STATE WATER RESOURCES AGENCY (SWaRA) Government of Uttar Pradesh
DEVELOPMENT OF RIVER BASIN ASSESSMENT AND PLANS FOR ALL MAJOR RIVER BASINS IN UTTAR PRADESH
GANDAK BASIN PLAN VOLUME - II
February 2020
Prepared & Submitted By : TAHAL Consulting Engineers Ltd. in Joint Venture with
INRM Consultants Pvt. Ltd. Government of Uttar Pradesh
SWaRA State Water Resources Agency
Development of River Basin Assessment and Plans for all Major River Basins in Uttar Pradesh
Gandak Basin Plan (Volume-II)
February 2020
Development of BAPS for UP Major River Basins Gandak Basin Plan
Development of River Basin Assessment and Plans for all Major River Basins in Uttar Pradesh
Gandak Basin Plan (Volume-II)
List of Appendices Page Appendix 1 : Districts and Blocks Falling within Gandak Basin ...... 1 Appendix 2 : Population Distribution in Gandak Basin by Administrative Units (Census 2011) 2 Appendix 3 : SC, ST and BPL Population Distribution in Gandak Basin by Administrative Units (Census 2011) ...... 3 Appendix 4 : Land Holdings in Gandak Basin by Administrative Units ...... 4 Appendix 5 : Towns in Gandak Basin ...... 5 Appendix 6 : Workers Population in Gandak Basin by Administrative Units (Census 2011) ...... 6 Appendix 7 : Land Use Pattern (Area in ha) in Gandak Basin by Administrative Units (2014-15) ...... 7 Appendix 8 : Livestock Population distribution in Gandak Basin by Administrative Units (Livestock Census 2012) ...... 8 Appendix 9 : Industrial Areas in Gandak Basin ...... 9 Appendix 10 : Category-wise Details of Wells in Gandak Basin ...... 10 Appendix 11 : List of National Waterways (NWs) of Uttar Pradesh ...... 11 Appendix 12 : Water related Acts, Policies and Guidelines ...... 12 Appendix 13 : Box plot or Box and Whisker Diagram ...... 24 Appendix 14 : Surface Water Model Calibration for Gandak Basin ...... 26 Appendix 15 : Proposed Rainfall Stations Locations in Gandak Basin ...... 28 Appendix 16 : Water Availability at Gandak Barrage, MCM ...... 29 Appendix 17 : Detailed Constant Aquifer Properties of Gandak Basin ...... 34 Appendix 18 : Summary of Calculated Groundwater Level for Pre-monsoon and Post-monsoon for 2014-15 (Model RUN-1) ...... 35 Appendix 19 : Sub Basin Block wise Groundwater Resources in Gandak Basin, 2014-15 ...... 36 Appendix 20 : Reasoning for Variation in Results of Blocks with reference to GWD Assessment 2013 and 2017 and Other Observations ...... 37 Appendix 21 : Over-Exploited, Critical, Semi-Critical and Safe Category Blocks of Gandak Basin, 2014-15 ...... 38 Appendix 22 : List of “Safe” Category Blocks in Gandak Basin (Suitable for Future Ground Water Development) ...... 39 Appendix 23 : Blocks with Poor Groundwater Quality ...... 40 Appendix 24 : Fisheries Production Government & Private in Gandak Basin (2014-15) ...... 42 Appendix 25 : Population Projection and Demand in Gandak Basin by Various Methods ...... 43 Appendix 26 : Projected Population of Gandak Basin ...... 46 Appendix 27 : Projected Livestock Population of Gandak Basin ...... 47 Appendix 28 : District-wise Annual Growth Rate for Industries ...... 49 Appendix 29 : Potential Yield of Main Crops ...... 51 Appendix 30 : Urban Domestic Water Demand, Gandak Basin, MCM/yr ...... 53 Appendix 31 : Rural Domestic Water Demand, Gandak Basin, MCM/yr ...... 54 Appendix 32 : Projected Livestock Water Demand of Gandak Basin, MCM/yr ...... 55 Appendix 33 : Industrial Water Demand in Gandak Basin by Administrative Units ...... 56 Appendix 34 : Prevalent Practices of Flood Management in Uttar Pradesh...... 57 Appendix 35 : Waste Water Generation from Urban Area of Gandak Basin, MCM/yr ...... 65
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Appendix 36 : STP Requirement in Gandak Basin ...... 66 Appendix 37 : Node-Link Model Setup and Results of Different Water Balance Scenarios for Gandak Basin ...... 67 Appendix 38 : Issues Specific to Districts Falling in Gandak Basin ...... 69 Appendix 39 : Unit Cost of Canal Lining ...... 72 Appendix 40 : Additional Number of Shallow Tubewells required in 2044-45 and their Cost (in Crore Rs.) in Gandak Basin ...... 73 Appendix 41 : Details of Wetlands in Gandak Basin ...... 74
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Abbreviations
AE Assistant Engineer BAU Business As Usual BPL Below Poverty Line CAD Command Area Development CPCB Central Pollution Control Board D.M. / DM District Magistrate DEM Digital Elevation Model EE Executive Engineer GFCC Ganga Flood Control Commission GOI Government of India GoUP Government of Uttar Pradesh GW Groundwater IMD India Meteorological Department IMO Irrigation Manual of Orders ISBIG Incentivization Scheme for Bridging Irrigation Gap JE Junior Engineer m amsl Metre above mean sea level M Corp. Municipal Corporation MCM Million Cubic Metre MoEF&CC Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change NP Nagar Palika / Nagar Panchayat NWs National Waterways P.A.C. / PAC Police Protection Force or Home guards PCB Pollution Control Board PIM Participatory Irrigation Management PMKSY Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojna Qtl./qtl. Quintal RBA Rashtriya Barh Ayog S.S.P / SSP Senior Superintendent of Police SC Supreme Court / Scheduled Caste SRTM Shuttle Radar Topography Mission ST Scheduled Tribe UP Uttar Pradesh UPIWRD Uttar Pradesh Irrigation and Water Resources Department WHO World Health Organisation WUAs Water Users’ Associations XLS Microsoft Excel File
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Appendix 1 : Districts and Blocks Falling within Gandak Basin
Table A1-1 : Districts Falling in Gandak Basin
Area in Total Percentage Percentage of S. District Basin, District Area in Basin Area, No. (* - Partial District) sq.km Area, sq.km Basin, % sq.km 1 Kushinagar* 873.25 2,878.13 30.34 89.62 2 Mahrajganj* 101.12 2,926.56 3.46 10.38 Basin Total 974.37 100.00 Source: Census of India, 2011 and Basin/Sub Basin Delineated using 90m SRTM DEM
Table A1-2 : Blocks Falling in Gandak Basin
Area in Percentage Percentage S. District Block Total Block Basin, Area in of Basin No. (* - Partial District) (* - Partial Block) Area, sq.km sq.km Basin, % Area, % 1 Kushinagar* Dudhahi* 146.16 270.66 54.00 15.00 2 Kushinagar* Khadda* 288.13 355.09 81.14 29.57 3 Kushinagar* Nebua Naurangiya* 63.60 211.71 30.04 6.53 4 Kushinagar* Padrauna* 41.16 284.96 14.44 4.22 5 Kushinagar* Sevarhi* 117.17 168.72 69.45 12.03 6 Kushinagar* Tamkuhi Raj* 18.32 264.82 6.92 1.88 7 Kushinagar* Vishunpura* 198.71 262.72 75.64 20.39 8 Mahrajganj* Nichlaul* 101.12 356.15 28.39 10.38 Basin Total 974.37 100.00 Source: Census of India, 2011 and Basin/Sub Basin Delineated using 90m SRTM DEM
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Appendix 2 : Population Distribution in Gandak Basin by Administrative Units (Census 2011)
Urban Rural Population Basin / District Block Urban Population in Rural Population in Total Male Female Sex Literacy S. No. Density, Sub- Basin (* - Partial District) (* - Partial Block) Population % of Total Population % of Total Population Population Population Ratio Rate, % Person/sqkm Population Population 1 Gandak Kushinagar* Dudhahi* 0 0.0 160495 100.0 160495 82400 78095 948 1098 47.0 2 Gandak Kushinagar* Khadda* 0 0.0 199972 100.0 199972 103756 96216 927 694 47.9 3 Gandak Kushinagar* Nebua Naurangiya* 0 0.0 67222 100.0 67222 34578 32643 944 1057 53.3 4 Gandak Kushinagar* Padrauna* 0 0.0 55911 100.0 55911 28669 27241 950 1589 55.7 5 Gandak Kushinagar* Sevarhi* 23077 10.8 197886 89.6 220963 113718 107246 943 1826 51.3 6 Gandak Kushinagar* Tamkuhi Raj* 0 0.0 18794 100.0 18794 9422 9372 995 1026 57.2 7 Gandak Kushinagar* Vishunpura* 0 0.0 191178 100.0 191178 97804 93374 955 962 51.0 8 Gandak Mahrajganj* Nichlaul* 0 0.0 72658 100.0 72658 37302 35356 948 770 48.0
Basin Total 23077 2.3 964117 97.7 987194 507651 479543 945 1013 50.1 Source: Census of India, 2011
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Appendix 3 : SC, ST and BPL Population Distribution in Gandak Basin by Administrative Units (Census 2011)
SC Population ST Population Percent of S. Basin / District Block SC ST Total in % of Total in % of Total BPL House No. Sub Basin (* - Partial District) (* - Partial Block) Population Population Population Population Population Hold 1 Gandak Kushinagar* Dudhahi* 28889 5.25 4058 0.74 160495 63.19 2 Gandak Kushinagar* Khadda* 35106 11.56 3263 1.07 199972 49.72 3 Gandak Kushinagar* Nebua Naurangiya* 11171 1.5 1942 0.26 67222 45.24 4 Gandak Kushinagar* Padrauna* 8634 0.28 1168 0.04 65420 35.79 5 Gandak Kushinagar* Sevarhi* 26774 6.04 5152 1.16 213913 43.62 6 Gandak Kushinagar* Tamkuhi Raj* 2274 0.06 548 0.01 18794 54.15 7 Gandak Kushinagar* Vishunpura* 29731 8.9 4331 1.3 191178 41.73 8 Gandak Mahrajganj* Nichlaul* 16311 1.69 578 0.06 77887 48.85 Basin Total 158890 35.28 21040 4.64 994881 52.03 Source: Census of India, 2011
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Appendix 4 : Land Holdings in Gandak Basin by Administrative Units
10.0 ha & Below 1.0 ha 1.0-2.0 ha 2.0-4.0 ha 4.0-10.0 ha All Classes S. Basin / District Block Above No Sub Basin (* - Partial District) (* - Partial Block) No. Area No. Area No. Area No. Area No. Area No. Area 1 Gandak Kushinagar* Dudhahi* 21224 7318 1599 2299 547 1439 117 620 4 118 23492 11794 2 Gandak Kushinagar* Khadda* 41840 14426 3152 4533 1079 2836 231 1222 8 232 46310 23249 3 Gandak Kushinagar* Nebua Naurangiya* 9236 3184 696 1001 238 626 51 270 2 51 10223 5132 4 Gandak Kushinagar* Padrauna* 5977 2061 450 648 154 405 33 174 1 33 6615 3321 5 Gandak Kushinagar* Sevarhi* 17015 5867 1282 1843 439 1153 94 497 3 94 18832 9455 6 Gandak Kushinagar* Tamkuhi Raj* 2661 917 200 288 69 180 15 78 0 15 2945 1478 7 Gandak Kushinagar* Vishunpura* 28855 9949 2174 3126 744 1956 159 842 5 160 31938 16034 8 Gandak Mahrajganj* Nichlaul* 11693 4010 1163 1517 402 1061 88 460 4 59 13350 7107
Basin Total 138501 47732 10716 15256 3672 9657 788 4162 27 763 153704 77570 Source: Agriculture Census, 2010-11
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Appendix 5 : Towns in Gandak Basin
S. District Block Population (Census 2011) Town No. (* - Partial District) (* - Partial Block) Total Male Female 1 Kushinagar* Sevarhi* Sewarhi (NP) 23077 12110 10967
Basin Total 23077 12110 10967 Source: Census of India, 2011
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Appendix 6 : Workers Population in Gandak Basin by Administrative Units (Census 2011)
Agricultural Cultivators S. Basin / District Block Agricultural Labourers in Total Cultivators in % of Total No. Sub Basin (* - Partial District) (* - Partial Block) Labourers % of Total Workers Workers Workers 1 Gandak Kushinagar* Dudhahi* 28719 55.36 9678 18.66 51873 2 Gandak Kushinagar* Khadda* 40237 57.08 13790 19.56 70492 3 Gandak Kushinagar* Nebua Naurangiya* 12288 58.18 5425 25.69 21121 4 Gandak Kushinagar* Padrauna* 7760 40.62 3853 20.17 16516 5 Gandak Kushinagar* Sevarhi* 35898 52.30 13586 19.79 70733 6 Gandak Kushinagar* Tamkuhi Raj* 2595 46.45 1014 18.15 5587 7 Gandak Kushinagar* Vishunpura* 33101 54.79 13067 21.63 60416 8 Gandak Mahrajganj* Nichlaul* 17161 62.74 5794 21.18 26021
Basin Total 177759 54.77 66207 20.40 322759 Source: Census of India, 2011
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Appendix 7 : Land Use Pattern (Area in ha) in Gandak Basin by Administrative Units (2014-15)
Barren Present Other Barren Land put to Area under Net S. District Block Forest Cultivated Fallow Fallow Uncultivated Non agriculture Pastures Misc. Tree Area No. (* - Partial District) (* - Partial Block) Waste Land Land Land Use & Grove Sown 1 Kushinagar* Dudhahi* 26 70 175 22 24 1852 6 144 9073 2 Kushinagar* Khadda* 99 220 199 77 1198 9150 7 212 15842 3 Kushinagar* Nebua Naurangiya* 10 55 125 7 29 861 3 104 4831 4 Kushinagar* Padrauna* 24 39 62 12 24 644 6 37 3224 5 Kushinagar* Sevarhi* 0 158 281 179 49 2946 6 331 12576 6 Kushinagar* Tamkuhi Raj* 2 8 22 8 3 210 1 29 1031 7 Kushinagar* Vishunpura* 70 144 154 13 39 2420 19 216 13999 8 Mahrajganj* Nichlaul* 2385 16 160 45 28 1114 5 5 6445 Basin Total 2616 710 1178 363 1394 19197 53 1078 67021
Area Sown Land Net Gross S. District Block Gross Area Gross Area Gross Area Gross Area More than Prepared for Irrigated Irrigated No. (* - Partial District) (* - Partial Block) Sown Total Sown Rabi Sown Kharif Sown Jayad Once Sugarcane Area Area 1 Kushinagar* Dudhahi* 4073 12421 4735 7442 245 725 8294 10597 2 Kushinagar* Khadda* 5777 21277 6934 13944 399 342 11015 15014 3 Kushinagar* Nebua Naurangiya* 2152 6920 2366 4375 179 63 4411 5133 4 Kushinagar* Padrauna* 1802 4983 1797 3091 96 44 2596 4381 5 Kushinagar* Sevarhi* 3754 16081 6091 9539 451 249 8573 14518 6 Kushinagar* Tamkuhi Raj* 628 1649 705 895 49 10 1152 1644 7 Kushinagar* Vishunpura* 4957 18063 6601 10956 507 893 10145 14312 8 Mahrajganj* Nichlaul* 4072 10515 5076 5297 143 1 5149 5171 Basin Total 27215 91909 34305 55539 2069 2327 51335 70770 Source: UP Agriculture Department, 2014-15
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Appendix 8 : Livestock Population distribution in Gandak Basin by Administrative Units (Livestock Census 2012)
Basin / District Block Total S. No. Cattles Buffalos Sheep Goats Pigs Others Poultry Sub Basin (* - Partial District) (* - Partial Block) Livestock
1 Gandak Kushinagar* Dudhahi* 4,638 9,524 362 19,555 183 118 34,380 12,919 2 Gandak Kushinagar* Khadda* 8,698 15,347 1,862 24,716 278 158 51,059 17,757 3 Gandak Kushinagar* Nebua Naurangiya* 2,582 5,622 401 4,917 109 29 13,660 4,890 4 Gandak Kushinagar* Padrauna* 2,150 2,998 - 4,875 98 26 10,147 5,470 5 Gandak Kushinagar* Sevarhi* 8,596 11,601 - 12,198 281 169 32,845 16,771 6 Gandak Kushinagar* Tamkuhi Raj* 791 1,147 - 1,607 48 26 3,619 1,584 7 Gandak Kushinagar* Vishunpura* 8,959 15,141 643 11,766 242 50 36,801 31,648 8 Gandak Mahrajganj* Nichlaul* 3,375 5,445 120 7,827 549 18 17,334 13,951 Basin Total 39,789 66,825 3,388 87,461 1,788 594 199,845 104,990 Source: Livestock Census, 2012
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Appendix 9 : Industrial Areas in Gandak Basin
S. Basin / District Block Industrial Area No. Sub Basin (* - Partial District) (* - Partial Block) 1 Gandak Kushinagar* Dudhahi* Mini Industrial Estate Sirgatiya Karanpatti 2 Gandak Kushinagar* Khadda* IPL SUGAR MILL, Khadda, Kushi Nagar 3 Gandak Kushinagar* Padrauna* Extensive Industrial Estate Padrauna, 4 Gandak Kushinagar* Tamkuhi Raj* The united Provinces sugar Co ltd, Seorahi, kushinagar Source: District MSME Reports, Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises
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Appendix 10 : Category-wise Details of Wells in Gandak Basin
State Private Private S. Basin / District Block Open Wells Hand Tube Tube Wells - Tube Wells No. Sub Basin (* - Partial District) (* - Partial Block) / Dug Wells Pumps Wells Shallow - Deep 1 Gandak Kushinagar* Dudhahi* 10 0 2141 0 2269 2 Gandak Kushinagar* Khadda* 3 0 4857 0 3139 Nebua 3 Gandak Kushinagar* 0 0 2220 0 937 Naurangiya* 4 Gandak Kushinagar* Padrauna* 4 0 1102 0 713 5 Gandak Kushinagar* Sevarhi* 2 0 2931 0 3135 6 Gandak Kushinagar* Tamkuhi Raj* 1 0 360 0 286 7 Gandak Kushinagar* Vishunpura* 7 0 5170 0 3409 8 Gandak Mahrajganj* Nichlaul* 2 0 2390 0 785 Basin Total 29 0 21171 0 14673
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Appendix 11 : List of National Waterways (NWs) of Uttar Pradesh
Length S Operational Name River States of NW Development Status No. (Y/N/P(artial)) (km) Allahabad- UP, Bihar, Haldia stretch of 1 NW1 the Ganga- Jharkhand, 1620 Y Bhagirathi- West Hooghly Rivers Bengal 2 NW12 Asi River UP 5.5 N 3 NW19 Betwa River UP 68 N 4 NW24 Chambal River UP 60 N 5 NW37 Gandak River Bihar & UP 300 N 6 NW40 Ghaghara River Bihar & UP 340 N 7 NW42 Gomti River UP 518 N 8 NW54 Karmanasa River UP & Bihar 86 N 9 NW103 Tons River UP 73 N 10 NW108 Varuna River UP 53 N Wazirabad barrage (north Delhi) - Palla (north Faridabad) perennial section is being developed for the Haryana, passenger and cargo ferry 11 NW110 Yamuna River 1089 P UP & Delhi service. Okhla barrage-Agra steamer service is planned by the end of June 2017 with the help of Netherlands (c. Feb 2017). Source: National Waterways Authority of India
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Appendix 12 : Water related Acts, Policies and Guidelines
1 Northern India Canal and Drainage Act No 8 of 1873
Northern India Canal and Drainage Act No. 8 of 1873 (Canal Act) and its UP-specific amendments authorises UPIWRD to act and regulate water supplies in to the canal system. An Irrigation Manual of Orders (IMO) has been prepared to carry out functions of officers defined in the act. IMO is updated from time to time. The IMO is the main administrative reference book for irrigation engineers.
The functions of the UPIWRD, as provided for in the Canal Act and the IMO, are as follows: To construct, operate and maintain public works for irrigation drainage, flood control, navigation purposes; To develop hydropower ('water power' according to the IMO); To supply water for irrigation purposes (but this responsibility ends at the head of watercourses); To settle disputes (in connection with the use of canal water); To assess irrigation revenue; and To provide famine relief.
The Canal Act requires UPIWRD to develop schemes for specific command areas to implement or improve irrigation infrastructure (Section 30A). The schemes must include a plan of the works and the relevant area, cost estimates, a memorandum showing the manner in which a scheme will be implemented and other details, as necessary. Drainage is considered separately, in Part VII of the Canal Act (sects. 55-62). Section 57 empowers GoUP - and not the UPIWRD - to prepare and publish ‘schemes for works of improvement’ whenever it appears that drainage works are needed to improve land, improve irrigation or protect land from floods or erosion. Under Section 58, the persons authorized by GOUP to prepare the schemes may exercise the powers vested in UPIWRD officers by Section 14.
Additional legislations having a bearing on UPIWRD operations includes the UP Participatory Irrigation Management Act of 2009, UP Minor Irrigation Works Act No. 1 of 1920, the State Tubewells Act, 1936 (as subsequently amended), the UP Panchayat Raj Act No. 26 of 1947 (as subsequently amended) and the UP Kshettra Panchayats and Zila Panchayats Adhiniyam No. 33 of 1961 (as subsequently amended).
2 Uttar Pradesh Bhoomi Evam Jal Sanrakshan Adhiniyam, 1963
An Act to amend and consolidate the law relating to the conservation and improvement of soil and water resources in Uttar Pradesh. Some of the outstanding features of this new measure arc given below:
(i) It provides not only for soil but also for water conservation. (ii) It provides for a speedy machinery for the finalization of the draft plans ensuring at the same time that all persons affected or likely to be affected have an adequate opportunity to file objections. (iii) It provides for the execution of a Plan on Government account if the beneficiaries so desire or if the work is not carried out by the beneficiaries to the satisfaction of the Bhoomi Sanrakshan Adhikari or if the Collector is of the view that the work can be carried out more appropriately or expeditiously on Government account. The cost would be recovered as arrears of land revenue from the beneficiaries in suitable instalments.
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(iv) It associates in a much larger degree the non-official element, e.g. the Adhyakshas of Zila Parishads and Pramukhs of Kahettra Samitis [vide Statement of Objects and Reasons, published in the U. P. Gazette, (Extra.), dated February 11, 1963/ Magha 22, 1884, Saka Era.
3 Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974
This act provides for the prevention and control of water pollution and the maintaining or restoring of the quality of water. Following are the specific obligations under this Act:
Obtain “Consent to Establish “Before taking any steps to establish any operation, industry, or process or any treatment and disposal system which is likely to discharge effluents, and “Consent to Operate” before commencing operations of any such industry, any treatment, or disposal system.
Provide the Pollution Control Board (PCB) with any information which is sought for preventing or controlling pollution of water regarding the construction, installation, operation or the treatment and disposal systems of an industrial establishment.
Provide access to the PCB, or any officer empowered by it, for taking samples of water or effluents from the industrial establishment for the purpose of analysis.
Allow entry to the PCB or any person empowered by it, at any time, for the purpose of performing any of the entrusted functions; or for inspecting in order to ascertain that the provisions of the Act are being complied with.
Not to discharge, knowingly, any effluent into streams, sewers, or land, of quality which does not conform to the standards prescribed by the PCB.
Furnish information to the PCB and other designated agencies, of any accidental or unforeseen event, in which effluents not conforming to the prescribed standards are being discharged, or likely to be discharged into a stream or sewer or on land.
Comply with the conditions as prescribed in the “Consent to Establish” or “Consent to Operate” for discharge of effluents into a stream or sewer or on land.
4 Environment Protection Act, 1986
This is an umbrella law to provide for the protection and improvement of the environment, and for matters connected therewith. It provides specific definitions which are to be used in all rules enacted pursuant of the act. Some of the important ones are: "environment" includes water, air and land and the interrelationship which exists among and between water, air and land, and human beings, other living creatures, plants, micro-organisms and property.
"Environmental pollutant" means any solid, liquid or gaseous substance present in such concentration as may be, or tends to be, injurious to environment.
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This Act empowers the Central government to take all such measures as it deems necessary for the purpose of protecting and improving the quality of the environment and preventing and abating environmental pollution. The central government also is to lay down standards for emissions or discharges of environmental pollutants from various sources having regard for the quality or composition of the emission or discharge of environmental pollutants from such sources.
5 The Environmental Impact Assessment Notification, (1994)
Any organisation which desires to undertake a new project, or the expansion or modernization of an existing industry or project related to tourism between 200-500 meters of the High Tide Line, or at locations with an elevation of more than 1000 meters is required to obtain an environmental clearance from the central government when such investment is more than Rs. 50 crores. This also includes construction of tarred roads in forest areas.
The clearance granted shall be valid for a period of five years from commencement of the construction or operation of the project. No construction work, preliminary or otherwise, relating to the setting up of the project may be undertaken until the environmental and/or site clearance is obtained.
The document emphasising the need for taking prior environmental clearance in case of new projects or activities or expansion of already existing activities in accordance with the objectives of National Environment Policy that has approved by the Union Cabinet on 18th May, 2006 and the procedure specified in the notification, by the Central Government or the State or Union territory Level.
The second document includes the amendment of the notification in 2009.
The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate change (MoEF&CC), on 9th December, 2016 amended the Environment Impact Assessment Notification, 2006 issued under sub-section 1 read with section 3(2)(v) of Environment (Protection) Act, 1986 and Rule 5(3)(d) of the Environment (Protection) Rules, 1986.
6 Water Cess Act, 1977, Modified (1992)
This act provides for the levy and collection of a cess on water consumed by persons carrying on certain industries (16 categories) and by local authorities, with a view toward augmenting the resources of the Central Board and the State Boards constituted under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974 for the prevention and control of water pollution.
Payment of the water cess, within a specified time as indicated in the assessment order, if the industry is included in the specified schedule under the Act. Affixing meters of the prescribed standards for water consumption measurements at places specified by the Pollution Control board. Providing access to the Pollution Control Board, at all reasonable times, for implementing the provisions of the Act, including testing of meters for accuracy. Paying interest at the prescribed rates, in case of delay in paying the Water Cess. Submitting the “Water Cess Return”, at specified intervals, to the Pollution Control Board.
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7 Hazardous Waste Management and Handling Rules, 1989, Amended 2000(further amended September, 2008)
These Rules were enacted under the EPA to ensure safe and environmentally responsible storage, handling and disposal of hazardous waste generated by industries. As per the 2000 amendment, hazardous wastes have been defined as those generated by processes defined in schedule 1, and also waste having toxic concentrations above a certain level, also defined in schedule 1.
The industries which fall under the purview of these rules have to:
Identify all the hazardous wastes that they generate, indicating quantities and nature; Ensure proper collection, reception, treatment, storage and disposal of hazardous wastes by the owner himself, or through a facility designed for specified hazardous wastes; Obtain a “grant of authorisation” for handling hazardous wastes from PCB; Maintain records of hazardous wastes handling, at the site, in the prescribed form; Submit “Annual Returns” to the PCB regarding disposal of hazardous wastes in the prescribed form; Report to the PCB any accident at site, or during transportation, while handling hazardous wastes, in the prescribed form.
A hazardous waste manifest system has also been designed under these rules which are useful to account for the generation, transport and ultimate disposal of the waste. The manifest form has to be filled by all parties involved in handling of hazardous wastes. These wastes are not allowed to be stored for long periods, or disposed of in unlined pits.
8 Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000
These rules apply to every municipal authority responsible for collection, segregation, storage, transportation, processing and disposal of municipal solid wastes. Every municipal authority shall, within its territorial area, be responsible for the implementation of these rules, and for any infrastructure development for collection, storage, segregation, transportation, processing, and disposal of municipal solid wastes. Ground water in and around disposal sites will not be used for drinking purposes. Ground water needs to meet the maximum acceptable limits given in Table A12-1.
Table A12-1 : Maximum Acceptable Limits in Ground Water
S. No. Parameters Maximum Acceptable limit 1 Arsenic 0.02 mg/l 2 Cadmium 0.01mg/l 3 Chromium (hexavalent) 0.02 mg/l 4 Fluoride 1.5 mg/l 5 Lead 0.05 mg/l 6 Mercury 0.001 mg/l 7 Nitrate 10 mg/l 8 PH 6.5 – 7.5 9 Conductivity 100 – 200 mhos / cm
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S. No. Parameters Maximum Acceptable limit 10 Total Dissolved Solids 500 mg/l 11 Chlorides 250 mg/l 12 Sulphates 1000 mg/l 13 Colour 5 Hazon units 14 BOD 30 mg/l 15 COD 250 mg/l Source: Municipal Solid Waste (Management and Handling) Rules, 2000
9 The Forest Conservation Act, 1980, amended 1988
The Forest (Conservation) Act, 1980 as amended from time to time provides for checking the indiscriminate conversion of forest land for non-forest purposes. The state governments/union territories are required to submit formal proposals to the central government (Ministry of Environment and Forests) for conversion of forest land for non-forest purposes in the prescribed form, along with details such as flora, fauna, a map of the area, compensatory afforestation proposed, etc.
The Act lays down guidelines for conversion of forests land for non-forest purposes. These guidelines ensure that ecological considerations are in no way undermined while examining investment proposals. The state government, or the union territory administration concerned, is required to envisage in the initial stages itself, the different likely impacts of the proposed project, starting with the proposed site.
The Act requires that proponents of projects involving forest land undertake a detailed Environmental Impact Assessment of their projects with respect to physical resources, hydrology and water quality, socio- economic aspects, etc. Introduction of exotic species of plants and animals without adequate investigations are to be avoided. The act states that wild varieties of animals and plant species are not to be disturbed. In addition to forest lands, conversion of prime agricultural lands for non-forest purposes are also restricted.
10 The Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
The Act was formulated to provide for the protection of wild animals and birds, and for matters connected therewith or ancillary or incidental thereto. The act defines "animal" as including amphibians, birds, mammals and reptiles and their young, and also includes the eggs in cases of birds and reptiles. For the purpose of the Act, the expression "scientific management" means:
Translocation of any wild animals to an alternative suitable habitat; or Population management of wild life, without killing or poisoning or destroying any wild animals.
The Act lays down rules for the hunting of wild animals, providing that no person shall hunt any wild animal specified in Schedule I, II, III, or Schedule IV, except under, and in accordance with, the conditions specified in a license granted. It requires the maintenance of records of wild animals killed or captured, containing such particulars as may be prescribed, of the wild animals, other than vermin, killed or captured during the currency of the license. It permits the hunting of wild animals in certain cases as:-
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The animal has become dangerous to human life or to property (including standing crops on any land) or is so disabled or diseased so as to be beyond recovery. The killing or wounding in good faith of any wild animal in defence of oneself or of any other person shall not be an offence.
It is important to note that any wild animal killed or wounded in defence of any person shall be Government property.
11 Environment Quality Standards (Minimal National Standards)
The Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) prescribes standards for ambient conditions and for effluents and emissions. The latter are termed Minimal National Standards (MINAS) which have been adopted by the State Pollution Control Boards for implementation.
Some of the Standards are as follows:
Table A12-2 : River Water Quality Standard
European Communities Indian Bathing Water Parameter (Quality of Bathing Water) Standard (Class B) Regulations, 1988. BOD 3mg/l Ph 6.5 – 8.5 6-9 Dissolved Oxygen 5mg/l 70-120 mg/l Total Coliform/100ml 500 <= 5000 Source National River Quality Monitoring Network, 1999
Table A12-3 : Drinking water quality standard as per IS 10500, 1991 and as recommended by WHO
Class A: maximumClass B: maximum Indian Standards: S. Parameters permissible limit allowable limit 10 500(1991) NO Mg/l except pH Mg/l except pH Mg/l except pH Physical Parameters 1 Colour (Hz units) 5 25 5 2 Turbidity (NTU) 5 25 5 3 PH 7.0-8.5 6.5-9.2 6.5 – 8.5 4 Temperature (OC) - - - 5 Conductivity (µ/cm) - - - 6 Total Dissolved Solids - - - 7 Total Suspended Solids - - - 8 Total Solids 500 1500 500 Chemical Parameters
9 Total Hardness (CaCO3) - - 300 10 Calcium as Calcium Carbonate 175 500 75
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Class A: maximumClass B: maximum Indian Standards: S. Parameters permissible limit allowable limit 10 500(1991) NO Mg/l except pH Mg/l except pH Mg/l except pH 11 Magnesium 215 650 30 12 Chlorides as chlorine - - 250 13 Total residual chlorine - - - 14 Sulphates 200 400 200 15 Fluorides 0.5 1.0-1.5 1 16 Phenol 0 0 0 17 Manganese 0.1 0.5 0.1 18 Silica - - - 19 Sodium - - - 20 Potassium - - - Organic and nutrient parameters 21 Dissolved oxygen - - - 22 Biological oxygen demand - - - 23 Chemical oxygen demand - - - 24 Phosphates - - - 25 Mercury - - - 26 Oil and grease - - - 27 Ammonical nitrogen - - - 28 Nitrates - 50-100 45 29 Nitrites - - - Heavy Metals 30 Iron 0.3 1 0.3 31 Chromium - 0.1 0.1 32 Boron - - 1 33 Zinc - - 5 34 Copper 1 1.5 1.5 35 Lead - 0.1 0.1 Sources: WHO. 1986. WHO Handbook. Geneva: World Health Organisation IS. 1991. Indian Standards (IS: 10 500). New Delhi: Indian Standards Institution.
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Table A12-4 : Primary water quality criteria for bathing water as part of environment (protection) amendment rules, 2000
S. Criteria Rationale No 1 Faecal Coliform 500 To ensure low sewage contamination. Faecal coliform and faecal (desirable) MPN/100 ml:2500 streptococci reflect bacterial pathogenicity. (Maximum Permissible) Desirable and permissible limits are suggested to allow for Faecal Streptococci 100 (desirable) MPN/100 ml:500 fluctuation in environmental conditions such as seasonal change, (Maximum Permissible) changes in flow conditions, etc. 2 PH: Between 6.5 – 8.5 This range provides protection to the skin and delicate organs like eyes, nose, ear etc. which are directly exposed during outdoor bathing. 3 Dissolved Oxygen:5 mg/l or The minimum dissolved oxygen concentration of 5 mg/l ensures more reasonable freedom from oxygen consuming organic pollution immediately upstream which is necessary for preventing production of anaerobic gases (obnoxious gases) from sediment 4 Biochemical Oxygen 3 mg/l Biochemical Oxygen Demand of 3 mg/l or less of the water or less demand 3 day, 27 OC ensures reasonable freedom from oxygen demanding pollutants and prevent production of obnoxious gases. Source: Ministry of Environment & Forest Notification, New Delhi, 25th September 2000, Page 350-7, Pollution Control Acts Rules & Notification Issued Thereunder, CPCB, September 2001
Standards have been notified for four receiving bodies, viz., inland surface water, public sewers, land (for irrigation), and marine waters. Since marine waters are not present in UP, only the first three are shown in the Table A12-5.
Table A12-5: General standards for discharge of environmental pollutants
Standards (Mg/L) Except pH, Temp., Particle Size, S. Radioactivity Parameter No Inland Surface Land for Public Sewer Water Irrigation 1 PH 5.5 – 9.0 5.5 – 9.0 5.5 – 9.0 2 Suspended Solids 100 600 200 3 BOD 30 350 100 4 Hexavalent Chromium (Cr6+) 0.1 2.0 5 Total Chromium (Cr) 2.0 2.0 6 Oil & Grease 10 20 10 7 Temperature Not to exceed 5°C above that of receiving body
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Standards (Mg/L) Except pH, Temp., Particle Size, S. Radioactivity Parameter No Inland Surface Land for Public Sewer Water Irrigation 8 Cyanides (as CN) 0.2 2.00 0.2 9 Ammonical Nitrogen (as N) 50 50 10 Cadmium (as Cd) 2.0 1.0 11 Nickel (as Ni) 3 3 12 Zinc (as Zn) 5.0 15 13 Copper (as Cu) 3.0 3.0 14 Lead (as Pb) 0.1 1.0 15 Iron (as Fe) 3 3 16 Total Residual Chlorine 1.0 17 Total Nitrogen 100 18 COD 250 19 Arsenic (as AS) 0.2 0.2 0.2 20 Mercury (as Hg) 0.01 0.01 21 Selenium (as Se) 0.05 0.05 22 Fluoride (as F) 2 15 23 Sulphide (as S) 2 24 Phenolic Compounds (as 1 5 Phenols) 25 Particle size of suspended solids Pass 850-micron sieve 26 Free Ammonia (NH3) 5.0 27 Dissolved phosphate (as P) 5 28 Radioactive Materials Alpha Emitters (UC/ml) max 10-6 10-6 10-8 Beta Emitters (UC/ml) max 10-6 10-6 10-7 29 Bio-assay test 90% survival of fish 90% survival of 90% survival of after 96 hours in fish after 96 fish after 96 100% effluent hours in 100% hours in 100% effluent effluent 30 Vanadium (as V) 0.2 0.2 Source: CPCB
12 Policy for ground water management, rain water harvesting and ground water recharge in Uttar Pradesh (Issued by Government Order no.-280/62-1-2013- 7WP-2004, TC-III, dated 18 February, 2013)
“Comprehensive Ground Water Management Policy” in the state with the aim to implement rain water harvesting and recharge programmes in an integrated manner and to effectively minimize the existing level of ground water withdrawals through efficient water use techniques.
For the proper augmentation/recharge of ground water and control of its pollution in the state, the immediate need is to take appropriate steps for conservation, protection and development of ground water resources.
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For the judicious and optimum use of ground water resources, the need is to promote efficient irrigation techniques, to encourage low water consuming crops through appropriate changes in crop system, to promote soil moisture conservation and to promote demand side management & other water management methods.
Scheme of micro-irrigation system like drip and sprinkler for providing irrigation to horticultural crops under the National Mission on Micro Irrigation is operationalized in all the districts of the state. For implementation of this scheme, over-exploited/critical blocks be given priority.
Recharge Techniques for Urban Areas
Roof Top Rain Water Harvesting - Recharge pit - Recharge trench - Recharge well - Recharge shaft - Well (dug well) - Pond - Surface storage tank Pavement-storm Water Harvesting
Suitable Techniques for Rural Areas Recharge basin, ditch & furrows, flooding, pond/farm pond, peripheral bund, contour bund/contour trench, nala bund, checkdam, gabion, gully plug, percolation tank, sub-surface dykes, dug well recharge etc.
13 Guidelines for Preparation of Detailed Project Reports of Irrigation and Multipurpose Projects, 2010
In view of the changes in water policy and technological developments in formulation, funding, execution, operation and maintenance of the projects and the experience gained in the use of these guidelines since 1980, it has been felt necessary to update them. The revised guidelines are divided into four parts:
Part-I -Guidelines for Preparation of Detailed Project reports of Irrigation and Multipurpose, Projects, Part- II -Guidelines for Preparation Detailed Project reports for Flood Management Schemes, Part-III -Guidelines for Preparation of DPRs for Modernisation of Irrigation Projects and Part-IV -Guidelines for Preparation of DPRs for Command Area Development.
14 CADWM Guidelines
Command Area Development (CAD) works through CADWM Programme of Government of India are in implementation since 1974-75. The program has now been brought under the umbrella scheme Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchai Yojna (PMKSY) - Har Khet Ko Pani from 2015-16 onwards. The main objective of taking up CAD works is to enhance utilisation of irrigation potential created, bring overall efficiency in water utilisation and improve agriculture production on a sustainable basis through Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM).
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In order to promote water, use efficiency in irrigation, the CADWM program has also been targeting development of micro-irrigation infrastructure for facilitating use of sprinkler/drip irrigation systems. The CADWM program also mandates formation of Water Users Associations (WUAs) under each project, and also gives them start-up support through one-time infrastructure grant and functional grant.
The Incentivization Scheme for Bridging Irrigation Gap (ISBIG) aims for:
Completion of CADWM works along with correction of system deficiencies in canal network for bridging the gap between Irrigation Potential Created (IPC) and Irrigation Potential Utilised (IPU); That requires, i. On Farm Development Works Creation of field channel/ pipe network below the outlets of distribution network Structural Interventions Land levelling and realignment of field boundaries Improvement in farm drainage system Reclamation of waterlogged farm areas Construction of farm roads ii. Correction of system deficiency in canal network Improving the water use efficiency in irrigation and providing assured supply of water to every farmer That requires, i. Infrastructure for increased coverage of micro irrigation system ii. Installation of solar power system for micro-irrigation iii. Infrastructure for conveyance and additional treatment of municipal and industrial waste water for augmenting water for the farm use iv. Infrastructure for conjunctive use of groundwater v. Automation of canal system for control and measurement of irrigation supplies in field; and Transfer of control and management of irrigation system to the Water Users Associations (WUAs). That requires, i. Strengthening of Participatory Irrigation Management (PIM) for sustainable operation and maintenance of irrigation network Non-structural Interventions ii. Modernization and extension of existing WALMIs/IMTIs Water Education
15 PIM Act
For better management of canal system through participatory approach, State Government enacted “Participatory Irrigation Management Act of 2009”. The main features of the act are formation of: a. Water Users Association (WUA): will have a delineated command area on a hydraulic basis, which shall be administratively viable. Generally, a WUA would cover a group of outlets or a minor. b. Distributary Committee: will comprise of 5 or more WUAs for a distributary. All the presidents of WUAs will comprise general body of the distributary committee.
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c. Project Committee: will be an apex committee of an irrigation system and presidents of the Distributary committees in the project area shall constitute general body of this committee.
The Associations at different levels are expected to be actively involved in: (i) maintenance of irrigation system in their area of operation; (ii) distribution of irrigation water to the beneficiary farmers as per the warabandi schedule; (iii) assisting the irrigation department in the preparation of water demand and collection of water charges; (iv) resolve disputes among the members and WUA; (v) monitoring flow of water in the irrigation system etc.
16 State Tubewells Act 1936
Under the State Tubewells Act, 1936, UPIWRD was responsible for the construction and maintenance of State-funded irrigation tubewells. The UP Panchayat Raj Act, 1947, as amended in 1999, transferred these functions to the Gram Panchayats (Section 15). In reality, however, tubewell maintenance continues to be performed by the UPIWRD, due to the fact that the Gram Panchayats have limited resources and UPIWRD is funded to provide that service. It is to be noted that under the UP Kshettra Panchayats and Zila Panchayats Adhiniyam, 1961, the Zila Panchayats (at District Level) are also responsible for groundwater development (Schedule II).
17 UP Minor Irrigation Works Act, 1922
The construction, repair and maintenance of minor irrigation projects, the regulation of irrigation water supply, project management and water distribution, have been vested in the Minor Irrigation Department.
Subsequently, Zila Panchayats, Kshettra Panchayats and Gram Panchayats by Sections 32 and 33 of the UP Kshettra Panchayats and Zila Panchayats Adhiniyam, 1961, and Section 15 of the UP Panchayat Raj Act have been entrusted for minor irrigation schemes also.
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Appendix 13 : Box plot or Box and Whisker Diagram
A Box Plot, or box and whisker diagram, provides a simple graphical summary of a set of data. It is a graphical method of displaying five descriptive statistics:
the median (50%) the upper (Q3,75%) and lower (Q1,25%) quartiles the minimum (Min.) and maximum (Max) data values
In addition, a box plot can help visualize two other elements:
abnormal data (outliers) average
First created by John Tukey in a 1977 publication, Box Plots have evolved into a familiar and useful standard in data interpretation. Box plots are powerful tools for picturing and comparing datasets as they give both a visual view and a numerical summary of a distribution. With larger sample sizes a boxplot is especially helpful tool, since it makes no distributional assumptions nor does it require any prior estimate of a mean or standard deviation. The plot may be drawn either vertically or horizontally.
The "box" itself represents the middle 50 percent of the data. The upper boundary (also known as the "hinge") of the box locates the 75th percentile of the data set while the lower boundary indicates the 25th percentile. Quite simply, the 25th percentile represents the value where 25 percent of the data is lower, and likewise, the 75th percentile represents the value that 75 percent of the data falls below. The area between these two boundaries is known as the "inter-quartile range"(IQR) and this gives a useful indication of the "spread" of the middle 50 percent of the data. This is a more robust range for interpretation because the middle 50 percent is not affected by outliers or extreme values, and gives a less biased visualization of the data spread.
If the median line within the box is not equidistant from the hinges then the data is skewed. The line in the box indicates the "median" (or central most value) of the data. Not to be confused with the "mean", the median is the value that is the middle of the data set when the values are ranked in order, resulting in the same number of values above as below. This is a measure of "central tendency", or in layman's terms, where the center of the data is. The "whiskers" of the box-plot are the vertical lines of the plot extending from the box, and indicate the minimum and maximum values in the dataset. If there are "outliers" in the data, the whiskers extend to their maximum of 1.5 times the inter-quartile range. {(Upper whisker = Min (Max, Q3+1.5×IQR), (Lower Whisker = Max (Min., Q1-1.5×IQR)} The points outside the ends of the whiskers are outliers or suspected outliers. In a box plot, outliers1 are defined as being those values that are:
1 "Outliers are observations that have extreme values relative to other observations observed under the same conditions. Observations may be outliers because of a single large or small value of one variable or because of an unusual combination of values of two or more variables." From 'Statistical Design and Analysis of Experiments', Mason, Gunst, and Hess.
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greater than Q3 + 1.5 × IQR (upper fence) or less than Q1 − 1.5 × IQR (lower fence)
Skewness
Skewness is a measure of symmetry, or more precisely, the lack of symmetry. A distribution, or data set, is symmetric if it looks the same to the left and right of the center point.
A skew of zero indicates perfect symmetry. A positive skew indicates that more values lie below the mean and the distribution has a 'tail' which extends towards the higher values. A negative skew indicates that more values lie above the mean and the distribution has a 'tail' which extends towards the lower values.
Now that the pieces of the Box Plot have been identified, it is useful to understand that the box, the whiskers, even the median can reveal much information about a dataset by virtue of their position, length, or size.
A typical Boxplots and its elements are shown in Figure A13-1.
Figure A13-1 : Elements of Box Plots
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Appendix 14 : Surface Water Model Calibration for Gandak Basin
There are no stream gauging stations of CWC or UPIWRD located in the Gandak basin within UP hence no calibration for Gandak Basin could be carried out. The parameters used for Gandak Basin within UP from the similar neighbouring basin catchment are given in Table A14-1.
Table A14-1 : Parameters
V 0.97 Z 0.15 SMAX, mm 50 GWMAX, mm 300 C 0.80 B 0.45
Estimated Virgin Flow Volume
Using the Surface Water Model, the virgin flow volume series has been generated for Gandak basin from 1961 to 2015 as shown in Table A14-2.
Table A14-2 : Simulated Virgin Flow Volume Series for Gandak Basin, MCM
Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual
1961 0.11 1.39 0.03 0.01 0.11 13.66 19.53 64.08 43.40 57.48 44.57 28.67 273.05 1962 18.99 12.59 8.17 4.87 3.18 19.31 46.60 199.52 84.45 56.41 35.66 22.94 512.69 1963 14.70 9.35 6.14 3.91 2.77 13.18 78.53 59.94 75.25 77.72 49.34 30.73 421.57 1964 19.67 12.60 8.06 5.39 3.58 2.47 107.09 66.11 101.98 75.80 47.67 30.51 480.94 1965 19.56 12.52 8.07 5.17 3.28 5.44 39.42 57.76 59.00 49.40 30.07 19.42 309.12 1966 13.00 8.32 5.03 3.22 2.33 9.05 23.07 40.96 34.64 27.52 17.19 11.03 195.36 1967 7.04 4.50 3.07 1.97 1.26 4.40 44.93 41.59 54.01 35.20 22.40 14.35 234.73 1968 10.88 5.93 3.77 2.42 1.63 8.30 66.65 50.00 63.01 37.43 30.22 19.36 299.59 1969 12.38 7.93 5.07 3.47 2.50 11.35 51.71 68.73 63.62 50.54 31.21 19.97 328.47 1970 12.99 8.29 5.31 3.41 2.44 13.49 96.35 82.87 60.22 60.33 35.60 22.78 404.08 1971 14.64 9.46 6.00 4.37 2.95 22.65 43.72 57.51 70.82 49.91 40.03 24.69 346.75 1972 15.77 10.25 6.53 4.15 2.70 3.16 39.57 41.82 48.51 29.71 16.92 10.80 229.89 1973 7.19 4.57 2.91 1.89 1.70 10.78 33.29 53.09 61.83 96.04 60.54 38.68 372.52 1974 24.78 15.87 10.29 6.53 4.34 7.07 72.78 77.64 136.68 72.38 44.60 28.57 501.55 1975 18.43 11.77 7.55 4.82 3.26 6.78 72.50 71.92 121.39 75.46 48.75 31.20 473.85 1976 20.05 12.84 8.18 5.31 3.83 8.77 36.42 44.51 51.71 52.91 32.35 20.73 297.62 1977 13.26 8.52 5.43 3.67 2.73 2.23 35.52 57.45 58.26 38.96 20.48 13.26 259.79 1978 8.36 5.42 3.63 2.29 1.74 23.12 80.31 57.29 51.72 72.44 47.76 30.55 384.61 1979 19.60 12.56 8.01 5.25 3.38 4.25 62.84 50.32 55.54 41.29 26.35 17.49 306.88 1980 10.85 6.92 4.57 2.83 2.37 26.83 48.06 58.98 87.45 73.22 45.33 29.02 396.43 1981 19.58 12.08 7.76 5.21 3.81 10.00 100.94 110.48 138.74 82.76 53.03 33.85 578.23 1982 21.77 13.92 9.37 5.91 3.86 20.98 44.06 36.91 58.78 39.17 24.85 15.87 295.46 1983 10.67 6.49 4.18 2.84 2.27 1.83 66.61 52.39 52.39 51.71 35.78 23.21 310.37 1984 15.02 9.48 6.08 3.93 2.85 44.43 124.34 84.16 123.37 68.52 42.29 27.14 551.62 1985 17.42 11.12 7.11 4.59 3.38 11.57 68.39 64.99 117.32 98.62 67.53 44.20 516.27
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Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Annual
1986 27.58 18.17 11.28 7.45 4.94 9.20 45.24 59.14 123.28 68.19 46.95 31.09 452.51 1987 19.21 12.31 7.91 5.25 3.39 2.97 41.37 156.78 65.10 58.33 47.42 30.48 450.52 1988 19.39 12.50 8.14 5.39 3.76 7.18 51.26 106.28 82.66 62.77 39.26 25.96 424.56 1989 17.35 10.39 6.68 4.21 3.14 4.56 44.52 56.06 33.77 43.08 26.50 16.98 267.24 1990 10.85 7.26 4.55 3.02 2.65 5.21 50.29 80.49 72.11 63.83 46.05 29.50 375.81 1991 19.37 12.14 7.91 5.01 3.49 15.56 42.61 44.87 75.63 50.11 31.38 20.60 328.69 1992 12.94 8.33 5.27 3.40 2.67 2.85 26.26 45.08 45.58 37.84 28.07 17.83 236.12 1993 11.42 7.31 4.94 3.24 2.46 5.44 32.50 69.87 107.76 63.88 39.76 25.49 374.06 1994 16.77 11.03 6.76 4.40 3.06 9.25 34.02 54.11 60.42 58.00 36.95 23.67 318.44 1995 15.15 9.88 6.25 3.97 2.81 25.29 56.03 97.26 70.28 57.53 37.43 22.84 404.71 1996 16.25 13.20 6.71 4.34 2.87 12.62 79.98 98.53 82.99 71.71 53.46 34.21 476.87 1997 22.01 14.02 8.98 5.99 4.04 7.94 47.48 70.86 51.50 43.23 26.67 17.40 320.12 1998 16.87 10.77 6.88 4.46 3.14 4.78 115.20 179.26 92.21 61.26 37.64 23.74 556.23 1999 15.20 9.73 6.23 4.02 3.16 12.26 41.85 61.85 66.47 47.63 33.05 21.11 322.55 2000 13.51 8.75 5.60 3.97 4.40 44.13 54.64 73.49 82.64 57.29 36.64 23.45 408.51 2001 15.01 9.62 6.16 4.05 3.25 21.22 88.02 180.44 182.78 69.95 47.08 29.97 657.57 2002 20.13 13.42 7.90 5.17 3.99 9.61 55.21 57.69 45.93 28.57 18.05 11.48 277.14 2003 8.25 5.81 3.56 2.07 1.75 11.42 85.41 126.93 76.05 80.39 49.62 31.77 483.04 2004 21.19 13.01 8.34 5.62 4.06 16.04 71.04 44.92 58.54 44.59 28.84 18.42 334.62 2005 12.03 7.75 4.92 3.14 2.17 2.18 28.74 76.84 71.48 53.43 49.22 31.50 343.39 2006 20.16 12.90 8.38 5.58 4.27 21.40 36.15 33.60 50.05 42.26 24.51 15.78 275.05 2007 10.03 8.56 5.70 3.05 2.16 7.13 185.76 82.10 192.07 91.57 55.72 35.44 679.29 2008 22.69 14.51 9.34 5.95 4.08 26.76 82.17 68.31 79.63 60.35 37.20 23.80 434.79 2009 15.23 9.75 6.24 3.99 3.36 6.40 27.35 46.90 42.71 33.99 21.12 13.53 230.57 2010 8.65 5.61 3.54 2.27 1.69 1.47 19.80 38.07 32.47 37.72 24.81 15.88 191.98 2011 10.17 6.60 4.21 2.79 2.35 5.63 48.25 53.19 54.02 55.67 35.13 22.48 300.48 2012 14.70 9.37 6.18 4.09 2.66 9.23 47.00 49.26 54.38 64.68 41.39 26.49 329.42 2013 17.03 11.17 6.94 4.58 3.07 7.67 17.89 12.85 12.54 20.30 11.15 7.12 132.34 2014 4.63 3.06 1.93 1.19 1.06 2.05 8.09 31.98 22.08 21.56 14.14 9.08 120.86 2015 5.83 3.71 2.60 1.69 1.16 1.37 13.68 22.26 19.27 10.47 6.19 3.96 92.20
Avg. 15.02 9.73 6.19 4.01 2.90 11.34 56.02 69.64 72.37 55.11 36.04 23.09 361.47
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Appendix 15 : Proposed Rainfall Stations Locations in Gandak Basin
S. District Block Name Latitude Longitude Basin / Sub Basin No. (* - Partial District) (* - Partial Block)
1 Sewarhi (NP) 26° 43' 16.100 84° 13' 54.360 Gandak Kushinagar* Sevarhi* 2 Khadda 27° 13' 30.000 83° 54' 36.000 Gandak Kushinagar* Khadda*
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Appendix 16 : Water Availability at Gandak Barrage, MCM
Table A16-1 : Monthly Total Surface Water Availability at Gandak Barrage, MCM
Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Monsoon Non-Monsoon Annual 1990 855.56 892.69 617.99 1146.64 1942.99 3633.27 12437.03 11439.99 10079.76 6267.87 2627.79 1926.71 43857.92 10010.37 53868.29 1991 902.35 820.70 548.30 1280.73 1784.72 4219.53 9717.74 11393.69 9160.69 3833.90 2647.29 3353.63 38325.55 11337.72 49663.27 1992 918.65 838.65 456.67 794.61 1721.37 3765.19 9648.90 11957.13 9583.53 7100.45 2719.06 1591.95 42055.20 9040.96 51096.16 1993 868.62 816.65 709.64 1938.09 1894.05 3699.87 9659.56 12431.25 10610.10 4297.46 2651.80 1621.76 40698.24 10500.61 51198.85 1994 970.66 858.31 504.60 1000.76 1856.76 3468.55 9934.27 11173.53 10491.26 3836.09 2694.43 1540.80 38903.70 9426.32 48330.02 1995 872.17 835.97 555.75 949.55 1777.40 2870.31 12623.21 11095.05 10115.54 4487.93 4169.84 1904.25 41192.04 11064.93 52256.97 1996 1045.52 961.39 463.54 826.21 1654.81 2839.14 12675.24 12498.96 9931.04 6525.20 2627.57 1622.33 44469.58 9201.37 53670.95 1997 1361.38 813.70 491.24 2267.11 1740.93 3450.08 11636.66 9917.74 9583.45 4469.15 2780.10 641.47 39057.08 10095.93 49153.01 1998 984.58 821.97 650.39 1351.89 1796.52 2482.85 14258.90 13628.97 9487.09 5851.60 2719.01 1622.16 45709.41 9946.52 55655.93 1999 875.72 811.57 457.43 984.36 2017.58 4043.25 12000.16 13208.75 9530.88 6521.50 2656.78 1645.56 45304.54 9449.00 54753.54 2000 880.87 847.22 554.37 754.76 583.50 1522.83 523.84 531.76 553.71 552.18 2244.42 1375.09 3684.32 7240.23 10924.55 2001 896.90 813.72 644.42 542.55 1694.23 6340.40 17725.94 17908.92 12016.10 5833.36 2841.69 1525.34 59824.72 8958.85 68783.57 2002 1029.69 831.83 0.00 1566.65 3187.15 5553.22 14914.80 13634.76 9713.77 5864.16 3540.67 2099.40 49680.71 12255.39 61936.10 2003 1055.54 862.55 980.38 1559.68 3152.89 0.00 16425.73 16176.55 12654.77 5112.30 3680.62 2389.44 50369.35 13681.10 64050.45 2004 1055.91 778.61 731.73 3347.76 2371.86 5711.17 13521.37 12781.15 10674.65 6842.82 3031.29 1856.05 49531.16 13173.21 62704.37 2005 2676.37 818.37 355.55 811.49 1298.82 2416.98 10776.18 13344.10 7720.89 5503.56 2661.86 1458.39 39761.71 10080.85 49842.56 2006 0.00 660.75 23.24 730.80 2405.58 4818.77 10263.13 10356.10 10021.41 3865.82 1848.75 1311.91 39325.23 6981.03 46306.26 2007 895.69 1066.82 789.56 862.43 1455.83 4235.13 12684.02 14328.11 13954.64 7439.29 3495.17 1814.50 52641.19 10380.00 63021.19 2008 1071.95 740.82 0.00 911.09 1358.88 6257.11 11051.42 16949.62 13490.65 3538.23 1948.44 1536.69 51287.03 7567.87 58854.90 2009 1164.32 1011.90 678.42 738.61 1170.30 2031.78 9386.03 14107.80 7994.91 5468.82 1836.63 1229.76 38989.34 7829.94 46819.28 2010 1156.48 858.61 839.53 754.70 1611.60 4247.73 8485.66 14317.94 10006.74 4347.13 2627.30 1622.46 41405.20 9470.68 50875.88 2011 874.83 820.83 475.21 813.91 1717.12 3986.03 9422.49 11941.62 10135.31 3877.45 2627.30 1622.38 39362.90 8951.58 48314.48 2012 907.74 863.62 458.71 2090.85 1595.74 4091.09 10504.34 11658.59 11523.64 3828.76 2627.30 1622.04 41606.42 10166.00 51772.42 2013 1029.22 833.88 456.59 799.07 1561.73 2933.20 6864.13 12609.74 8919.88 7079.05 2633.61 1622.61 38406.00 8936.71 47342.71 2014 987.62 824.20 456.71 754.75 1650.71 3999.54 6949.21 11187.71 9240.86 7719.65 2627.30 1566.89 39096.97 8868.18 47965.15 2015 884.03 814.44 600.03 848.13 1594.45 4278.59 7212.88 12634.99 8593.18 4939.21 2627.30 1622.36 37658.85 8990.74 46649.59
Avg. 1008.55 843.07 519.23 1170.28 1792.21 3726.75 10819.34 12431.33 9838.02 5192.42 2738.20 1682.54 42007.86 9754.08 51761.94
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Development of BAPS for UP Major River Basins Gandak Basin Plan
Table A16-2 : Monthly Surface Water Availability as per Share of Western Gandak Main Canal from Gandak Barrage, MCM
Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Monsoon Non-Monsoon Annual
1990 445.58 464.91 321.85 597.17 1011.91 1892.21 6477.21 5957.95 5249.54 3264.31 1368.55 1003.43 22841.20 5213.40 28054.61 1991 469.94 427.42 285.55 667.00 929.48 2197.53 5061.00 5933.83 4770.89 1996.70 1378.71 1746.57 19959.95 5904.68 25864.63 1992 478.43 436.77 237.83 413.83 896.49 1960.91 5025.15 6227.27 4991.10 3697.91 1416.09 829.09 21902.35 4708.53 26610.88 1993 452.38 425.31 369.58 1009.36 986.42 1926.89 5030.70 6474.20 5525.74 2238.12 1381.06 844.61 21195.64 5468.72 26664.36 1994 505.52 447.01 262.80 521.20 967.00 1806.42 5173.77 5819.17 5463.85 1997.84 1403.26 802.45 20261.05 4909.23 25170.27 1995 454.23 435.37 289.43 494.53 925.67 1494.86 6574.17 5778.30 5268.17 2337.31 2171.65 991.73 21452.81 5762.62 27215.43 1996 544.51 500.69 241.41 430.29 861.83 1478.62 6601.26 6509.46 5172.09 3398.32 1368.44 844.91 23159.76 4792.07 27951.83 1997 709.01 423.77 255.84 1180.71 906.68 1796.80 6060.37 5165.16 4991.06 2327.53 1447.88 334.08 20340.93 5257.96 25598.89 1998 512.77 428.08 338.72 704.06 935.63 1293.07 7426.04 7097.97 4940.88 3047.51 1416.06 844.82 23805.46 5180.15 28985.61 1999 456.07 422.67 238.23 512.65 1050.76 2105.72 6249.68 6879.12 4963.68 3396.40 1383.65 857.01 23594.60 4921.04 28515.64 2000 458.76 441.23 288.72 393.08 303.89 793.09 272.82 276.94 288.37 287.58 1168.89 716.15 1918.79 3770.71 5689.51 2001 467.11 423.79 335.61 282.56 882.35 3302.08 9231.67 9326.97 6257.98 3038.01 1479.95 794.40 31156.71 4665.77 35822.48 2002 536.26 433.22 0.00 815.91 1659.87 2892.12 7767.63 7100.98 5058.93 3054.05 1843.98 1093.37 25873.71 6382.61 32256.32 2003 549.73 449.22 510.58 812.28 1642.03 0.00 8554.52 8424.75 6590.60 2662.49 1916.87 1244.42 26232.36 7125.12 33357.47 2004 549.92 405.50 381.08 1743.51 1235.26 2974.38 7041.93 6656.42 5559.36 3563.74 1578.70 966.63 25795.83 6860.61 32656.44 2005 1393.85 426.21 185.17 422.62 676.43 1258.76 5612.23 6949.61 4021.04 2866.25 1386.30 759.53 20707.90 5250.11 25958.01 2006 0.00 344.12 12.10 380.60 1252.83 2509.62 5345.04 5393.46 5219.15 2013.32 962.83 683.24 20480.58 3635.72 24116.30 2007 466.48 555.60 411.20 449.15 758.20 2205.66 6605.84 7462.08 7267.58 3874.38 1820.28 944.99 27415.53 5405.90 32821.44 2008 558.27 385.82 0.00 474.50 707.70 3258.70 5755.58 8827.36 7025.93 1842.71 1014.75 800.31 26710.29 3941.35 30651.63 2009 606.38 527.00 353.32 384.67 609.49 1058.15 4888.24 7347.34 4163.75 2848.16 956.52 640.46 20305.65 4077.83 24383.48 2010 602.29 447.16 437.23 393.05 839.32 2212.22 4419.33 7456.78 5211.51 2263.99 1368.30 844.98 21563.83 4932.33 26496.16 2011 455.61 427.49 247.49 423.88 894.28 2075.92 4907.23 6219.20 5278.47 2019.38 1368.30 844.94 20500.20 4661.98 25162.18 2012 472.75 449.77 238.90 1088.91 831.06 2130.64 5470.66 6071.79 6001.51 1994.02 1368.30 844.76 21668.62 5294.45 26963.08 2013 536.02 434.28 237.79 416.16 813.35 1527.61 3574.84 6567.15 4645.47 3686.77 1371.58 845.06 20001.84 4654.24 24656.08 2014 514.35 429.24 237.85 393.07 859.69 2082.96 3619.15 5826.56 4812.64 4020.39 1368.30 816.04 20361.70 4618.55 24980.25 2015 460.40 424.16 312.50 441.71 830.39 2228.29 3756.47 6580.30 4475.33 2572.34 1368.30 844.93 19612.73 4682.38 24295.11
Avg. 525.25 439.07 270.42 609.48 933.38 1940.89 5634.71 6474.24 5123.64 2704.21 1426.06 876.26 21877.69 5079.93 26957.62
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Table A16-3 : Monthly Utilizable Water as per Maximum Capacity of Western Gandak Main Canal from Gandak Barrage, MCM
Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Monsoon Non-Monsoon Annual
1990 445.58 464.91 321.85 597.17 1011.91 1154.83 1193.33 1193.33 1154.83 1193.33 1154.83 1003.43 5889.65 4999.68 10889.33 1991 469.94 427.42 285.55 667.00 929.48 1154.83 1193.33 1193.33 1154.83 1193.33 1154.83 1193.33 5889.65 5127.57 11017.21 1992 478.43 436.77 237.83 413.83 896.49 1154.83 1193.33 1193.33 1154.83 1193.33 1154.83 829.09 5889.65 4447.28 10336.92 1993 452.38 425.31 369.58 1009.36 986.42 1154.83 1193.33 1193.33 1154.83 1193.33 1154.83 844.61 5889.65 5242.49 11132.14 1994 505.52 447.01 262.80 521.20 967.00 1154.83 1193.33 1193.33 1154.83 1193.33 1154.83 802.45 5889.65 4660.80 10550.45 1995 454.23 435.37 289.43 494.53 925.67 1154.83 1193.33 1193.33 1154.83 1193.33 1154.83 991.73 5889.65 4745.80 10635.44 1996 544.51 500.69 241.41 430.29 861.83 1154.83 1193.33 1193.33 1154.83 1193.33 1154.83 844.91 5889.65 4578.47 10468.11 1997 709.01 423.77 255.84 1154.83 906.68 1154.83 1193.33 1193.33 1154.83 1193.33 1154.83 334.08 5889.65 4939.04 10828.68 1998 512.77 428.08 338.72 704.06 935.63 1154.83 1193.33 1193.33 1154.83 1193.33 1154.83 844.82 5889.65 4918.92 10808.57 1999 456.07 422.67 238.23 512.65 1050.76 1154.83 1193.33 1193.33 1154.83 1193.33 1154.83 857.01 5889.65 4692.22 10581.87 2000 458.76 441.23 288.72 393.08 303.89 793.09 272.82 276.94 288.37 287.58 1154.83 716.15 1918.79 3756.65 5675.44 2001 467.11 423.79 335.61 282.56 882.35 1154.83 1193.33 1193.33 1154.83 1193.33 1154.83 794.40 5889.65 4340.65 10230.30 2002 536.26 433.22 0.00 815.91 1193.33 1154.83 1193.33 1193.33 1154.83 1193.33 1154.83 1093.37 5889.65 5226.92 11116.56 2003 549.73 449.22 510.58 812.28 1193.33 0.00 1193.33 1193.33 1154.83 1193.33 1154.83 1193.33 4734.81 5863.29 10598.10 2004 549.92 405.50 381.08 1154.83 1193.33 1154.83 1193.33 1193.33 1154.83 1193.33 1154.83 966.63 5889.65 5806.13 11695.77 2005 1193.33 426.21 185.17 422.62 676.43 1154.83 1193.33 1193.33 1154.83 1193.33 1154.83 759.53 5889.65 4818.12 10707.76 2006 0.00 344.12 12.10 380.60 1193.33 1154.83 1193.33 1193.33 1154.83 1193.33 962.83 683.24 5889.65 3576.22 9465.87 2007 466.48 555.60 411.20 449.15 758.20 1154.83 1193.33 1193.33 1154.83 1193.33 1154.83 944.99 5889.65 4740.45 10630.10 2008 558.27 385.82 0.00 474.50 707.70 1154.83 1193.33 1193.33 1154.83 1193.33 1014.75 800.31 5889.65 3941.35 9830.99 2009 606.38 527.00 353.32 384.67 609.49 1058.15 1193.33 1193.33 1154.83 1193.33 956.52 640.46 5792.96 4077.83 9870.80 2010 602.29 447.16 437.23 393.05 839.32 1154.83 1193.33 1193.33 1154.83 1193.33 1154.83 844.98 5889.65 4718.86 10608.51 2011 455.61 427.49 247.49 423.88 894.28 1154.83 1193.33 1193.33 1154.83 1193.33 1154.83 844.94 5889.65 4448.52 10338.16 2012 472.75 449.77 238.90 1088.91 831.06 1154.83 1193.33 1193.33 1154.83 1193.33 1154.83 844.76 5889.65 5080.99 10970.63 2013 536.02 434.28 237.79 416.16 813.35 1154.83 1193.33 1193.33 1154.83 1193.33 1154.83 845.06 5889.65 4437.49 10327.13 2014 514.35 429.24 237.85 393.07 859.69 1154.83 1193.33 1193.33 1154.83 1193.33 1154.83 816.04 5889.65 4405.08 10294.73 2015 460.40 424.16 312.50 441.71 830.39 1154.83 1193.33 1193.33 1154.83 1193.33 1154.83 844.93 5889.65 4468.91 10358.56
Avg. 517.54 439.07 270.42 585.84 894.28 1092.78 1157.92 1158.08 1121.51 1158.49 1134.43 853.02 5688.79 4694.60 10383.39
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Table A16-4 : Monthly Utilizable Water in UP as per Share in Western Gandak Main Canal from Gandak Barrage, MCM
Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Monsoon Non-Monsoon Annual 1990 205.87 214.80 148.70 275.91 467.53 533.56 551.35 551.35 533.56 551.35 533.56 463.61 2721.17 2309.98 5031.14 1991 217.13 197.48 131.93 308.17 429.44 533.56 551.35 551.35 533.56 551.35 533.56 551.35 2721.17 2369.06 5090.23 1992 221.05 201.80 109.89 191.20 414.20 533.56 551.35 551.35 533.56 551.35 533.56 383.06 2721.17 2054.76 4775.92 1993 209.01 196.50 170.76 466.35 455.75 533.56 551.35 551.35 533.56 551.35 533.56 390.23 2721.17 2422.16 5143.33 1994 233.56 206.53 121.42 240.81 446.78 533.56 551.35 551.35 533.56 551.35 533.56 370.75 2721.17 2153.41 4874.57 1995 209.86 201.15 133.73 228.48 427.68 533.56 551.35 551.35 533.56 551.35 533.56 458.21 2721.17 2192.68 4913.84 1996 251.58 231.33 111.54 198.80 398.18 533.56 551.35 551.35 533.56 551.35 533.56 390.37 2721.17 2115.37 4836.53 1997 327.58 195.79 118.20 533.56 418.91 533.56 551.35 551.35 533.56 551.35 533.56 154.35 2721.17 2281.96 5003.13 1998 236.91 197.78 156.50 325.30 432.28 533.56 551.35 551.35 533.56 551.35 533.56 390.33 2721.17 2272.67 4993.83 1999 210.72 195.28 110.07 236.86 485.48 533.56 551.35 551.35 533.56 551.35 533.56 395.96 2721.17 2167.92 4889.09 2000 211.96 203.86 133.39 181.61 140.40 366.43 126.05 127.95 133.24 132.87 533.56 330.88 886.53 1735.67 2622.20 2001 215.81 195.80 155.06 130.55 407.67 533.56 551.35 551.35 533.56 551.35 533.56 367.03 2721.17 2005.49 4726.66 2002 247.77 200.16 0.00 376.97 551.35 533.56 551.35 551.35 533.56 551.35 533.56 505.16 2721.17 2414.97 5136.13 2003 253.99 207.55 235.90 375.29 551.35 0.00 551.35 551.35 533.56 551.35 533.56 551.35 2187.60 2708.99 4896.59 2004 254.08 187.35 176.07 533.56 551.35 533.56 551.35 551.35 533.56 551.35 533.56 446.61 2721.17 2682.58 5403.74 2005 551.35 196.92 85.55 195.26 312.53 533.56 551.35 551.35 533.56 551.35 533.56 350.92 2721.17 2226.09 4947.26 2006 0.00 158.99 5.59 175.85 551.35 533.56 551.35 551.35 533.56 551.35 444.85 315.68 2721.17 1652.30 4373.47 2007 215.52 256.70 189.99 207.52 350.31 533.56 551.35 551.35 533.56 551.35 533.56 436.61 2721.17 2190.21 4911.37 2008 257.94 178.26 0.00 219.23 326.98 533.56 551.35 551.35 533.56 551.35 468.84 369.76 2721.17 1821.00 4542.17 2009 280.16 243.49 163.24 177.73 281.60 488.89 551.35 551.35 533.56 551.35 441.94 295.91 2676.50 1884.06 4560.56 2010 278.28 206.60 202.01 181.60 387.79 533.56 551.35 551.35 533.56 551.35 533.56 390.40 2721.17 2180.24 4901.40 2011 210.50 197.51 114.35 195.85 413.18 533.56 551.35 551.35 533.56 551.35 533.56 390.38 2721.17 2055.33 4776.49 2012 218.42 207.81 110.38 503.11 383.97 533.56 551.35 551.35 533.56 551.35 533.56 390.30 2721.17 2347.54 5068.71 2013 247.65 200.65 109.87 192.27 375.79 533.56 551.35 551.35 533.56 551.35 533.56 390.44 2721.17 2050.23 4771.40 2014 237.64 198.32 109.89 181.61 397.20 533.56 551.35 551.35 533.56 551.35 533.56 377.03 2721.17 2035.26 4756.43 2015 212.72 195.97 144.38 204.08 383.66 533.56 551.35 551.35 533.56 551.35 533.56 390.38 2721.17 2064.75 4785.92
Avg. 239.12 202.86 124.94 270.67 413.18 504.89 534.99 535.06 518.16 535.25 524.14 394.12 2628.36 2169.03 4797.39
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Table A16-5 : Monthly Utilizable Water in Gandak Basin from UP Share of Western Gandak Main Canal from Gandak Barrage, MCM
Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Monsoon Non-Monsoon Annual
1990 22.13 23.09 15.98 29.66 50.26 57.35 59.27 59.27 57.35 59.27 57.35 49.83 292.50 248.30 540.81 1991 23.34 21.23 14.18 33.13 46.16 57.35 59.27 59.27 57.35 59.27 57.35 59.27 292.50 254.66 547.16 1992 23.76 21.69 11.81 20.55 44.52 57.35 59.27 59.27 57.35 59.27 57.35 41.18 292.50 220.87 513.37 1993 22.47 21.12 18.35 50.13 48.99 57.35 59.27 59.27 57.35 59.27 57.35 41.95 292.50 260.36 552.87 1994 25.11 22.20 13.05 25.88 48.03 57.35 59.27 59.27 57.35 59.27 57.35 39.85 292.50 231.47 523.98 1995 22.56 21.62 14.37 24.56 45.97 57.35 59.27 59.27 57.35 59.27 57.35 49.25 292.50 235.70 528.20 1996 27.04 24.87 11.99 21.37 42.80 57.35 59.27 59.27 57.35 59.27 57.35 41.96 292.50 227.39 519.89 1997 35.21 21.05 12.71 57.35 45.03 57.35 59.27 59.27 57.35 59.27 57.35 16.59 292.50 245.29 537.80 1998 25.47 21.26 16.82 34.97 46.47 57.35 59.27 59.27 57.35 59.27 57.35 41.96 292.50 244.29 536.80 1999 22.65 20.99 11.83 25.46 52.18 57.35 59.27 59.27 57.35 59.27 57.35 42.56 292.50 233.03 525.54 2000 22.78 21.91 14.34 19.52 15.09 39.39 13.55 13.75 14.32 14.28 57.35 35.57 95.30 186.57 281.87 2001 23.20 21.05 16.67 14.03 43.82 57.35 59.27 59.27 57.35 59.27 57.35 39.45 292.50 215.57 508.08 2002 26.63 21.52 0.00 40.52 59.27 57.35 59.27 59.27 57.35 59.27 57.35 54.30 292.50 259.59 552.09 2003 27.30 22.31 25.36 40.34 59.27 0.00 59.27 59.27 57.35 59.27 57.35 59.27 235.15 291.19 526.34 2004 27.31 20.14 18.93 57.35 59.27 57.35 59.27 59.27 57.35 59.27 57.35 48.01 292.50 288.36 580.86 2005 59.27 21.17 9.20 20.99 33.59 57.35 59.27 59.27 57.35 59.27 57.35 37.72 292.50 239.29 531.79 2006 0.00 17.09 0.60 18.90 59.27 57.35 59.27 59.27 57.35 59.27 47.82 33.93 292.50 177.61 470.11 2007 23.17 27.59 20.42 22.31 37.66 57.35 59.27 59.27 57.35 59.27 57.35 46.93 292.50 235.43 527.93 2008 27.73 19.16 0.00 23.57 35.15 57.35 59.27 59.27 57.35 59.27 50.40 39.75 292.50 195.74 488.25 2009 30.12 26.17 17.55 19.10 30.27 52.55 59.27 59.27 57.35 59.27 47.50 31.81 287.70 202.52 490.22 2010 29.91 22.21 21.71 19.52 41.68 57.35 59.27 59.27 57.35 59.27 57.35 41.96 292.50 234.36 526.86 2011 22.63 21.23 12.29 21.05 44.41 57.35 59.27 59.27 57.35 59.27 57.35 41.96 292.50 220.93 513.44 2012 23.48 22.34 11.86 54.08 41.27 57.35 59.27 59.27 57.35 59.27 57.35 41.95 292.50 252.34 544.85 2013 26.62 21.57 11.81 20.67 40.39 57.35 59.27 59.27 57.35 59.27 57.35 41.97 292.50 220.38 512.89 2014 25.54 21.32 11.81 19.52 42.70 57.35 59.27 59.27 57.35 59.27 57.35 40.53 292.50 218.77 511.28 2015 22.87 21.07 15.52 21.94 41.24 57.35 59.27 59.27 57.35 59.27 57.35 41.96 292.50 221.94 514.45
Avg. 25.70 21.81 13.43 29.10 44.41 54.27 57.51 57.52 55.70 57.54 56.34 42.36 282.53 233.15 515.68
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Appendix 17 : Detailed Constant Aquifer Properties of Gandak Basin
Ground Hydraulic Specific Rain S. Basin / Block Area, Exploitation Elevation, Cell Terrain Type Conductivity Yield Infiltration No. Sub Basin (* - Partial Block) sq.km Depth, m m amsl K, m/day Sy Factor
1 Gandak Dudhahi* 82.3 146.16 308 Younger Alluvium 29 0.16 0.25 2 Gandak Khadda* 95.1 288.13 304 Younger Alluvium 21 0.16 0.25 3 Gandak Nebua Naurangiya* 94.1 63.60 308 Younger Alluvium 24 0.16 0.25 4 Gandak Nichlaul* 100.3 101.12 305 Younger Alluvium 18 0.16 0.25 5 Gandak Padrauna* 88.8 10.50 305 Younger Alluvium 30 0.16 0.25 6 Gandak Padrauna* 89.3 30.65 304 Younger Alluvium 30 0.16 0.25 7 Gandak Sevarhi* 77.8 117.17 310 Younger Alluvium 31 0.16 0.25 8 Gandak Tamkuhi Raj* 81.8 18.32 312 Younger Alluvium 32 0.16 0.25 9 Gandak Vishunpura* 90.2 198.71 307 Younger Alluvium 28 0.16 0.25 Source: As per data used in Groundwater Assessment by CGWB & UP GWD and Exploratory Wells Data
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Appendix 18 : Summary of Calculated Groundwater Level for Pre-monsoon and Post- monsoon for 2014-15 (Model RUN-1)
GW Level GW Level Depth of Depth of GW Level Pre- Post- GW Level GW Level S. Basin / Block Fluctuations, Monsoon, Monsoon, Pre- Post- No. Sub Basin (* - Partial Block) m m amsl m amsl Monsoon, Monsoon, (2)-(1) (1) (2) m m 1 Gandak Dudhahi* 80.87 81.32 0.45 1.47 1.02 2 Gandak Khadda* 94.19 94.09 -0.10 0.90 1.01 3 Gandak Nebua Naurangiya* 93.13 93.07 -0.06 1.00 1.06 4 Gandak Nichlaul* 99.28 99.23 -0.05 1.01 1.05 5 Gandak Padrauna* 87.54 86.25 -1.29 1.28 2.57 6 Gandak Padrauna* 88.26 88.09 -0.17 1.02 1.19 7 Gandak Sevarhi* 75.61 76.56 0.95 2.17 1.22 8 Gandak Tamkuhi Raj* 79.26 79.11 -0.15 2.51 2.66 9 Gandak Vishunpura* 89.29 89.23 -0.06 0.94 1.00 Source: As per Model Run for 2014-15 ‘Business As Usual’ Scenario
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Appendix 19 : Sub Basin Block wise Groundwater Resources in Gandak Basin, 2014-15
GW Return Seepage Recharge Flows from Total GW GW Stage of S. Basin / Block from from Canals to Availability, Extraction, GW No. Sub Basin (* - Partial Block) Normal Irrigation GW, (MCM) (MCM) Extraction Rain, to GW, (MCM) (MCM) (MCM) 1 Gandak Dudhahi* 36.59 6.72 8.87 52.18 15.67 30% 2 Gandak Khadda* 82.22 13.36 36.88 132.46 24.60 19% 3 Gandak Nebua Naurangiya* 16.53 7.93 11.26 35.72 2.58 7% 4 Gandak Nichlaul* 31.48 1.54 6.10 39.12 16.73 43% 5 Gandak Padrauna* 2.58 1.15 0.75 4.47 2.04 46% 6 Gandak Padrauna* 7.42 1.91 5.00 14.33 4.14 29% 7 Gandak Sevarhi* 27.77 1.75 16.82 46.34 26.55 57% 8 Gandak Tamkuhi Raj* 4.35 2.93 4.01 11.29 1.02 9% 9 Gandak Vishunpura* 51.53 14.14 29.47 95.15 3.92 4% Source: As per Model Run for 2014-15 ‘Business As Usual’ Scenario
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Appendix 20 : Reasoning for Variation in Results of Blocks with reference to GWD Assessment 2013 and 2017 and Other Observations
1- As advised in the meeting held on 25th June 2019, the block wise Model run results for the base year 2014-15, for the 08 blocks falling partially in Gandak basin are required to be compared with the Ground Water Department Assessment report for the year 2013 and 2017. The block wise comparison of Ground Water Assessment of UP GWD is not possible, as all these blocks are falling partially in the Gandak basin. Whereas the 08 blocks partially falling in Gandak basin are in ‘SAFE’ category and the development of Ground Water below 70% which matches with the GW Assessment of 2013 and 2017 of GWD.
2- The rainfall trend has been accounted for in the Model run as per GEC-2015 norms. As per recommendations of GEC-2015 the rainfall recharge has been normalized using the recent 30 years rainfall data.
3- Model developed has different options for putting constraint on ground water development. In current scenario model run, no over-exploitation is seen in the SBBEs and all are under safe category. In general, it has been emphasized to go for demand management and use of recycled water in addition to micro irrigation and crop diversification for less water consuming crops. On long-term basis Static Groundwater Resources are not to be utilized in a normal year.
4- Rainwater harvesting and conjunctive use is not going to provide complete solution for future sustainability. Ultimate solution will be demand management, crop diversification and use of recycled water, which has been recommended strongly.
5- Tubewell cost has been revised as per area specific requirement of blocks (see Appendix 40).
6- The Gandak Basin in UP has sufficient water to meet the demands hence micro irrigation is not considered.
7- It is suggested to construct check dams on drains in areas lying under gentle sloping to moderately sloping category as demarcated in Map 11.
8- All the possibilities of water harvesting specific to the Gandak basin conditions have been considered and recommended in the report.
9- The ground water quality has been analysed on the basis of BIS. The sensitive areas have been identified as per data as shown in Appendix 23 and Map 4, Map 5 and Map 6.
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Appendix 21 : Over-Exploited, Critical, Semi-Critical and Safe Category Blocks of Gandak Basin, 2014-15
S. Basin / District Block Stressed Classification No. Sub Basin (* - Partial District) (* - Partial Block) Block 1 Gandak Kushinagar* Dudhahi* Safe No 2 Gandak Kushinagar* Khadda* Safe No 3 Gandak Kushinagar* Nebua Naurangiya* Safe No 4 Gandak Kushinagar* Padrauna* Safe No 5 Gandak Kushinagar* Sevarhi* Safe No 6 Gandak Kushinagar* Tamkuhi Raj* Safe No 7 Gandak Kushinagar* Vishunpura* Safe No 8 Gandak Mahrajganj* Nichlaul* Safe No Source: As per Model Run for 2014-15 ‘Business As Usual’ Scenario
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Appendix 22 : List of “Safe” Category Blocks in Gandak Basin (Suitable for Future Ground Water Development)
S. Basin / District Block No. Sub Basin (* - Partial District) (* - Partial Block)
1 Gandak Kushinagar* Dudhahi* 2 Gandak Kushinagar* Khadda* 3 Gandak Kushinagar* Nebua Naurangiya* 4 Gandak Kushinagar* Padrauna* 5 Gandak Kushinagar* Sevarhi* 6 Gandak Kushinagar* Tamkuhi Raj* 7 Gandak Kushinagar* Vishunpura* 8 Gandak Mahrajganj* Nichlaul* Source: As per Model Run for 2014-15 ‘Business As Usual’ Scenario
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Appendix 23 : Blocks with Poor Groundwater Quality
Table A23-1 : District and Block-wise Groundwater Samples for Arsenic in Gandak Basin
No. of Samples Beyond District Block Within No Permissible (* - Partial District) (* - Partial Block) Total Permissible Limit Arsenic Limit (<=0.01 mg/l) (>0.01 mg/l) Kushinagar* Dudhahi* 4 4 0 0 Kushinagar* Khadda* 30 30 0 0 Kushinagar* Nebua Naurangiya* 11 8 1 2 Kushinagar* Padrauna* 35 22 5 8 Kushinagar* Sevarhi* 23 9 13 1 Kushinagar* Tamkuhi Raj* 19 6 10 3 Kushinagar* Vishunpura* 25 25 0 0 Mahrajganj* Nichlaul* 18 18 0 0 TOTAL 165 122 29 14 Source: National Rural Drinking Water Programme, UP Jal Nigam data, 2012-13 to 2015-16
Table A23-2: District and Block-wise Groundwater Samples for Fluoride in Gandak Basin
No. of Samples Between Within Beyond District Block Desirable & Desirable Permissible (* - Partial District) (* - Partial Block) Total Permissible Limit Limit Limit (>1.0 to <=1.5 (<=1.0 mg/l) (>1.5 mg/l) mg/l) Kushinagar* Dudhahi* 2 1 0 1 Kushinagar* Khadda* 29 24 5 0 Kushinagar* Nebua Naurangiya* 1 1 0 0 Kushinagar* Padrauna* 26 25 1 0 Kushinagar* Sevarhi* 15 15 0 0 Kushinagar* Tamkuhi Raj* 17 17 0 0 Kushinagar* Vishunpura* 25 25 0 0 Mahrajganj* Nichlaul* 22 12 6 4 TOTAL 137 120 12 5 Source: National Rural Drinking Water Programme, UP Jal Nigam data, 2012-13 to 2015-16
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Table A23-3 : District and Block-wise Groundwater Samples for TDS in Gandak Basin
No. of Samples Between District Within Beyond Block Desirable & (* - Partial Desirable Permissible (* - Partial Block) Total Permissible Limit District) Limit Limit (>500 to <=2000 (<=500 mg/l) (>2000 mg/l) mg/l) Kushinagar* Dudhahi* 3 3 0 0 Kushinagar* Khadda* 30 30 0 0 Kushinagar* Nebua Naurangiya* 11 9 2 0 Kushinagar* Padrauna* 27 27 0 0 Kushinagar* Sevarhi* 23 23 0 0 Kushinagar* Tamkuhi Raj* 19 17 2 0 Kushinagar* Vishunpura* 25 23 2 0 Mahrajganj* Nichlaul* 18 18 0 0 TOTAL 156 150 6 0 Source: National Rural Drinking Water Programme, UP Jal Nigam data, 2012-13 to 2015-16
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Appendix 24 : Fisheries Production Government & Private in Gandak Basin (2014-15)
Government Private S. Basin / District Block No. Sub Basin (* - Partial District) (* - Partial Block) Number of Reservoir Production, Number of Reservoir Production, Reservoir Area, ha qtl. Reservoir Area, ha qtl. 1 Gandak Kushinagar* Dudhahi* 0 0 0 50 58 1723 2 Gandak Kushinagar* Khadda* 0 0 0 27 47 1136 3 Gandak Kushinagar* Nebua Naurangiya* 0 0 0 14 11 571 4 Gandak Kushinagar* Padrauna* 0 0 0 6 6 162 5 Gandak Kushinagar* Sevarhi* 0 0 0 10 13 347 6 Gandak Kushinagar* Tamkuhi Raj* 0 0 0 7 5 153 7 Gandak Kushinagar* Vishunpura* 0 0 0 38 39 1132 8 Gandak Mahrajganj* Nichlaul* 0 0 0 2 4 43 Basin Total 0 0 0 154 183 5267 Source: UP Fisheries Department, 2014-15
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Appendix 25 : Population Projection and Demand in Gandak Basin by Various Methods
1 Population and Domestic Water Demand Forecast
1.1 Population Forecast
The population has been forecasted using following four methods. First the Total and Rural population for the State as a whole has been projected then the Urban population is derived as difference of Total population and Rural population. For future projection, the data of past decades 1961, 1971, 1981, 1991, 2001 and 2011 has been used and the projections have been made till 2045.
1.1.1 Arithmetical Increase Method
In this method, the average increase of population per decade is calculated from the past records and added to the present population to find out population in the next decade.
1.1.2 Geometrical Increase Method
In this method, percentage increase is assumed to be the rate of growth and the average of the percentage increase is used to find out future increment in population.
1.1.3 Incremental Increase Method
In this method, the increment in arithmetical increase is determined from the past decades and the average of that increment is added to the average increase.
1.1.4 Polynomial Curve Fitting
In this method, the population curve of the area is smoothly extended for getting future value based on polynomial function.
The projected population for Gandak Basin from above four methods is shown in Table A25-1 and Figure A25-1.
Table A25-1 : Projected Population of Gandak Basin by Various Methods
Projected Population for Year Population Projection Method 2011* 2015 2025 2035 2045 Arithmetical Increase Method 1013572 1063291 1187586 1311882 1436179 Geometrical Increase Method 1013572 1093277 1321132 1596618 1929724 Incremental Increase Method 1013572 1069286 1223557 1399240 1596335 Polynomial Curve Fitting Method 1013572 1085297 1260213 1431122 1590458 * Based on Census 2011
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Figure A25-1 : Projected Population of Gandak Basin by Various Methods
1.1.5 Adopted Projected Population
The population projected by Polynomial Curve Fitting method has been adopted which represents the decreasing rate of growth seen for Uttar Pradesh during 1991-2001 (25.9%) and 2001-2011 (20.1%).
1.2 Domestic Water Demand
1.2.1 Water Supply Norms
The present (year 2015) norms for domestic water supply in urban areas are:
150 lpcd in mega towns having a population of more than 10,00,000 135 lpcd in towns having a population of more than 1,00,000 70 lpcd in all other towns
While, the present (year 2015) norms for domestic water supply in rural areas is 40 lpcd.
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For future years 2025, 2035 and 2045 the following norms of domestic water supply in urban areas are applicable:
150 lpcd in mega towns having a population of more than 10,00,000 135 lpcd in towns having a population of more than 20,000 100 lpcd in all other towns
While for future years norms for domestic water supply in rural areas has been considered as 55 lpcd for 2025 and; 70 lpcd for year 2035 and 2045.
1.2.2 Distribution Losses
At present (2015) 30% distribution losses has been considered in urban areas and 10% in rural areas and accordingly the net domestic water demand of urban and rural areas has been increased to arrive at the gross domestic water demand. For future, it has been considered that the distribution losses in urban areas will reduce to 20% in year 2045 (linearly) while the losses in rural areas have been kept same as present.
1.2.3 Domestic Water Demand
Considering the above norms and the distribution losses, the gross domestic water demand corresponding to the projected population by the above four methods is shown in Table A25-2.
Table A25-2 : Domestic Water Demand of Gandak Basin by Population Projection Method
Domestic Water Demand for Year, MCM Population Projection Method 2015 2025 2035 2045 Arithmetical Increase Method 18.32 29.22 39.68 43.30 Geometrical Increase Method 18.86 32.78 48.75 58.96 Incremental Increase Method 18.42 30.18 42.45 48.35 Polynomial Curve Fitting Method 18.69 31.01 43.27 47.90
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Appendix 26 : Projected Population of Gandak Basin
S. Basin / District 2015 2025 2035 2045 Block No. Sub Basin (* - Partial District) Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total Rural Urban Total 1 Gandak Kushinagar* Dudhahi* 171742 376 172118 199096 450 199546 225903 520 226422 251004 580 251584 2 Gandak Kushinagar* Khadda* 213985 0 213985 248067 0 248067 281468 0 281468 312744 0 312744 3 Gandak Kushinagar* Nebua Naurangiya* 71933 0 71933 83390 0 83390 94617 0 94617 105131 0 105131 4 Gandak Kushinagar* Padrauna* 59828 28601 88429 69357 34254 103611 78695 39522 118217 87440 44080 131520 5 Gandak Kushinagar* Sevarhi* 211753 9492 221245 245480 11368 256848 278532 13117 291649 309481 14630 324111 6 Gandak Kushinagar* Tamkuhi Raj* 20111 15152 35263 23314 18146 41460 26453 20937 47390 29393 23352 52744 7 Gandak Kushinagar* Vishunpura* 204575 0 204575 237158 0 237158 269090 0 269090 298991 0 298991 8 Gandak Mahrajganj* Nichlaul* 77749 0 77749 90133 0 90133 102269 0 102269 113633 0 113633
Basin Total 1031675 53622 1085297 1195995 64219 1260214 1357027 74095 1431122 1507816 82641 1590457
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Appendix 27 : Projected Livestock Population of Gandak Basin
Table A27-1 : Projected Livestock Population of Gandak Basin in 2015
S. Basin / District Block Total Cattles Buffalos Sheep Goats Pigs Others Poultry No. Sub Basin (* - Partial District) (* - Partial Block) Livestock 1 Gandak Kushinagar* Dudhahi* 4757 10252 333 20565 135 86 36128 13971 2 Gandak Kushinagar* Khadda* 8928 16520 1715 25992 205 115 53475 19203 3 Gandak Kushinagar* Nebua Naurangiya* 2672 6052 369 5171 80 21 14365 5288 4 Gandak Kushinagar* Padrauna* 2221 3227 0 5126 72 19 10665 5916 5 Gandak Kushinagar* Sevarhi* 8801 12488 0 12828 207 123 34447 18136 6 Gandak Kushinagar* Tamkuhi Raj* 815 1235 0 1690 35 19 3794 1713 7 Gandak Kushinagar* Vishunpura* 9297 16298 592 12373 178 36 38774 34224 8 Gandak Mahrajganj* Nichlaul* 3511 5861 110 8231 404 13 18130 15087 Basin Total 41002 71933 3119 91976 1316 432 209778 113538
Table A27-2 : Projected Livestock Population of Gandak Basin in 2025 S. Basin / District Block Total Cattles Buffalos Sheep Goats Pigs Others Poultry No. Sub Basin (* - Partial District) (* - Partial Block) Livestock 1 Gandak Kushinagar* Dudhahi* 5152 12678 238 23930 0 0 41998 17476 2 Gandak Kushinagar* Khadda* 9694 20429 1223 30246 0 0 61592 24021 3 Gandak Kushinagar* Nebua Naurangiya* 2974 7484 263 6017 0 0 16738 6615 4 Gandak Kushinagar* Padrauna* 2459 3991 0 5965 0 0 12415 7399 5 Gandak Kushinagar* Sevarhi* 9486 15443 0 14927 0 0 39856 22687 6 Gandak Kushinagar* Tamkuhi Raj* 894 1527 0 1967 0 0 4388 2143 7 Gandak Kushinagar* Vishunpura* 10425 20155 422 14398 0 0 45400 42812 8 Gandak Mahrajganj* Nichlaul* 3966 7248 79 9578 0 0 20871 18872
Basin Total 45050 88955 2225 107028 0 0 243258 142025
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Table A27-3 : Projected Livestock Population of Gandak Basin in 2035 S. Basin / District Block (* - Partial Total Cattles Buffalos Sheep Goats Pigs Others Poultry No. Sub Basin (* - Partial District) Block) Livestock 1 Gandak Kushinagar* Dudhahi* 5547 15104 142 27295 0 0 48088 20982 2 Gandak Kushinagar* Khadda* 10459 24339 732 34499 0 0 70029 28839 3 Gandak Kushinagar* Nebua Naurangiya* 3275 8916 158 6863 0 0 19212 7942 4 Gandak Kushinagar* Padrauna* 2696 4754 0 6804 0 0 14254 8884 5 Gandak Kushinagar* Sevarhi* 10170 18398 0 17026 0 0 45594 27238 6 Gandak Kushinagar* Tamkuhi Raj* 973 1819 0 2243 0 0 5035 2573 7 Gandak Kushinagar* Vishunpura* 11553 24012 253 16423 0 0 52241 51400 8 Gandak Mahrajganj* Nichlaul* 4422 8635 47 10925 0 0 24029 22658
Basin Total 49095 105977 1332 122078 0 0 278482 170516
Table A27-4 : Projected Livestock Population of Gandak Basin in 2045 S. Basin / District Block (* - Partial Total Cattles Buffalos Sheep Goats Pigs Others Poultry No. Sub Basin (* - Partial District) Block) Livestock 1 Gandak Kushinagar* Dudhahi* 5943 17530 47 30661 0 0 54181 24487 2 Gandak Kushinagar* Khadda* 11224 28249 240 38753 0 0 78466 33658 3 Gandak Kushinagar* Nebua Naurangiya* 3577 10348 52 7709 0 0 21686 9269 4 Gandak Kushinagar* Padrauna* 2935 5518 0 7643 0 0 16096 10368 5 Gandak Kushinagar* Sevarhi* 10854 21354 0 19126 0 0 51334 31789 6 Gandak Kushinagar* Tamkuhi Raj* 1052 2111 0 2520 0 0 5683 3002 7 Gandak Kushinagar* Vishunpura* 12680 27869 83 18448 0 0 59080 59987 8 Gandak Mahrajganj* Nichlaul* 4877 10022 15 12272 0 0 27186 26444 Basin Total 53142 123001 437 137132 0 0 313712 199004
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Appendix 28 : District-wise Annual Growth Rate for Industries
S. Annual District Remarks No. Growth Rate 1 Agra 5 NA 2 Aligarh 5 NA 3 Allahabad 5 NA 4 Ambedkar Nagar 5 NA 5 Amethi 15 6 Auraiya 5 NA 7 Azamgarh 5 NA 8 Baghpat 5 NA 9 Bahraich 5 NA 10 Ballia 5 NA 11 Balrampur 10 12 Banda 5 NA 13 Bara Banki 13 14 Bareilly 5 NA 15 Basti 4 16 Bijnor 5 NA 17 Budaun 2 -ve 18 Bulandshahr 5 NA 19 Chandauli 5 NA 20 Chitrakoot 5 NA 21 Deoria 5 NA 22 Etah 5 NA 23 Etawah 5 NA 24 Faizabad 5.4 25 Farrukhabad 5 NA 26 Fatehpur 3.1 27 Firozabad 5 NA 28 Gautam Buddha Nagar 5 NA 29 Ghaziabad 5 NA 30 Ghazipur 2 -ve 31 Gonda 5 NA 32 Gorakhpur 5 NA 33 Hamirpur 5 NA 34 Hapur 5 NA 35 Hardoi 5 NA 36 Jalaun 2 37 Jaunpur 5 NA 38 Jhansi 5 NA 39 Jyotiba Phule Nagar 5 NA 40 Kannauj 5 NA 41 Kanpur Dehat 11 42 Kanpur Nagar 12 43 Kanshiram Nagar 5 NA 44 Kaushambi 5 NA
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S. Annual District Remarks No. Growth Rate 45 Kheri 5 NA 46 Kushinagar 2 47 Lalitpur 5 NA 48 Lucknow 5 NA 49 Mahamaya Nagar 5 NA 50 Mahoba 5 NA 51 Mahrajganj 5 NA 52 Mainpuri 5 NA 53 Mathura 5 NA 54 Mau 5 NA 55 Meerut 5 NA 56 Mirzapur 5 NA 57 Moradabad 5 NA 58 Muzaffarnagar 5 NA 59 Pilibhit 5 NA 60 Pratapgarh 5 NA 61 Rae Bareli 5 NA 62 Rampur 5 NA 63 Saharanpur 5 NA 64 Sambhal 5 NA 65 Sant Kabir Nagar 5 NA 66 Sant Ravidas Nagar (Bhadohi) 5 NA 67 Shahjahanpur 5 NA 68 Shamli 5 NA 69 Shrawasti 5 NA 70 Siddharthnagar 5 NA 71 Sitapur 3.6 72 Sonbhadra 5 NA 73 Sultanpur 10 74 Unnao 9.8 75 Varanasi 5 NA NA – No growth mentioned, assumed 5% annual growth rate. -ve – Negative growth mentioned, assumed 2% annual growth rate. Source: District MSME Reports, Ministry of Micro, Small & Medium Enterprises
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Appendix 29 : Potential Yield of Main Crops
There are a variety of factors associated with crop yield and the risks involved with farming. The four most important factors that influence crop yield are soil fertility, availability of water, climate, and diseases or pests.
Aggarwal, P.K. & Talukdar, K.K. & Mall, Rajesh. (2000) writes on the Potential yields of rice–wheat system in the Indo-Gangetic Plains of India. Indo-Gangetic plains have traditionally been responsible for the food security of India. Forty-eight rice wheat systems consisting of different rice and wheat varieties were simulated for optimal and late plantings. The potential yields of rice varied between 7.3 and 11.5 t/ha whereas yields of wheat were between 4.8 and 8.3 t/ha. Late planting of wheat reduced the potential yields of wheat and hence rice-wheat system, on an average, by 1.0 t/ha. Together with evaluation of land degradation status, available rural infrastructure as well as socioeconomic conditions of various farmers in the region, potential yield estimates can assist us in determining the optimal food production opportunities.
The World Bank has documented large productivity and profitability gains for food-insecure households under one of its projects in Bihar state. As of June 2012, it reports, 348,759 farmers were using system of crop intensification methods on over 50,000 ha. It summarized their yield increases as 86% for rice, 72% for wheat, 56% for pulses, 50% for oilseeds, and 20% for vegetables. The profitability increases for these different crops were calculated, respectively, as averaging 250%, 86% 67%, 93%, and 47%.
What is now called the System of Wheat Intensification (SWI) was first tested in northern India in 2006 by farmers working with the People’s Science Institute (PSI). First-year trials near Dehradun, using several varieties, showed average increases of 18% to 67% in grain yield and 9% to 27% higher straw yields (important for subsistence farmers as fodder) compared with the yields that farmers usually attained with conventional broadcast methods for crop establishment.
With CEDAC encouragement, several thousand farmers have started capitalizing on the productivity gains that SRI management is bringing to their paddy fields by reorganizing, diversifying, and intensifying their rice-based farming systems. With their previous paddy yields now doubled or tripled, farmers can take 30% to 50% of their paddy land out of rice production, as they are able to meet or exceed their households’ staple food needs by using SRI methods on their remaining rice area.
During the Ist Phase of Uttar Pradesh Water Restructuring Project, demo field demonstrations were carried out from 2006 to 2010, in fields of Barabanki, Raebareli, Sultanpur, Pratapgarh and Jaunpur and the results were as shown below.
Outcomes Average State Efforts Demonstrations Activities Yield, Average, Conducted Qtl./ha Qtl./ha A. Quality Seeds and Seed 1. Rice Demonstration 8442 45.59 18.70 Replacement 2. System of Rice 7 58.18 NA B. Balance Fertilizer Intensification (SRI) C. Timely Sowing / Transplanting Demonstration
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Outcomes Average State Efforts Demonstrations Activities Yield, Average, Conducted Qtl./ha Qtl./ha D. Proper Plant Spacing 3. Pigeon-Pea 817 18.53 7.36 E. Proper Placement of Seed and Demonstration Fertilizer 4. Wheat Demonstration 8562 47.63 27.72 F. Timely Irrigation through 5. Mustard 817 14.94 10.34 Conjunctive Use of Water Demonstration G. Eco-Friendly Pest 6. Moong 10595 6.51 5.68 Management Demonstration H. Farmers Field Days 7. Banana 28 594.65 386.75 I. Farmers Training Demonstration J. Farmers Exposure Visits 8. Papaya 28 664.85 524.56 Demonstration
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Appendix 30 : Urban Domestic Water Demand, Gandak Basin, MCM/yr
Basin / District Block 2015 2025 2035 2045 Sub Basin (* - Partial District) (* - Partial Block) Gandak Kushinagar* Dudhahi* 0.01 0.03 0.03 0.04 Gandak Kushinagar* Khadda* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Gandak Kushinagar* Nebua Naurangiya* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Gandak Kushinagar* Padrauna* 1.04 2.31 2.53 2.72 Gandak Kushinagar* Sevarhi* 0.35 0.77 0.84 0.90 Gandak Kushinagar* Tamkuhi Raj* 0.55 1.22 1.34 1.44 Gandak Kushinagar* Vishunpura* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Gandak Mahrajganj* Nichlaul* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Basin Total 1.96 4.33 4.74 5.09
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Appendix 31 : Rural Domestic Water Demand, Gandak Basin, MCM/yr
Basin / District Block 2015 2025 2035 2045 Sub Basin (* - Partial District)
Gandak Kushinagar* Dudhahi* 2.79 4.44 6.41 7.13 Gandak Kushinagar* Khadda* 3.47 5.53 7.99 8.88 Gandak Kushinagar* Nebua Naurangiya* 1.17 1.86 2.69 2.98 Gandak Kushinagar* Padrauna* 0.97 1.55 2.23 2.48 Gandak Kushinagar* Sevarhi* 3.44 5.48 7.91 8.79 Gandak Kushinagar* Tamkuhi Raj* 0.33 0.52 0.75 0.83 Gandak Kushinagar* Vishunpura* 3.32 5.29 7.64 8.49 Gandak Mahrajganj* Nichlaul* 1.26 2.01 2.90 3.23 Basin Total 16.74 26.68 38.52 42.81
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Appendix 32 : Projected Livestock Water Demand of Gandak Basin, MCM/yr
Year S. Basin / District Block No. Sub Basin (* - Partial District) (* - Partial Block) 2015 2025 2035 2045
1 Gandak Kushinagar* Dudhahi* 0.398 0.469 0.542 0.615 2 Gandak Kushinagar* Khadda* 0.660 0.775 0.893 1.011 3 Gandak Kushinagar* Nebua Naurangiya* 0.219 0.260 0.303 0.345 4 Gandak Kushinagar* Padrauna* 0.140 0.165 0.190 0.215 5 Gandak Kushinagar* Sevarhi* 0.534 0.621 0.711 0.802 6 Gandak Kushinagar* Tamkuhi Raj* 0.053 0.061 0.071 0.080 7 Gandak Kushinagar* Vishunpura* 0.636 0.757 0.879 1.001 8 Gandak Mahrajganj* Nichlaul* 0.242 0.285 0.332 0.378 Basin Total 2.882 3.392 3.920 4.448
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Appendix 33 : Industrial Water Demand in Gandak Basin by Administrative Units
Demand, MCM Basin / District Block Industrial Area Sub Basin (* - Partial District) (* - Partial Block) 2015 2025 2035 2045
Gandak Kushinagar* Khadda* IPL SUGAR MILL, Khadda, Kushi Nagar 0.11 0.13 0.15 0.17 Gandak Kushinagar* Padrauna* Extensive Industrial Estate Padrauna, 0.04 0.05 0.06 0.07 Gandak Kushinagar* Dudhahi* Mini Industrial Estate Sirgatiya Karanpatti 0.01 0.01 0.01 0.02 Gandak Kushinagar* Tamkuhi Raj* The united Provinces sugar Co ltd, Seorahi, kushinagar 0.09 0.11 0.13 0.15
Basin Total 0.26 0.31 0.36 0.41
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Appendix 34 : Prevalent Practices of Flood Management in Uttar Pradesh
1 Prevalent Practices of Flood Management in UP
The existing practices of flood management in UP can be included in three broader terms as follows.
1.1 Pre-Monsoon Preparations for Flood Management a Structural Measures o Pre-monsoon completion of ongoing flood Protection works Flood protection works should be planned in such a way that they will not be damaged during monsoon season. Special attention should be given for the works being completed in river bed so they are completed during the end of May.
Every year instructions are issued from the office of Engineer-in-Chief UPIWRD Lucknow for completion of all ongoing flood protections works to a safer level before the end of May still the lapses one very often found at site. o Pre monsoon Maintenance and Repair of Flood Protection works Damaged flood protection works should be repaired to a safer state before the onset of monsoon. Clear instructions are issued every year from the office of Engineer-in-Chief, UPIWRD Lucknow in the form of a booklet to all the Chief Engineers concerned with the flood protection works well in advance during Feb / March. Additional instructions are further issued by the higher officers after visiting the damaged sites.
The maintenance and repair works are carried out according to the programme fixed at the level of Chief Engineer concerned keeping in mind the suggestions of the district administration and local leaders and public representatives, suitable instructions are issued for the purpose. At the level of Principal Secretary (Irrigation), GoUP, Lucknow, the maintenance programme is finalized depending upon maintenance grant available.
The maintenance grants issued every year are not sufficient to meet requirement completely and they are not according to the norms fixed by CWC. The actual allotment of funds in comparison to the funds required as per norms issued by CWC, GOI are as indicated below. o Pre- monsoon Clearance and restoration of section of drains Small drains need to be cleared off silt and vegetation etc. before the start of monsoon season i.e. up to the end of May. Big drains / trunk drains need restoration of original section but in practice it is limited to the availability of funds only.
Due to conjunction of drain sections of the surface and sub-surface drainage affect the water logging in the area leading to flood problems and salinity.
As a normal practice, big drains (discharge >75 cusecs) should be cleared (i.e. desilted) every three years and small drains should be desilted and cleaned every year. Due to non-availability of maintenance grant as per guidelines of CWC, only about 50 % of maintenance work is carried out every year.
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Development of BAPS for UP Major River Basins Gandak Basin Plan o Inspection of critical flood protection works by team of higher officers Every year the team of higher officers (Superintending Engineer / Chief Engineer) are sent to the sensitive flood prone districts for the overall survey of preparations (structural measures) done before the monsoon season. The flood protection works are visited by the team with the concerned field engineers and the detailed report about status of flood protection works are submitted to the GoUP, concerned chief engineer UPIWRD and to the Engineer-In-Chief UPIWRD, highlighting the following points:
Status of flood protection works with the recommendations for further improvements. Issue of certificate as per check list regarding functioning of gates operating systems of F.P.Works b Non Structural Measures o Formation of steering group in flood affected Districts For monitoring of flood management in flood affected district formation of steering group under the chairmanship of the district magistrate is done during April / May as per G.No. 1371 (F/87 / 23-6-40 flood 87. The Executive Engineer is concerned with the steering group. The main tasks of the steering group are as given below.
To make arrangement for monitoring and dealing with the flood. To make arrangements for carriage of essential materials to the flood affected work-site. To make arrangements for labour and materials for repair of flood protection works during floods. To make arrangement for services of P.A.C. (Police Protection Force or Home guards) whenever necessary for the flood protection works. To make arrangement for the availability of electricity at the damaged site of F.P. works, in rural areas or town areas during flood. To make arrangement for Pumps, diesel and electricity for pumping of waterlogged areas. To monitor all the relief works during floods Any other works related to floods. o Establishment of flood control rooms in the sensitive flood prone districts including central flood control room at Lucknow Orders for the establishment of flood control room in the sensitive districts are made well in advance by the office of Engineer-In-Chief, UPIWRD and establishment of control room at 25 places are made before the onset of monsoon. o Establishment of temporary telephone in the control room, at sensitive points and in the office dealing with floods Sanction of temporary telephones for the control rooms at sensitive points and in offices dealing with the floods are issued quite well in advance by the office of Engineer-In-Chief UPIWRD in the month of April / May every year. Additional temporary phones are also established in the office of relief commissions U.P. at Lucknow and in the army head quarter at Lucknow for the exchange of flood messages during rainy season.
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Development of BAPS for UP Major River Basins Gandak Basin Plan o Establishment of temporary wireless sets at sensitive places Order for establishing temporary wireless sets at sensitive and flood prone places (as suggested by Engineer-In-Chief UPIWRD.) are issued during April / May every year and sets are installed by the police wireless department before the onset of monsoon for speedy transfer of flood messages during rainy season. o Formation of nodal and coordinating teams at flood prone circle / districts level Order for the nomination of Nodal Officers at the district level and coordinating offices at the commissioner levels are issued well in advance from the office of Engineer-In-Chief UPIWRD every year for monitoring of flood, transfer of flood managers and interaction with the district authorities during rainy season. o Making arrangements for pumping sets A list of pumping sets in working order is collected from the offices of Irrigation Department before the onset of monsoon. The officer’s custodians of the pumping sets are instructed to keep the sets ready for any emergent use during flood season every year.
Arrangement is made for meeting of Irrigation Advisory Committee (Sichai Sallahakar Sameeti) for providing necessary help during floods in the rural areas of the state. Junior Engineers of the concerned Flood Division attend the meeting and make proper co-ordination with the committee members for any help needed during the flood season. o Making Arrangement for Interstate meetings The border of eastern Uttar Pradesh connects Nepal and Bihar. Joint meetings of the concerned offices of UP and Bihar are held during April / May every year to discuss the flood problems and necessary arrangements for transfer of flood managers are made meetings with the authorities of Nepal are arranged through government of India in which the officers concerned from UPIWRD take part regarding transfer of flood usages. o Collection of reserve Stock at sensitive places Reserve stocks such as boulders, wire crates, E.C.Bags, ballis, bamboos, brick-ballast / bats, nylon ropes, etc. in sufficient quantities are collected at sensitive places before the onset of monsoon so that flood fighting measures can easily be situated whenever necessary during monsoon.
1.2 Flood Management during Monsoon Season a Structural Management o Maintenance and repair of embankments Necessary repair and maintenance of marginal embankments against any seepage or erosion or damage to the structure are taken up by UPIWRD as per instructions issued from the head office Lucknow and zonal Chief engineer every year.
Temporary headquarters, of the field engineers and staff (EE/AE/JE/Supervisors etc.) are shifted near vulnerable and sensitive points of the embankments and arrangements for the proper reserve stocks are made to deal with requirements at site wherever and whenever necessary help of the district administration is sought specially for the transportation of the material etc.
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Development of BAPS for UP Major River Basins Gandak Basin Plan o Maintenance and repairs of anti-erosion works along with the necessary arrangements for flood fighting Due to increase in discharge of the river erosion of earth takes place which leads to the erosion of the agricultural /non- agricultural lands and damage to the building and structures/monuments etc. The type of erosion depends on the type of rivers and it is found maximum at the following points.
When water level is 0.60 m below the bank level. At the enter curve of the river. Wherever there is obstruction in the flow of the river. Whenever the discharge decreases.
During flood season all arrangements are made for the diversion of water currents so that the erosion of the banks and erosion of the marginal embankments can be minimized. In a general way we term it as flood fighting measures.
The Following types of anti-erosion works are adopted in flood fighting measures depending on their suitability.
Repair and Maintenance of existing Spurs- Spurs are constructed where the river discharge is more than 1.0 lac cusec for diversion of floods. Spurs are maintained in proper working order construction of cutters etc. during floods. Construction of New Spurs- on river having more than 1.0 lac cusecs discharge. Construction of Studs- Suitable for less than 1.00 lac cusecs discharge. Dampners - Suitable for less than 1.00 lac cusecs discharge. Where the river is near embankment and depth of and depth of scour is moderate. Launching apron and pitching-when discharges is more than 1.00 lacs cusec and there is no space available for the construction of spurs and the river is at curve. Calculations of launching apron should be based on 2R/105R where R is depth of scour. Construction of Balli Stud / Screen- Suitable for low discharge and less depth of scour. Use of wire crates- Wirecrates are used for packing boulders and used mostly in spurs and studs. Use of Bamboo/ Nylon crates- Bamboo/ Nylon crates generally used in construction of Balli studs for low discharge and less depth of scour. Use of Percupines- percupines are prepared in Pyramid shapes with bamboo and filled with boulders in wire crates at the base and the rest space is filled with Jhakhars etc. Use of tree spurs- Big trees are used and fixed at ground with the help of steel wire /ropes and they work as spurs for diversions of water currents. Use of Bamboo roles- Three numbers of bamboo pieces are tied together in the form of circular role and placed in the river along banks and tied the heavy boulders etc. at one end and fixed with the ground at the other end. o Maintenance of the drains Drains are cleared and maintained so that there is no blockage in the flow of water during rainy season. In rural areas drains are maintained by UPIWRD, and in urban areas they are maintained by Municipal Corporations.
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Development of BAPS for UP Major River Basins Gandak Basin Plan o Pumping arrangements During heavy rainfall regulators gates are constructed on town works (ring bunds / town protection embankments) are closed during high flood in the river. With the result the town areas inside the production bunds gets flooded and as such to provide relief water is pumped and thrown away in the river. The pumping arrangements are made by Irrigation Department as well as Municipal Corporation (Jal Nigam). Pumping arrangements in rural /agricultural areas are not common. b Non Structural Management o Flood fore-casting and warning Rainfall and river Ganga data including trend of river and flood forecast are collected from CWC (EE's Office) Lucknow by the Central Flood Control Room UPIWRD Lucknow. A sample data sheet is given in Annexure C. The data Sheet shows the river Ganga position of 8:00am and is normally made available after 12:00am from the office of CWC Aliganj Lucknow. This data sheet contains data pertaining to the whole Uttar Pradesh and Uttarakhand and it is made available at internet at the address “[email protected].”
In addition to above date rainfall forecast for the next 24/48 hours is collected from IMD, Amausi Lucknow office by Telephone by Central Flood Control Room UPIWRD Lucknow and incorporated in the daily flood bulletin.
Daily reports regarding functioning of sensitive Flood Protection works are collected by the Central Flood Control Room UPIWRD Lucknow by Telephone /wireless /fax and e-mail and incorporated in the daily Bulletin.
Releases from reservoirs of the state are collected by fax/phone in the central Flood Control Room, UPIWRD, Lucknow and incorporated in the Daily bulletin. Messages regarding heavy releases from reservoirs are passed to the Concerned D.M./S.S.P.'s and officer concerned of UPIWRD and is passed through telephone /fax/ wireless from the Central Flood Control Room Lucknow for taking all the safety measures.
Incorporating the above data, daily Flood Bulletin is issued by the CFC Room, UPIWRD at around 4.00pm and is made available to all the concerned ministers/secretaries and officers concerned of central govt /State govt for information. o Warning Signals for evacuation of villages/areas Whenever the river level is at danger or above danger warning signals for taking all the safety measures including evacuation of the village are sent by Irrigation Department to the concerned D.M. /S.S.P.'s of the district concerned through phone/Fax/ wireless.
Similar warning signals for taking all the safety measures including evacuation of villages /areas are sent by Irrigation Department to the concerned D.M./S.S.P's of the district whenever substantial/heavy releases are passed on downstream of reservoirs.
Similar warning signals are sent for speedy evacuation of villages/areas in case of breach of dams on marginal embankments by the irrigation department to the concerned DM/S.S.P's of the districts and other administrative officers.
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Development of BAPS for UP Major River Basins Gandak Basin Plan o Training of villagers/ people to live with floods Village people should be trained about sanitation and hygienic measures to be taken during floods so that epidemic etc. may be avoided. They should be trained about the patent and common medicines to be taken in case of common diseases like Malaria, Filaria and high fever etc.
The job is being carried out by the Steering Committee of the district and the disaster management committee of the district. Training for evacuation of villages /areas and other relevant procedures are provided by the Disaster Management committees of the district/areas.
1.3 Flood Management after Monsoon Season
After the end of flood season survey of the areas heavily damaged by the floods are conducted and the planning for the construction of majors/repairs of the major works before the onset of new-monsoon are done and accordingly the demand of the funds is submitted to the authorities concerned of Irrigation / Revenue Department Ganga High Flood committee, CWC Patna. Also visits the site and makes its recommendations for the constructions of flood Management works, based on the survey done and project prepared before the onsets of the next monsoon. a Structural Measures o Timely Maintenance and repair of flood management works As per opinion of the expert group funds for creating operation and maintenance of the flood management works should be made available in time. The allocation and the release of the funds for these should be streamed lined as follows.
50% of the amount sanctioned schemes should be made available by the beginning of the December every year. 30% should be released by beginning of the February. 20% should be given by middle of March every Year. o Timely Clearance of the Drains and allied marks of the Drainage Funds for maintenance of drains and regulators gates etc. should be allotted as mentioned above so that thorough repair and maintenance can be done before the onset of monsoon. o Filling of gaps between embankments already constructed The gaps existing in embankments which are causing inundation in protected areas thus reducing the benefits of the embankments envisaged in scheme should be plugged effectively without any further delay. o Top most priority should be given to the completion of ongoing schemes Topmost priority should be given to the completion of the ongoing schemes pending for long period having high cost of run and high time of run. o Adopting of Flood proofing programme Construction of Flood proofing programmes has not picked up speed in Uttar Pradesh. It provides relief to the flood victims at a much smaller cost. It should be adopted in phased manner in eastern Uttar Pradesh.
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Development of BAPS for UP Major River Basins Gandak Basin Plan b Non-Structural Measures o Timely availability of vital information regarding rainfall in upper catchment areas, its magnitude, special distribution along with advance forecasts of river flows etc. is most essential to the field officers concerned in the flood management. The major parts of the catchment areas of the Himalayan rivers are contributing to the devastating floods every year in Eastern UP and North Bihar lie in Nepal. Therefore, it is essential that the information of rainfall etc. in these upper catchments in Nepal should be made available to UP and Bihar Engineers on regular and systematic basis. In this direction, it is to be mentioned that a scheme namely “Flood forecasting and warning system on rivers common to India and Nepal” which includes 42 Hydro Meteorological Stations in Nepal had been in operation since 1989. The data collected is helpful for formulating the flood forecasts and issue warnings in the lower catchments. o Timely availability of daily river gauge and rainfall data from CWC on Internet Daily river gauges and rainfall data for 8.00 a.m. for U.P and Uttarakhand are issued by CWC Office after 12.00 hours and made available through messenger to the Central Flood Control Room UPIWRD, Lucknow. Accordingly, the Flood forecasting and flood warning messages are issued by the Central Flood Control Room UPIWRD, Lucknow in the afternoon of the day which is neither delayed. Effort should be made to issue daily rivers Ganges including forecast data and rainfall bulletin from CWC office Lucknow by 10.00am along with little availability of data on Internet throughout the state. This will improve transfer of flood messages and accordingly the evacuation process etc. o Modernization of Flood forecasting system The Central Water Commission which is responsible for flood forecasting and flood warning System in UP and Bihar should make efforts to expand and modernize the Flood Forecasting system for increasing the time lag of flood warnings for giving more time to the civil authorities for effective and requisite relief and remedial measures. Similar efforts for extending the network under the catchments in Nepal through the existing programme should also be pursued. o Provision of Separate Network for flood management At present wireless at 92 places (reservoir sites and sensitive flood embankment sites) are established during flood seasons and maintained and run through Police Wireless Network. All the Sensitive Flood spots/embankments, all the reservoirs (dam site), concerning district headquarters, headquarters of flood management Engineers of UPIWRD. Along with Central Flood Control Room UPIWRD and office of relief commissioner should be connected by a separate network for time transfer of flood messages. o Implementation of Rashtriya Barh Ayog The recommendations of various earlier committees and that of Rashtriya Barh Ayog (RBA) should be implemented effectively. In particular, the twenty-five important recommendations identified by the working Group on flood management for 8th five year plan out of total 207 recommendations of RBA should be implemented on priority basis. This would definitely pave the way for necessary measures to help in mitigation of flood damages and losses. In both UP and Bihar, regular appraisal and review of the status of implementation should be made by the high level committee under the chairmanship of the Chief Ministers of the respective States as recommended by RBA Feedback on these aspects should be furnished to GFCC (Ministry of Water Resources, Govt of India).
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Development of BAPS for UP Major River Basins Gandak Basin Plan o Implementation of Flood Plain Zoning Bill Flood plain Zoning Bill to regulate the land use practices in the Flood plains of various river basins should be implemented in order to restrict the damage of floods. In this direction, the following works are required to be taken up and completed on top priority by the states.
Demarcation of area liable to floods and floods of different frequencies of 2, 5, 10, 50 and 100years. Preparation of detailed contour plans of flood prone areas on large scale (1:15000) at contour interval of 0.3m to 0.5m. Fixing of reference ranges for different flood frequencies. Delineation of various types of uses to which flood plans are proposed to be put to. o Setting up of high level Committee for Ghaghra Basin River Ghaghra with its two important tributaries Sharda & Rapti is one of the most important left bank tributary of the river Ganga basin. In fact, the Ghaghra carries more water than the Ganga before their confluence. In 1998 flood in river Ghaghra has created maximum Flood havoc in eastern UP Region, it flowed 91 cm above previous HFL at Turtipar in UP and at Darauli in Bihar. It broke record of last 50 Years by 8 cm and flowed for 13 days above danger level. The expert Groups recommend that there should be a high level committee for Ghaghra similar to that of Kosi and Gandak High Level Committees to oversee the flood management aspects of Ghaghra Basin.
1.4 Short-term Strategic Measures of Flood Protection
A significant length of marginal bunds has been constructed over the years along the banks of rivers causing inundation to adjoining area to protect agricultural land and inhabited areas. Every year meandering tendency of river changes due to which short-term measures adopted to check erosion of bank do not prove to be successful in long-term. Marginal embankments are constructed as short-term measure along the bank of the river. More emphasis should be given to fill the gaps of previously constructed marginal embankments. By filling the gaps of previously constructed marginal bund will work as a single unit to protect the larger adjoining areas.
Other works which can be considered for short-term measures are as follows.
Anti-Erosion Works Strengthening and raising of old marginal bunds Protection of old embankments Remodelling of trunk drains and other drains Use of electronic media for evacuation Inter-departmental co-ordination
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Appendix 35 : Waste Water Generation from Urban Area of Gandak Basin, MCM/yr
Basin / District Block 2015 2025 2035 2045 Sub Basin (* - Partial District) (* - Partial Block) Gandak Kushinagar* Dudhahi* 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.02 Gandak Kushinagar* Khadda* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Gandak Kushinagar* Nebua Naurangiya* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Gandak Kushinagar* Padrauna* 0.58 1.35 1.56 1.74 Gandak Kushinagar* Sevarhi* 0.19 0.45 0.52 0.58 Gandak Kushinagar* Tamkuhi Raj* 0.31 0.72 0.83 0.92 Gandak Kushinagar* Vishunpura* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Gandak Mahrajganj* Nichlaul* 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 Basin Total 1.10 2.53 2.92 3.26
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Appendix 36 : STP Requirement in Gandak Basin
Basin / District Waste Water Production, MLD Name of Existing Ongoing STPs Total Additional S. Block Sub (* - Partial Town STPs (Capacity, Capacity, Capacity, Requirement No. (* - Partial Block) Basin District) 2015 2025 2035 2045 MLD) MLD * MLD upto 2045, MLD
1 Gandak Kushinagar* Sevarhi* Sewarhi (NP) 1.40 3.23 3.73 4.16 - - - 4.16
Basin Total 1.40 3.23 3.73 4.16 - - - 4.16 * As of year 2019
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Appendix 37 : Node-Link Model Setup and Results of Different Water Balance Scenarios for Gandak Basin
Node-Link Model Setup for Gandak Basin
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Results of Different Water Balance Scenarios for Gandak Basin in XLS Format (Given in Soft Copy) for following model RUNs:
RUN-1 Base Scenario, Present (2014-15) Water Balance with existing infrastructure for ground water use and no restriction on stage of groundwater extraction, BAU (Business As Usual) RUN-2 Future Water Balance Scenarios for 2024-25, if BAU with crop intensification/diversification as per prevailing trend (Agr.Sc-1) RUN-3 Future Water Balance Scenarios for 2023-35, if BAU with crop intensification/diversification as per prevailing trend (Agr.Sc-1) RUN-4 Future Water Balance Scenarios for 2044-45, if BAU with crop intensification/diversification as per prevailing trend (Agr.Sc-1) RUN-5 Future Water Balance Scenario for 2024-25, with additionally required infrastructure for ground water use and restriction on stage of ground water extraction, maintaining minimum environmental flows, if Conjunctive use is applied with crop intensification/diversification as per prevailing trend (Agr.Sc-2) RUN-6 Future Water Balance Scenario for 2034-35, with additionally required infrastructure for ground water use and restriction on stage of ground water extraction, maintaining minimum environmental flows, if Conjunctive use is applied with crop intensification/diversification as per prevailing trend (Agr.Sc-2) RUN-7 Future Water Balance Scenario for 2044-45, with additionally required infrastructure for ground water use and restriction on stage of ground water extraction, maintaining minimum environmental flows, if Conjunctive use is applied with crop intensification/diversification as per prevailing trend (Agr.Sc-2) RUN-8 Future Water Balance Scenario for 2044-45, with additionally required infrastructure for ground water use and restriction on stage of ground water extraction, maintaining minimum environmental flows, if Conjunctive use is applied with crop intensification/diversification as per prevailing trend (Agr.Sc-2) with Climate change scenario
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Appendix 38 : Issues Specific to Districts Falling in Gandak Basin
Administrative Setup The Gandak Basin covers 2 districts (both partial) of Uttar Pradesh. The percentage of district area falling in Gandak Basin and percentage of basin area covered by each district is shown in Figure A38- 1.
Figure A38-1 : Districts Falling in Gandak Basin 89.62
District Area in Basin, % Percentage of Basin Area, % 30.34 10.38 3.46
Kushinagar Mahrajganj
Urban Centers There is only one Statutory Town of Kushinagar district falling in Gandak Basin i.e. Sewarhi with population above 20,000.
Non-Agricultural Demand and Supply The model run results for the present scenario of 2014-15 (given in Appendix 37 as RUN-1) shows that the urban domestic water demand of 1.94 MCM per year exists in Kushinagar district only and is being met from ground water. The rural domestic demand, livestock demand and industry demand is also met from groundwater in both the districts as shown in Table A38-1. There is no power plant in Gandak Basin.
Table A38-1 : Annual Non-Agricultural Demand and Supply in Gandak Basin, MCM
District Urban Urban Rural Total S. Area, Urban Livestock Industry (* - Partial GW SW Domestic Rural No. Sq.Km Demand Demand Demand District) supply supply Demand Demand 1 Kushinagar* 873.25 1.94 1.94 0.00 15.34 2.61 0.25 18.21 2 Mahrajganj* 101.12 0.00 0.00 0.00 1.25 0.24 0.00 1.49
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Agricultural Demand and Supply District-wise irrigation demand in canal command and non-command areas of Gandak Basin are given in Table A38-2 as per model run results for the present scenario of 2014-15 (given in Appendix 37 as RUN-1).
Table A38-2 : District-wise Agricultural Demand and Supply in Gandak Basin, MCM
Unmet SW GW Unmet Unmet GW SWMin Unmet Irrigation GW SWMin District Irrigation Irrigation SW Supply GW Supply Irrigation Irrigation Supply Supply S. Area, Irrigation Demand Supply Supply (* - Partial Demand Demand Supply as % of Supply as % of Demand Demand as % of as % of No. Sq.Km Demand Outside Outside Outside District) in CCA in CCA, in CCA Total in CCA Total Outside Outside Total Total in CCA CCA CCA CCA % Supply Supply CCA CCA, % Supply Supply 1 Kushinagar* 873.25 215.66 0.00 0.0% 210.34 97.5% 5.32 2.5% 158.79 75.94 47.8% 55.05 66.5% 27.79 33.5% 2 Mahrajganj* 101.12 0.10 0.00 0.0% 0.08 88.1% 0.01 11.9% 35.30 15.91 45.1% 15.23 78.6% 4.16 21.4%
Canal Command Area: District Kushinagar is having the most of the irrigation demand of 215.66 MCM in canal command area and District Mahrajganj is having only 0.10 MCM irrigation demand in Gandak Basin. There is no unmet irrigation demand in canal command area. Out of the total supply, the surface water supply in canal command area is 97.5% and 88.1% while the ground water supply is 2.5% and 11.9% in Kushinagar District and Mahrajganj District, respectively.
Non-command Area: District Kushinagar is having 158.79 MCM and District Mahrajganj is having 35.30 MCM irrigation demand in non-command area in Gandak Basin. Out of this, there is 47.8% unmet demand in Kushinagar District and 45.1% unmet demand in Mahrajganj District. Out of the total supply, the ground water supply in non-command area is 66.5% and 78.6% while the supply from ponds-tanks is 33.5% and 21.4% in Kushinagar District and Mahrajganj District, respectively.
Stage of Groundwater Extraction The district-wise stage of extraction of groundwater as per model run results are given in Table A38- 3. Both the districts come under SAFE category.
Table A38-3 : District-wise Ground Water Use in Gandak Basin, MCM
GW Return Seepage Stage of District Recharge Flows S. Area, from Total GW GW GW (* - Partial from from No. Sq.Km Canals Availability Extraction Extraction, District) Normal Irrigation to GW % Rain to GW
1 Kushinagar* 873.25 214.25 45.11 102.23 361.59 80.51 22%
2 Mahrajganj* 101.12 29.38 0.69 2.73 32.81 16.73 51%
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Water Use Efficiency The district-wise water use efficiency in canal command area and non-command area as per model results has been shown in Table A38-4.
Canal Command Area: Both Kushinagar and Mahrajganj district are having good canal conveyance efficiency viz. 87% and 82%, respectively. The on-farm application efficiency in canal command area is almost same for both the districts i.e. 64% and 65% for Kushinagar and Mahrajganj district, respectively. The overall water use efficiency of Kushinagar and Mahrajganj district is 56% and 53%, respectively.
Non-command Area: For the non-command areas, the on-farm efficiency/overall irrigation efficiency is 62% in Kushinagar district and 69% in Mahrajganj district.
Table A38-4 : District-wise Water Use Efficiency in Gandak Basin
On-Farm Water Use On-Farm District Conveyance S. Area, Application Efficiency Efficiency (* - Partial Efficiency, No. Sq.Km Efficiency in CCA, Inside CCA, Outside CCA, District) % % % %
1 Kushinagar* 873.25 87 64 56 62
2 Mahrajganj* 101.12 82 65 53 69
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Appendix 39 : Unit Cost of Canal Lining
Unit cost S. Cost in lac Canal System Lining, sq.m Lac Rs. per No. Rs. 100 sq.m Parallel Lower Ganga Canal
(Only lining work) Length, 88.863 km Bed width, 49.4 m 1 Water depth, 3.627 m Discharge, 8900 cusec 5552618 79773 1.44 2 Haidergarh Branch & its distributaries 200000 2460 1.23 3 Singhpur Dy & Minors 17723 183 1.03 4 Inhauna Dy & Minors 100000 882 0.88 Source: UPIWRD
Adopted Unit Cost of Canal Lining per 100 sq.m S. No. Unit cost Lac Rs. Canal Type per 100 sq.m 1 For Main Canal 1.50 2 For Branches 1.25 3 For Distributaries & Minors 1.00
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Appendix 40 : Additional Number of Shallow Tubewells required in 2044-45 and their Cost (in Crore Rs.) in Gandak Basin
No. of Shallow Cost S. Basin / District Block Tubewells (in Crore Rs.) No. Sub Basin (* - Partial District) (* - Partial Block) In CCA Out CCA In CCA Out CCA 1 Gandak Kushinagar* Vishunpura* 0 0 0.00 0.00 2 Gandak Kushinagar* Dudhahi* 0 428 0.00 5.76 3 Gandak Kushinagar* Nebua Naurangiya* 0 0 0.00 0.00 4 Gandak Kushinagar* Sevarhi* 0 428 0.00 5.70 5 Gandak Kushinagar* Padrauna* 0 34 0.00 0.46 6 Gandak Kushinagar* Padrauna* 0 41 0.00 0.55 7 Gandak Kushinagar* Tamkuhi Raj* 0 0 0.00 0.00 8 Gandak Kushinagar* Khadda* 0 155 0.00 2.07 9 Gandak Mahrajganj* Nichlaul* 0 212 0.00 2.83 Total 0 1298 0.00 17.37
Grand Total 1298 17.37
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Appendix 41 : Details of Wetlands in Gandak Basin
S. District Block Area, Village Name No. (* - Partial District) (* - Partial Block) ha
1 Kushinagar* Dudhahi* 98.73 2 Kushinagar* Dudhahi* 27.69 3 Kushinagar* Dudhahi* 19.01 4 Kushinagar* Dudhahi* 15.29 5 Kushinagar* Khadda* 9.27 6 Kushinagar* Khadda* 3.03 7 Kushinagar* Khadda* 9.02 8 Kushinagar* Nebua Naurangiya* Narainpur 98.40 9 Kushinagar* Sevarhi* 96.64 10 Kushinagar* Sevarhi* 6.12 11 Kushinagar* Sevarhi* 5.67 12 Kushinagar* Sevarhi* 63.52 13 Kushinagar* Sevarhi* 99.42 14 Kushinagar* Sevarhi* 26.82 15 Kushinagar* Sevarhi* Misrauli 59.98 16 Kushinagar* Sevarhi* 50.59 17 Kushinagar* Sevarhi* 112.66 18 Kushinagar* Sevarhi* 40.57 19 Kushinagar* Sevarhi* 8.78 20 Kushinagar* Sevarhi* 8.95 21 Kushinagar* Sevarhi* 24.84 22 Kushinagar* Sevarhi* 3.34 23 Kushinagar* Sevarhi* 2.49 24 Kushinagar* Sevarhi* 7.83 25 Kushinagar* Sevarhi* 148.86 26 Kushinagar* Tamkuhi Raj* Sumahi Mohan Singh 13.97 27 Kushinagar* Vishunpura* Khesia 86.63 28 Kushinagar* Vishunpura* Khajuria 318.51 29 Kushinagar* Vishunpura* Mithha Mafi 30.12 30 Kushinagar* Vishunpura* 22.96 31 Kushinagar* Vishunpura* Domara Khurd 23.03 32 Kushinagar* Vishunpura* Balkudia 88.90 33 Mahrajganj* Nichlaul* 54.63 34 Mahrajganj* Nichlaul* Bheri Hari 42.51 Source: UP RSAC
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