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Pink Slips for Politicians: Assessing Recall in Canada

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Pink Slips for Politicians: Assessing Recall in Canada UNIVERSITY OF CALGARY Pink Slips for Politicians: Assessing Recall in Canada by Meredith McDonald A THESIS SUBMITTED TO THE FACULTY OF GRADUATE STUDIES IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE CALGARY, ALBERTA JUNE, 2012 © Meredith McDonald 2012 Library and Archives Bibliothèque et Canada Archives Canada Published Heritage Direction du Branch Patrimoine de l'édition 395 Wellington Street 395, rue Wellington Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Ottawa ON K1A 0N4 Canada Canada Your file Votre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-91180-8 Our file Notre référence ISBN: 978-0-494-91180-8 NOTICE: AVIS: The author has granted a non- L'auteur a accordé une licence non exclusive exclusive license allowing Library and permettant à la Bibliothèque et Archives Archives Canada to reproduce, Canada de reproduire, publier, archiver, publish, archive, preserve, conserve, sauvegarder, conserver, transmettre au public communicate to the public by par télécommunication ou par l'Internet, prêter, telecommunication or on the Internet, distribuer et vendre des thèses partout dans le loan, distrbute and sell theses monde, à des fins commerciales ou autres, sur worldwide, for commercial or non- support microforme, papier, électronique et/ou commercial purposes, in microform, autres formats. paper, electronic and/or any other formats. The author retains copyright L'auteur conserve la propriété du droit d'auteur ownership and moral rights in this et des droits moraux qui protege cette thèse. Ni thesis. Neither the thesis nor la thèse ni des extraits substantiels de celle-ci substantial extracts from it may be ne doivent être imprimés ou autrement printed or otherwise reproduced reproduits sans son autorisation. without the author's permission. In compliance with the Canadian Conformément à la loi canadienne sur la Privacy Act some supporting forms protection de la vie privée, quelques may have been removed from this formulaires secondaires ont été enlevés de thesis. cette thèse. While these forms may be included Bien que ces formulaires aient inclus dans in the document page count, their la pagination, il n'y aura aucun contenu removal does not represent any loss manquant. of content from the thesis. ABSTRACT Recall, the third, lesser-known member of the direct democracy triumvirate after the initiative and referendum, is a device that allows constituents to remove and replace an elected official before the next general election. Used almost exclusively in the United States, recall has nonetheless left a faint footprint on Canada’s political landscape. From its introduction in Depression-era Alberta, to its sainted position among the tenets of the Reform Party’s democratic reform agenda, to the spate of recent efforts to recall MLAs in British Columbia who supported the unpopular HST, there is a pool of Canadian experience, albeit shallow, through which to wade and on which to reflect. What are the implications of transferring a device developed in the American system that permits representatives significant latitude to act independently to the Canadian parliamentary system that allows for far less autonomy? ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my supervisor, Dr. Tom Flanagan, for his abiding patience (surely bordering on a world record at this point) and mentorship. The extraordinary journey that culminated in this thesis began over a decade ago when he tapped me on the shoulder in the department’s computer lab. I am also exceptionally grateful to my aunt, Nancy McDonald, and dear friend, Gemma Collins, for their invaluable feedback and encouragement throughout the writing process. This thesis surely would not have been possible without my mother (Sandra), father (Bruce), sister (Alison), and grandmother (Ethel). Thank you for your love and support, and for believing in me even when I did not. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract............................................................................................................................... ii Acknowledgements............................................................................................................iii Table of Contents...............................................................................................................iv PINK SLIPS FOR POLITICIANS: INTRODUCING RECALL...................................... 1 The Nuts and Bolts.......................................................................................................... 2 California Dreamin’ in Canada? ..................................................................................... 3 CHAPTER 1 – TOSS THE BUMS OUT! A SURVEY OF THE LITERATURE ON RECALL............................................................................................................................. 4 Overview......................................................................................................................... 4 From Athens to Los Angeles and Beyond ...................................................................... 7 The Case for Recall....................................................................................................... 12 Continuous Accountability ....................................................................................... 12 A Superior Alternative to Impeachment................................................................... 13 A Better Class of Politician....................................................................................... 14 Enhanced Political Participation............................................................................... 14 Franchise? What Franchise? .................................................................................... 15 Miscellaneous ........................................................................................................... 15 The Case Against Recall............................................................................................... 15 An Inferior Class of Politician .................................................................................. 16 Misuse for Partisan Purposes and by Special Interests............................................. 16 Inadequate or Misguided Reason for Recall............................................................. 17 Miscellaneous ........................................................................................................... 18 Recall in Primetime....................................................................................................... 18 The Peculiar Canadian Case ......................................................................................... 22 The Verdict ................................................................................................................... 27 CHAPTER 2 – RECALL COMES TO THE DOMINION: THE OTHER SOCIAL CREDIT EXPERIMENT.................................................................................................. 29 Laying the Groundwork................................................................................................ 29 The Rise of Social Credit.............................................................................................. 34 The Dawn of the New Order......................................................................................... 39 Low Times in High River ............................................................................................. 46 Aftermath ...................................................................................................................... 53 Correcting the Record................................................................................................... 55 Reflection......................................................................................................................56 CHAPTER 3 – POPULISM RIDES AGAIN: THE RESURRECTION OF RECALL BY THE REFORM PARTY ................................................................................................... 60 Disquiet on the Western Front ...................................................................................... 60 A Caucus of One........................................................................................................... 63 The Barbarians Breach the Gate ................................................................................... 70 Enter Jag Bhaduria........................................................................................................ 73 iv Think Bigger ................................................................................................................. 77 It All Falls Apart ........................................................................................................... 81 Requiem for Recall ....................................................................................................... 83 CHAPTER 4 – RECALL IN REAL LIFE: THE BRITISH COLUMBIA EXPERIENCE ........................................................................................................................................... 86 Direct Democracy behind the Rockies ......................................................................... 86 No” to Social Credit, but “Yes” to Recall..................................................................... 90 Ready, Set … ................................................................................................................ 96 … Go! ...........................................................................................................................97
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