DOCSLIB.ORG

Biomass of Root and Shoot Systems of Quercus Coccifera Shrublands in Eastern Spain Isabel Cañellas Rey De Viñas, Alfonso San Miguel Ayanz

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Biomass of Root and Shoot Systems of Quercus Coccifera Shrublands in Eastern Spain Isabel Cañellas Rey De Viñas, Alfonso San Miguel Ayanz Biomass of root and shoot systems of Quercus coccifera shrublands in Eastern Spain Isabel Cañellas Rey de Viñas, Alfonso San Miguel Ayanz To cite this version: Isabel Cañellas Rey de Viñas, Alfonso San Miguel Ayanz. Biomass of root and shoot systems of Quercus coccifera shrublands in Eastern Spain. Annals of Forest Science, Springer Nature (since 2011)/EDP Science (until 2010), 2000, 57 (8), pp.803-810. 10.1051/forest:2000160. hal-00883436 HAL Id: hal-00883436 https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-00883436 Submitted on 1 Jan 2000 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Ann. For. Sci. 57 (2000) 803–810 803 © INRA, EDP Sciences Original article Biomass of root and shoot systems of Quercus coccifera shrublands in Eastern Spain Isabel Cañellas Rey de Viñasa,* and Alfonso San Miguel Ayanzb a Dpto Selvicultura, CIFOR-INIA, Ap.8.111, 28080 Madrid, Spain b Dpto. Silvopascicultura, E.T.S.I. Montes, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain (Received 12 October 1999; accepted 14 February 2000) Abstract – Belowground and aboveground biomass of kermes oak shrublands (Quercus coccifera L.), an evergreen sclerophyllous species common in garrigue communities in Spain, have been studied by controlled excavation and harvesting. Aboveground bio- mass has been measured on 320 1-m2 plots. Total biomass varies with age and ranges between 0.4 (7 months) to 2.8 kg m–2 D.M. (> 40 year), and leaf biomass increases with age until 6–8 years (0.56 kg m–2 D.M.) and then decreases and reaches a steady state around 0.35 kg m–2 D.M. (> 40 year). Total belowground biomass ranges from 34 to 81 mg ha–1 D.M., including rhizomes and ligno- tubers. Roots and rhizomes were concentrated in the uppermost 15 to 35 cm of the soils. The root area always exceeded the shoot area. The average dry weight root:shoot ratio was 3.5, ranging from 2.61 to 4.73. It is quite higher than that of other Mediterranean ecosystems. Kermes oak / productivity / Quercus coccifera / shoot biomass / root biomass / root:shoot ratio Résumé – Biomasses des systèmes souterrains et aériens des garrigues de Quercus coccifera de l’Est de l’Espagne. Les bio- masses souterraines et aériennes de Quercus coccifera, espèce arbustive et persistante assez courante dans les garrigues espagnoles, ont été mesurées au moyen de techniques d’excavation et de coupe. La biomasse aérienne a été mesurée sur 320 placettes de 1 m2 chacune. La biomasse totale change avec l’âge, en prenant des valeurs qui varient entre les 0.4 kg m–2 M.S. (à l’âge de 7 mois) à 2.8 kg m–2 (> 40 années). De même, la biomasse foliaire augmente avec l’âge jusqu’à 6–8 ans (0.56 kg m–2 M.S.), et diminue ensuite en prenant des valeurs très proches de 0.35 kg m–2 M.S. (> 40 années). La biomasse souterraine, y compris les rhizomes, varie entre 34 et 81 mg ha–1 M.S. Les racines et les rhizomes étaient concentrés dans la partie la plus superficielle du sol (jusqu’à 15–35 cm d’épaisseur). L’extension des racines débordait toujours de la projection au sol de la partie aérienne. La moyenne du rapport poids sec biomasse souterraine/biomasse aérienne était égale à 3.5 en variant de 2.71 à 4.73; ces valeurs sont un peu supérieures à celles trouvées pour d’autres écosystèmes méditerranéens. chêne Kermès / production / Quercus coccifera / biomasse aérienne / biomasse souterraine / rapport biomasse souterraine/ biomasse aérienne 1. INTRODUCTION Mediterranean ecosystems, information on aboveground biomass, shrub size and structure is scarce, and relevant An accurate assessment of shrub biomass is important estimation methods are not very well known. There are for the evaluation of the productivity of ecosystems, and only a few studies of this type in Spain [6, 7, 9, 37]. In their cycling of nutrients and carbon. In shrubland contrast, there is more information in other countries and * Correspondence and reprints Tel. (34) 913 476 867; Fax. (34) 913 572 293; e-mail: [email protected] 804 I. Cañellas Rey de Viñas and A. San Miguel Ayanz similar ecosystems [4, 5, 24, 35, 42]. This research con- the Mediterranean coastal provinces and also in the inte- centrates on tree communities [12, 13, 38, 43, 44]. rior. It plays a very important role in erosion control, Compared with the relative abundance of information especially after fire, as a fundamental fodder source for on aboveground standing crops, belowground informa- wildlife and livestock (mostly sheep and goats). It is also tion is limited. Root systems are an important fraction of an important habitat for small game species, such as rab- plant biomass and play a significant role in forest net pri- bits (Oryctolagus cunniculus) and red legged partridge mary production [27]. This component is frequently (Alectoris rufa), which are often the most useful natural more important than aboveground biomass in the miner- resources of these plant communities from the economic al turnover process [15]. Although plant roots have been point of view [6, 7]. studied in their morphological and physiological aspects There is not very much information on above- and for a long time, little is known about characteristics such belowground biomass of Spanish Q. coccifera shrub- as the size of the roots systems, root growth rates under lands but there are more abundant data in other field conditions, interrelations among root systems of Mediterranean countries. Long et al. [23] and Rapp and different plants species, root turnover rates, and so on. Lossaint [34] presented the first data about biomass (shoot and root) and root and shoot ratios in the garrigue Although scientists recognise the important role of of Southern France. Kummerow et al. [22], Rambal [32] these biomass fractions, the studies are scarce. This is at and Rambal and Leuterne [33] evaluated and analyzed least partially due to the fact that roots, but even more the characteristics of the root systems of these French so, entire root ecosystems, are difficult to observe, that communities. Christodoulakis and Psaras [10] studied the has made it difficult to develop a reliable methodology root anatomy characteristic of Greek kermes oak shrub- of study. Comparison, generalisation and modelling of lands; and Arianoutsou [1] and Tsiouvaras [41] have root systems, are very difficult to study due to the scarci- published some data about shoot and browse biomass. ty of data, and lack of precision in the methodology used. Thus there is no global theory which explains the The purpose of the present study is to contribute with dynamic and structural relations of root systems in natur- quantitative data to the generally scarce knowledge of al ecosystems. Q. coccifera root and shoot systems and their ratio. The shrubland Mediterranean American ecosystems are among the most studied [16, 19, 29, 30]. In Spain, 2. MATERIALS AND METHODS studies about root biomass and its productivity were made on grasslands [18], and some forests [14]. However there is not much information on root systems 2.1. The study site in shrubland ecosystems [27, 28]. Kermes oak (Quercus coccifera L.) is undoubtedly Our study was carried out in Valencia (eastern Spain) one of the most important shrub species in the on eight kermes oak shrublands of different ages. The Mediterranean Basin, which covers more than 2 million precise location of our experimental plots, and their main hectares. It grows under typical Mediterranean climates, characteristics are shown in table I. with a considerable summer drought period and on a The climate could be included in the lower meso- great variety of soil types, either on acidic or basic par- Mediterranean belt and dry ombrotype, according to the ent materials [6]. In Spain, it is widely distributed along Rivas Martínez bioclimatic typology [36]. The mean Table I. Main characteristics of Quercus coccifera experimental plots at Valencia (Eastern Spain). Plot Age at ground Longitude Latitude Elevation Height Slope base (years) (m) (m) (%) Acentinela 0.6 0º43' W 39º29' N 360 0.10 15 Moratilla 3.2 0º54' W 39º27' N 805 0.38 5 La Nevera 4.2 0º47' W 39º32' N 450 0.50 30 Requena 4.8 1º00' W 39º25' N 830 0.40 5 La Parra 5.0 0º47' W 39º26' N 600 1.20 30 Venta Moro 7.7 1º20' W 39º28' N 950 0.60 10 Yátova 10.8 0º51' W 39º23' N 605 0.60 10 Hortunas 16.67 1º10' W 39º35' N 600 1.10 25 Buñol > 40 0º45' W 39º24' N 725 1.55 5 Root and shoot systems of kermes oak shrublands 805 annual rainfall is 500 mm, and the average temperature 2.3. Belowground biomass is 11.1 ºC. There is a possible frost period from late fall (November) to early spring (March), with an absolute The roots were harvested on 24 (3 samples × 8 plots) minimum temperature of –12 °C. The soil belongs to the 1-m2 plots subdivided into three soil layers: 0–15 cm, Calcic Cambisol–Calcaric Regsol association [11]. The 15–30 cm and 30–45 cm, although reaching the last layer potential vegetation is an evergreen sclerophyllous for- was not always possible by the frequent presence of est: Bupleuro-Quercetum rotundifoliae with Pistacia large rocks.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Flora of the Mediterranean Basin in the Chilean Espinales: Evidence of Colonisation
    PASTOS 2012. ISSN: 0210-1270 PASTOS, 42 (2), 137 - 160 137 FLORA OF THE MEDITERRANEAN BASIN IN THE CHILEAN ESPINALES: EVIDENCE OF COLONISATION I. MARTÍN-FORÉS1, M. A. CASADO1*, I. CASTRO2, C. OVALLE3, A. DEL POZO4, B. ACOSTA-GALLO1, L. SÁNCHEZ-JARDÓN1 AND J. M. DE MIGUEL1 1Departamento de Ecología. Facultad de Biología. Universidad Complutense de Madrid. Madrid (España). 2Departamento de Ecología. Facultad de Ciencias. Universidad Autónoma de Madrid. Madrid (España). 3Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias INIA-La Cruz. La Cruz (Chile). 4Facultad de Ciencias Agrarias. Universidad de Talca. Talca (Chile). *Author for correspondence: M.A. Casado ([email protected]). SUMMARY In Chile’s Mediterranean region, over 18% of plant species are alien. This is particularly noteworthy in some agrosilvopastoral systems such as the espinales, which are functionally very similar to the Spanish dehesas and are of great ecological and socioeconomic interest. In the present paper we analyse Chile’s non-native flora, considering three scales of analysis: national, regional (the central region, presenting a Mediterranean climate) and at community level (the espinales within the central region). We compare this flora with that recorded in areas of the Iberian Peninsula with similar lithological and geomorphological characteristics, and land use. We discuss possible mechanisms that might have been operating in the floristic colonisation from the Mediterranean Basin to Chile’s Mediterranean region. Key words: Alien plants, biogeography, Chile, life cycle, Spain. INTRODUCTION Historically, the transit of goods, domestic animals and people has favoured the flow of wild organisms around the planet (Lodge et al., 2006), a fact that is often associated with the introduction of cultural systems, which have contributed to generating new environmental and socioeconomic scenarios (Le Houérou, 1981; Hobbs, 1998; Grenon and Batisse, 1989).
    [Show full text]
  • Spotlight: Chinese Pistache (Pistacia Chinensis)
    Fall 2019 Finally Fall! Planting and Pruning Time! If you are done with the heat of summer, fall is just around the corner. Cooler temperatures offer a great opportunity to gardeners. Fall is the best season to plant trees around your landscape, and it is the best season for vegetable gardens in El Paso. Why? Our fall temperatures are warm with little chance of frost, and we still have many sunshine hours to help vegetables grow. Fall is also the best time to start cleaning up the yard. Once trees lose their leaves, it is the best time to prune. Let us look at some fall tips for the yard to get ready for winter and to save water. Spotlight: Chinese Pistache (Pistacia chinensis) A great double duty tree for El Paso is the Chinese Pistache, this deciduous tree not only provides most needed shade in the summer, but it pops with striking fall color ranging from red to orange in the fall. Description Deciduous tree with rounded crown 40' x 35' Photo courtesy: elpasodesertblooms.org. Leaves have 10-16 leaflets Striking fall coloring arrives in shades of reds and orange Dense shade tree Red fruit on female trees Native to China and the Philippines Don't miss the latest conservation tips from EPWater and events taking place at the TecH 2 O Learning Center ! Click the button below to subscribe to Conservation Currents. Subscribe Share this email: Manage your preferences | Opt out using TrueRemove® Got this as a forward? Sign up to receive our future emails. View this email online .
    [Show full text]
  • Analysis of Atmospheric Pollen Grains in Dursunbey (Balikesir), Turkey
    http://dergipark.gov.tr/trkjnat Trakya University Journal of Natural Sciences, 19(2): 137-146, 2018 ISSN 2147-0294, e-ISSN 2528-9691 Research Article DOI: 10.23902/trkjnat.402912 ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC POLLEN GRAINS IN DURSUNBEY (BALIKESİR), TURKEY Hanife AKYALÇIN1, Aycan TOSUNOĞLU2*, Adem BIÇAKÇI2 1 18 Mart University, Faculty of Science & Arts, Department of Biology, Çanakkale, TURKEY 2 Uludağ University, Faculty of Science & Arts, Department of Biology, Bursa, TURKEY ORCID ID: orcid.org/0000-0003-2303-672X *Corresponding author: e-mail: [email protected] Cite this article as: Akyalçın H., Tosunoğlu A. & Bıçakçı A. 2018. Analysis of Atmospheric Pollen Grains in Dursunbey (Balıkesir), Turkey. Trakya Univ J Nat Sci, 19(2): 137-146, DOI: 10.23902/trkjnat.402912 Received: 07 March 2018, Accepted: 03 September 2018, Online First: 11 September 2018, Published: 15 October 2018 Abstract: In this study, airborne pollen grains in the atmosphere of Dursunbey (Balıkesir, Turkey) were collected using a gravimetric method. The pollen grains were investigated by light microscopy and a total of 6265 pollen grains per cm2 were counted. 42 different pollen types were identified of which 24 belonged to the arboreal plants (86.17% of the annual pollen index) and 18 to non-arboreal plants (13.16% of the annual pollen index). A small portion of the pollens (42 grains, 0.67%) were not identified. The most frequent pollen types, which constituted more than 1% of annual pollen count were regarded as the predominating pollen types for the region. The predominating group was determined to be consisted of pollens of Pinus L.
    [Show full text]
  • What Is a Tree in the Mediterranean Basin Hotspot? a Critical Analysis
    Médail et al. Forest Ecosystems (2019) 6:17 https://doi.org/10.1186/s40663-019-0170-6 RESEARCH Open Access What is a tree in the Mediterranean Basin hotspot? A critical analysis Frédéric Médail1* , Anne-Christine Monnet1, Daniel Pavon1, Toni Nikolic2, Panayotis Dimopoulos3, Gianluigi Bacchetta4, Juan Arroyo5, Zoltán Barina6, Marwan Cheikh Albassatneh7, Gianniantonio Domina8, Bruno Fady9, Vlado Matevski10, Stephen Mifsud11 and Agathe Leriche1 Abstract Background: Tree species represent 20% of the vascular plant species worldwide and they play a crucial role in the global functioning of the biosphere. The Mediterranean Basin is one of the 36 world biodiversity hotspots, and it is estimated that forests covered 82% of the landscape before the first human impacts, thousands of years ago. However, the spatial distribution of the Mediterranean biodiversity is still imperfectly known, and a focus on tree species constitutes a key issue for understanding forest functioning and develop conservation strategies. Methods: We provide the first comprehensive checklist of all native tree taxa (species and subspecies) present in the Mediterranean-European region (from Portugal to Cyprus). We identified some cases of woody species difficult to categorize as trees that we further called “cryptic trees”. We collected the occurrences of tree taxa by “administrative regions”, i.e. country or large island, and by biogeographical provinces. We studied the species-area relationship, and evaluated the conservation issues for threatened taxa following IUCN criteria. Results: We identified 245 tree taxa that included 210 species and 35 subspecies, belonging to 33 families and 64 genera. It included 46 endemic tree taxa (30 species and 16 subspecies), mainly distributed within a single biogeographical unit.
    [Show full text]
  • Effects of Dry-Season N Input on the Productivity and N Storage of Mediterranean-Type Shrublands
    Ecosystems (2009) 12: 473–488 DOI: 10.1007/s10021-009-9236-6 � 2009 Springer Science+Business Media, LLC Effects of Dry-Season N Input on the Productivity and N Storage of Mediterranean-Type Shrublands George L. Vourlitis,1* Sarah C. Pasquini,1,2 and Robert Mustard1 1Department of Biological Sciences, California State University, San Marcos, California 92096, USA; 2Department of Botany and Plant Sciences, University of California, Riverside, California 92521, USA ABSTRACT Anthropogenic nitrogen (N) deposition is a globally leaching in chaparral but not CSS. Nitrogen addi­ important source of N that is expected to increase tion also lead to an increase in litter and tissue N with population growth. In southern California, N concentration and a decline in the C:N ratio, but input from dry deposition accumulates on vegeta­ failed to alter the ecosystem productivity and N tion and soil surfaces of chaparral and coastal sage storage of the chaparral and CSS shrublands over scrub (CSS) ecosystems during the summer and fall the 4-year study period. The reasons for the lack of and becomes available as a pulse following winter a treatment response are unknown; however, it is rainfall. Presumably, N input will act to stimulate possible that these semi-arid shrublands are not N the productivity and N storage of these Mediterra­ limited, cannot respond rapidly enough to capture nean-type, semi-arid shrublands because these the ephemeral N pulse, are limited by other nutri­ ecosystems are thought to be N limited. To assess ents, or the N response is dependent on the amount whether dry-season N inputs alter ecosystem pro­ and/or distribution of rainfall.
    [Show full text]
  • Review Article Five Pistacia Species (P. Vera, P. Atlantica, P. Terebinthus, P
    Hindawi Publishing Corporation The Scientific World Journal Volume 2013, Article ID 219815, 33 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/219815 Review Article Five Pistacia species (P. vera, P. atlantica, P. terebinthus, P. khinjuk,andP. lentiscus): A Review of Their Traditional Uses, Phytochemistry, and Pharmacology Mahbubeh Bozorgi,1 Zahra Memariani,1 Masumeh Mobli,1 Mohammad Hossein Salehi Surmaghi,1,2 Mohammad Reza Shams-Ardekani,1,2 and Roja Rahimi1 1 Department of Traditional Pharmacy, Faculty of Traditional Medicine, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417653761, Iran 2 Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran 1417614411, Iran Correspondence should be addressed to Roja Rahimi; [email protected] Received 1 August 2013; Accepted 21 August 2013 Academic Editors: U. Feller and T. Hatano Copyright © 2013 Mahbubeh Bozorgi et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Pistacia, a genus of flowering plants from the family Anacardiaceae, contains about twenty species, among them five are more popular including P. vera, P. atlantica, P. terebinthus, P. khinjuk, and P. l e nti s c u s . Different parts of these species have been used in traditional medicine for various purposes like tonic, aphrodisiac, antiseptic, antihypertensive and management of dental, gastrointestinal, liver, urinary tract, and respiratory tract disorders. Scientific findings also revealed the wide pharmacological activities from various parts of these species, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiviral, anticholinesterase, anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, antidiabetic, antitumor, antihyperlipidemic, antiatherosclerotic, and hepatoprotective activities and also their beneficial effects in gastrointestinal disorders.
    [Show full text]
  • Notes Oak News
    THE NEWSLETTER OF THE INTERNATIONAL OAK SOCIETY&, VOLUME 16, NO. 1, WINTER 2012 Greek OakOak Open Days: News September 26 - October Notes 2, 2011 From the 21st century CE to the 2nd century—BCE! The next morning early we met our large tour bus and its charming and skillful driver, Grigoris, who hails from the mountain village of Gardiki not far from here. We did a bit of leisurely botanizing before we reached Perdika, our first destination of the day. There are two reasons to visit Perdika: one is the Karavostasi beach, a curving strand with golden sand, and the archaeological site of Dymokastron, a Hellenis- tic mountain-top town reached by a steep hike. The view of the beach far below was beautiful, as it must have been when the town was still inhabited. The town was destroyed in 167 BCE by a Roman army, along with most of the other towns in the vicinity, all allied with Rome’s enemy, Macedonia. The site is under active excavation, and we were able to admire the remnants of protective walls (how in the world did they get those big stones up there?), building foundations, and cisterns, which were certainly needed in case of a prolonged siege, Some members of the IOS Greek tour relaxing under the plane tree in the which Dymocastron must have experienced more than once. village square. Vitsa, Epirus, Greece. (Photo: Gert Dessoy) The site also has many living trees, including wild pears (Py- rus spinosa Vill., also known as P. amygdaliformis Vill.) and uring this early autumn week of incomparable weather, figs (Ficus carica L.) which appear to be descendants of wild Dtwelve members of the IOS, and three others who were native trees selected by the original inhabitants, as well as guests, enjoyed a truly memorable time in northern Greece.
    [Show full text]
  • Weed Risk Assessment for Pistacia Chinensis Bunge (Anacardiaceae)
    Weed Risk Assessment for Pistacia United States chinensis Bunge (Anacardiaceae) – Department of Agriculture Chinese pistache Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service November 27, 2012 Version 1 Pistacia chinensis (source: D. Boufford, efloras.com) Agency Contact: Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory Center for Plant Health Science and Technology Plant Protection and Quarantine Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service United States Department of Agriculture 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 300 Raleigh, NC 27606 Weed Risk Assessment for Pistacia chinensis Introduction Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) regulates noxious weeds under the authority of the Plant Protection Act (7 U.S.C. § 7701-7786, 2000) and the Federal Seed Act (7 U.S.C. § 1581-1610, 1939). A noxious weed is defined as “any plant or plant product that can directly or indirectly injure or cause damage to crops (including nursery stock or plant products), livestock, poultry, or other interests of agriculture, irrigation, navigation, the natural resources of the United States, the public health, or the environment” (7 U.S.C. § 7701-7786, 2000). We use weed risk assessment (WRA)—specifically, the PPQ WRA model (Koop et al., 2012)—to evaluate the risk potential of plants, including those newly detected in the United States, those proposed for import, and those emerging as weeds elsewhere in the world. Because the PPQ WRA model is geographically and climatically neutral, it can be used to evaluate the baseline invasive/weed potential of any plant species for the entire United States or for any area within it. As part of this analysis, we use a stochastic simulation to evaluate how much the uncertainty associated with the analysis affects the model outcomes.
    [Show full text]
  • Threats from Human Land Use and Climate Change to the Kodkod Leopardus Guigna
    Assessing the distribution of a Vulnerable felid species: threats from human land use and climate change to the kodkod Leopardus guigna G RIET A.E. CUYCKENS,MIRIAM M. MORALES and M ARCELO F. TOGNELLI Abstract Climate change and habitat fragmentation are Introduction considered key pressures on biodiversity, and mammalian carnivores with a limited geographical distribution are limate change and destruction of natural habitats particularly vulnerable. The kodkod Leopardus guigna,a Cthrough human activities are major threats to terres- small felid endemic to the temperate forests of southern trial biodiversity. These pressures have led to substantial ’ Chile and Argentina, has the smallest geographical range range contractions and species extinctions (Parmesan & 2003 2003 2004 of any New World felid. Although the species occurs in Yohe, ; Root et al., ; Opdam & Wascher, ), 2008 protected areas in both countries, it is not known how well including for mammals (Schipper et al., ), and species 1991 these areas protect the kodkod either currently or under at high altitudes are particularly vulnerable (Innes, ; 1997 2003 climate change scenarios. We used species distribution Diaz & Bradley, ; Burns et al., ; Thomas et al., 2004 models and spatial analyses to assess the distribution of the ). Knowledge of the geographical distribution of species 2000 kodkod, examining the effects of changes in human land use is essential to assess these threats (Regan et al., ; Conrad 2006 and future climate change. We also assessed the species’ et al., ) but data on the distribution of rare species is 2006 2009 present representation in protected areas and in light of limited (Hernandez et al., ; Thorn et al., ).
    [Show full text]
  • The Scale Insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of Oak Trees (Fagaceae: Quercus Spp.) in Israel
    ISRAEL JOURNAL OF ENTOMOLOGY, Vol. 43, 2013, pp. 95-124 The scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of oak trees (Fagaceae: Quercus spp.) in Israel MALKIE SPODEK1,2, YAIR BEN-DOV1 AND ZVI MENDEL1 1Department of Entomology, Volcani Center, Agricultural Research Organization, POB 6, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel 2Department of Entomology, Robert H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, POB 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel Email: [email protected] ABSTRACT Scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) of four species of oaks (Fagaceae: Quercus) in Israel namely, Q. boissieri, Q. calliprinos, Q. ithaburensis, and Q. look were collected and identified from natural forest stands during the period 2010-2013. A total of twenty-seven species were determined from nine scale insect families: Asterolecaniidae (3 species), Coccidae (3), Di- aspididae (7), Eriococcidae (3), Kermesidae (6), Kuwaniidae (1), Mono- phlebidae (1), Pseudococcidae (2), and Putoidae (1). Six of these species represent new records for Israel and five are identified to the genus level. Kuwaniidae is a new family record for Israel. Species that were previously collected or recorded on oaks in Israel are listed and discussed. Information is given about host trees and global distribution. The majority of the spe- cies reported here are monophagous or stenophagous and they appear to be non-pestiferous to the oak trees in Israel. General traits that describe each scale insect family in the field are provided, together with an identification key to aid in the determination of slide-mounted specimens into families represented in this study. KEY WORDS: Scale insect, Coccoidea, oak trees, Quercus, forest, survey, monophagous, univoltine, Mediterranean, Israel INTRODUCTION The genus Quercus (Fagaceae) has a rich and diverse arthropod fauna associated with it (Southwood, 1961; Southwood et al., 2005).
    [Show full text]
  • Raw and Roasted Pistachio Nuts (Pistacia Vera L.) Are ‘Good’ Sources of Protein Based on Their Digestible Indispensable Amino Acid Score As Determined in Pigs
    Research Article Received: 12 September 2019 Revised: 13 April 2020 Accepted article published: 23 April 2020 Published online in Wiley Online Library: 19 May 2020 (wileyonlinelibrary.com) DOI 10.1002/jsfa.10429 Raw and roasted pistachio nuts (Pistacia vera L.) are ‘good’ sources of protein based on their digestible indispensable amino acid score as determined in pigs Hannah M Bailey and Hans H Stein* Abstract BACKGROUND: Pistachio nuts may be consumed as raw nuts or as roasted nuts. However, there is limited information about the protein quality of the nuts, and amino acid (AA) digestibility and protein quality have not been reported. Therefore, the objec- tive of this research was to test the hypothesis that raw and roasted pistachio nuts have a digestible indispensable AA score (DIAAS) and a protein digestibility corrected AA score (PDCAAS) greater than 75, thereby qualifying them as a good source of protein. RESULTS: The standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of all indispensable AAs, except arginine and phenylalanine, was less in roasted pistachio nuts than in raw pistachio nuts (P < 0.05). Raw pistachio nuts had a PDCAAS of 73, and roasted pistachio nuts had a PDCAAS of 81, calculated for children 2–5 years, and the limiting AA in the PDCAAS calculation was threonine. The DIAAS values calculated for children older than 3 years, adolescents, and adults was 86 and 83 for raw and roasted pistachio nuts respectively. The limiting AA in both raw and roasted pistachio nuts that determined the DIAAS for this age group was lysine. CONCLUSION: The results of this research illustrate that raw and roasted pistachio nuts can be considered a good quality pro- tein source with DIAAS greater than 75; however, processing conditions associated with roasting may decrease the digestibility of AAs in pistachio nuts.
    [Show full text]
  • Xylella Fastidiosacauses Leaf Scorch of Pistachio
    Phytopathologia Mediterranea Firenze University Press The international journal of the www.fupress.com/pm Mediterranean Phytopathological Union New or Unusual Disease Reports Xylella fastidiosa causes leaf scorch of pistachio (Pistacia vera) in Iran Citation: Amanifar N., Babaei, G. Mohammadi A.H. (2019) Xylella fas- tidiosa causes leaf scorch of pistachio (Pistacia vera) in Iran. Phytopatholo- Naser AMANIFAR1,*, Ghobad BABAEI1, Amir Hossein MOHAMMADI2 gia Mediterranea 58(2): 369-378. doi: 1 10.14601/Phytopathol_Mediter-10623 Department of Plant Protection Research, Charmahal va Bakhtiary Agricultural and Natural Resources Research and Education Center, Agricultural Research, Education and Accepted: February 12, 2019 Extension Organization (AREEO), Shahrekord, Iran 2 Department of Plant Pathology, Pistachio Research Center, Horticultural Science Published: September 14, 2019 Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization Copyright: © 2019 Amanifar N., (AREEO), Rafsanjan, Iran Babaei, G. Mohammadi A.H.. This is *Corresponding author: [email protected] an open access, peer-reviewed article published by Firenze University Press (http://www.fupress.com/pm) and dis- Summary. Since the early 2010s, pistachio (Pistacia vera L.) leaf scorch symptoms have tributed under the terms of the Crea- been observed in orchards in several provinces in Iran. Seventeen of 83 symptomatic tive Commons Attribution License, leaf samples from pistachio plants from 21 orchards were positive for the presence of which permits unrestricted use, distri- Xylella fastidiosa, as detected by DAS-ELISA with X. fastidiosa-specific antibodies and bution, and reproduction in any medi- by PCR assays with X. fastidiosa-specific primers. A Gram-negative bacterium simi- um, provided the original author and lar to X. fastidiosa was isolated into solid media.
    [Show full text]