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Especies Invasoras En Territorio Español

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Especies Invasoras En Territorio Español Asignatura: Deontología y veterinaria legal ESPECIES INVASORAS EN TERRITORIO ESPAÑOL Nuevo Real Decreto 1628/2011, por el que se regula el listado y catálogo español de especies exóticas invasoras Trabajo presentado por: Herrero Puncernau, María del Mar Tutusaus Morillo, Ruth Gamboa Arce, Marta Curso académico 2011-2012 Bellaterra, enero de 2012 I. INTRODUCCIÓN II. DEFINICIONES III. POTENCIAL INVASOR IV. LEGISLACIÓN V. LA COTORRA ARGENTINA VI. NOTICIAS VII. ENTREVISTAS VIII. ENCUESTA IX. CONCLSIONES X. DISCUSIÓN XI. BIBLIOGRAFÍA XII. ANEXOS Pág. 2 de 67 Queremos agradecer a Ángel Nuevo y Myriam Navarro de Ekkies Parrots, a Jordi Jiménez Santamaría y a Jaume Martorell Montserrat, veterinarios de animales exóticos y a PADE, Protectora d’animals domèstics i exòtics, el tiempo que nos han dedicado para la realización de las entrevistas contempladas en este trabajo. A nivel particular, yo, Marta Gamboa Arce, quiero expresar mi agradecimiento a mi madre por ayudarme a cuidar a mi hija de tan solo 9 meses, y posibilitarme así la realización de este trabajo. Pág. 3 de 67 Pág. 4 de 67 Lo que nos ha motivado a realizar este trabajo es porque consideramos que en nuestra sociedad no hay conocimiento acertado sobre la problemática de la presencia de especies exóticas invasoras. Una especie exótica considerada invasora representa desde el punto de vista de biodiversidad un gran peligro para la supervivencia de nuestras especies autóctonas. También nos ha motivado más el tema después de comprobar la gran preocupación que existe a nivel internacional por la elevada y rápida expansión de estas especies. A partir del Convenio de las Naciones Unidas que se realizó en España en 1993 sobre la diversidad biológica, se reconoció la presencia de este problema y se estableció que cada parte contratante, en la medida de sus posibilidades, deberían de aplicar medidas que impidiese la introducción de especies exóticas que representen un peligro para los ecosistemas o para otras especies y también deberán poner en marcha programas de control e incluso de erradicación. Más adelante, en 2001 realizó una reunión de la conferencia de las partes del citado convenio para la gestión de las especies exóticas invasoras. El convenio de Biodiversidad biológica señala que la correcta identificación del carácter "invasor" de una especie debe ser definida mediante un análisis de riesgos. Hay que considerar que no todas las especies exóticas invasoras tienen el mismo impacto sobre nuestro ecosistema, debido ello hemos escogido una especie que cada año va aumentando en número y por tanto en problemas hacía otras especies y hacia el ser humano. Así pues, pese a que hemos enfocado el presente trabajo en la problemática ocasionada por la “Cotorra Argentina” ( Myiopsitta monachus ), incluiremos también información sobre otras especies que nos han parecido de especial interés o aquel tipo de información que afecte en general a todas las especies exóticas invasoras incluidas en el Real Decreto 1628/2011, por el que se regula el listado y catálogo español de especies exóticas invasoras, recientemente publicado en el BOE , el pasado 14 de noviembre del 2011, hace tan sólo 2 meses. Pág. 5 de 67 Pág. 6 de 67 Para poder profundizar más en la problemática en la aparición de la cotorra argentina en nuestra región hemos de conocer la definición de una serie de conceptos: Fauna salvaje autóctona : Especie que se introduce o se establece en un ecosistema o hábitat natural o seminatural y que representa un agente de cambio y una amenaza para la diversidad biológica nativa, ya sea por el comportamiento invasor o por el riesgo de contaminación genética. Esta definición hace referencia exclusivamente a aquella o aquellas especies, la introducción de las cuales (voluntaria o accidental) sea siempre realizada por acción humana, y excluye a aquellas invasiones biológicas que tienen lugar de forma natural en la auto expansión de una especie. Espècie exòtica: Especie que se encuentra fuera del área de distribución original o nativa (histórica o actual), no acuerdo con su potencial de dispersión natural. Este concepto puede aplicarse a niveles taxonómicos inferiores, como "subespecie exótica" (Lever 1985, IUCN 2000) Espècie exòtica invasora: Especie que es extraña en la zona donde se encuentra, por lo tanto son especies introducidas fuera de su área de distribución natural. La presencia de esta especie representa una amenaza a la diversidad biológica nativa causando daños graves al ecosistema e incluso la economía. Pág. 7 de 67 Pág. 8 de 67 Después de haber matizado cada uno de los conceptos anteriormente citados cabe considerar que no todas las especies exóticas se consideran invasoras y por tanto la siguiente pregunta a plantearse es la de “ - ¿porqué una especie exótica se convierte en especie invasora?- Que una especie exótica se convierta en invasora depende del tipo de ecosistema donde se establece y de las características intrínsecas de la propia especie. Que la reproducción y la tasa de crecimiento sean muy elevadas conlleva la monopolización de los recursos y un desplazamiento de las especies autóctonas por exclusión competitiva. La flexibilidad fenotípica de estas especies les permite adaptarse a las nuevas condiciones ambientales provocando el desplazamiento de las especies autóctonas. También hay que considerar a que se refiere exactamente el concepto "invadir"; con este término se designa la acción negativa por parte de una especie sobre los ecosistemas donde se han introducido debido a su tasa de crecimiento. En cuanto a la inclusión o exclusión de una especie en el listado o catálogo Español de especies exóticas invasoras es labor del Ministerio de Medio Ambiente y Medio Rural y Marino (MARM), previa iniciativa de las correspondientes comunidades autónomas que han reclamado el estudio de una especie en concreto para su inclusión en dicho catálogo. Con la correspondiente información técnica remitida junto con otra que pudiera disponer el MARM, la dirección General de Medio Natural y Política Forestal elaborará una memoria técnica justificativa que se remitirá a la Comisión Estatal para el Patrimonio Natural y la Biodiversidad. Esta comisión aprobará una propuesta y la remitirá de nuevo a la Dirección General de Medio Natural y política Forestal, que es el organismo que valorará si hay o no razones de peso que justifiquen la inclusión o no de dicha especie al catálogo de especies exóticas invasoras. Según la publicación " La perspectiva mundial sobre la Biodiversidad" de 2012, se reconoce a las especies exóticas invasoras como una de las cinco presiones principales que de forma directa provocan la pérdida de biodiversidad. Pág. 9 de 67 La Unión Internacional para la Conservación de la Naturaleza (UICN) ha elaborado una lista mundial donde se especifican cuáles son las consideradas especies exóticas invasoras. Pág. 10 de 67 Pág. 11 de 67 Con el fin de conocer la situación actual sobre las especies exóticas invasoras se ha accedido al Real Decreto 1628/2011, de 14 de noviembre, por el que se regula el listado y catálogo español de especies exóticas invasoras. En este Real Decreto podemos comprobar la problemática de este tipo de especies en nuestro pais, en concreto y sobretodo de la Cotorra argentina en la ciudad de Barcelona y estudiar cuáles son las medidas para su prevención y control. Cabe destacar que las especies exóticas invasoras constituyen una de las principales causas de pérdida de biodiversidad en el mundo, circunstancia que se agrava en hábitats y ecosistemas especialmente vulnerables como son las islas y las aguas continentales. La introducción de estas especies invasoras puede ocasionar graves perjuicios a la economía, especialmente a la producción agrícola, ganadera y forestal y en este caso incluso a la salud pública. El Convenio de Naciones Unidas sobre la Diversidad Biológica, ratificado por España en 1993, reconoció la existencia de este problema y estableció en su artículo 8.h que cada Parte Contratante, en la medida de sus posibilidades, impedirá que se introduzcan, controlará, o erradicará las especies exóticas que amenacen los ecosistemas, los hábitats o las especies. En este contexto a nivel europeo, el Consejo de Europa en el marco del Convenio de Berna relativo a la conservación de la vida silvestre y el medio natural en Europa, ratificado por España, elaboró en el año 2004 la Estrategia Europea sobre Especies Exóticas Invasoras. En el 2008, la Comisión Europea adoptó la Comunicación «Hacia una Estrategia de la Unión Europea sobre especies invasoras» (COM(2008) 789 final). Por su parte, el Reglamento (CE) n.º 338/97 del Consejo, de 9 de diciembre de 1996, relativo a la protección de especies de la fauna y flora silvestres mediante el control de su comercio, que regula la aplicación del Convenio CITES en el territorio de la Unión Europea, permite la inclusión en sus Anexos de especies cuya introducción en el medio ambiente natural de la Unión Europea constituye una amenaza ecológica para las especies silvestres autóctonas. En nuestro caso en concreto de la Cotorra argentina estudios científicos del Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), han demostrado que la mayoría de las aves exóticas de origen silvestre importadas cuando se Pág. 12 de 67 escapan o liberan al medio natural, se adaptan y sobreviven bien en el nuevo medio y se convierten en especies exóticas invasoras, existiendo un alto riesgo para el medio ambiente y el hombre al ser muchas de ellas portadoras de agentes patógenos, por ello la Unión Europea con la aprobación del Reglamento
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