8 aristocracy, development of, 538–9 Holy Roman Empire and, 47 , 56–9 Cellini and, 524 , 526–7 , 529–30 in Milan, 58–9 , 92 discipline and, 553–4 overview, 56–9 , 62 , 65 in early Rinascimento, 67 in War of the Eight Saints, 167 , 169–70 language and, 543–4 , 552

616 Index

Great Social Divide (cont.) government compared, 146–7 Michelangelo and, 554–5 , 569 labor unions compared, 144–5 popolo grosso and, 75 , 80 , 93 masters, 145–6 poverty and, 547–9 popolo grosso and, 74 , 95–6 rebirth concept and, 16 printing and, 391–2 social discipline and, 553–4 sottoposti , 146 ( See also Sottoposti (those triumph of, 573–4 on the bottom)) vernacular and, 543–4 , 552 taxation and, 107 Greece (ancient), virtù in, 230 Gynevera de le clare donne (Arienti), Greek, printing in, 395–7 373 , 378 Greenblatt, Stephen, 112 Gregory XI (Pope), 166 Hanno’s Will, 470–1 Grendler, Paul, 208 , 475 Hawkwood, John, 162 , 166–7 , Guarino, Battista, 378–9 , 380–1 , 395–6 176–7 , 338–9 Guelphs Hays, Denys, 13–14 Ciompi Rising and, 157–60 Helen of Troy, 378 , 463 in Florence, 78 , 107 , 137–8 Henry II (France), 576 , 577–8 in Milan, 91 , 92 Henry III (France), 436 , 577–8 in Naples, 64–6 Henry IV (France), 578 papacy and, 47 , 52–3 , 56–9 Henry the Navigator (Portugal), 426 in War of the Eight Saints, 158–9 , 166 , Henry VII (England), 425 167 , 169–70 Henry VII (Emperor), 55–9 , 65 , 76 , 92 , 171 Guicciardini, Francesco Henry VIII (England), 426 generally, 571 Herlihy, David, 125–9 , 133 Charles V and, 534–6 Hermafroditus (Panormita), 288 Charles VIII and, 405 , 407 Hermes Trismegistus, 261–2 , 264 , Clement VII and, 534–5 265–7 , 561–2 on disease, 431 Herodotus, 250 , 397 on Fortuna , 536–7 History of Italy (Guicciardini), 431 on French invasion of Italy, 407–8 , 409 History of Venice (Sabellico), 390 legacy of, 589 Holy Grail, 292 Leo X and, 534–5 Holy League, 419 Machiavelli and, 534–8 Holy Offi ce (Venice), 517–18 , 572–3 Paul III and, 534–5 Holy Roman Empire. on Piero de’ Medici, 400 Augustinian Observants in, 497 rejection of Rinascimento, 536 Dante on, 55 , 56 , 57 on republicanism, 534–8 Ghibellines and, 47 , 56–9 on virtù , 536–7 legitimacy of, 40 , 55–62 Guidobaldo of Montefeltro, 381–2 Venetian claims of equality with, 38–45 Guidobaldo of Urbino, 556 Holy Spirit, 2–3 , 227 , 264 , 266 , 493–6 , 511 , Guilds 515–16 apprentices, 146 Homer, 316 , 395 arti maggiori (major guilds), 143 Honor arti medie (middling guilds), 143 Boccaccio on, 109–15 arti minori (minor guilds), 143–4 clothing and, 365 corporations compared, 146–7 consensus realities and, 108–15 craftsmen, 146 in Decameron , 109–15

Index 617

discipline and, 109–15 , 524 , 569–74 Il Moro. See Sforza, Ludovico I (Il Moro) family and, 109–15 , 327–8 , 474 Index librorum prohibitorum (Casa), 512–13 , fl exibility of term, 445 514 , 552 in Italian Hundred Years’ War, 172–3 Individual in art, 326–8 . See also Portraits justice and, 98–9 Industrial development, lack of, 391–2 Leon Battista Alberti on, 254–6 Infi ammati (Academy), 541 of money, 147–8 Innocent VI (Pope), 166 , 227 vendetta and, 98–9 Innominati (Academy), 541 virtù and, 80 , 172–3 , 190 , 232–3 , 257 , Innsbruck, pilgrimages to Rome 445–6 , 452–3 , 456–7 through, 23 Huizinga, Johan, 15 Inquisition. See also Holy Offi ce (Venice) Humanism Roman Inquisition, 512 , 514 , 517–18 Antonio Manetti and, 257–8 Spanish Inquisition, 250 , 281 , 511 Aretino and, 244–6 Intellectual Barbaro and, 256–7 elite as, 10 , 68 , 243–4 , 264–5 , 367–70 , Boccaccio and, 206 529–30 , 539–47 , 552 Bruni and, 240–4 portraits of, 367–70 “civic humanism,” 238–9 , 240 Intercoenales (Leon Battista Alberti), Dante and, 206 , 207 252–3 , 363–4 in early Rinascimento, 206–11 Intronati (Academy), 541 , 544–6 , 583–4 Ficino and, 260–7 Investiture Controversy, 90–1 Giannozzo Manetti and, 258–60 Isabella (Castile), 421–3 , 428–9 , 506 , 511 Leon Battista Alberti and, 251–4 Italian Hundred Years’ War Lionardo Alberti and, 254–6 Bergamo in, 195 nonexistence of, 206–11 Bologna in, 171–81 Petrarch and, 205–6 , 207 Brescia in, 195 popolo grosso and, 207–8 condottieri in, 162–5 , 171–81 , 188–92 Procrustean mold of imagined Crema in, 189 humanism, 205 Cremona in, 195 rejection of, 205 , 206–11 disease and, 433 Valla and, 249–51 end of, 278 Hundred Years’ War (England and France), Florence in, 171–81 , 192–9 53 , 162 , 406 , 433 France in, 177–8 Hundred Years’ War (Italy). See Italian Francesco Sforza in, 203 Hundred Years’ War Gattamelata in, 338 Hungary in War of Chioggia, 185 Genoa in, 193–4 Gian Galeazzo Visconti in, 171–81 Identity and self. See Consensus realities ; Gonzaga in, 295 Self-fashioning honor in, 172–3 Il Duomo, 31 , 268–71 intellectual battles in, 237 Iliad (Homer), 395 Lombardy, division of, 188–92 Il Lasca (Grazzini), 541–3 Milan in, 171–81 , 188–99 I Libri della famiglia (Leon Battista Naples in, 203 Alberti), 253–4 overview, 162–6 Illicit culture, 476–7 , 479–80 Padua in, 174–5 , 176 , 178 , 190–2 Il Marescalco (Aretino), 244–6 , papacy in, 203 472–3 , 481–2 Parma in, 193

618 Index

Italian Hundred Years’ War (cont.) prophecy of, 1–6 , 7 , 49 , 67 , 424–5 , 497 Perugia in, 178 rebirth concept and, 76 , 221 Piacenza in, 189 , 193 Joanna II (Naples), 287 , 407 , 579 Pisa in, 178 John II (Portugal), 426 , 427 Pontremoli in, 195 John of Spires, 390 popolo grosso in, 165 , 199 John the Baptist Siena in, 178 generally, 304 Venice in, 171–81 , 188–99 depiction in art, 337 , 349 , 356 , 581–2 Verona in, 174–5 , 189 , 191–2 John VIII Palaeologus (Patriarch), 268 Vicenza in, 189 , 191–2 John XXII (Pope), 60 War of Chioggia ( See War of Chioggia) Joseph (Saint), 304 War of the Eight Saints ( See War of the Joseph II (Patriarch), 268 Eight Saints) Jubilee years, 21–3 , 32 , 35 , 277–8 Italianità , 10–11 Julius Caesar (Rome), 235 , 242 , 289 Italian language, 10 , 461 , 542–3 . Julius II (Pope) See also Great Social Divide ; generally, 563 Language ; specifi c authors Machiavelli and, 442 Italian League, 411–12 Michelangelo and, 356 , 559–61 , 562 , 569 Italy. See specifi c topics War of League of Cambrai and, 413 , Italy in the Age of the Renaissance 414–15 , 417 , 419 (Najemy), 14 Julius III (Pope), 513–14 Italy in the Age of the Renaissance Justice. See also Vendetta 1380–1530 (Law and Hays), 13–14 civiltà and, 70–1 , 97–103 honor and, 98–9 Jean of Anjou, 290 , 403 Podestà and, 97–103 Jeff erson, Thomas, 87 , 534 private justice, 72–7 Jenson, Nicholas, 390 sword of, 42–3 Jesuits, 522–3 , 585–7 in Venice, 42–3 Jesus Cellini, in vision of, 528 Kalpaki, Mehmet, 582 depiction in art, 328 , 332 , 556 , Koran, 243 563–5 , 567–9 Kristeller, Paul Oscar, 205 love of, 501 Petrine Doctrine and, 44 La Calandra (Dovizi), 382–3 , 452 Jews Lactantius, 389 Catholic Church and, 521 Ladies Errant (Shemek), 463 conversion of, 499 La Lena (Ariosto), 478 Franciscans and, 496–7 Landi, Ortensio, 475 isolation of, 550 Landino, Cristoforo, 303 , 316 in Italy, 429–30 Lando, Michele di, 160 , 161 in Spain, 428–9 Lane, Frederic, 14 , 82 , 83 Spanish Inquisition and, 511 Language, Great Social Divide and, Joachim of Fiore 543–4 , 552 on conversion of Jews and Lascaris, Janus, 395 Muslims, 499 Last Genoese War. See War of Chioggia in Divine Comedy , 37 Last Judgment (Michelangelo), 517 , 563–7 Luther and, 499 Last Judgment, depiction in art, 330–2

Index 619

Last Supper (Leonardo), 352–4 Cesare Borgia and, 355 Latin culture in early Rinascimento , fame of, 581 209–10 in France, 356 Laudatio Florentinae Urbis (Bruni), 241–2 Francis I and, 356–7 Laughran, Michelle, 360–1 Isabella d’Este and, 378 , 382–3 Laurentian Library, 563 Ludovico Sforza and, 351–2 , 355 Law Machiavelli and, 355 civiltà and, 94 Michelangelo and, 316–17 , 348 , 355–6 Machiavelli and, 447–8 portraits by, 348–57 in Ottoman Empire, 582 Vasari on, 349 , 352–4 , 356 , 357 popolo grosso and, 88 Leoni, Pompano, 580 Roman law, 77 , 223–4 Leoniceno, Niccolò, 431 sumptuary laws, 364–6 Leonora of Aragon, 378–80 in Venice, 100 , 191–2 Leo X (Pope) Law, John, 13–14 generally, 282 , 441–2 , 503–4 , 510 , 575–6 Lawrence (Saint), 277 Aretino and, 469 , 470 Lawyers, 9 , 67–9 , 74–7 , 94 , 97–8 , 108 , 143, ascension to papacy, 314 , 401 , 451 144 , 173 , 205–6 , 209–10 , 406–7 , 575–6 Catherine de’ Medici and, 576–7 League of Cambrai early life of, 401 generally, 416–17 Fedele and, 377 War of League of Cambrai, 413–20 , 500 Guicciardini and, 534–5 League of Cognac, 504–5 , 508 , 531 Meleto and, 499–500 League of Venice, 411–12 Michelangelo and, 555–6 , 562–3 Leases of land, 135–6 Sack of Rome and, 507–8 Legitimacy. See also Guelphs ; Ghibellines ; Lepanto, Battle of, 533–4 Justice Leprosy, 431 ancient Rome as source of, 74–5 , Leto, Pomponio, 539 239 , 289 Letters of credit, 151–2 baldachini (umbrellas) as symbol Letters to Atticus (Cicero), 235 of, 43–4 Libelli (lifetime leases), 135–6 Dante on, 36–8 , 41 Libertines, 476 , 487–8 of Henry VII (Emperor), 56–7 Linearity of time, 6–9 , 221 of Holy Roman Empire, 40 , 55–62 Literature. See also specifi c author or work of Naples, 62–6 comedies. See Comedies papacy, demise of legitimacy of, 47–55 dialogue and, 246 , 253–4 , 363–4 , 452–3 , of popolo grosso, 77 , 401 473 , 539 rebirth of fi rst times and, 45–7 gender and, 464 swords as symbol of, 42–3 love in, 291 of Venice, 38–47 novella and, 210 , 230 , 233 , 257–8 , 483 War of Eight Saints and, 157 oral culture and, 210–11 , 254 Legnano, Battle of, 42 poetry. See Poetry Lelia’s Kiss (Giannetti), 544–5 women and, 370–1 , 544–6 Le maraviglie dell’arte (Ridolfi ), 581 Livorno, Florentine control of, 400 Lending. See Usury Livy, 96 , 288–9 , 441 , 450 Leonardo (da Vinci), 348–57 Local trade, 137 generally, 357 , 554–5 Lodi, Peace of, 203 , 278–9 , 295 , 310 Cellini and, 356–7 Lombardini, Zaccaria, 569–74

620 Index

Lombard League, 59 by women, 436–7 , 466 , 467–9 Lombardy, division of, 188–92 Loyola, Ignatius, 522 , 523 , 585 London, Florence compared, 138 Lucca Longinus (Roman centurion), 293 Florentine control of, 400 Lorenzetti, Ambrogio pilgrimages to Rome through, 26 , 32 frescoes of, 69 , 71 , 77 , 98 , 102 , 424 in thirteenth century, 31 , 33 Ordinances of Justice and, 78 war with Florence, 201–2 Lorenzo (Saint), 304 Ludi mathematici (Leon Battista Louis IV (Emperor), 59–60 Alberti), 252 Louis of Anjou, 287 Luther, Martin Louis of Orléans, 401–2 as Augustinian Observant, 497 Louis XI (France), 406–7 Contarini and, 532 Louis XII (France), 413–17 , 442 Edict of Worms and, 504 , 507 Lovati, Lovato, 205–6 Joachim of Fiore and, 499 Love on salvation, 501 , 513 Ariosto on, 463–5 Bembo on, 459–60 , 465 Machiavelli, Niccolò Boccaccio on, 109–15 , 230–4 generally, 531 , 533 Book of the Courtier , The , and, 452 , academies and, 539 459–60 , 465 on Alfonso I, 287 in comedies, 440–1 Aretino compared, 469 , 473 culture and, 212–20 , 230 Ariosto compared, 462 , 463 Dante on, 37 , 231 on Aristotle, 450–1 in Decameron , 216 , 232–3 Barbara Salutati and, 436 Fall from Eden and, 265 Castiglione compared, 451 , 455–7 of Jesus, 501 on Cesare Borgia, 441–2 , 446 , 448 , 449 in literature, 291 on civic morality, 440 , 443 , 448–51 , 487 Machiavelli on, 445 , 447 , 480 , on civiltà , 326 482 condottieri and, 195 , 585 mad passion, 440–1 consensus realities and, 456–7 marriage and, 231 , 483 courtesans and, 479–80 , 482 Pallavicino on, 458–9 Discourses on the First Decade of Titus Plato on, 260–1 , 468–9 , 566 Livy ( See Discourses on the First prostitution and, 482–4 Decade of Titus Livy (Machiavelli)) Love poetry, 212–20 early life of, 441–4 of Boccaccio, 216–20 on Fortuna , 179 , 446–8 civiltà and, 218–20 in France, 442 consensus realities and, 212–13 , 224 gender and, 446–7 , 451 of Dante, 212–15 , 219–20 , 476 Guicciardini and, 534–8 French tradition, 212 Julius II and, 442 in Ottoman Empire, 582 law and, 447–8 of Petrarch, 211 , 212–13 , 215–16 , 219–20 , legacy of, 589 368–9 , 476 Leonardo and, 355 popolo grosso and, 218–19 Livy and, 439–40 , 441 , 450 prostitution and, 476 on love, 445 , 447 , 480 , 482 Provençal tradition, 212 Maximilian I and, 443 virtù and, 218–20 military career of, 441–4

Index 621

mixed government and, 450–1 Marcello, Niccolò, 397 overview, 438 Marcellus II (Pope), 513–14 on power, 104 , 292 Marcus Aurelius (Rome), 338 Prince , The ( See Prince , The Marescotti family, 373 (Machiavelli)) Margarita of Austria, 526 on revolution, 86 Maria (Sicily), 171–2 on Rome (ancient), 440 , 443 , 448–51 Mark (apostle) on sex, 453–5 , 484 , 551 , 566 depiction in art, 345 on virtù , 179 , 414 , 438–41 , 442 , Venice and, 44–5 , 46 , 87 , 100 , 277 444–51 , 487 Marsi, Alessandro, 544 on war, 177 , 195 Marsigli, Alessandro, 575 on War of League of Cambrai, 414 Martial, 288 Machiavelli and Guicciardini (Gilbert), 589 Martines, Lauro, 13 Machiavelli in Love (Ruggiero), 112 , 445 Martin V (Pope), 54 , 271–4 , 494–5 Machiavellian Moment, The (Pocock), 589 Marriage. See also Civic morality ; Family Madonna Lochis , The (Giovanni generally, 244–5 , 255 , 256 , 271 , 290 , Bellini), 342 313–14 , 578–9 Madrid age of, 375 , 474 , 478 , 480–1 , 483 Florence compared, 138 Aretino on, 472–6 Peace of Madrid, 504 arranged, 110 , 474 , 483 , 545 , 583–4 Magi, depiction in art, 339–41 , 345–6 dowry and, 128–9 , 366 , 474 , 477 , 548 Magnates, 78 Jews and, 430 Maiano, Benedetto da, 316–17 love and, 231 , 483 Malatesta, Pandolfo, 190 sacrament of, 514–15 Malatesta, Sigismondo, 289 the sea, with, 42 Malatesta family, 164–5 . See also specifi c Marxist analysis of civiltà , 75–6 family members Mary (Virgin), depiction in art, 328 , 332 , Malipiero, Pasquale, 390 556 , 567–9 Malthus, Thomas, 126 Mary of Burgundy, 506 Malthusian check on population, Black Masaccio (Tommaso di ser Giovanni di Death as, 126–9 , 133–4 Simone), 333–6 , 338–9 Malvezzi family, 373 Masculinity, 156 , 229–30 , 308–9 , 404 , La mandragola (Machiavelli), 440 , 444 , 433 447 , 480 Masolino (Tommaso di Cristoforo Manetti, Antonio di Tuccio, 257–8 Fini), 334 Manetti, Giannozzo, 258–60 , 275 , 289 Masters, 145–6 . See also Guilds Manfred (Sicily), 62 Matritani (Clerks Regular of the Mother Manners, 79 , 212 , 217–19 , 435–6 , of God), 522 452–3 , 454 Matthew (apostle), depiction in art, 337 Mantegna, Andrea, 295–8 , 342 , 347–8 , 357 , Maximilian I (Emperor) 382–3 , 384 generally, 506–7 Mantua Charles V and, 411 geography of, 292 Machiavelli and, 443 Gonzaga court in, 291–8 War of League of Cambrai and, 413 , in thirteenth century, 26 415–16 , 419 , 420 in War of League of Cambrai, 417 Medici, Alessandro de’, 505–6 , 526 Manutius, Aldus, 382–3 , 395–7 , 461 Medici, Catherine de’, 576–9

622 Index

Medici, Cosimo de’ Leon Battista Alberti and, 316 generally, 256 , 258 , 339–40 , 489 marriage of, 313 Aristotle and, 302 Michelangelo and, 555–6 , 562 Augustine and, 302 Orsini family and, 313–14 “court” of, 300–1 papacy and, 318–22 d’ Albizzi and, 298–9 patronage of, 314 , 315–17 depiction in art, 345–6 , 357–9 Plato and, 303 elections and, 311–12 poetry of, 317–18 Eugenius IV and, 274 printing and, 396 Ficino and, 260 rise of, 313 forced loans and, 310–11 Savonarola and, 489 Francesco Sforza and, 310 , 311–12 Sixtus IV and, 318–19 , 320–1 in Italian Hundred Years’ War, 197 Suleiman compared, 582 in Luccan War, 202–3 Volterra revolt and, 315 Milan and, 310 Medici, Lorenzo II de’, 503–4 , 505–6 Ottimati and, 300 Medici, Margaret de’, 578 overview, 268–71 Medici, Marie de’, 578 palace of, 307–8 Medici, Piero de’, 399–405 , 409–10 , 447 , patronage of, 301 489 Pius II and, 301–2 Medici, Piero de’ (the Gouty) Plato and, 302–3 generally, 308 popolo minuto and, 299–300 depiction in art, 345–6 , 357–9 printing and, 387–8 Ficino and, 312–13 quiet glory of, 274 , 301 , 304 , 306–7 , 310 patronage of, 307–8 San Lorenzo and, 303–4 Platonic Academy and, 303 San Marco and, 305 portraits of, 339–40 virtù of, 301–2 printing and, 396 Medici, Cosimo I de’, 505–6 , 534–5 , weakness of, 310 , 312–13 541 , 580 Medici, Salvestro de’, 159–60 , 202 , Medici, Elisabeth de’, 577–8 299–300 Medici, Gian Gastone de’, 505–6 Medici family. See also specifi c family Medici, Giovanni de’. See Leo X (Pope) members Medici, Giovanni di Bicci de’, 202 , 303–4 generally, 78 Medici, Giuliano de’, 319–20 , “court” of, 298 345–6 , 503–4 depiction in art, 345–7 , 357–9 Medici, Giulio de’. See Clement VII (Pope) Ficino and, 260–1 Medici, Lorenzo I de’ patronage of, 260–1 , 270 , 303–7 , 310 , generally, 256 , 452 , 503–4 , 510 312–13 , 316–17 , 524–5 analysis of, 323–5 Savonarola and, 489–92 assassination plot against, 319–20 Mehmed II (Ottoman), 581–2 Catherine de’ Medici and, 576–7 Meleto, Francesco da, 499–500 David and, 308–9 Menocchio, 583 depiction in art, 340 , 346–7 , 357–9 Mercenaries. See Condottieri (mercenaries) excommunication of, 320 Merici, Angela, 497–8 Ferrante and, 321–2 Messina, Antonello da, 341–2 Ficino and, 316 , 323–4 Metamorphoses (Ovid), 210 , 258 , 398 French invasion of Italy and, 399–400 , Metaphorical vision of world, 261–4 , 266 . 409–10 See also Ficino, Marsilio

Index 623

Mezzadria (short-term leases), 135–6 Signori , 89–93 Michelangelo in thirteenth century, 32–3 generally, 381–2 Visconti. See entries beginning with Cellini and, 525 Visconti Cesare Borgia and, 556 Minutolo, Paolo, 575 Clement VII and, 555–6 , 562–3 Mirandola, Alberto Pio, 395–6 David, depiction of, 556–9 Mirandola, Giovanni Pico della, 303 , early career of, 555–6 316–17 , 346–7 , 395–6 , 496 Ficino and, 555–6 Miscellanea (Poliziano), 316 Great Social Divide and, 554–5 , 569 I Modi (Raimondi), 384 , 471–2 , Isabella d’Este and, 556 473–4 Julius II and, 356 , 559–61 , 562 , 569 Momus o del principe (Leon Battista Leonardo and, 316–17 , 348 , 355–6 Alberti), 252–3 Leo X and, 555–6 , 562–3 Mona Lisa (Leonardo), 356 Lorenzo de’ Medici and, 555–6 , 562 Money nudity in works of, 517 of account, 148–50 overview, 554–5 culture of, 147 Paul III and, 563 currency, 148–50 , 151–2 poetry of, 559–60 fi ctitious, 148–50 San Lorenzo and, 562–3 honor of, 147–8 Sistine Chapel and, 560–2 lending, 136–7 , 138–40 sodomy and, 565–7 monetary systems, 147–50 Vasari on, 555 , 569 Roman system, 147 Michelet, Jules, 11 taxation and, 105–6 Michelozzi, Michelozzo, 301–2 , 305 , Montefeltro, Battista da, 374 307 Montefeltro, Federico da, 315 , 387 Milan Montone, Braccio da, 164 , 271 Ambrosian Republic, 198 Morality. See Civic morality Archbishop of, 90–2 Morgante maggiore (Pulci), 316–17 Black Death in, 117 , 125 Morone, Giovanni, 511 , 515 civiltà in, 89–93 Moses (Bible), 260 , 261–2 Cosimo de’ Medici and, 310 Moulton, Ian, 544 Credenza di Sant’Ambrogio, 90–1 Mountebanks, 211 , 366–7 Della Torre and, 58–9 , 92 , 171 Muir, Edward, 67–8 Florence, wars with, 179 , 203 Mundus Novus (Vespucci), 427–8 French claims to, 402 Mursius, Marcus, 396 French invasion of Italy and, 401–3 Musca (Leon Battista Alberti), 252–3 Ghibellines in, 58–9 , 92 Muslims Guelphs in, 91 , 92 generally, 40 , 252 , 323 , 421–2 , 428–9 , in Italian Hundred Years’ War, 171–81 , 499–500 188–99 conversion of, 4–5 , 499–500 , 522 Lombardy, division of, 188–92 isolation of, 550 Motta, 90–1 Spanish Inquisition and, 511 Naples compared, 64 Mussato, Albertino, 205–6 pilgrimages to Rome through, 24 , 26 popolo grosso in, 89–93 , 401 Najemy, John, 14 , 145 population of, 128–9 Naples Sforza. See entries beginning with Sforza academies in, 541

624 Index

Naples (cont.) New York, Florence compared, 138 Angevin dynasty in, 62–4 , 65–6 Niccoli, Niccolò, 240–1 , 242–3 , 301–2 , conquest by Aragon, 286 369–70 court of Alfonso I, 286–90 Nicholas III (Pope), 34 , 35 court of Ferrante, 290–1 Nicholas IV (Pope), 33 , 34 economy in, 286 Nicholas V (Pope), 258–9 , 275–8 , 282 , 387 Florence compared, 64 Nicodemism, 519 French claims to, 399 , 407 Nicodemus (Bible), 519 , 567–9 French invasion of Italy and, 403 , 411 Nicolaus of Lyra, 389 Guelphs in, 64–6 Ninfale fi esolano (Boccaccio), 216–17 historical background, 286 Noah (Bible), depiction in art, 561–2 in Italian Hundred Years’ War, 203 Nogarola, Angela, 374 legitimacy of, 62–6 Nogarola, Ginevra, 374 Milan compared, 64 Nogarola, Isotta, 374–5 , 376 overview, 62–6 Noli, Antonio da, 426 papacy, alliance with, 319 , 320–1 Notaries, 9 , 68–9 , 75 , 94 , 97–8 , 108 , 143 , patronage in, 65–6 , 250 144 , 173 , 205–6 , 209–10 , 324 , 406–7 popolo grosso in, 286 Novella, 210 , 230 , 233 , 257–8 , 483 Roman revival in, 64, 285 Novella del grasso legnaiuolo (Antonio Venice, relations with, 62–6 Manetti), 257–8 Napoleon, 86 , 192 Novelle Porrettane (Arienti), 372 Neapolitan Academy, 290 Nero, Bernardo del, 534 Ochino, Bernardino, 468–9 “The New” Old Testament, 1–2 “New World” and, 421–8 On Painting (Leon Battista Alberti), 294 paradigm of, 12–20 Oral culture in early Rinascimento , printing and, 387–99 210–11 , 254 rebirth concept and, 6–9 Ordinances of Justice, 77–82 , 94–5 , 97 , rejection of, 220–1 100 , 143 , 159–60 , 299 religious reform and, 489–93 Ordo Scientiarium (Fedele), 377 violence and disorder and, Orlando furioso (Ariosto), 378–9 , 460–5 , 220–1 , 502–9 466 , 468 New Age, Rinascimento as, 6–9 Orlando innamorato (Boiardo), 378–9 , 463 “New men,” 154–6 , 157–61 , 220–1 , 300 , Orpheus, 213–14 324 , 363–4 Orsini, Clarice, 313 , 401 New paradigm for Rinascimento , Orsini, Orsino, 404 12–20 Orsini family, 227 , 313–14 , 401 , 402–3 , New Testament, 2 , 5 410–11 . See also specifi c family members “New World” Orthodox Church, attempted Alexander VI and, 427 reunifi cation with, 268–71 diaspora of Rinascimento in, 585–6 Orvieto, 33 disease and, 431–4 Ottimati (Florence), 199–200 , 201 , 202 , exploration of, 421–8 299 , 300 Jesuits in, 523 , 585–6 Otto I (Emperor), 40 “the New” and, 421–8 Ottokar, Nicolai, 75–6 , 78 , 79 , 81 newness denied, 421 Ottoman Empire Spanish conquests in, 508–9 diaspora of Rinascimento in, 581–3

Index 625

law in, 582 patronage of, 272 , 377 , 404 , 510 , 562–3 love poetry in, 582 popolo grosso in papal court, 272–3 proposed crusade against, 278 , 279–80 , Prince, pope as, 272 , 285 295 , 399 Venetian claims of, equality with, Venice and, 180–1 , 583 38–45 war in Italy, 323 veniality system, 281–2 in War of Chioggia, 181–8 War of the Eight Saints, 157 , 158–9 , Ovid, 210 , 258 , 398 166–71 ( See also War of the Eight Saints) Paciotti, Francesco, 580 Paper, role of in printing, 392–4 Padua Paris, Florence compared, 138 academies in, 541 Parma in Italian Hundred Years’ War, 174–5 , academies in, 541 176 , 178 , 190–2 in Italian Hundred Years’ War, 193 pilgrimages to Rome through, 24 , 27 Paruta, Paolo, 533–4 University of, 248 , 376 , 534 Pasteur, Louis, 118–19 Paganini, Santo, 575–6 Patronage Palaeologus, Thomas, 279 of Alfonso I, 288 Pallas Expelling the Vices from the Garden of Charles IV, 60–1 of Eden (Mantegna), 384 courtesans and, 436 Pallavicino, Gasparo, 452 , 453–4 , in Florence, 63–4 455 , 458–9 of Gonzagas, 294 Palleschi (Florence), 299 , 310–11 , 312–13 , of Isabella d’Este, 378–86 319–20 of Medicis, 260–1 , 270 , 303–7 , 310 , Panathenaicus (Aristides), 241 312–13 , 524–5 Pannartz, Arnold, 389–90 in Naples, 65–6 , 250 Panormita, 288–9 , 290–1 of papacy, 272 , 377 , 404 , 510 , 562–3 Papacy. See also specifi c popes of Sforzas, 352 , 355 at Avignon, 52–3 , 54 in Spain, 580 Christ’s Vicar, as, 2 , 40 , 41 virtù and, 301 civic morality and, 277 Paul (apostle) corruption in, 281–2 , 493–6 depiction in art, 34–5 court of, 271–85 relics of, 277 culture, promotion of, 282–3 San Lorenzo, depiction in, 304 famiglia and, 283 Paul II (Pope), 280–1 , 282–3 , 539 fi rst times and, 44 Paul III (Pope) Florence, war with, 318–22 Bembo and, 511 French invasion of Italy and, 404–5 , Cellini and, 503 , 525–6 410–11 Contarini and, 532 Guelphs and, 47 , 52–3 , 56–9 Council of Trent and, 510–11 in Italian Hundred Years’ War, 203 Fedele and, 377 Lorenzo de’ Medici and, 318–22 Guicciardini and, 534–5 Naples, alliance with, 319 , 320–1 Holy Offi ce and, 572 Orthodox Church, attempted Index librorum prohibitorum and, reunifi cation with, 268–71 512–13 Ottoman Empire, proposed crusade Jesuits and, 522 against, 278 , 279–80 , 295 Michelangelo and, 563

626 Index

Paul IV (Pope), 511 , 514 , 521 , 522 printing of works of, 397 Pavia rebirth concept and, 224–7 Battle of Pavia, 508 rhetoric and, 246 pilgrimages to Rome through, 26 Roman revivalism and, 224–7 Visconti family in, 171 , 173 on Rome (ancient), 68–9 , 225–7 , 234–7 Pavia, Lorenzo da, 382–3 self-fashioning, 368–9 Pazzi, Francesco, 319–20 virtù and, 234–7 Pazzi Conspiracy, 319–20 , 503–4 Petrine Doctrine, 44 Pazzi family, 322 Philip I (Castile), 506 Peace of Lodi, 203 , 278–9 , 295 , 310 Philip II (Spain), 508–9 , 514 , 577–8 Peace of Madrid, 504 Philip IV “The Fair” (France), Pecia, Domenico da, 492 , 493 48–52 , 55–6 Peckham, John, 252 Philodoxeos (Leon Battista Alberti), 252 Pedro III (Aragon), 62–3 Piacenza, in Italian Hundred Years’ War, Pedro of Toledo, 580 189 , 193 Perugia Piagnoni (Weepers), 490 in Italian Hundred Years’ War, 178 Piccinino, Jacopo, 322 in War of League of Cambrai, 414 Piccinino, Niccolò, 196 , 197 in War of the Eight Saints, 167–8 Piccolomini, Eneas Silvio. See Pius II Perugino, Pietro, 283 , 382–3 , 384 (Pope) Peter (apostle) Piccolomini, Francesco Bandini, 544 burial location, 34 Piccolomini, Marcantonio, 544 Cellini, in vision of, 528–9 Pietà (Michelangelo), 556 depiction in art, 34–5 , 333–6 Pilgrimages to Rome, 21–35 Petrine Doctrine and, 44 Pindar, 397 relics of, 277 Pinedo, Francesco da, 422 Rome and, 44 Pinturicchio, 283 San Lorenzo, depiction in, 304 Pisa Petrarch, Francesco economic competition with generally, 324 , 370–1 , 382–3 , 404 , 459 , Florence, 135 461 , 542–3 , 566 Florentine control of, 400 anti-republicanism of, 236–7 in Italian Hundred Years’ War, 178 Augustine and, 206 , 236 pilgrimages to Rome through, 32 Cicero and, 205 , 224–5 , 234–6 , 238 , 250 in thirteenth century, 31 civiltà and, 67 , 69–72 , 75 , 76 Pisanello, Antonio, 294 classicism and, 242–3 Pisani, Nicolò, 184 Cola di Rienzo and, 225–7 Pisani, Vettor, 183 , 184–5 , 186–7 , 188 culture and, 209–10 Pistoia Giannozzo Manetti and, 258–9 Black Death in, 125–9 humanism and, 205–6 , 207 pilgrimages to Rome through, 26 , 32 on importance of Italian, 10 , 11–12 population of, 125–9 Leon Battista Alberti compared, 253 in thirteenth century, 31 on love, 231 Pitigliano (Venetian general), 418 love poetry of, 211 , 212–13 , 215–16 , Pitti, Luca, 311–12 219–20 , 476 Pius II (Pope) on mountain climbing, 23–4 generally, 288 , 494–5 , 544 overview, 552 Cosimo de’ Medici and, 301–2

Index 627

court of, 278–80 overview, 3 , 76 , 532–3 , 589 Ferrante and, 290 , 403 Popolo grasso (fat people), 77 Ludovico Sforza and, 295 Popolo grosso (big people) Pius IV (Pope), 514–15 , 520 Ciompi Rising and, 158–61 Pius V (Pope), 522 civic morality and, 440 Pizzaro, Francisco, 508–9 in civiltà , 94 , 104–5 , 108 Plague. See Black Death clothing and, 140 , 142 Platina, Bartolomeo, 282–3 economy and, 134–5 Plato fi rst times and, 135 , 369 generally, 459 , 461 , 465 in Florence, 77–82 , 142 , 159–60 , Augustine and, 302 161 , 188 Christianity and, 260–2 , 302–3 Gian Galeazzo Visconti and, 171 , Cosimo de’ Medici and, 302–3 172–3 Ficino and, 260–1 , 262 , 263–4 Great Social Divide and, 75 , 80 , 93 forms and, 263–4 , 357 guilds and, 74 , 95–6 ( See also Guilds) Lorenzo de’ Medici and, 303 humanism and, 207–8 on love, 260–1 , 468–9 , 566 in Italian Hundred Years’ War, 165 , 199 printing of works of, 397 law and, 88 in studia humanitatis , 247 love poetry and, 218–19 on women, 455 in Milan, 89–93 , 401 Platonic Academy, 303 in Naples, 286 Plautus, 378–9 in papal court, 272–3 Plethon, George Gemistus, 302–3 rise of, 77 Pocock, J. G. A., 533 , 589 Rome (ancient) and, 80 , 93 , 538–9 Podestà, 97–8 , 99–100 , 102 , 155 , 191–2 in Venice, 82–9 Poetry. See Love poetry virtù and, 230 , 233–4 , 239–40 Pole, Reginald, 468–9 , 511 , 513–14 War of Chioggia and, 182–3 , 186 Political legacy of Rinascimento, 588–90 Popolo minuto (little people) Poliziano, Angelo, 303 , 316 , 346–7 , Ciompi Rising and, 157 , 158–9 , 160 , 377–8 , 555–6 161 , 299–300 Pollaiuolo, Antonio, 316–17 in civiltà , 104–5 Polo, Marco, 390 in Florence, 157 , 158–9 , 160 , Pontano, Giovanni, 290–1 299–300 , 312 Pontifex (Leon Battista Alberti), 252–3 rise of, 77 Pontormo ( Jacopo Carucci), 554–5 in Venice, 83–4, 86 , 88 Pontremoli, in Italian Hundred Years’ Population of Italian cities War, 195 birth control, eff ect of ( See Birth Ponziani, Francesca, 498 control) Poor Clerks Regular of the Mother Black Death as Malthusian check of God of the Pious Schools on, 126–9 ( Scolopi ), 522 table, 25 Poor relief, 547–9 Porto Longo, Battle of, 184 Popes. See Papacy ; specifi c popes Portraits Popolo, Il (the people) by Botticelli, 345–7 in civiltà , 74–7 , 94–5 clothing in, 357–67 in Florence, 81 consensus realities and, 342–5 in Milan, 76 , 91 disegno in, 357

628 Index

Portraits (cont.) Prisca Theologia (Ficino), 261 , in Florence, 339–41 266–7 , 323–4 footwear in, 360–1 Private justice, 72–7 . See also Vendetta group scenes, 333–4 Profugiorum ab erumna libri (Leon Battista of intellectuals, 367–70 Alberti), 252–3 by Leonardo, 348–57 Prophecy Magi, depiction of, 339–41 , 345–6 of Joachim of Fiore, 1–6 , 7 , 49 , 67 , by Mantegna, 347–8 424–5 , 497 of Piero de’ Medici, 339–40 Savonarola and, 489 , 491 , 499 realistic nature of, 333 Prostitution during Rinascimento, 358–9 , rise of, 328–36 433–7 , 473 , 475 , 476–88 , 490 , 551 of scholars, 367–70 Protestantism, 509–10 , 513–15 , 547–8 techniques of, 332–3 Psalms (Bible), 258 in Venice, 341–5 Pucci, Lorenzo, 470–1 women’s fashions in, 360 , 361 Pulci, Luigi, 316–17 Portugal, patronage of explorers by, Puligo, Domenico, 479–80 426–7 Pullan, Brian, 548 Poverty, 4 , 6 , 126 , 168–9 , 188 , 363–4 , 429 , Purgatory, 514–15 485 , 520 , 547–9 Pythagoras, 262 Power and Imagination (Martines), 13 Prato in thirteenth century, 31 Querini, Vicenzo, 499–501 , 531–2 Prince , The (Machiavelli) Querini family, 85–6 generally, 414 Querini-Tiepolo conspiracy, 84–6 , 87 , Ariosto compared, 462 97 , 101–2 Castiglione compared, 455 Questio utrum Adam vel Eva magis peccavit Fortuna in, 446 , 447–8 (Arienti), 374 Guicciardini compared, 536 politics in, 444 Ragionamenti (Aretino), 473–7 , 482–3 . power in, 104 See also Sei giornate virtù in, 440 , 442 , 445 , 446 , 447–8 , Raimondi, Marcantonio, 384 , 449–50 , 451 471–2 , 473–4 war in, 443 Ramusio, Giovanni Battista, 426 Printing, 387–99 Raphael (Raff aelo Sanzio da Urbino), demand for, 394–5 348 , 382–3 , 554–5 , 560 diaspora of Rinascimento and, 587 , 588 Ravenna, Venetian expansion in, 413–14 fi rst times and, 389 , 397–9 Rebirth concept in Greek, 395–7 Boccaccio and, 228–9 guilds and, 391–2 circularity of time and, 6–9 , 221–2 industrial development, lack of, 391–2 Dante and, 224 paper, role of, 392–4 end of world and, 1–6 pattern of technological change in, 392 Ficino and, 267 process of, 388–9 fi rst times and, 45–7 record keeping and, 393–4 Great Social Divide and, 16 resistance to, 397–9 linearity of time and, 6–9 , 221 rise of, in Rinascimento, 387–90 New Age, Rinascimento as, 6–9 Sixtus IV and, 389 “the New” and, 6–9 in Venice, 390–1 , 395 papacy and, 276

Index 629

Petrarch and, 224–7 Riario, Girolamo, 319 rejection of “the New” and, 220–1 Riario, Pietro, 283–5 , 556 relics and, 222–3 Riario, Raff aele, 319, 320 Roman revivalism, 223–7 Ricci, Caterina de’, 497–8 tombs and, 222–3 Ricci, Matteo, 523 urban geography and, 223 Rich and Poor in Renaissance Venice Reconquista (Spain), 421–2 (Pullan), 548 Reform Ricordi (Guicciardini), 535 , 536–7 concept of, 12 Ridolfi , Carlo, 581 of corruption, 493–6 Rienzo, Cola di, 225–7 Council of Trent and, 515–16 Rimini cultural reform, 438 , 449–50 , 477 condottieri in, 291–2 of prostitution, 484–5 Venetian expansion in, 413–14 religious enthusiasm and, 496–502 Rinascimento. See specifi c topics religious reform, 396 , 397 Rizi, Francesco, 580 Savonarola and, 489–93 Robbia, Andrea della, 316–17 social reform, 438 , 449–50 , 477 Robert the Wise (Naples), 64–5 Regensburg, Diet of, 532 Roma instaurata (Biondo), 276–7 Relics, 9 , 35 , 46 , 67–8 , 211 , 222–3 , 277 , Roman Academy, 280–1 , 282–3 , 539 293 , 340 Roman Catholic Church. See Catholic Religion, gender and, 535 Church Religion, Wars of, 578 Roman Inquisition, 512, 514 , 517–18 Religious enthusiasm. See Spiritual Roman law, 77 , 223–4 enthusiasm Romano, Giulio, 384 , 471–2 , 554–5 Religious reform, 396 , 397 Roman system of money, 147 Renaissance, problems with term, 9–12 Rome. See also Papacy ; specifi c popes René of Anjou, 287 , 407 ancient Rome. See Ancient Rome Renewal concept, 8 , 11–12 , 74–5 , 228–9 , Black Death in, 125 276 , 489 as capital of Christian world, Republicanism 276–8 , 493–4 of Cicero, 238 papacy ( See Papacy) civic morality and, 238–40 , 300–1 Peter (apostle) and, 44 defense of, 238 , 300–1 , 534 pilgrimages to, 21–35 Gian Galeazzo Visconti and, 176 , Sack of (1527), 383–5 , 502–9 , 510 , 239–40 524 , 525–6 Guicciardini on, 534–8 in thirteenth century, 34–5 as ideal, 71 , 84 , 86–7 , 167 , 175 , 226 , 413 , Rossi, Roberto de’, 240–1 , 242–3 418 , 487 Rovereto, 24 later tradition of, 87 , 420 , 589 Rubens, Peter Paul, 356 meaningful life and, 238 Ruffi ani (pimps), 478 rise of, 239 Savonarola and, 451 Sabellico, Marcantonio, 390 , 395 , 397 virtù and, 237–8 , 239–40 Sack of Rome (1527), 383–5 , 502–9 , 510 , Revelations (Bible), 1 , 2–3 524 , 525–6 Revolutionary change, lack of, in Sacraments, 514–15 Rinascimento, 587–8 Sacra pisside (pix of Christ’s blood), 293 Rhetoric, 246 Sadoleto, Jacopo, 511

630 Index

Saint Bartholomew’s Day Massacre (1572), religious enthusiasm and, 496 575 , 576 republicanism and, 451 Saint John Lateran (Cathedral), 34–5 Savorgnan, Andriana, 482 , 485 Saint John the Baptist (Leonardo), 356 Scholars, portraits of, 367–70 Saint Mark’s (Cathedral), 27–8 , 277 Scholasticism, 246 Saint Peter Healing with His Shadow Scolopi (Poor Clerks Regular of the (Masaccio and Masolino), 334–6 Mother of God of the Pious Saint Peter’s (Cathedral), 276–7 Schools), 522 Salutati, Barbara Raff acani, 436 , Scottis, Andriana de, 471 479–80 , 482 Scrovegni, Enrico, 329–32 Salutati, Coluccio Scrovegni Chapel, 329–32 on Bruni, 240 , 241 Sculpture, 336–9 civic humanism and, 238–9 Secretum (Petrarch), 215 , 236 Gian Galeazzo Visconti and, 237–8 Seditious speech, 552 rhetoric of, 167–8 Sei giornate (Aretino), 473–7 , 482–3 scholarship of, 369 , 539 Self and identity. See also Consensus Vasari on, 479–80 realities ; Self-fashioning on virtù , 237–8 Self-fashioning, 16 , 112 , 213 , 215 , 326–7 , Salvation, 512–13 366–7 , 368–9 , 371–2 , 386 , 458 , 528–9 Salvemini, Gaetano, 75 , 78 , 79 , 81 Seneca, 258–9 Salviati, Francesco, 319–20 Serrata of Maggior Consiglio (Venice), Salviati, Leonardo, 542 82–9 , 188 Salviati, Maria, 534–5 Sex Sangallo, Giuliano da, 316–17 , 555–6 Alexander VI and, 404 San Lorenzo (Church), 301–2 , 303–4 , Aretino on, 473–7 , 478 , 481–2 307 , 562–3 Aristotle on, 454 San Marco (Monastery), 301–2 , 305 in art, 384 , 471–2 Sannazaro, Jacopo, 291 Boccaccio on, 512 San Pietro in Vincoli (Church), 277 coitus interruptus , 129 Santa Maria del Carmine (Church), 333–6 courtesans and, 434–7 , 479–80 , Santa Maria del Fiore (Church), 31 , 482–4 , 485 268–71 footwear and, 360–1 Santa Maria del Fiore (Il Duomo), 268–71 giovani and, 480–1 , 482 , 527–8 Santangel, Luis de, 422–3 Machiavelli on, 453–5 , 484 , 551 , 566 Sanuti, Nicolò, 365–6 Michelangelo and, 565–7 Sanuti, Nicolosa, 365–6 prostitution. See Prostitution Sapientes (committees), 96–7 sodomy. See Sodomy Sarpi, Paolo, 533–4 syphilis, 431–4 , 484–5 , 486 Savonarola, Girolamo, 489–93 virtù and, 476 generally, 323 , 555–6 , 575–6 women and, 371–2 on Adam and Eve, 489–90 Sforza (Muzio Attendolo), 164 Alexander VI and, 491 , 492 Sforza, Alessandro, 372 Charles VIII and, 489 Sforza, Ascanio, 404 Lorenzo I de’ Medici and, 489 Sforza, Caterina, 441–2 Medici family and, 489–92 Sforza, Francesco, 192–9 prophecy and, 489 , 491 , 499 Cosimo de’ Medici and, 310 , 311–12 reform and, 489–93 in Italian Hundred Years’ War, 203

Index 631

marriage of, 402 Signori (Milan), 89–93 statue of, 352 Signoria , 104–5 Sforza, Galeazzo Maria, 320–1 , 402 Signori di Notte , 100–1 Sforza, Gian Galeazzo, 399–400 , Simone, Tommaso di ser Giovanni di 405 , 408–9 (Masaccio), 333–6 , 338–9 Sforza, Gian Galeazzo Maria, 352 , 402–3 Sistine Chapel, 282 , 517 , 560–2 Sforza, Ginevra, 372–4 Sixtus IV (Pope) Sforza, Giovanni, 405 Florence and, 323 Sforza, Ippolita, 374 Lorenzo de’ Medici and, 318–19 , 320–1 Sforza, Isabella, 402–3 patronage of, 281–3 Sforza, Ludovico I (Il Moro) printing and, 389 generally, 442 Spanish Inquisition and, 511 ascension of, 322 Sixtus V (Pope), 522 French invasion of Italy and, 399–400 , Sleeping Cupid (Michelangelo), 556 401–3 , 405 , 408–9 , 411 , 412 Social reform, 438 , 449–50 , 477 Isabella d’Este and, 383 Society and Culture in Early Modern France Leonardo and, 351–2 , 355 (Davis), 575 Leon Battista Alberti and, 294 , 295 Society of Jesus. See Jesuits marriage of, 379 Sociology of the Italian Renaissance , The Pius II and, 295 (Von Martin), 75 Sforza, Ludovico II, 505–6 Socrates, 258–9 Sforza da Montefeltro, Battista, 374 Sodomy Sforza family, 298 , 352 , 355 . See also specifi c accusation of, 280–1 , 348–9 family members active and passive in, 101 , 481–2 Sforzeschi, 164 , 196 , 197 culture of, 481–2 Shakespeare, William, 545 , 583–4 defense of, 472–3 , 544 Shared primary culture, 219 , 229 , 230 , Donatello and, 308–9 233 , 237 , 243 , 248 , 251 , 254 , 255 , 257 , in Florence, 551 261 , 267 , 325 , 421 , 433 , 438 , 440 , Michelangelo and, 565–7 451 , 532–3 prosecution of, 101 , 490 , 551 , 566–7 Shemek, Deanna, 463 in Rinascimento, 481–2 Siege of Castel Sant’Angelo, 503 , in Venice, 101 504–6 , 510 Solomon (Bible), 260 Siena Somaschi, 522 academies in, 541 Sophocles, 397 civiltà in, 69–72 Sorbolò, Niccolò, 196 economic competition with Sottoposti (those on the bottom) Florence, 135 Ciompi Rising and, 157 , 158 , 159–60 Florentine control of, 400 in guilds, 146 Intronati (the dazed ones), 541 , in War of Chioggia, 186 544–6 , 583–4 Sozzi, Francesco, 544 in Italian Hundred Years’ War, 178 Spain pilgrimages to Rome through, 33 diaspora of Rinascimento in, 579–80 population of, 128–9 exploration by, 425–6 , 427–8 in thirteenth century, 31 , 32–3 Genoa, role of, 422 , 580 , 589–90 Sigismund (Emperor), 193 , 293 Granada, conquest of, 421–2 Signorelli, Luca, 555–6 Jews in, 428–9

632 Index

Spain (cont.) Thucydides, 250 , 397 “New World,” conquests in, 508–9 Tibaldi, Pellgrino, 580 patronage in, 580 Tiepolo, Baiamonte, 85–6 Reconquista , 421–2 Tiepolo family, 85–6 wealth from “New World,” 427 Tintoretto ( Jacopo Comin), 554–5 Spanish Inquisition, 250 , 281 , 511 Titian, 382–3 , 471–2 , 554–5 , 580 Spiritual enthusiasm, 54 , 496–502 , 519–20 , Todesillas, Treaty of, 427 521 , 524 , 549 , 567–9 , 572 Toscanelli, Paolo, 252 Spoleto, Gregorio da, 461 Tour d’Auvergne, Madeline de la, 577 Sprezzatura (eff ortlessness), 16 , 301 , Treatise on the Serpentine Disease Which 306–7 , 452–3 in Spain Is Called Bubas (Diaz de Storia d’Italia (Guicciardini), 535–6 Isla), 431–2 Strata, Filippo di, 397–8 Treaty of Cateau-Cambrésis, 412–13 , 420 , Strozzi, Palla di Nofri, 240–1 , 341 514 , 577–8 Strozzi, Tito, 461–2 Treaty of Todesillas, 427 Studia humanitatis (program of education), Trent 246–9 , 294 , 378–9 , 461 Council of Trent, 509–20 . Studio of Florence, 315–17 See also (Council of Trent) Suleiman the Magnifi cent pilgrimages to Rome through, 23 , (Ottoman), 582–3 24 , 26 Sulla, 242 Treviso Summa theologica (Aquinas), 246 in Italian Hundred Years’ War, 180 Sumptuary laws, 141–2 , 363–6 , 436 pilgrimages to Rome through, 27 Sweynheym, Conrad, 389–90 Trinity, 2 Sword of justice, 42–3 , 51 , 70–1 , 98 Trojan War, 44 Sylvester (Pope), 40–1 , 249–50 Turiano, Juanelo, 580 Syphilis, 431–4 , 484–5 , 486 Turks. See Ottoman Empire Tuscan dialect, 10 , 543–4 , 552 Tamberlane, 180–1 Tusculan Disputations (Cicero), 235 Taxation Twelfth Night (Shakespeare), 545 , 583–4 of Church lands, 48–9 , 50–1 direct taxes, 105 Uccello, Paolo, 307–8 , 338–9 in Florence, 201 , 310–11 Umidi (Academy), 541–2 in France, 406–7 Unam Sanctum (Papal Bull), 51 Gian Galeazzo Visconti and, 173 , 176 Urban civilization. See Civiltà (urban of Jews, 429 civilization) in Naples, 403 Urban V (Pope), 60–1 papacy and, 511 Urban VI (Pope), 53 , 170 revenue collection, 105–6 Urbino, condottieri in, 291–2 Teachers in early Rinascimento , 208 Urbino, Raff aelo Sanzio da. See Raphael Terence, 378–9 (Raff aelo Sanzio da Urbino) Terze Rime (Franco), 436–7 Usodimare, Antoniotto, 426 Teseida delle nozze d’Emilia Usury, 105 , 136–7 , 138–40 , 150 , 152 , (Boccaccio), 216 329–30 , 429 Theatines, 521 Theogenius (Leon Battista Alberti), 252–3 Valcamonica, Pietro Leon da, 485 Thiene, Gaetano, 521 Valla, Lorenzo, 41 , 249–51 , 289

Index 633

Valori, Francesco, 490 , 493 sodomy in, 101 Vasari, Giorgio in thirteenth century, 26–9 , 32–3 generally, 357 in War of Chioggia, 181–8 ( See also War on Leonardo, 349 , 352–4 , 356 , 357 of Chioggia) on Michelangelo, 555 , 569 War of League of Cambrai, 413–20 , 500 on Salutati, 479–80 war with Ferrara, 85 Vendetta, 98–9 , 552 Venice and the Defense of Republican Veniality system, 281–2 Liberty (Bouswma), 589 Venice Ventoux (Mount), 23–4 Black Death in, 117 , 125 Vernacular, 206 , 212 , 225 , 378–9 , 398 , 527 , civic morality in, 533–4 543–4 , 552 , 583–4 civiltà in, 82–9 Verona, Guarino da, 246–8 , 378–9 , 395–6 claims of equality with papacy and Verona, in Italian Hundred Years’ War, empire, 38–45 174–5 , 189 , 191–2 Council of Ten, 97 , 101–2 , 183 , Veronese, Paolo, 20 , 517–18 , 554–5 195–6 , 532 Veronica of Binasco, 497–8 Doges ( See specifi c doges ) Verrocchio, Andrea del, 316–17 , 348–51 Ferrara, war with, 85 Vespucci, Amerigo, 427–8 , 585 Florence, alliance with, 318 Vianello, Andrea, 360–1 French invasion of Italy and, 405 Vicenza in Italian Hundred Years’ War, Holy Offi ce, 517–18 , 572–3 189 , 191–2 in Italian Hundred Years’ War, 171–81 , Vignali, Antonio, 544–5 188–99 Vigneri, Marco, 471 Jews, isolation of, 550 Villani, Giovanni justice in, 42–3 on Black Death, 117 law in, 100 , 191–2 pilgrimage to Rome, 32 legitimacy of, 38–47 on population, 133–4 Lombardy, division of, 188–92 on poverty, 127 Mark (apostle) and, 44–5 , 46 , 87 , on teachers, 208 100 , 277 on textile industry, 140 , 144 Muslims, isolation of, 550 Vinci, Leonardo da. See Leonardo (da myth of, 413 , 450–1 , 532 , 533–4 , 589 Vinci) Naples, relations with, 62–6 Violence. See also specifi c wars Ottoman Empire and, 180–1 , 583 Ariosto on, 463 pilgrimages to Rome through, 24 , 26–9 Ciompi Rising and, 157–61 popolo grosso in, 82–9 in civiltà , 154–6 popolo minuto in, 83–4 , 86 , 88 gender and, 156 portraits in, 341–5 “new men” and, 154–6 printing in, 390–1 , 395 private justice and, 98–9 , 100–1 prostitution in, 478–9 Sack of Rome, 502–9 Querini-Tiepolo conspiracy, 84–6 , 87 , Virgil, 22–3 , 80–1 , 213–14 , 224 , 368–9 , 465 97 , 101–2 Virgin of the Rocks (Leonardo), 352 as republic, 420 Virgri, Caterina, 374 Rimini, expansion in, 413–14 Virtù. See also Consensus realities Rome (ancient) and, 44 Antonio Manetti on, 257–8 scholarly focus on, 14 Aretino on, 469–76 , 487–8 Serrata of Maggior Consiglio, 82–9 Ariosto on, 460–5

634 Index

Virtù (cont.) Fortuna and, 193 Aristotle and, 230 , 233 , 455–6 in Italian Hundred Years’ War, 192–5 , Barbaro on, 256–7 196–8 , 200 Boccaccio on, 228 , 230–4 territories in Lombardy, 188–9 Book of the Courtier , The , and, 438 , Visconti, Gabriele Maria, 188–9 451–3 , 455–60 , 487 Visconti, Galeazzo I, 59 , 171 of Brunelleschi, 257–8 Visconti, Gian Galeazzo Castiglione on, 438 , 451–3 , 455–60 , 487 generally, 192 , 242 , 418 Cellini on, 524–5 , 526 as “Count of Virtù ,” 171 , 173 , 174 , 178–9 Cicero and, 234–6 death of, 179 , 188–9 , 199 , 321 civic morality and, 443 , 473 Fortuna and, 179 Coluccio Salutati on, 237–8 French invasion of Italy and, 401–3 of Cosimo de’ Medici, 301–2 in Italian Hundred Years’ War, 171–81 “Count of Virtù ” ( See Visconti, Gian popolo grosso and, 171 , 172–3 Galeazzo) republicanism and, 176 , 239–40 culture and, 229–30 , 233 , 237 , 438 Salutati and, 237–8 Dante on, 80–1 , 224 tyranny of, 239 , 241 in Decameron , 217–19 , 228 , 230–4 in War of the Eight Saints, 167–8 , 170–1 in Discourses on the First Decade of Titus Visconti, Giovanni Maria, 188–9 , 192 Livy , 439–40 , 445 , 447–8 , 449–50 , 451 Visconti, Matteo, 91–3 gender and, 445 , 454 Visconti, Ottone, 91–2 in Greece, 230 Visconti, Valentina, 401–2 Guicciardini on, 536–7 Visconti family, 58–9 , 89–93 , 162 , 298 , 401 . honor and, 80 , 172–3 , 190 , 232–3 , 257 , See also specifi c family members 445–6 , 452–3 , 456–7 Vita (Cellini), 502 , 524 Lionardo Alberti on, 254–6 Vita (Leon Battista Alberti), 252–3 love poetry and, 218–20 Vita nuova (Dante), 213 Machiavelli on, 179 , 414 , 438–41 , 442 , Vita S. Potito (Leon Battista 444–51 , 487 Alberti), 252–3 new understanding of, 233–4 Vite de’ più eccellenti architetti, pittori e overview, 16–17 scultori italiani (Vasari), 349 patronage and, 301 Vitelleschi, Giovanni, 165 Petrarch on, 234–7 Viterbo, academies in, 541 popolo grosso and, 230 , 233–4 , 239–40 Vocabulario della Lingua Italiana in The Prince , 440 , 442 , 445 , 446 , 447–8 , (Salviati), 542 449–50 , 451 Volterra, Daniele da, 517 republicanism and, 237–8 , 239–40 Volterra revolt, 315 in Rome (ancient), 113 , 224 , 230 Von Martin, Alfred, 75 sex and, 476 Votive Picture of Doge Agostino Barbarigo women and, 371 , 374 , 465–9 (Giovanni Bellini), 342–5 Visconti, Azzone, 59–60 Visconti, Bernabò, 171–4 Waldseemüller, Martin, 428 Visconti, Bianca Maria, 196 , 197 , 198 , 402 Wallace, William, 555 Visconti, Caterina, 188–9 , 192 War of Chioggia, 181–8 Visconti, Filippo Maria Genoa in, 181–8 generally, 179 , 288 Hungary in, 185 death of, 402 Ottoman Empire in, 181–8

Index 635

popolo grosso and, 182–3 , 186 Plato on, 455 sottoposti in, 186 portraits, women’s fashion in, 360 , 361 War of League of Cambrai, 413–20 , 500 in religion, 497–9 War of the Eight Saints, 166–71 sex and, 371–2 Ghibellines in, 167 , 169–70 virtù and, 371 , 374 , 465–9 Guelphs in, 158–9 , 166 , 167 , 169–70 writers, 370–1 , 375–8 , 436 , 466 , 468 , 584 overview, 157 Women’s Writing in Italy 1400–1600 (Cox), Wars of Religion, 578 370–1 , 468 Wedding Feast of Cupid and Psyche Worms (Romano), 384 Diet of Worms, 507 Wenceslaus (Emperor), 173 Edict of Worms, 504 , 507 White Company, 162 Witt, Ron, 205–6 Xavier, Francis, 523 , 586 Woman in Ermine , The (Leonardo), 352 Xenophon, 289 , 397 Women. See also Gender ; specifi c women academies and, 544–6 Yates, Francis, 260–1 Ariosto on, 463–4, 466 , 468 Yersin, Alexandre, 118–19 Aristotle on, 454 Bembo on, 466 Zanobi del Lama, Gaspare di, 347 Boccaccio on, 360 , 370–1 Zeno, Carlo, 183–4 , 185 , 187 , 188 Castiglione on, 453–5 , 465 Ziane, Sebastian (Doge), 42 Clement VII on, 454–5 Zitelle (House of Old Maids), 485 , 486 diaspora of Rinascimento and, 576–9 Zorzi, Giacomo, 569–74 literature and, 370–8 , 544–6 Zuccaro, Federico, 580