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Gender Hidden Curriculum in Ukrainian Literature Textbooks for 5-9 Grades of Middle School

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Gender Hidden Curriculum in Ukrainian Literature Textbooks for 5-9 Grades of Middle School 38 «Молодий вчений» • № 12.1 (52.1) • грудень, 2017 р. UDC 82.09;372.882 GENDER HIDDEN CURRICULUM IN UKRAINIAN LITERATURE TEXTBOOKS FOR 5-9 GRADES OF MIDDLE SCHOOL Ying-Yao Cheng National Sun Yat-sen University Kulish O.V. National Sun Yat-sen University, Bila Tserkva National Agrarian University This paper is concerned with gender issues in compulsory education in Ukraine. The national curriculum program from Ukrainian literature and textbooks for 5-9 grades of middle school were analyzed for gender hidden curriculum. In depth analysis of texts revealed great discrepancies in gender representations in texts by authors and by heroes. While studying plots of the prose texts, gender stereotypes were noticed, mainly in novels, which describes old Ukrainian patriarchal family traditions. Language sexisms were also presented on lexical, semantic, morphological and syntax level. Characters in novels are stereotyped by using female and male adjectives. Female typical attributing words are beautiful, weak, passive, emotional, irrational, kind; male typical attributing words are active, clever, logical, courageous, curious, successful, strong. Social roles in society are divided very strictly, while men are presented like heroes, warriors, masters or husbands, women mostly are housewives, daughters, girls, mothers or widows. It is proposed by author to remove texts, which depicts old patriarchal traditions and instead texts of modern writers are recommended for reading. Keywords: curriculum, national program, school textbooks, gender studies, gender stereotypes, gender rep- resentations, gender category, subcategory, patriarchal traditions, gender justice component, gender sensitive language, language sexism, social role. ormulation of the research question. An im- der boundaries and hierarchies» [15], and another Fportant role in gender socialization plays author, the pioneer in «Multicultural education» school curriculum and textbooks, using them we James Banks in his book «Multicultural education: can organize educational process in schools. Ac- issues and perspectives» points out key statistic cording to Ukrainian Constitution in Article 21. «All facts from American schools whereas main prob- people are free and equal in dignity and rights.» lems of «null curriculum» and gender inequity in and in Article 24. «Equal rights for women schools appears in sexual harassment, physical or and men are ensured», the highest Law – Consti- verbal and psychological bullying and low self-es- tution guaranty equality for men and women but teem which in its turn occur in depressions, eating «schools continue retransmit gender stereotypes» disorders and academic under-achievements [5]. as said T.I. Buturlym [7]. Another Ukrainian gen- Gender bias can be an important factor both in der researcher A. Marushchenko (2013) indicates family life and in education. Gender stereotypes the presence of educational hidden curriculum, abound in behavior, pictures, books, textbooks which exists at the same time with the formal ed- and TV programs, which constitute the main com- ucational process and implicitly promotes assimila- ponents of the hidden curriculum [17]. The moti- tion, gender specific patterns of behavior, gender vation for this article to find gender stereotypes roles, and gender stereotypes [17]. Philip Jackson in school curriculum and make suggestions in or- (1968) highlights the term ‘hidden curriculum’ in der to prevent gender discrimination in Ukrainian his book Life in Classrooms, and he is generally compulsory education. cited as the originator of the term [9]. Purpose. The purpose of the article is to ana- Socialization to gender roles begins early in pre- lyze the curriculum of Ukrainian literature for school ages and eliminates in elementary school. students in 5-9 grades through an angle of gen- According to P. A. Adler, S. J. Kless and P. Adler der mainstreaming and understand the degree [1] boys and girls have their own gender subcul- of present gender component and gender discrim- ture with idealized images of masculinity and fem- ination in Ukrainian literature school program. ininity: «these images reflecting in the composite Purpose emphasizes the importance of reaching of factors affecting children’s popularity among two objectives in Ukrainian literature curriculum: their peers». It is obviously can be supposed that 1) gender parity in Ukrainian literature program; such behavior among peers will be enforced in 2) gender equality: norms and values transmitted middle school and finally can lead to the bully- in the learning process with the processes of gen- ing (moral or even physical). Results of the stud- der justice. In order to evaluate the progress in ies of American middle-school children, mentioned the domain of gender-sensitive education, it is УКРАЇНСЬКА МОВА В ЧАСІ ТА ПРОСТОРІ in Early Childhood education volume 1, suggests necessary to carry out a qualitative study. Attain- that sexist is one of the most frequently used ing gender parity is only one step towards gender taunts and gender-related slurs can enforce nor- equality in curriculum. A qualitative assessment mative gender behavior and stigmatize perceived of the level of gender sensitive curriculum devel- infractions of gender roles [21; 92]. Elina Lahelma opment includes an analysis of the current cur- after ethnographic research study conducted in riculum programs, a content-analysis of textbooks two secondary schools, suggested that «sex-based used in middle secondary schools. harassment acts as a form of social control that Method. Current study is a content analysis constituted a way of maintaining and policing gen- study of written texts with in depth literature © Ying-Yao Cheng, Kulish O.V., 2017 «Young Scientist» • № 12.1 (52.1) • December, 2017 39 review of research articles related with «gender a «hussy», who hate him and want to kill him [2]: hidden curriculum», where Ukrainian literature But wicked Juno, spiteful hussy,/ Came cack- curriculum programs and textbooks (5 nation- ling like a pullet fussy:/ Dark hatred smoldered al curriculum programs and 5 textbooks for each in her mind!/ For some time now her wish most grade) were analyzed and conceptualized conclu- evil/ Had been to send him to the devil/ Till not sions were made. Sampling: National curriculum a smell was left behind... The two samples below program for 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 grades were used; text- brightly illustrate subcategories «gender character books for 5th,6th,7th,8th,9th grades were exam- traits» and «gender social roles». In composition ined. Gender curriculum related research articles «Marusya» by Grigoriy Kvitka-Osnovianenko we from social psychology field and Ukrainian jour- found next passage [19]: «The God awarded him nals were studied. Data collection: The data – na- by hard-working, kind and obedient wife; what- tional curriculum program on Ukrainian litera- ever he Naum (name of husband) want, his wife ture subject was downloaded from the official site will not sleep all the night, try to get it whatever it of Ukrainian Ministry of Science and Education, costs for her, she will do everything to please his textbooks for each grade were downloaded from husband. He respected her for this, loved her as his the internet resource site for students. own soul...» or the next passage found in the text- Curricular programs: book for 8 grades named «One hundred thousand» http://mon.gov.ua/activity/education/zagal- written by Ivan Karpenko-Kariy [19]: «Gerasym na-serednya/navchalni-programy.html (husband): Don’t bother me! In my hat, there are Textbooks: more minds than in your head./ Paraska (wife): http://mta.ua/stat/pidruchniki_dlya_shkoli- And your great mind leads you to the stupid corner! utm_source=FB&utm_medium=post&utm_cam- Why you decided that Roman (son) should marry paign=pidruchnyky with Puzurivna (rich girl)?/ Gerasym (husband): Data analyses. Literature critics and journal Ah! So you know? Well, so what? You care?/ Par- articles related to the gender issues in education aska (wife): I don’t want any daughter besides Mo- were analyzed and conceptualized. Content of writ- tria... I have get used to her, and she – to me; she is ten texts in the textbooks were analyzed and cod- beautiful girl, healthy, knows all rules in a family: ed by 3 categories: Gender representations, Gen- how to care of poultry, pigs, cows – in one word der stereotypes, and Gender justice component, she is perfect housewife in all matters...; I am sick, each of first two categories divided into smaller and no one can bake bread better than she, no one subcategories. Category gender representations in- can make sweet beet soup better than she...». clude subcategories gender representations by au- Literature review thors, gender representations by heroes, gender 1. Category «Gender representations» representations by main female heroes. Category In depth analysis of Ukrainian curriculum pro- Gender stereotypes include subcategories: language gram revealed great in-parity of male and female sexism, gender character traits, gender social roles. authors, and male and female heroes in liter- The four examples from the curriculum program ature works proposed for students of 5, 6, 7, 8, and textbooks below illustrate two of three catego- and 9 grades. Thus, male readers have a wide ries. The first example describes category «gender choice of heroes to identify with, whereas girls justice component». I 9 grade students according have no such choice. The resulting data on divi- to national curriculum must
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