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Revisiting the British Idealist Theory of Rights: the Younger Generation of British Idealists and Their Internationalist Approach to Human Rights

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Revisiting the British Idealist Theory of Rights: the Younger Generation of British Idealists and Their Internationalist Approach to Human Rights NAZLI PINAR NAZLI KAYMAZ THEIR INTERNATIONALIST RIGHTS APPROACH HUMAN TO THEIR INTERNATIONALIST THE YOUNGER GENERATION OF AND BRITISH GENERATION YOUNGER IDEALISTS THE REVISITING THE BRITISH IDEALIST THEORY OF RIGHTS: THEORY OF THE BRITISH IDEALIST REVISITING REVISITING THE BRITISH IDEALIST THEORY OF RIGHTS: THE YOUNGER GENERATION OF BRITISH IDEALISTS AND THEIR INTERNATIONALIST APPROACH TO HUMAN RIGHTS A Ph.D. Dissertation by NAZLI PINAR KAYMAZ Department of Political Science and Public Administration İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University Ankara September 2018 Bilkent University 2018 University Bilkent To all those who came before me REVISITING THE BRITISH IDEALIST THEORY OF RIGHTS: THE YOUNGER GENERATION OF BRITISH IDEALISTS AND THEIR INTERNATIONALIST APPROACH TO HUMAN RIGHTS The Graduate School of Economics and Social Sciences of İhsan Doğramacı Bilkent University by NAZLI PINAR KAYMAZ In Partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY THE DEPARTMENT OF POLITICAL SCIENCE AND PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION İHSAN DOĞRAMACI BİLKENT UNIVERSITY ANKARA September 2018 ABSTRACT REVISITING THE BRITISH IDEALIST THEORY OF RIGHTS: THE YOUNGER GENERATION OF BRITISH IDEALISTS AND THEIR INTERNATIONALIST APPROACH TO HUMAN RIGHTS Kaymaz, Nazlı Pınar Ph. D. Department of Political Science and Public Administration Supervisor: Assist. Prof. Dr. John James Alexander September 2018 This dissertation aims to put forward a historical account of the younger generation of British Idealists’ approach to international relations and human rights. By focusing on pre-Great War and post-Great War periods it reveals the shift that occurred in their approbation of T. H. Green’s theory of rights. It argues that the Great War served as a deterrent for the younger generation of British Idealists, as it did for other liberal British intellectuals, from perceiving the empire as a plausible and/or sustainable international order. Realizing the incompatibility of the paternalistic approach to supposedly ‘savage’ peoples with the basic tenets of British Idealist political philosophy, they redirected their attention to extending Green’s understanding of rights to international sphere. Thus, a close reading of their work, especially on the post-Great War period reveals an early attempt of translating Green’s theory of rights into a human rights theory. When contemporary attempts to develop a British Idealist theory of human rights is considered, this study not only contributes to a better and ‘more nuanced’ understanding of British Idealists’ approach to international relations iii but also draws attention to a pristine British Idealist theory of human rights developed in the post-Great War era. Keywords: British Idealism, First World War, Imperialism, League of Nations, Human Rights iv ÖZET İNGİLİZ İDEALİST HAK TEORİSİNİN YENİ BİR DEĞERLENDİRMESİ: GENÇ NESIL İNGILIZ İDEALISTLER VE İNSAN HAKLARINA ULUSLARARASICI YAKLAŞIMLARI Kaymaz, Nazlı Pınar Doktora, Siyaset Bilimi Bölümü ve Kamu Yönetimi Tez Yöneticisi: Dr. Öğr. Üyesi John James Alexander Eylül 2018 Bu tez, genç İngiliz İdealistlerin uluslararası ilişkiler ve insan haklarına yaklaşımının tarihsel bir değerlendirmesini sunmaktadır. Birinci Dünya Savaşı öncesi ve sonrası dönemlerin ele alındığı çalışmada, Sir Henry Jones, John Henry Muirhead, Richard Burdon Haldane, John Stuart Mackenzie, ve Hector James Wright Hetherington gibi genç idealistlerin T. H. Green’in hak teorisine yaklaşımlarında meydana gelen kayma ortaya konulmaktadır. Birinci Dünya Savaşı öncesi ve sonrası dönemlerde genç İngiliz idealistlerin ortaya koydukları çalışmaların yakın bir okuması, bu dönemlerde uluslararası ilişkilere yaklaşımlarında emperyalizmden uluslararasıcılığa geçişlerini tarihsel olaylar ışığında açıklamaktadır. Bunun yanın sıra, özellikle 1918 sonrasında Green’in hak teorisini bir insan hakları teorisine dönüştürme denemeleri de bu çalışma için önem arz etmektedir. Benzer denemelerin günümüz insan hakları literatüründeki yeri göz önüne alındığında, bu çalışma sadece İngiliz İdealistlerin uluslararası ilişkiler anlayışının daha detaylı bir değerlendirmesini ortaya koymakla v kalmayıp, günümüzde unutulmuş olan öncül bir uluslararasıcı idealist insan hakları teorisine de dikkat çekmektedir. Anahtar Kelimeler: Birinci Dünya Savaşı, Emperyalizm, İngiliz İdealistler, İnsan Hakları, Uluslararasıcılık, vi ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, I would like to thank my husband and best friend Timur Kaymaz for being there for me on every step of this journey. Even when I questioned my intellectual skills, my patience and dedication he never doubted me and constantly reminded me of the light at the end of the tunnel. I am forever indebted. I would also like to thank my family. I feel especially grateful for being raised by amazing women who thought me by example what hard work and discipline means. For their lifelong care and support I thank Özen Kulakaç, Seyhan Gömbül and Dilara Taner. In academic life, I owe gratitude to my supervisor, Assist. Prof. Dr. James Alexander for introducing me to British Idealism. It has also been honor for me to conduct my research under the supervision of Prof. Dr. David Boucher in 2015-16 academic year. Not only his enormous contributions to the literature on British Idealism but also his personal support for my research project has enabled me to pursue my interest in British Idealism. I like to thank Assist. Prof Lars Vinx for being a mentor to me through out my PhD studies. I have benefited from his guidance enormously. I also like to thank Assoc. Prof. Dr. Daniel Just and Assist. Prof Reşide Ömür Birler for being a part of this dissertation with their valuable and insightful comments and recommendations. Last but not least I would like to thank our Department secretary Gül Ekren, for her help and friendship throughout my PhD studies. vii I owe a great debt to my friends with whom we shared the long and anxious years pursuing our PhDs. I would like to thank Selin, Esra, Duygu, Betül, Gül, Özgün, Tia, Petra, Koray, Çağkan, Korhan, Uygar, and Abdürrahim fort the past 6 years full of laughter and friendship. Lastly, I would like to express my gratitude to The Scientific and Technological Research Council of Turkey (TÜBİTAK) for supporting my research through the Programmes for National Scholarship and International Research Fellowship. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................... iii ÖZET .................................................................................................................. v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................. ix CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ..................................................................... 1 1.1 Secondary Literature on T. H. Green ................................................................... 3 1.2 Bosanquet, Bradley, Ritchie and Idealist Theory of Rights............................... 12 1.3 The Third Generation: Mackenzie, Muirhead, Jones, Hetherington and Haldane .................................................................................................................................. 16 1.4 The Younger Generation and the Historiography of Internationalism and Human Rights .......................................................................................................... 23 1.5 The Scope and Aim of the Dissertation ............................................................. 28 CHAPTER II: LOCATING THE YOUNGER GENERATION OF BRITISH IDEALISTS: INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS, IMPERIALISM, AND THE SECOND BOER WAR .................................. 32 2.1 The Boer War ..................................................................................................... 33 2.2 T. H. Green ........................................................................................................ 42 2.3 Bernard Bosanquet ............................................................................................. 54 ix 2.4 F. H. Bradley ...................................................................................................... 59 2.5 D. G. Ritchie ...................................................................................................... 65 2.6 The Younger Generation: Muirhead, Mackenzie, and Jones ............................. 75 2.7 Conclusion ......................................................................................................... 83 CHAPTER III: FROM EMPIRE TO COMMONWEALTH: BRITISH IDEALISTS’ TRIAL WITH THE FIRST WORLD WAR ......................... 89 3.1 British Intellectual Arena and perception of the Empire during the Great War 90 3.2 Mackenzie, Jones, Muirhead and Haldane from 1900 to 1914.......................... 96 3.3 Initial Response to the Great War .................................................................... 110 3.4 British Idealism on German State and Philosophy .......................................... 117 3.5 British Idealism and the Real Politik of the Great War ................................... 129 3.6 Time for Reflection .......................................................................................... 136 3.7 A Small Dose of Self-Criticism ....................................................................... 141 3.8 After the Empire .............................................................................................
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