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The Macedonian Dynasty to the Komnenian Revolution

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The Macedonian Dynasty to the Komnenian Revolution Blueprints of Power: Roman Statecraft and Politics in Konstantinos VII’s Book of Ceremonies by Tiffany Joy VanWinkoop B.Sc. (Health Sciences), Simon Fraser University, 2019 Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the Department of History Faculty of Arts and Social Sciences © Tiffany Joy VanWinkoop 2021 SIMON FRASER UNIVERSITY Summer 2021 Copyright in this work is held by the author. Please ensure that any reproduction or re-use is done in accordance with the relevant national copyright legislation. Declaration of Committee Name: Tiffany Joy VanWinkoop Degree: Master of Arts (History) Title: Blueprints of Power: Roman Statecraft and Politics in Konstantinos VII’s Book of Ceremonies Committee: Chair: Nicolas Kenny Professor, History Dimitris Krallis Supervisor Professor, History and Humanities Emily O’Brien Committee Member Associate Professor, History Sabrina Higgins Examiner Assistant Professor, Humanities and Archaeology ii Abstract Emperor Konstantinos VII Porphyrogennetos’ tenth-century Book of Ceremonies is a vital source for Byzantine court culture. As such, it has helped reinforce many negative assessments of the “archaic” and “bureaucratic” nature of Byzantium. This thesis considers these recorded outlines of court ceremonies not as ritualistic formularies, but as moments of political dialogue. In doing so, it follows scholarly work on the history and culture of Eastern Roman politics — which no longer treats the Roman polity as an autocracy ruled by a God-given emperor, instead, understanding the Byzantine polity to be ruled by a form of “republican” monarchy accountable to “the people.” The present examination of ceremonies unfolds in two parts. First, the Book of Ceremonies is recontextualized as a product of tenth-century political life. Second, the ceremonial templates of the Book of Ceremonies are read in parallel with eleventh-century accounts of the attempted power grab of Michael V Kalaphates. Keywords: The Book of Ceremonies; Political Dialogue, Statecraft, and Ritual; Ceremonial; Konstantinos VII Porphyrogennetos; Tenth- and Eleventh- Century Byzantium; Constantinople iii Acknowledgements This thesis could not have been completed without the support of both institutions and people. First, I would like to thank the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council of Canada and the Simon Fraser University History department for providing financial support which enabled me to complete this project. Within the SFU History department I would like to thank professors Roxanne Panchasi, Paul Garfinkel, Willeen Keough, Bidisha Ray, and John Craig who taught me how to be a good scholar and a better person. Ruth Anderson, Aali Mirjat, Judi Fraser, and Lauren Gilbert deserve thanks as well: you all helped me when paperwork became overwhelming. I would also be remiss to ignore the members of the SNF Centre of Hellenic Studies at SFU. You each have been so kind in ways I never could have imagined. Finally, thank you to my various language teachers throughout this MA, who had the patience to continue teaching me as I struggled with your native tongues. I would also like to thank Georgios Makris at the University of British Columbia for agreeing to introduce me to the world of art history and archaeology. Our conversations on the material and the daunting prospect of teaching have proven increasingly valuable with time. To Emily O’Brien, I cannot thank you enough. Every one of our discussions, both in person and virtually were a pleasure, and I was so grateful for the opportunity to take a week, in the midst of a harrowing pandemic, to just study stories where humans win. There have not been many of those, but more are coming. Dimitris Krallis, words cannot begin to describe how grateful I have been for your patience and the complete generosity you have shown me. Walking into HS 100, “The Greek World,” I never anticipated the turn my life would take. I never would have thought that ceremonies would be the order I so desperately lacked during my formative years, and the much-needed structure during a pandemic. The coffees, walks, chats, and times-I’ve-eyerolled-at-the-phrase “cultural placenta” have been innumerable. You wanted to tell stories and you have created many story tellers. Thank you for introducing me to your other “children” Aleksandar Jovanović and Jovana Andjelkovic. I could not have done this without either of you. You let me be part of the cool kids for a weekend, and I am eternally grateful for that. iv Finally, I would like to thank those who supported me throughout this project. The SC team: Molly, Tim, Emma, Colin, Jason and the rest, thank you for believing in me and for the numerous “real talks” I had with all of you. Janelle, Sean “Seanathon,” Zahra and Raymond, your support has been invaluable. Orestis, I will return to Athens! No pandemic delays this time, I promise! The writing support team of Joseph, James Charlotte, Chris and Evie, and Karen who helped this project reach the finish line. The Chilliwack and Burnaby families, thank you for your various levels of support, particularly to Mom and Samantha — we made it through. 방탄소년단: 김남준, 김석진, 민윤기, 정호석, 박지민, 김태형 하고 전정국 감사합니다. Katrina, you have been here every step of the way and those late-night phone calls were always appreciated. And finally, Talia. You are my soulmate. I could not ask for a better friend. v Table of Contents Declaration of Committee ................................................................................................ ii Abstract .......................................................................................................................... iii Acknowledgements ........................................................................................................ iv Table of Contents ........................................................................................................... vi List of Figures................................................................................................................ vii List of Abbreviations ...................................................................................................... viii Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1 Chapter 1. Making a Ceremony: The historical underpinning of the Book of Ceremonies .......................................................................................... 25 Chapter 2. Ceremonies in Action: The case-study of Michael V Kalaphates ..... 61 Conclusion .................................................................................................................. 86 Bibliography ................................................................................................................ 89 Appendix A – The Broumalion ................................................................................. 101 Appendix B – April 1042 ........................................................................................... 103 Appendix C – May 1042 ............................................................................................ 104 Appendix D – Byzantine Rulers from the Rise of the Macedonian Dynasty to the Komnenian Revolution .................................................................................... 105 vi List of Figures Figure 1: The Plan of the Great Palace and its Surroundings .................................. 7 Figure 2: The Leipzig Manuscript of the Book of Ceremonies c. 959 ..................... 19 Figure 3: Depictions of Konstantinos VII on solidi .................................................. 54 Figure 4: Leon VI, penitent before Christ ............................................................... 56 Figure 5: Map of Constantinople ........................................................................... 63 vii List of Abbreviations Attaleiates, Michael Attaleiates. The History Hist. BOC Konstantinos VII Porphyrogennetos. The Book of Ceremonies DOP Dumbarton Oaks Papers JÖB Jahrbuch der Österreichischen Byzantinistik ODB The Oxford Dictionary of Byzantium Psellos, Chr. Michael Psellos. “Chronographia.” In Michel Psellos: Chronographie (Renauld) ou Histoire d’un siècle de Byzance. Edited and translated by Émile Renauld. Psellos, Chr. Michael Psellos. Fourteen Byzantine rulers: the “Chronographia” of (Sewter) Michael Psellus. Text and Translation by E. R. A. Sewter. Skylitzes Ioannes Skylitzes. Synopsis Historion in Ioannis Scylitzae Synopsis (Thurn) Historiarum. Edited by Johannes Thurn. Skylitzes Ioannes Skylitzes. A Synopsis of Byzantine History, 811-1057. Text (Wortley) and Translation by John Wortley. VB Konstantinos VII Porphyrogennetos. “Vita Basilii” in Konstantinos VII Porphyrogennetos Chronographiae quae Theophanis continuati nominee fertur liber quo Vita Basilii Imperatoris amplecitur. viii Introduction After six consecutive days of Black Lives Matter (BLM) protests across the United States following the brutal murder of George Floyd, on Monday June 1st, 2020, then-President Donald J. Trump processed across Layfette Square to St. John’s Episcopal Church. With aids and family members trailing noticeably behind him, he promenaded across the square as secret service staff flanked the entire entourage. As he arrived at the church, his daughter, Ivanka, pulled a Bible from her handbag and handed it to him, even as photographers prepared their equipment. The president proceeded to stand erect in front of the parish
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