“Vestire L'architettura: Tessuti E Vestiario Nell'apparato Decorativo

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“Vestire L'architettura: Tessuti E Vestiario Nell'apparato Decorativo Corso di Laurea magistrale (ordinamento ex D.M. 270/2004) in Storia delle Arti e Conservazione dei Beni Artistici Tesi di Laurea “Vestire l’Architettura: tessuti e vestiario nell’apparato decorativo delle chiese Cipriote fra X e XV secolo” Relatore Prof. Luca Zavagno Correlatore Prof.ssa Michela Agazzi Laureando Juna Bazzan Matricola 822711 Anno Accademico 2014/2015 1 SOMMARIO: INTRODUZIONE ........................................................................................................................ 3 1 LA SETA A BISANZIO: STORIA E TESTIMONIANZE. ........................................................ 7 1.1 Le Vie della Seta Bizantina. .................................................................................................. 7 1.2 Il Commercio serico e non: dalla Cina a Bisanzio. ............................................................. 14 1.3 Centri di produzione tessile nell’Impero dal X all’XI secolo. ............................................ 21 1.3.1 Tebe:............................................................................................................................. 22 1.3.2 Corinto e Andros : ........................................................................................................ 25 1.3.3 Modone e Patras: .......................................................................................................... 26 1.3.4 Cipro: ........................................................................................................................... 27 2 VESTIRE IL PALAZZO: IL VESTIARIO ALLA CORTE COSTANTINOPOLITANA. ...... 31 2.1 Prolegomeni. ............................................................................................................................ 31 2.2 Regalia Insigna. ....................................................................................................................... 35 2.3 Vestiario di Corte. .................................................................................................................... 40 2.4 Eunuchi e Donne della Corte. .................................................................................................. 48 2.1 Aristocrazia delle Province. ................................................................................................ 51 3 CIPRO: MODA E MULTICULTURALISMO. ........................................................................ 53 3.1 Chiesa di Cristo Antiphonitis, Kalogrea, vicino Kyrenia (Fig. 11). .................................... 55 3.2 Panagia Tou Arakou, Lagoudera (Fig. 20). ......................................................................... 59 3.3 Chiesa di San Nicola del Tetto, Kakopetria (Fig. 28). ........................................................ 62 3.4 Panagia Porbiotissa, Asinou ( Nikitari) (Fig. 39) ................................................................ 66 3.5 Monastero di San Giovanni Lampadistis, Kalopanaiotis (Fig. 52). .................................... 70 CONCLUSIONI................................................................................................................................. 74 IMMAGINI ................................................................................................................................ 77 Bibliografia .............................................................................................................................. 113 2 INTRODUZIONE Ciò che ha portato alla creazione di quest’elaborato è stata la volontà di approfondire la conoscenza del peculiare sincretismo artistico che caratterizza Cipro e, in particolare, la decorazione di molte delle sue chiese. In seguito a diverse visite nell’isola, effettuate fra il 2014 ed il 2015 grazie al Professor Luca Zavagno, ho potuto visitare e documentare numerosi edifici di culto che si trovano tanto nella Repubblica di Cipro quanto nei cosiddetti territori occupati. Gli affreschi, incredibilmente conservati fra le mura d’edifici che vanno dal X al XV secolo, mostrano una mescolanza di stili e motivi decorativi provenienti da differenti zone del mediterraneo, con particolare riferimento alle culture arabe, francesi, normanne e italiane. In questo scritto l’isola di Cipro verrà presentata quale terra di frontiera contraddistinta dall’interazione della popolazione locale con le diverse potenze, facendo luce su come la moda bizantina si esprimesse in regioni marginali e lontane da Costantinopoli. Grazie alla peculiare e strategica posizione geografica dell’isola, l’arte cipriota è la risultante di fusioni artistico-culturali di differenti popoli che qui vissero, commerciarono e combatterono. Situazioni artistiche simili caratterizzano, peraltro, anche altre zone che furono le più limitrofe dell’impero bizantino, come Kastoria e Cappadocia1. Il sincretismo fu un elemento distintivo delle terre di confine e delle stazioni mercantili/carovaniere fin dai tempi più antichi, come ha sostenuto Francesca Ghedini in una conferenza su Palmira tenutasi all’Accademia dei Concordi (RO), nel Novembre 2015. L’archeologa dell’Università di Padova, parlando della “sposa del deserto”, ha sottolineato come questa citta’ , grazie alla sua posizione geografica, unì in sé stessa oriente e occidente, fondendo nell’architettura cittadina tradizioni greco-romane e orientali. Questi luoghi di confine intessevano relazioni con gli stati limitrofi, venendo in contatto con i loro gusti e tradizioni, permettendo alle popolazioni locali di mescolare i gusti artistici provenienti dalla capitale con quelli caratterizzanti le culture straniere. Ciò diede vita ad un caratteristico sincretismo, che si rifletteva in tutti i campi dell’arte, con particolare floridezza dell’artigianato tessile. Numerosi affreschi sopravvissuti in alcune chiese rupestri cipriote sono di notevole valore, sia per il loro lato artistico sia per la loro esistenza stessa, che attesta l’espansione dell’arte costantinopolitana al di fuori della capitale. Dopo secoli in cui Cipro venne amministrata contemporaneamente da Arabi e Bizantini, in una convivenza economica e culturale, con l’ascesa al trono bizantino dell’imperatore Niceforo Focas (963-969 d.C.) l’isola venne riconquistata interamente dalle flotte imperiali nel 965 d.C. 1 J.Ball, Byzantine Dress: Representation of secular dress in eighth to twelfth century painting, 2006. 3 La volontà di mantenere il dominio unico di Cipro è rivelata da un’intensa opera architettonica- militare, che portò alla realizzazione di strutture difensive quali Sant’Ilario, Buffavento e Kantara2. Vennero inviati nuovi governatori, figure con pieni poteri che regnarono quasi come dei secondi sovrani, dividendo l’isola in quattordici distretti. Nel Maggio del 1191 d.C. l’imperatore inglese Riccardo Cuor di Leone conquistò Cipro, lasciandola poi nelle mani dei Cavalieri Templari, i quali la rivendettero, nel 1192 d.C., all’ex imperatore di Gerusalemme Guido di Lusignano, la cui dinastia regnò fino al 1474. Dopo tale data l’isola rimase nelle mani di Caterina Cornaro, vedova veneziana dell’ultimo Re dell’isola. La nobildonna cedette il suo regno alla Serenissima nel 1489, e tale rimase fino al 1571, anno in cui Cipro fu occupata dai Turchi. In questo quadro storico gli affreschi ciprioti appaiono come una delle principali testimonianze pittoriche d’un mutamento vestimentario continuo, dovuto al susseguirsi di poteri imperiali e stranieri, fra X e XV secolo. La moda bizantina, preponderante fra gli influssi che Cipro sperimentò, rimase radicata nella cultura cipriota, venendo arricchita, ma non sostituita, d’elementi stranieri. Si è qui operata volutamente una scelta degli edifici ciprioti da prendere in esame, a mio avviso maggiormente significativi ed interessanti, oltre alla selezione di testimonianze straniere con cui operare un confronto, al fine di identificare in quale maniera la moda bizantina attecchì fra la popolazione, come venne integrata nelle tradizioni locali, come mutò nel tempo e come si modificò in relazione alle mode straniere introdotte nel susseguirsi dei secoli. Lo studio delle fogge tessili diviene in questa sede anche una preziosa risorsa per valutare la quantità, la qualità e l’importanza di scambi, contaminazioni e reinterpretazioni, tra differenti linguaggi serici. L’elaborato di tesi si svilupperà a partire dall’analisi del quadro economico-mercantile bizantino, che univa oriente e occidente in una catena di continui scambi commerciali e culturali. Il Capitolo 1 analizzerà la nascita dell’artigianato serico a Costantinopoli dal V secolo in poi, soffermandosi sulla produzione e commercializzazione di tale tessuto, dentro e fuori i confini bizantini, oltre ad analizzare la nascita e l’espandersi di quest’artigianato in terra greca. Il Capitolo 2, tramite testimonianze letterarie quali il De Cerimoniis Aulae Bizantinae, il Kletorologion e il De Officiis Magnae Ecclesiae et Aulae Costantinopolitane, investigherà l’utilizzo dei tessuti e delle vesti all’interno delle mura di Palazzo, analizzando come l’abbigliamento di corte fosse un elemento indispensabile per la distinzione sociale e per la rappresentanza politica dell’Impero. 2 J. Petre, Crusader Castles of Cyprus: The Fortifications of Cyprus under the Lusignans, 1191-1489. 4 Verranno, altresì, analizzate le radici storiche e culturali dei capi secolari della corte imperiale, oltre alla funzione politica ed economica che questi giocarono nella vita dello Stato stesso. Lo scritto sottolineerà come nell’impero esistesse sia un codice vestimentario predefinito derivante dalle più antiche vestigi
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