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Open BARRY FULL DOCUMENT The Pennsylvania State University The Graduate School College of Arts and Architecture FRAMING THE ANCIENTS: A GLOBAL STUDY IN ARCHAEOLOGICAL AND HISTORIC SITE INTERPRETATION A Dissertation in Art History by Kristin M. Barry © 2014 Kristin M. Barry Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2014 ! ! ii! The dissertation of Kristin M. Barry was reviewed and approved* by the following: Elizabeth J. Walters Associate Professor of Art History Dissertation Adviser Chair of Committee Craig Zabel Associate Professor of Art History Head of the Department of Art History Elizabeth Bradford Smith Associate Professor of Art History William Dewey Associate Professor of Art History James T. Kalsbeek Associate Professor of Architecture *Signatures are on file in the Graduate School ! iii! ABSTRACT Although rarely addressed in modern scholarship, over the last several decades, design implemented at archaeological and historic sites has become the organizing agent to present ancient cultures to the international public. Using topologies such as site museums, reconstructions, interpretive installation art, and comprehensive site planning, physical construction is now used to metaphorically guide visitors through the chronology and visual culture of a specific place while physically guiding them through the material remains. This dissertation examines the concepts of space, culture, and design and their junction as part of the overarching concept of “heritage interpretation.” Through a series of individual site studies, this document discusses how different types of intervention can affect visitor understanding, experience, and the interpretation of history and ancient cultures by the greater public. As a comprehensive study, the research examines what methods have been used and are currently being used to facilitate public engagement with ancient remains through design, specifically placing physical interpretations within an immersive theoretical and historical context. By utilizing a multi- disciplinary approach, the dissertation examines how the concepts of ancient art, cultural heritage, and modern construction interact at some of the most famous world historical sites, and how archaeological interpretation can affect a broader understanding of time, place, and culture. ! iv! TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Figures ............................................................................................................................... vi Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................................... xi Chapter 1. Framing the Ancients: Studies in Site Interpretation and Intervention .......................... 1 1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................1 1.2 Focus of the Research and Significance of the Project ...............................................2 1.3 Methodology ...............................................................................................................5 1.4 Definition of New Terminology ..................................................................................7 1.5 Conclusions ...............................................................................................................10 References .......................................................................................................................11 Chapter 2. Heritage, Tourism, and the Built Environment ...........................................................13 2.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................13 2.2 Museums as the Original Form of Interpretation ......................................................14 2.3 Cultural Heritage as a “Practice” ...............................................................................22 2.4 Design in the Cultural Heritage Narrative .................................................................26 2.5 Designing Entertainment vs. Education ....................................................................40 2.6 Cultural Heritage, Authenticity and Commodity ......................................................50 2.7 Conclusions ...............................................................................................................52 References .......................................................................................................................53 Chapter 3. The Trojan Problem: The Archaeological Site of Ancient Troy as seen through the ‘Tourist Gaze’ ...................................................................................................................57 3.1 Introduction ...............................................................................................................57 3.2 Archaeology Through the Tourism Lens ..................................................................59 3.3 Brief History of Investigations at Hişarlik ................................................................61 3.4 Ancient Trojan War Tourism and Iconography ........................................................ 67 3.5 Troy and the Development of the Modern World .....................................................77 3.6 The Modern Tourism Gaze: The Archaeological Site of Troy .................................79 3.7 The Legacy of Interpretive Interpretation at Troy .....................................................96 3.8 Conclusions .............................................................................................................100 References .....................................................................................................................104 Chapter 4. For Art’s Sake?: Reading “Values” in the Presentation of Rock Art ........................108 4.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................108 4.2 Rock Art within the Cultural Heritage Narrative ....................................................110 4.3 Meaning and Understanding in Rock Art Aesthetics ..............................................116 4.4 Lascaux as Ancient and Modern Artistic Achievement ..........................................121 4.5 Designing Context for Interpretation ......................................................................132 4.6 Cultural Heritage, Monument Values, and Interpretation .......................................134 4.7 Reading Values in Lascaux II .................................................................................142 4.8 Comparative Values Represented in Rock Art Interpretations ...............................148 4.9 Conclusions .............................................................................................................163 References .....................................................................................................................165 ! v! Chapter 5. Archaeology & Urbanism: The Impact of Egyptian Cultural Heritage ‘Spaces’ on Archaeological Remains and Urban Populations ...........................................................170 5.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................170 5.2 Egypt as Experienced Through Spatial Definition and Environmental Planning ...172 5.3 The Development of Egyptian Cultural Heritage Spaces .......................................178 5.4 The Impact of Spaces on the Cultural Heritage Environment .................................182 5.5 The Human Impact of Expanding Archaeological Development ...........................192 5.6 Benefits of Further Landscaping and Architectural Development ..........................202 5.7 Art Historical Implications and Benefits to Interpretation ...................................... 216 5.8 Conclusions .............................................................................................................219 References .....................................................................................................................221 Chapter 6. Cultural Imposition and the Maya: Chichén Itzá as part of the Cultural Heritage Narrative .........................................................................................................................227 6.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................227 6.2 Chichén Itzá within the Narrative ...........................................................................229 6.3 Marketing the Maya: Visual Culture and Identity ...................................................248 6.4 Local and National Government Influences ............................................................259 6.5 Lessons learned from Machu Picchu .......................................................................267 6.6 Conclusions .............................................................................................................273 References .....................................................................................................................276 Chapter 7. Architectural Themes in Interpretation: Where do we go from here? ......................281 7.1 Interpretation through Design .................................................................................281 7.2 Common Architectural Themes ..............................................................................282
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