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Biorestoration Management Plan

Appendix 10 – Description of for Biorestoration TAP AG CAL00-PMT-601-Y-TTM-0002 Rev. No.: 3 Doc. no.: Biorestoration Management Plan Doc. Title: Appendix 10 – Description of Trees for Page: 1 of 7 Biorestoration

Appendix 10 – Description of Trees for Biorestoration

Contents

1. Description of used for Reforestation ...... 2 1.2 Black (Alnus glutlnosa) ...... 2 1.3 Austrian (Quercus cerris) ...... 2 1.4 Black Poplar (Populus nigra) ...... 2 1.5 Bladder-senna (Colutea arborescens) ...... 2 1.6 Bladder-senna (Colutea arborescens) ...... 2 1.7 Corneilian cherry (Comus mas) ...... 2 1.8 Hawthorn () ...... 3 1.9 Italina cypress (Cupressus sempervirens)...... 3 1.10 Downy oak (Quercus pubescens) ...... 3 1.11 European smoketree (Cotinus coggygria) ...... 3 1.12 Beech (Fagus sylvatica)...... 3 1.13 Narrow-leafed ash (Fraxinous angustfolla) ...... 3 1.14 Hungarian oak (Quercus conferta or Q. frainetto) ...... 4 1.15 Judas tree (Cercis Siliquastrum) ...... 4 1.16 Cade (Juniperus oxycedrus) ...... 4 1.17 oak () ...... 4 1.18 Narrow-leafed Elm (Ulmus campestris) ...... 4 1.19 Norway maple (Acer platanoides) ...... 4 1.20 Pedunculate Oak (Quercus Pendunculata) ...... 5 1.21 Black (Pinus nigra) ...... 5 1.22 Oriental plane (Platanus Orientalis) ...... 5 1.23 Almond-leafed pear (Pyrus amygdaliformis)...... 5 1.24 oak () ...... 5 1.25 White willow (Salix alba) ...... 5 1.26 Scarlet firethorn (Pyracantha coccinea) ...... 5 1.27 Whitebeam (Sorbus spp) ...... 6 1.28 Spanish broom (Spartium junceum) ...... 6 1.29 Spiny broom (Calycotome villosa) ...... 6 1.30 Strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo) ...... 6 1.31 ( terebinthus) ...... 6 1.32 Turkish pine (Pinus brutia) ...... 6 1.33 Elm Tree (Ulmus sp) ...... 6 1.34 Valonia oak () ...... 6 1.35 White poplar (Populus alba) ...... 7 1.36 Yellow Kidney Vetch (Anthyllis hermaniae) ...... 7

TAP AG CAL00-PMT-601-Y-TTM-0002 Rev. No.: 3 Doc. no.: Biorestoration Management Plan Doc. Title: Appendix 10 – Description of Trees for Page: 2 of 7 Biorestoration

1. DESCRIPTION OF TREE SPECIES USED FOR REFORESTATION

The following tree species have been selected for reforestation of the TAP RoW. Locations of species planting are identified in subsequent site specific sections. 1.2 Black alder (Alnus glutlnosa) Characteristic , humid tree with a height of 20-30 m. The bloom takes place February-March and the maturing of the in October. It grows in deep and liquid, clay-sandy , often almost in the water, in streams or rivers, usually in the Mediterranean vegetation zone, at altitudes of 0-1500 m. It is a photophilic species, grows quickly at an early age, fixes the banks very effectively and is very resistant to pruning and flooding. It mainly occurs in North and Central but extends to the Northwest Peloponnese, and to some of the larger islands. It spreads in most parts of Europe, North Africa, and the Caucasus. Species resistant to atmospheric pollution, capable of capturing atmospheric nitrogen with rootstocks. 1.3 Austrian oak (Quercus cerris) Tree of 25-30 m height, with broad, conical crown. The trunk diameter reaches 2 meters. The is dark colored at the beginning, but later is ash-colored. The dry bark is characterized by elongated slits, deep and red inside, and very narrow horizontal. The is monoecious, and the flowering period is between April and May. The consists of a cup-shaped nut () stalked up to 2.5cm. It matures in October - November of the 2nd year from flowering. The species is moderately photophilous and resistant to cold. It needs deep, fertile, wet, loose for optimum growth but can also tolerate moderate soils. It is a species with distribution in the zone of deciduous broadleaved in pure or mixed stands with broadleaves (mainly beech), fir and black pine forest, almost throughout the country. 1.4 Black Poplar (Populus nigra) Deciduous tree, dioecious, rapid growth, reaching 20-30 meters high with pyramidal crown. light green. Resistant to atmospheric pollution. It thrives in almost all soils, with the liquid and deep preference. It is in bloom in April, and the seeds mature in June. The species is biphobic, and prefers the wet soil. 1.5 Bladder-senna (Colutea arborescens) Dense up to 6m high, with downy young twigs. It is a shrub of the zone of evergreen broadleaved and the warmest area of deciduous broadleaved. It is a hermetic species and occurs in roadsides, river banks and forest clearances. The are usually yellow with brownish spots grouped 3-8 in trusses and bloom between May and August. 1.6 Bladder-senna (Colutea arborescens) It is a bush that reaches up to 3 m. It has a rounded shape with many branches and is deciduous. The leaves are light green and consist of many pairs of slightly hairy oval leaves, each about 3 cm long. The is a yellowish inflorescence and looks like a of about 3 cm in length. The fruit is an inflated bladder that dries on paper texture. It is 2 to 3 cm long and contains many seeds. It spreads in the Mediterranean areas, in shingles all over the Territory. 1.7 Corneilian cherry (Comus mas) It is a deciduous shrub or a small tree of 3 - 8 m height that is found in forests and all over Greece, preferably in light limestone soils. It has a spherical bark with ash-yellow and twigs of hard, heavy gray-green and rosary on the sunny sides. buds are opposed to pseudo-vertebrae, divergent, hairy with two scales, while flowering are larger pedicles with more scales. It blooms in winter (January - February) while its flowers remain for about 2 months. The mature at the end of August early September whenever they get a bright red glossy color. Shrub with yellow leaves that turn red in autumn. It has white flowers in May and white fruit in the autumn. Cultivated in neutral, humus soils with moderate water requirements. It spreads everywhere in forests.

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1.8 Hawthorn (Crataegus monogyna) It is a shrub-tree with a height of 5 to 15 meters, common mainly in the northern hemisphere. The various names that he has many times describe the species of Croatago monogyna (Crataegus monogyna). It has red fruits (Chiatsia). It flowers in May and in June. Its berries (Chiatsia) are oval, 8 to 12 cm in length and red in colour. The branches and the trunk have thorns that are usually 1 to 3 cm long. It is a species extremely resistant to drought. 1.9 Italina cypress (Cupressus sempervirens) It is a thermobio and dry- type of eastern landlocked countries. It is evergreen, photophilic and oligarchic species of phytopodiment of broadleaf and the warmest area of the deciduous broadleaf zone. The height reaches up to 25m. and with a system at the beginning pileless and then superficial with dense lateral . The leaves are deep green and cover the branches with the crossed opposite and dense arrangement. It is a unique species with monogeneous flowers, in the form of cymes that appear in the summer and depending on the area and weather they are opened and pollinated from January to April. The fruit is a round cone as a small nut and consists of the central shaft of 8-14 carvings that are joined in the middle of the shaft. Cypress grows rapidly until the first 20 years and then slowly. It is grown for its wood which is hard and heavy with a nice pale-yellow color, long- lasting and durable aromatic and is mainly used in building, shipbuilding, sculptural furniture. In general, the cultivation of this species is extensive in rural areas that are resistant to forests, such as the Peloponnese and the islands. 1.10 Downy oak (Quercus pubescens) A deciduous tree that reaches up to 25 m with a trunk diameter 1.5 m or even more. Its bark is grey- brown and ridged. Branches are brown and heavily pubescent. Leaves are 3-13 cm and vary greatly in shape. Sometimes the lobes are quite regular and simple and in other times they are further subdivided in rather angular fashion in yet smaller lobes. Under side is light green and heavily pubescent as well. Leaves are tough and leathery and grow on very short petioles. On the under side they are covered in more or less thick fuzz. The are rather slender ovals, the greyish-green pointed cup bracteoles are highly pubescent. The species flowers in May and sheds its leaves in the middle or even late winter. The species is distributed in semi-mountainous areas in altitude from 200 – 1,200 m. It is photophilous and moderate thermophilous oak tolerant to dry, shallow and rocky soils. It grows in pure stands or may grow in Q. frainetto forests and stands of Q. coccifera and Caprinus orientalis. 1.11 European smoketree (Cotinus coggygria) It is a shrub of 2-3m in height and rarely 5m long, dry-tempered, thermobius, broad-leaved naked- leaved, of the evergreen broadleaf area almost all over Greece, with characteristic golden-green heartwood and narrow white sap, used in leather dyeing and tannery. It grows in sunny places, even on relatively barren and dry soils. Typically, it blooms from Spring until the beginning of summer. In Greece, it spreads mainly in the Mediterranean vegetation zone. 1.12 Beech (Fagus sylvatica) Fagus Sylvatica is a large tree, capable of reaching altitudes up to 25-35m and diameter up to 1.5m. It has a typical life of 150-200 years, even sometimes up to 300 years. In cultivated forest trees, they normally start to be exploited at age 80-120 years. Are necessary 30 years to achieve full maturity. Like most trees, its shape depends on location. In forest areas, F. sylvatica grows over 30 feet with high branches. In open places, it will be much shorter (usually 15-24 m) and more massive. The leaves are alternating, simple, 5-10 cm long and 3-7 cm wide, with 6-7 veins on each side of the leaves.Small amounts of seeds can be produced around the age of 10 years. The production of flowers and seeds is plenty in the years after a hot, sunny and dry summer, even though rarely for two consecutive years. 1.13 Narrow-leafed ash (Fraxinous angustfolla) It is a medium-sized deciduous tree with a height of 20-30 m with trunk up to 1.5 m. The bark is smooth and light grey. The leaves are in opposite pairs and are individually thin, 3-8 cm long and 1-1.5 cm wide. Flowers are produced in inflorescences that may be male, hermaphrodite or mixed males and

TAP AG CAL00-PMT-601-Y-TTM-0002 Rev. No.: 3 Doc. no.: Biorestoration Management Plan Doc. Title: Appendix 10 – Description of Trees for Page: 4 of 7 Biorestoration hermaphrodites. Flowering occurs in early spring. The fruit when fully formed is long with a light brown feather of 1.5-2 cm length. 1.14 Hungarian oak (Quercus conferta or Q. frainetto) Tree of height 20-25m, rarely 40m, diameter often greater than 1 m. The crown is oval and later circular. The bark at start is smooth, ash-coloured and from the age of about 10 years, it becomes dry, brown, with small round scales. It is a semi-cloven-hoofed specie, humid and psychochromic, slow-growing in an early age with pronounced prominoblasticity. It usually requires deep wet and fertile soils. The plant is monoecious, and the flowering period is between April and May. The fruit is monogerm cup-shaped nut. It spreads across the country at an altitude of 350-1000m even in mixed stands of black pine and fir. 1.15 Judas tree (Cercis Siliquastrum) It is a shrub or small tree up to 10 m high. It has alternating, circular - kidney leaves, with a long stem. It flowers in the spring. Flowers appear in groups directly from the branches or the stem. They have a pink, weirish, pendulous crown. Its flowering period is typically from the end of February until the end of April. The fruit (hedging) is red-brown, compressed. It is found in shrubs, at low and medium altitudes. It is a type of (a) that spreads across mainland Greece and the islands, (b) of the Aegean Sea and the Ionian Sea. They grow in sunny places on relatively barren and dry, neutral or alkaline soils. They require protection from very strong frosts. Plant individually and in tree roots. It is an important plant for beekeeping. 1.16 Cade juniper (Juniperus oxycedrus) Shrub or tree, sometimes as 12m tall, with a conical crown and branches to the ground. Bark ash- brown. It is straight or twisted with a conical crown and branches that reach the ground. It is photophilous species and has no special soil requirements. Typically, it blooms from spring until early summer. It's species of evergreen broadleaved conformation and of the warmer regions of deciduous broadleaved conformation and is found all over Greece. In Greece it spreads to almost all the mountains. 1.17 Kermes oak (Quercus coccifera) It is an evergreen shrub of height 1-10m. It has wide crown of 3-8m with hard, spiky dark green leaves and the typical flowering season is April to June. It is very durable and adaptable plant, frugal, resistant to drought and winds, while it is considered soil protective species. It is photophilous and hermit species. In our country it is found in all areas of broadleaf evergreen and the warmest region of deciduous broadleaved. 1.18 Narrow-leafed Elm (Ulmus campestris) The tree height is 20-30 m with wide crown, with dry bark suberized and torn in rectangular or polyhedral pieces, with thin branches with very thin hair or bare. It grows in deep, fertile and wet soils, and withstands high soil moisture. The leaves are simple, undivided, reverse egg-shaped to broadly lanceolate, with asymmetric base, usually pointed with double jagged edges. The flowers are arrenothilea, red-coloured, divided into the lower and middle part of shoots and bloom in March. It spreads throughout the country mainly in the plains, ravines and hills in areas typical for broadleaf evergreen and deciduous warmer area. 1.19 Norway maple (Acer platanoides) It is a deciduous tree of 15-25 m high with a dense, spherical crown. The bark at first is smooth, brown, but brown is formed as a black dry with elongated slits. It has long-stemmed palm leaves with 5 or 7 lobes (similar to the plane tree). The color of its leaves is green while in autumn it becomes red or orange. It is a photophilous tree and without may demands it can withstand moderate shading, strong winds and air pollution. It can grow into a wide variety of soils. However, better growth occurs in light sandy, moderately clayey to heavy clayey, well-drained soils with enough nutrients. Moderate soil moisture is required. It blooms in April and May and its flowers form peaks. In Greece it spreads in the mountains of Macedonia, Thessaly, Continental Greece and Peloponnesus.

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1.20 Pedunculate Oak (Quercus Pendunculata) Pedunculate Oak is a very tall tree (height 30-55 m and diameter 2-2.30 m). It is friendlier to heat and sunlight in comparison to Downy Oak, with a variety of general appearance. The leaves have a very small stem (up to 1cm), the lower surface is glabrous naked, have an otitis or cardioid base, deeper bones and lateral nerves end up in the bones and lobes. The male flowers are against green hanging stalks with 6-8 stamens each, and the females individually or 2-5 in common very long pedigree. The fruit bowl has a very long pedicure bearer and is covered with oval scales with a coarse, cylindrical shape, and when it is wet, we can see in them dark streaks. This species prefers the wet and cool soils. 1.21 Black pine (Pinus nigra) The black pine is tall tree (20-45m.) with pyramid to umbrella shape, upright trunk with typically modular branches and bark initially shiny then dry, dark and deeply torn. It creates deep and strong root system. It is semi-shade species, the more resistant in shadow Greek pine, boreal, hermit, resistant to winds, with relative adaptability to the environment. As other pine is monoecious plant with unisexual flowers which appear in April to June. Males are yellow catkins and the female reddish standing cones. 1.22 Oriental plane (Platanus Orientalis) It is a deciduous tree of 20-30m high with a large crown, a trunk strong with horizontal branches of yellowish-brown colour and dry leaf foil. The flowers are monogenic in spherical long-life chapters and change into long-grained, multi-grained scalp and blossoming occurs between March and May. Grows in deep soils rich in water surface or basement. It prefers gullies, gorges and river banks regardless of the spreading zone and withstands the fluctuations of humidity and injuries. 1.23 Almond-leafed pear (Pyrus amygdaliformis) It is a small tree or shrub that occurs all over the country in the zones of broadleaves (warmer area) in rich, deep, calcareous soils. It has rounded roots, branches often with upward-facing thorns, bark peach with horizontal and elongated slits. Flowers are white in shaded beads and blossom in March - April. It spreads throughout the coastal area. 1.24 Evergreen oak (Quercus Ilex) Typical Mediterranean evergreen tree of moderate growth, with a spherical stem with a diameter of 20 m and a height of 25m. it develops a large and powerful trunk with large bumps, often reaching 1-2 m in diameter. Its leaves are leathery, hard, green, strongly polymorphic, with small stems and sharp edges, initially hairy on both sides, which them become glossy on the upper surface. Flowers, both males and females, appear in June with the former being more decorative and slightly yellowish. The fruits are pale-green cylindrical acorns. It has a strong, deep root system. It is a very perennial, very resistant tree. It is planted in sunny or semi-polished and trouble-free, in poor, dry, lime and alkaline soils, but avoids loaves. It resists the lack of humidity on hot and dry summers. It is multiplied through vaccination. 1.25 White willow (Salix alba) It is tree of medium size with a height of 6-25 m and a diameter of usually 1 m, very fast growing with vigorous branch growth. In young age the bark ash-white while later it becomes ash-yellow, dry with longitudinal slits. The bark has medicinal properties. It is a dioecious plant with flowers in catkins grown simultaneously with the leaves in March-April. It is frugal, photophilous and withstands the cold, high temperatures and strong winds. It grows in a variety of soils, from heavy clay to sandy but prefers clay or sandy soils with holding capacity of soil moisture and adequate ventilation. In wet, humid, rich, sandy clay soils it exhibits high growth. It can withstand flooded lands but not stagnant waters. It tolerates temporary but not permanent covering of the roots by water. In Greece is found almost everywhere on the banks of rivers and streams. 1.26 Scarlet firethorn (Pyracantha coccinea) Evergreen shrub, thorny, up to 2m high, with reddish stems, dense, with sparse spines. It is fast growing and very pretty, used in yards, parks and roadside vegetation. It has leathery leaves, longitudinally oval

TAP AG CAL00-PMT-601-Y-TTM-0002 Rev. No.: 3 Doc. no.: Biorestoration Management Plan Doc. Title: Appendix 10 – Description of Trees for Page: 6 of 7 Biorestoration to broad lanceolate. The flowers are red-white, small in dense trusses and usually bloom in April - June. It spreads in para-mediterranean vegetation areas in bush spots in Thrace and Macedonia. 1.27 Whitebeam (Sorbus spp) It is a deciduous tree of moderate height and belongs to the family of Rondants (Rosaceae). It is a tree of 15-20 meters high with a large and strong crown. Grows in deep, fresh and nutrient-rich soils, and blooms in May. It grows almost all over Greece in the mountainous areas, with an altitude of 800-1,000 meters. Its flowers are white and small. Its fruits are fleshy, red, orange, yellow or brown species. 1.28 Spanish broom (Spartium junceum) Includes shrubs with alternating leaves, simple and fine. Flowers are masculine in extreme, sparse beeches. The hoop is rough and yellow. The fruit is a hedgehog-linear, with numerous seeds. It is a monotypical genus, spread in the Mediterranean and South-Eastern Europe. In Greece it is found in the Mediterranean and Mediterranean Mediterranean vegetation zone and is widely used in planting, as ornamental, to stabilize slopes and anti-corrosion protection. 1.29 Spiny broom (Calycotome villosa) It is a spiny shrub with alternate branches. Leaves are alternate, trifoliate and with a base. Flowers are arrenithilea, inserted in the middle of the leaves on branchlets. Calyx campanulate, puberulent, with margins almost entire. Corolla 10–12 mm, bright yellow. Pod densely villous. 1.30 Strawberry tree (Arbutus unedo) Large shrub height 1.5-3m or sometimes small tree up to 12m high and dense crown. Dry reddish red, rough, limpid. It is a kind of strip of broadleaf broadleaf and grows in acidic or alkaline, humus or relatively dry soils, protected from strong frosts, sunny places, up to 1000m altitude. It is said to bloom in the autumn and until the beginning of the winter. Its fruits are food for the fauna. In Greece, it spreads mainly in the Mediterranean vegetation zone. 1.31 Terebinth (Pistacia terebinthus) It is deciduous shrub and sometimes small tree of height up to 5m, which is found in the zone of evergreen broadleaf or higher. Very resistant species occurs in hilly and mountainous areas at altitudes up to 800 meters. In Greece, it spreads mainly in the warmest region of the para-mediterranean vegetation zone. 1.32 Turkish pine (Pinus brutia) The Turkish pine (Pinus brutia) is a pine native to the eastern Mediterranean region and found from sea level up to 1200 meters altitude in the most southern regions. Its cones also grow properly and symmetrically (two or three). The Turkish pine can reach 35 meters in height, usually with a baggy top of irregular branches. The trunk bark is thick, scaly, cracked and has reddish brown color. The needles are thin, rough to the touch and are pale green. The cones are upright, symmetrical, with a length of 6- 10 cm. 1.33 Elm Tree (Ulmus sp) It is a deciduous tree of large size that can reach 30 meters and is sporadically found in most parts of mainland Greece, at medium and low altitudes. It blooms on February and has hermaphrodite flowers that appear before the leaves, early in the spring, while they do not have a calyx or crown and do not produce nectar. Elm’s fruit grows in June and is a flat, semi-translucent, small coin-sized disk containing a in the middle. 1.34 Valonia oak (Quercus macrolepis) A deciduous tree that may reach up to 15-20 m and trunk diamter up to 1 m. Its crown is wide and its bark vividly ridged. Branches are heavily pubescent and grey-yellow in colour. Leaves are leathery, 4- 13 cm, long pointed ovals with a rounded or heart shaped base and with their margins deeply cut into 4-8 pairs of triangular lobes that end into a point. Upper side is green and under side grey-green with a

TAP AG CAL00-PMT-601-Y-TTM-0002 Rev. No.: 3 Doc. no.: Biorestoration Management Plan Doc. Title: Appendix 10 – Description of Trees for Page: 7 of 7 Biorestoration thick fuzz. Petioles are up to 3cm, heavily pubescent. Flowers at April-May. It grows in either pure stands or mixed with other Quercus species at altitudes from 0-500 m but occassionaly may reach 1,200m. Isolated trees may br found as remnants in rural areas. It grows in th eu-Mediterranean and in the para-mediterranean vegetation zones. It is a photophilus species, tolerant to xerothermic conditions and poor soils. 1.35 White poplar (Populus alba) It is a tree of 25-30 m height, with wide crown although spherical at start. The bark is smooth, ash-white with numerous diamond freckles. It is long-lived species (300-400 years). Its kind increases well in deep clay-sandy or wet sandy-clay soils and has certain requirements for soil nutrients. It is photophilous species and requires sufficient moisture. The flowers are unisexual and the plnt dioecious, with blooming between February - March. The leaves are alternately, thick, leathery, of different form in short branches and long branches. The lower surface of leaves bears white felt. It has a very strong and extensive root system. It spreads in the mid, southern and eastern Europe, North Africa and West Asia. In Greece, mainly near the river banks but also in the mountains. 1.36 Yellow Kidney Vetch (Anthyllis hermaniae) A low many-branched shrub that is found in many different habitat types from pine forests and maquis vegetation to rock cliffs and sandy beaches. Its very small leaves are pubescent on the underside in order to minimise water loss to respiration. Its flowers are yellow and appear from April to May along the floral axis forming loose clusters.