March 1953 Vol. 5 No. 9

March 1953 Vol. 5 No. 9 PUBLISHED MONTHLY BY THE DEPARTMENT OF FISHERIES OF CANADA

HE - ha MARCH, 1953 of poth CONTENTS oil.

FEATURES caa'in4 melaex The Pothead Whale Industry of Newfoundland 3 herd: Freshwater Fish Meal 5 severa The Stephenson Collapsible Crab Trap 6 come c Canada's Lake Trout 8 fall, fc concen form a ery. I CANADIAN FISHERIES NEWS to corn have bl Important Executive Changes 9 Holding Live Lobsters 10 Lobster Regulations 10 built u Echo Sounder Studies 10 settlen Salted Fish Marketing 11 herd" 1 Fisheries Council 12 til they Fishery Figures for January 13 succes cessar Such a ermen FISHERIES NEWS FROM ABROAD few ph Harbou Fisheries of the U.S.S.R. 15 vista F.A. O. Sponsors Congress for World's Fishing Boats 15 in Notr Norway Increases Aid to Indian Fisheries 16 Norway's Herring Fishery 17 I. is finis by Nor] to line- whethe CURRENT READING 19 lookout Then tl boat ar surrow

have not been copyrighted and may be reprinted although reference The contents of TRADE NEWS of th TRADE NEWS write to the to the source would be appreciated. For further information regarding tion I at St. Director of Information and Educational Service , Department of Fisheries of Canada, Ottawa.

-2- tie pothead Whale laustry of Newfoundland

By D. E. SERGEANT A drive near its end at Chapel Arm. HE EA, 'ERN bays of Newfoundland are the T home of an unusual fishery, the driving of herds keep well outside in case the whales should double back, and raise a great hullabaloo by shouting and 1953 of pothead whales and their processing for meat and oil. beating oildrums. The whales meanwhile move in a compact herd, diving and blowing alternately, seek- Known elsewhere as blackfish, pilot whales or ing an outlet on either side of the ring of boats but caa'ing whales, and to s c i e n c e as Globicephala apparently not greatly alarmed. Stones thrown into melaena, these animals are always to be found in the water make a trail of foam and may prevent he r d s which may number from several dozen to them doubling back. Slowly they are driven shore- several hundred individuals. In Newfoundland they wards, and finally go aground in the shallows where come deep into the bays and remain all summer and they are blinded by the mud their struggles kick up. fall, feeding on the dense stocks of squid which are At this point, and not before, lancing can begin. concentrated there. These are the same squid which Little damage results to men or boats -- a few form an important s our c e of bait for the cod fish- planks stove in, a propeller shaft twisted perhaps, ery. In some years the squid have failed altogether and a good soaking for those who did not put on oil- to come inshore, and in those years the whales too skins. Such is the docility of even a 20 foot, three- have been rare or altogether absent. ton bull whale. After the killing the dead whales are pulled The driving of the whales is a skilled pursuit ashore and tied together; then hauled one by one up built up over the years by the men of a few outport the beach by sheer man-power. settlements. Basically, the technique is to "shepherd" the whales to the end of an arm of the bay un- Here they are flensed and the meat and livers til they go aground, then to harpoon them. But for removed, the fat and meat trucked away, and the successful stranding a gently shelving beach is ne- carcasses returned to the sea. cessary, since the whales will shy off a steep slope. Such a combination of acquired skill among the fish- EACH MAN GETS SHARE ermen and a suitable driving beach exist only at a A roll-call of the participants ensures that few places; most used are Chapel Arm and New each man will get his share for the sale of the prod- Harbour in Trinity Bay, and Southern Bay in Bona- ucts. vista Bay. Occasional drives may take place also Formerly the oil was rendered down by the in Notre Dame Bay. fishermen themselves, and what meat was saved In early August, when the trap fishery for cod went for winter dog food. Since 1948 however, the is finished, the fishermen at Chapel Arm and near- initiative of a Norwegian whaling skipper, Captain Iver Iversen has resulted in the development of an by Norman's Cove settlements turn their attentions industry processing meat and oil. The company, to line-fishing by day and squid-jigging by night, but whether they are ashore or afloat they are on the Arctic Fishery Products Ltd. ,with joint Newfound- land and mainland Canadian private capital, has a lookout for a herd of potheads entering the arm. Then the cry is raised, and every available motor- factory at South Dildo, Trinity Bay, equipped with boat and rowboat hurries to the scene, moving to oil processing and refrigeration plants. Apart from surround the whales in a crescent. The boatmen pothead whales it also processes the oil and meat of the m ink e or lesser rorqual, a small baleen whale whose Treat is marketed for human consump- ference Mr. Sergeant is a biologist on the staff tion under the name of "arctic steak". The minke, of the Newfoundland Fisheries Research Sta- however, are taken in smaller numbers than the io the tion of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada p o the a ds . The whales are hunted by two diesel at St. John's, Newfoundland. >Howe. driven catcher boats equipped with small harpoon

-3- guns. Minke are harpooned, but recently it has been The pothead is closely related to the heluga found cheaper to drive the smaller pothead whales or white whale, * being a member of the family Del- to the fishermen than to harpoon them. phinidae of the group of toothed whales. It occurs i., somewhat warmer waters than the beluga on the The catchers "round up" a herd which may be Canadian Atlantic Coasts, from Labrador and New- UR foundland southwards. It is found on both sides of F feeding in the open bay or in an arm of it unsuitable of for driving; they then shepherd the whales slowly to the north Atlantic and is hunted also in the Faeroe tities c Islands, where the technique of driving is very sim- process ilar to that pursued in Newfoundland, although it has been c( probably originated independently. Sporadic driving mental takes place also in Iceland, Greenland, North Nor- way and (formerly) in the region of Cape Cod, Mas- sachusetts. Elsewhere herds may not infrequently T strand of their own accord, on flat sandy shores, as the fish on Prince Edward Island and in the estuary of the with a s St. Lawrence. Related species of Globicephala oc- oil and cur in all the oceans except the polar seas. the atm of fish I Their colour is entirely black except for a be prac long mid-ventral stripe of elephant grey ending in a content shield-shaped patch under the throat. The swollen shipped "pot" over the beak makes a clumsy build, and the whales do not swim faster than about eight knots, throwing up a semi-circular plume of spray when T moving on the surface. Adult males in Newfound- for app land waters reach an extreme length of 20 feet, fe- rial fc males of 16 feet. Recent research shows that fe- or mine One of the catchers, the "Arctic Venture". males mature at just over 11 feet and may produce ing, wh Chapel Arm or New Harbour. This is a slow and up to 12 calves subsequently, probably one every avoided painstaking job which may take the better part of a two years. The breeding season is long, all spring until the day. The fishermen take over at the mouth of the and summer. As with most whales, twins are very is cook( arm. It has been found that a herd of 50 to 100 is rare. Ages of up to 25 years have been estimated the most suitable to drive, since the fishermen can from examination of rings of growth in the teeth. then remove all the meat while it is still fresh, In There is thus a slow reproductive rate but a long T this way the annual catch has risen greatly from 172 while pothead whales (taken by harpoon gun) in 1950 to press over 2,500 in 1951 and nearly 4,000 in 1952, almost weighed all taken in drives. The company purchases the fat tioned d and meat from the fishermen. gress R The soft fats from a melon-shaped hunk situ- ated over the beak on the head, and from a cavity at the back of each half of the lower jaw, are kept separate from each other and from the body blubber, T and rendered by mincing followed by steaming over mer mo water or merely pressing. These oils, the black- tempe fish head and jaw oils of commerce, are used as 85 °F; r( lubricants for watches and other fine machinery. velocity The body fat is steam cooked and can be mixed with The cak oil from baleen whales. The meat is cut into suit- the dr) ably sized pieces, washed and blast frozen. Shipped cakes in cold storage it finds a ready market on fox and cakes mink ranches. The liver has a low oil content and reached high Vitamin A potency which makes it a valuable of whole addition to mink feed, mixed in with the meat. Re- Hauling the dead whales ashore. the acct reduce cently an attempt has been made to market the meat reproductive life, characteristic of other toothed 120 hou. of young whales for human consumption; it is, in the whales and also of seals. Males mature relatively ture co] writers opinion, good quality whale meat, but the later, at lengths of 15 to 17 feet, and are propor- hours. quantity available from the small and relatively few tionately fewer in the herds, outnumbered 5 to 3 calves is scarcely adequate. by females. A herd consists of whales of every size COVE The hide when tanned makes a tough and at- halt t tractive leather; but the market potentialities for * See Trade News, December 1952 found. this "porpoise hide" are not yet known. "White Whales of Manitoba" (Continued on page 18)

-4- beluga ily Del- , occurs a on the reshwater gish )4ea1 nd New- experiments on the economical means moisture, produced by grinding the press cakes, sides of of producing press cakes from the small quan- was 20.3 per cent. The meal obtained was very Faeroe FL . tities of non-commercial freshwater fish or , fish light in colour, as such low-temperature processing ry sim- Processing wastes at or near fishing areas have does not induce scorching. Meals produced at ;h it has been conducted by the Pacific Fisheries Experi- low temperatures have been found to possess some- driving mental Station at Vancouver. what higher nutritive value than those produced at •th Nor- higher temperatures. d, Mas- Etquently The process consists essentially of cooking )res, as the fish in hot water and pressing it into firm cakes 100 100 with a small hydraulic press to remove some of the RATE OF DRYING o _ 'y of the P4 oil and water. The cakes are then dried either in f.4 PER CENT OF MOISTURE • _ nala oc- 80 80 the atmosphere or in dryers. Atmospheric drying O (4 • p4 <4 of fish products is not new and in this case may still (-) )t for a be practical. The cakes, after drying to a moisture C4 H 60 6o content that is low enough to allow storing, can be ing in a 0 a' G. swollen shipped to feed suppliers as such or as a fish meal. 0 0 O cn 40 40 E-4 and the • 0 z knots, METHOD OF COOKING E-1 U iy when —20 The raw fish was cooked in hot water at 175°F. 124 W 20 Ri wfound- c:4 0 or approximately 15 minutes. The yield of mate- eet, fe- f r i al for pressing is greatly decreased by mashing . 1 , I that fe - 0 0 0 r mincing the material while cooking. Over-cook- 0 0 0 produce 0 0 CO 0 N ng, which causes the flesh to crumble, must be H H H e every a voided. However, if the cooking is not continued HOURS OF DRYING 1 spring until the flesh around the head area behind the gills .re very s cooked, the press cakes will spoil. timated The proximate analysis of the tullibee fish teeth. meal calculated on a 12 per cent moisture basis was a long as follows: moisture 12.0 per cent; protein 61.8 The cooked material was allowed to drain and per cent; oil 14.2 per cent, mineral residue 12.7 while still hot was weighed into 13-1b. lots and per cent. pressed in a hydraulic press. Each cake was weighed after pressing and placed in the air-condi- The accompanying figure also shows the rate tioned drying tunnel described in the station's Pro- of drying plotted against the time of drying. The gress Report No. 78, pp. 17-20, April, 1949. drying process appears to be one with only a falling rate period, indicating that the limiting factor in the STORAGE drying is the diffusion of moisture from the inside to the surface. Consequently the air temperature is To simulate possible conditions during sum- more important in this process than the relative mer months in the central Canadian provinces, the humidity or air velocity. tempera tur e of the tunnel was maintained at 85°F; relative humidity at 26 -I.:2 per cent, and air velocity at 230 feet per minute (2. 6 miles per hour). THICKNESS OF CAKES The cakes were weighed at regular intervals duria.g the drying period and proximate analyses of the Other features noted were that for best drying cakes were made before drying, also of the dry results in these experiments the cakes should be no cakes after the equilibrium moisture content was thicker than three quarters of an inch. Press cakes reached. Data obtained from the average of 4 cakes f r o m oily fish required longer drying time than of whole tullibee from Lake Winnipeg are shown in those from non-oily fish. the accompanying figure. The curve shows that to reduce the moisture content to 12 per cent required Fish which had under-gone autolysis and toothed 120 hours of drying, and that the equilibrium mois- bacterial spoilage were extremely difficult to press. latively ture content of 8.3 per cent was reached in 167.5 When cooked, the material was paste-like and tended )ropor - hours. The yield of fish meal having 12 per cent to form an emulsion. This difficulty may be over- 5 to 3 come by blending small portions of this material ry size COVER PHOTOGRAPH: "Icing-up" does not with strictly fresh fish or by adding a binder. halt trawler fishing on the Grand Bank of New- Materials such as hulls from grains, chopped fi- brous feeds such as alfalfa, or dried crushed fish foundland. cake may be used. age 18)

-5- Zhe Repko/soil Collapsible Crab 2 -rap

By T. H. BUTLER

HE CRAB TRAP is an efficient type of fishing T gear. One disadvantage is the bulkiness which prevents transportation in small vessels of suffi- cient numbers of traps to and from the fishing grounds. More portable gear would be useful.

One crab fisherman who thought much about a portable crab trap was Jack Stephenson of Nanaimo, B.C. Finally he developed one which effectively caught crabs, and could be collapsed for easy handling on a small boat.

Mr. Stephenson showed his model to the writer in October, 1952, and requested that the trap be tested, and a description made available to crab fishermen. This report describes details of the construction and the results of experimental fishing

The c ollap sible trap is constructed in the same way as the regular rectangular type, except that instead of the four corner supports it has one Collapsible trap in expanded position

l8'

PIPE C OLLAR LO TUNNEL ENTRY P IN r removabl j PIPE position, I FLEXIBLE TUNNEL....INNEL ) ENTRY By one e WIRE and the t F • • I ..... I I companyi I FERRULE panded as 21 36' Del The m o original

OLLAR BASE struction OF PIPE 3/16' STRAP IRON of holes( 36' FERRULE 36' which the PIPE (Top) 1-5/16' PIPE 1-3/4" FERRULE can be a COLLAR PE 2' stretchin 4 (4" stret 5/16"BLACK IRON ROD sides. T less than 1-1/2 5/16' BLACK IRON PIN BOTTOM regular t SECTION 5/16' BLACK IRON ROD TWI 3/16" STRAP IRON same siz I Pacific B 18" t_ 18' Board frc The colla better th Figure 1. Details of construction of the collapsible trap

-6- Figure 2. Sketch of collapsible trap in Expanded position removable centre support. When the support is in position, the trap is expanded and ready for fishing. By one easy motion the support can be removed, and the trap collapsed for transportation. The accompanying photographs show the gear in the expanded and collapsed positions. Details of construction are shown in Figure 1. The mode 1 in the photograph is larger than the original and has certain improvements in the construction of the centre support. By having a series of holes drilled near the top of the support, through which the pin may be inserted, the height of the trap Trap in collapsed position can be adjusted to compensate for shrinking or traps stood up well to the hard usage of fishing. The stretching of the net covering. This net covering iron frames were painted with a fish oil base paint (4" stretched trawl web) give s flexibility to the which was found to resist corrosion. sides. The cost of the whole unit is estimated to be less than $4.00, which is about the same as of the The rectangular type of crab trap is not re- garded as suitable for intensive commercial fishing regular type. or in areas where wind and wave action are great. Two collapsible traps and a regular one of the In these exposed areas a heavy, sturdy trap is re- same size were fished in Departure Bay near the quired, such as the circular type used in the Queen Pacific Biological Station of the Fisheries Research Charlotte Islands crab fishery. It is believed that Board from December 17, 1952 to February 5, 1953. the centre support principle as used in the collaps- The collapsible traps were found to fish as well or ible rectangular trap can be adapted to the circular better than the regular one. Also the collapsible trap. Canada's Lake Trout

REAT Slave Lake in the Northwest Territories nets, although trolls and set hooks are used in some G yields more lake trout (Cristivomer namay- places. The greater part of the catch is taken in the cush) than any other single lake in Canada, although summer months but in the Prairie Provinces, as a whole, most of the fish are caught in winter when lake trout are North American fish with wide distri- L the nets are set through the ice. The fish are bution over the continent. spectio marketed in the fresh and frozen forms. Much of partme. each year's catch is exported to the United States. Lake trout and whitefish contribute to the Supervi la r g e s t part of the catch taken from Great Slave has be In G r e at Slave Lake the lake trout mature Lake, which has a yearly catch quota of these spe- Hon. Ja- cies totalling 9,000,000 pounds. when about eight years old, when they weigh about two and one-half pounds and are about 18 inches In 1952 the total catch of lake trout from Great long. There is a tremendous difference in growth May 1 v Slave Lake was 2, 975,000 pounds which had a mar- rate; some fish are four times as heavy as others place E at the same age. ing afte

Lake trout go by m or e than half a dozen H names. Lake trout and salmon trout are the two ies for most generally used but in New Brunswick people nipeg, call the fish the "togue"; in parts of Quebec, the Inspecti "touladi", and in some other Quebec areas and Baker a sometimes in Ontario the "gray trout': Occasion- ally the fish is called the "namaycush" or "Great Lake Trout". In northern British Columbia some of the Indians have a name for it which, in the white M man's tongue sounds like "so-pi". Post in lery fro IMPORTANT COMMERCIAL FISH can the Mr. arm Scientifically, the fish belongs to the Salmon- son of I idae family. That means that it has a good many Legislai relatives, in one degree of relationship or another, among Canadian fish. Most trout, of course, are game fish but lake trout enter mainly into the com- Quick-Freezing Freshwater Fish Fillets mercial fishery. They will take the hook, both in fly fishing and when some baits are used. They run, keted value of $926, 000. The 1951 total Canadian in general, to bigger sizes than any of the other catch was 6,490,000 pounds. This was marketed species of trout. Those living in large lakes usually for $1,909,000. grow to a larger size than those in smaller bodies of water. Occasional specimens weighing as much Lake trout occur in Labrador, in western as 75 pounds or more have been taken, and 20- to Nova Scotia and in the Chamcook Lakes region of 30-pounders are not uncommon. On the average, southwestern New Brunswick, on through Quebec the weight of the fish entering into commercial and Ontario and thence westward and northward. In catches is probably about 10 pounds and the length the western provinces their distribution is in north- two feet or so. erly waters rather than those in the southern areas. In addition to the Northwest Territories, lake trout In exterior colouring, lake trout vary from are also present in the Yukon. In the United States almost black to grayish or very light green. Sim- the fish are found in Maine and in some of the west- ilarly, there are variations in the colour of the ern states and in Alaska. flesh. Sometimes the tissues are deep pink or blood red, sometimes pale ivory, sometimes any one of Other main commercial lake trout fishing the several shades between the two. These differ- areas in Canada, as well as Great Slave Lake, are ences are probably determined in part by heredity the Great Lakes and the northern lakes of Saskat- and in part by environment. Some of the fish are chewan. In Nova Scotia and New Brunswick fishing probably by nature lighter in flesh colour than for this species is restricted entirely to angling. others. On the other hand, it is probable that the kind and amount of food eaten also influences flesh Commercial fishing for lake trout in Canada c o 1 our . The main food is fish although smaller is done mainly by means of g ill - nets and pound- aquatic organisms are also eaten.

-8- some in the Important Executive Changes , as a when Loran E. Baker, M. C. , Director of the In- education at Bishop's College School and McGill h are spection and Consumer Service of the federal De- University. He served on the Yarmouth Town Coun- Lich of partment of Fisheries, has been appointed Chief cil, is a past president of the Yarmouth Board of ites. Supervisor of Fisheries for the Maritime Area, it Trade and is a former director of the Yarmouth has been announced by the Minister of Fisheries, County Fish and Game Protective Association. nature Hon. James Sinclair. about inche s MR. DEMPSEY Mr. Baker, who takes over his new duties on rowth May 1 with headquarters at Halifax, N.S. , will re- Mr. Dempsey has been Chief Supervisor of Lithe rs place E.D. Fraser, of Halifax, N.S. , who is retir- the Central Area since 1947. He began his fisheries ing after 33 years of service with the Department. career with the Province of Alberta in 1938 at Ed- monton. Prior to entering the federal government dozen H. V. Dempsey, Chief Supervisor of Fisher- service in 1945, he was inspector of fisheries in the ie two ies for the Central Area with headquarters at Win- F i she r i e s Branch of the Alberta Department of people nipeg, Man. , has been appointed Director of the Lands and Mines. He saw service overseas with the c, the Inspection and Consumer Service to succeed Mr. R.C.A.F. as a flying officer (navigator-radar). s and Baker at Ottawa. .sion- MR. FRASER 'Great MR. BAKER some Mr. Fraser joined the Department of Fish- white Mr. Baker, who was appointed to his present eries in 1920, following service overseas in World post in 1950, served with the Royal Canadian Artil- War 1. He was promoted to inspector in 1929, and lery from 1939 to 1945, and was in the Mediterran- supervised fisheries in a portion of Pictou County, ean theatre and North West Europe. He is a son of N. S. , with headquarters at Pictou. In 1932, Mr. Mr. and Mrs. George Prescott Baker and a grand- Fraser became District Supervisor of the eastern lmon- son of Hon. L.E. Baker, one time member of the section of the Nova Scotia mainland. He has been many Legislative Council of Nova Scotia. He received his Chief Supervisor since 1947. )they, are c orn -oth in ,r run, other sually )odies much ?.0- to

, rage, ercial length

from Sim- of the blood 3ne of liffer - redity sh are r than at the flesh naller Loran E. Baker H, V. Dempsey E. D. Fraser

-9- The si2 Grand Manan, where the previous size limit was school 3 1/4 inches carapace measure, the new measure Holdin g Live Lobsters to the is 3 3/16 inches, to bring the area into line with all After p other market lobster areas. During recent years the handling and trans- the ma portation of live lobsters have improved to such an it prod The question of seasons was an important part extent that successful shipments across the conti- perienc of the discussions and it was obvious to the depart- nent are now made regularly. This development curatel mental officials that the fishermen did not want any has opened up extensive inland markets for live lob- made change. Only one slight variation has been made; s te r s. Unfortunately, the development of inland that if in District 6A, in Cape Breton Island, the opening holding facilities has not kept pace and the difficul- the am date will now be May 16 instead of May 20. ties associated with holding live lobsters hundreds mated. of miles from the sea have hindered marketing. In order to bring the possession size limit in- Since the summer of 1949 many experiments to line with the new regulations, Section 15 has b een have been carried out at St. Andrews, N.B. , by the changed so that it is now illegal to have in poss es- .46 Atlantic Biological Station of the Fisheries Research sion lobsters under 2 1/2 inches carapace measu re. norther Board of Canada. These experiments were on the was ca factors, such as temperature, salinity and oxygen, An additional paragraph has also been in- of last which control the survival of lobsters in both nat- serted in Section 12 indicating that it will be illegal fish pr ural and artificial sea water. A circular prepared to have in possession any lobster for which the out- sounde: by Dr. D. G. Wilder summarizes the present knowl- sid• width of the second abdominal segment, meas- edge of the conditions required for the successful ured from one pleural spur to another, is less than holding of live lobsters. A simple, inexpensive 1 3/8 inches. This regulation is inserted primarily the ty1 wooden holding unit is described in which commer- to allow measurement of lobster tails, to give an in- paper. cial quantities of lobsters have been kept alive and dication as to whether they came from lobsters be- with ar active for several weeks in aerated artificial sea low the legal minimum. It is an additional check. large q water. This circular may be obtained by writing to more the Atlantic Biological Station. The Department expects to increase its at- other s tention to the enforcement of lobster regulat ons therefo At present lobsters are usually stored in air during the coming year and it is hoped that the f sh- in iced containers. Under these conditions lobsters ermen in the various areas will co-operate, as the T will survive for a few days but are usually sluggish only purpose of the regulations is to maintain the mined in appearance and not attractive for display pur- lobster population so that there will be a susta ned calibra poses. If the holding period is extended the lobsters yield in the fishery. tend to weaken and heavy mortalities frequently oc- 0 cur. Hol ding units made of glass and stainless populat . steel, equipped with mechanical refrigeration and Echo Sounder Studies 1952 sp filtration, have been developed elsewhere and are ring, r ∎ gradually being adopted by the trade. These, how- the sub ever, tend to be expensive and although excellent Biologists of the Fisheries Research Board of that 16 Canada on the Pacific Coast are now engaged in for display purposes are more elaborate than ne- weather studying the use of echo-sounders in the estimation cessary for simply maintaining a supply of live lob- fish frc of herring populations. sters. other r, The use of the echo-sounder as a tool in f sh- A eries exploitation is now established, although its ulations made o Lobster Re g application to conservation management and re- the sex• Certain changes in the lobster fishery regula- search remains to be further developed. deposit( tions for the Maritime provinces and Quebec have this poi Alan S. Hourston has prepared a circular been announced by the federal Department of Fish- respond which deals in detail with studies carried on in the eries. These changes are the result of discussions populati held last October between departmental officials, spring of 1952. Circular No. 26, which deals with lobster fishermen and processors. Much valuable Mr. Hourston's observations, can be secured by If information was collected at that time and has since writing to the Pacific Biological Station, Nanaimo, mation been considered thoroughly together with the scien- B.C. Fishermen, fisheries officers and others ex- tests, tific data available. perienced in the interpretation of echo-sounder re- estimat cords are invited to make suggestions and criticism basis of In so far as size limits are concerned, in of this preliminary study. those areas where lobsters are taken for canning A and where the size limit was 2 3/8 inches carapace Since fishing by echo-sounder was introduced tion wit measure, the new effective minimum size limit is into the British Columbia herring fishery a decade these si now 2 1/2 inches carapace measure. This change ago this method of making population estimates has ence fo] is effective in Quebec as well as the Maritimes. gained increasing popularity and has been employed thous an One other slight change has been made in that in exclusively during the latter part of this period.

-10- The size and density of the mark made by a herring sampling was not sufficiently extensive to consider nit was school on the sounder is approximately proportional this relationship conclusive. None of the other fac- aeasure to the size and density of the herring school itself. tors appeared to have more than local effects. with all After prolonged experience of observing the size of the mark made by a school and the size of the catch A large body of herring was scouted regularly it produces when encircled by a purse seine, ex- throughout a 24-hour period. During the afternoon ant part perienced fishermen are able to estimate quite ac- the herring were, in small, deep, compact schools depart- curately the amount of fish involved in the markings touching the bottom. Towards dusk they rose from 'ant any made by a given school. Mr. Hourston concludes the bottom and spread out into a more or less con- L made; that if all the schools in a region could be surveyed, tinuous body. After dark the fish gradually settled opening the amount of herring in that region could be esti- down to the bottom again but remained in large mated. bodies. At daybreak they again moved up to the surface and broke up into small, compact bodies. .mit in- NORTHERN SUB-DISTRICT SURVEY as been aosses- A survey of the he r ring population in the :asure. northern sub-district of the British Columbia coast Whaling Commission was carried out during February, March and April ■ een in- of last year in an attempt to estimate the amount of The fifth annual meeting of the International illegal fish present by sounding the school with an echo- Whaling Commission, on which Canada is repre- he out- sounder. sented by G. R. Clark, Assistant Deputy Minister of meas - the federal Department of Fisheries, will be held in ss than Herring were distinguished from other fish by London, Eng., on June 22. imarily the type of mark they made on the echo-sounder an in- paper. It was usually a solid but rather "soft" trace In addition to dealing with several proposed ers be- with an edge which was clear but not sharp. When amendments to the Schedule prepared by the Com- heck. large quantities were recorded, they tended to form mission's special drafting committee, the meeting more or less continuous tracings. Marks from will be given a review of the 1952-53 season's whal- its at- other sources differed from this pattern, and could ing activities. alations therefore be distinguished. le fish- Special sub-committees will also present re- as the The amount of fish in a given mark was deter- ports on the 16,000 blue whale unit limit and the ,ain the mined on the basis of its size and density, using a question of sanctuaries for these whales, as well as stained calibration determined by fishing experience. a report on humpback whaling.

On two successive surveys of the herring population in the northern sub-district prior to the 1952 spawning, 37,000 tons and 20,000 tons of her- Salted Fish Marketing ring, respectively, were located. Of the fish left in the sub-district at spawning time, it was estimated The federal Government has announced plans oard of that 16,000 to 20,000 tons spawned. Adverse for the future method of marketing Newfoundland aged in weather conditions may have prevented the other salted fish. In the terms of union the government Lmation fish from spawning or they may have migrated to of Canada agreed to continue, for a five-year other regions. period, the organized marketing system for the export of salted fish. That system, operated by the .n fish- An estimate of the spawning population was Newfoundland Fisheries Board, granted an ex- ugh its made on the basis of the fecundity of the females, clusive export license to the Newfoundland Asso- nd re- the sex-ratio of the population, the number of eggs ciated Fish Exporters Limited (NAFEL). The fed- deposited and the average weight of a herring from eral Government now proposes to make certain this population. This estimate (18,000 tons), cor- modifications to the present system. ircular responded closely with that made from scouting the The Board has been instructed to establish by a in the population with an echo-sounder. July 1, 1953, a consultative committee on salt fish Is with red by marketing. This committee will make continuous review of NAFEL's operations in the marketing of naimo, If the echo-sounder method of population esti- !rs ex- mation proves sufficiently accurate in successive salted fish, the state of the markets, relative prices, ler re- tests, a promising method for direct population costs, and other associated matters. It will be con- estimation may be available which may form the vened by the Board and will include fishermen's iticism basis of a new approach to fisheries management. representatives, representatives of NAFEL, and a representative of the provincial Government. oduced A study of various physical factors in connec- The federal Government intends to continue decade tion with the presence or absence of herring during the powers of the Newfoundland Fisheries Board tes has these surveys indicated a highly significant prefer- with respect to the marketing of salted fish for a iployed ence for less saline water (31.09 -- 31.59 parts per further three-year period as from March 1, 1954. ,eriod. thousand) on the part of the herring. However, (Continued on next page) A modification in NAFEL's agreement with Contrast in Migrations the Board will result in a broadening of the oppor- tunities for interprovincial trading. The Board will A dogfish tag returned recently to the Pacific be prepared to permit direct sales of salt bulk and Biological Station of the Fisheries Research Board pickled fish in the wet state between Newfoundland of Canada at Nanaimo, B.C. , was taken from a fish exporters (including fishermen or groups of fisher- which had been tagged in November, 1944, inside men) and buyers from the mainland and continental Comox Bar, Strait of Georgia. At that time it was U.S.A. These sales may be made outside NAFEL, Atlant 25 1/2 inches long and weighed 2 1/2 pounds. It Co and will not therefore be subject to any levy by was recovered eight years later at Deep Bay, B.C. , Hai NAFEL. However, these buyers will be required to and in the meantime it had grown 5 5/8 inches and make pre-arranged sales with Newfoundland ex- 1 1/2 pounds. The fish was caught only about 15 Po] Ha] porters in the form of contracts, which must be ar- miles from the tagging point but no one knows what Pla ranged before April 30 each year. If mainland buy- travels it had made in the meantime. ers do not make such forward contracts, wishing He merely to make spot purchases of Newfoundland fish Sar (either wet or dried) during this year, they may do This dogfish's stay-at-home habit maybe con- Ma so through NAFEL as at present. trasted with another dogfish tagged at about the Sm , same time at Willapa Harbour, Wash. , and which Ale EFFECTIVE IMMEDIATELY turned up seven and one-half years later in Tsugaru Oth Strait, Japan, after having travelled some 5,000 Lot The provincial government of Newfoundland miles. It had grown very little during its travels. C la has asked that the extension of salt and pickled fish Oth trading between Newfoundland and the mainland be Total .1 made effective this season. The agreement between the Newfoundland Fisheries Board and NAFEL Fillets - Chinese Style Pacific cannot be altered without six months' notice, unless Pac NAFEL is agreeable to any suggested change. Below is a most acceptable recipe for fil- Sole NAFEL has indicated its willingness to modify its lets of cod, haddock or sole, served with a sauce Her contract in order to make an extension of salt bulk similar to the "sweet and sour" used on many Salr and pickled fish trading possible this spring. The Chinese dishes. This sauce is particularly Othi federal Government is in favour of the change and good for fish of bland flavour. The recipe and She] has instructed the Newfoundland Fisheries Board method: Total accordingly, so that this arrangement becomes effective immediately. For the 1953 season, main- 1 pound frozen fillets Total land and continental U.S.A. buyers will be given to 1 cup milk May 31 to complete their contracts with Newfound- 1 teaspoon salt By Pro land sellers. Bread crumbs Nov. Dot fillets with butter before putting New them in the oven. Prix Quel Fisheries Council Dip the fish in the milk, to which salt has been added. Roll in bread crumbs, place in a baking pan and cook in a 500° F. oven 20 min- PRICES The eighth annual meeting of the Fisheries utes for each inch of thickness (10 minutes per Council of Canada will be held in Ottawa from April inch of thickness in the case of fresh fillets). Halifax 20 to April 22. Cod After the fish is cooked, sprinkle with Mar The Hon. James Sinclair, Minister of Fisher- chopped green onions and pour the following Hadc ies, will welcome the delegates on Monday after- sauce over it: Halil noon, April 20, following which the council will hear addresses from five ministers and two deputy min- 2 tablespoons soya sauce Yarmou isters of fisheries representing seven provinces, 4 tablespoons vinegar Lobs who will be present. 4 tablespoons sugar Blac 1 teaspoon salt Logg At the open session on Tuesday afternoon, 2 tablespoons flour discussions will take place on fishery markets, ex- 1 teaspoon ginger (powdered) St. Joh/ c hang e and currency problems, merchandising Cod trends, and the consumers' viewpoint. Those to be Mix in a double boiler and cook until Hadd heard on these topics are W.F. Bull, Deputy Min- thick. Rose ister of Trade and Commerce; J.E. Coyne, Deputy Governor of the Bank of Canada; J. Levine, Mer- on the The above recipe is calculated V anc ouv chandising Manager, Steinberg's, Montreal, and basis of one pound for three persons. Gray Mrs. W. R. Walton, Jr. , President, Canadian As- Soles sociation of Consumers. Toronto.

-12-

Fishery Figures For January acific Board SEAFISH: LANDED WEIGHT AND LANDED VALUE a fish (Newfoundland Not Included) .nside Five Year Average .t was January 1947-51 January 1952 January 1953 Atlantic Coast Is . It '000 lbs $000 '000 lbs $000 '000 lbs $000 3. C., Cod 5,238 190 7,718 296 9,451 345 Haddock s and 2,886 153 3,767 218 5,452 300 ■ ut 15 Pollock, Hake, Etc. 733 11 756 13 1,455 24 what Halibut 30 7 42 8 82 18 Plaice & Other Flatfish 305 8 1,799 55 2,254 78 Herring 62 1 7 146 3 Sardines 1,525 29 5,640 113 1,187 24 con - Mackerel 17 1 29 2 4 Lit the Smelts 2,268 324 1,322 246 2,089 397 which Alewives 7 3 3 ugaru Other Fish 534 18 1,120 35 1,110 29 5,000 Lobsters 1,305 558 1,087 535 1,936 910 avels. Clams & Quahaugs 649 17 107 4 304 15 Other Shellfish 65 22 61 27 124 53 T otal Atlantic 15,624 1,339 23,458 1,552 25,597 2,196

P acific Coast Pacific Cod 276 15 228 14 320 17 fil - Soles & Other Flatfish 264 13 732 37 187 15 uce Herring 71,328 827 91,672 1,531 5,107 64 any Salmon 23 5 3 1 24 6 Lrly Other Fish 25 2 54 2 49 2 and Shellfish 860 40 676 41 1,373 75 T otal Pacific 72,776 902 93,365 1,626 6,960 179 T otal Both Coasts 88,400 2,241 116,823 3,178 32,557 2,375

By Provinces Nova Scotia 10,856 946 15,733 1,145 20,548 1,684 New Brunswick 4,251 339 7,400 363 4,556 452 Prince Edward Island 404 38 116 12 320 37 Quebec 113 16 209 32 173 23 has in a Lin- P R ICES PER CWT. PAID TO FISHERMEN JAN. 15 PROCESSING OF ATLANTIC CATCH per 1952 1953 In Per Cent Of Total Catch January, 1953 s). Halifax (Newfoundland Not Included) Cod Steak 4.50 4.50 vith Market Cod 4.00 3.50 Fr & Fz. Fr & Fz. Lightly Other ring Haddock 5.50 5.75 Fillets Wh or Dr Smoked Cured Canned Halibut (medium) 28.00 28.00 Cod 66 13 15 6 Yarmouth Haddock 75 19 6 Lobsters 50.00 45.00 Pollock, etc. 10 68 5 17 Black's Harbour Sardines 2.00 2.00 Rosefish 100 Loggieville Smelts 26.00 22.00 Halibut 100 Plaice 94 3 3 St . John's, Newfoundland Cod 3.50 2.25 Herring 100 ntil Haddock 4.00 3.25 Sardines 100 Rosefish 2.25 2.00 Shell Meat the Vancouver Lobsters 100 Gray Cod 6.00 5.00 Clams 4 73 23 Soles 9.00 6.00-9.00 Oysters 8 92

-13- NEWFOUNDLAND FROZEN PRODUCTION MID-MONTH WHOLESALE PRICES, JANUARY 1 January 1 - January 31 Montreal Toronto Wi

1952 1953 Fresh Cod Fillets, Not Pkgd. lb .290 . 323 .420 ('000 lb) ('000 lb) Fresh Haddock Fillets lb .386 .428 .495 Kippered Herring lb .236 .263 .250 Cod Fillets 632 964 Frzn. Halibut, Dressed lb .382 .381 .350 Haddock Fillets 243 497 Frzn. Salmon, Coho, Dressed lb .466 .478 .430 Rosefish Fillets 1,019 422 Fresh Whitefish lb .403 .363 .400 biggest Flatfish Fillets 55 248 Lobster, Fancy case 38. 80 37. 13 6.72 States Herring 28 5 Sardines, Smoked, Veg. Oil case 9.47 9.50 catch, Other 13 16 Sockeye Salmon, Grade A case 18.40 17.76 7. 62 tons. Total 1,990 2,152

CANADIAN FISH EXPORTS STOCKS AS AT END OF JANUARY Januar Total Value in Thousands of Dollars to end of January 1952 1 953 ent sta (All Figures Include Newfoundland) ( 1 000 lb) ('0 00 lb) official Fresh Fish (Incl. Newfoundland) ment, 1 1953 Dressed Halibut 5,098 , 394 1952 in 1940 Groundfish Fillets 4,431 1( ,423 All Fish Products 10,264 8,356 3.2 tim Herring 6,198 ,297 By Market crease( Salmon 10,838 1 , 050 U. S. A. 8,052 6,220 The de Other 5,051 ,220 Other Countries 2,212 2,136 total la Total Fresh Sea Fish 31,616 3; , 384 By Form 48 per Whitefish, Dressed or Fresh and Frozen 4,180 3,796 coast a Filleted 667 ,048 Whole or Dressed 2,657 2,171 figures Tullibee, Round or Dressed 686 ,147 Fillets 1,523 1,625 pian an; Pickerel, Dressed or Cured 1,942 1,900 Filleted 599 713 Smoked Other 1,360 ,716 Herring* 153 89 personn Total Fresh Inland Fish 3,312 , 624 All Other 58 52 had bee Total Fresh Fish 34,928 , 008 Salted and Dried still a Cod 1,044 1,181 Smoked Fish (Incl. Newfoundland) 12,800] All Other 360 350 Cod and Haddock Fillets 890 ,246 1940. Pickled Other 883 , 540 Herring 149 79 Total Smoked Fish 1,773 7716 AJ All Other 178 149 Salt Fish (Excl. Newfoundland) Soviet Canned 847 1,405 Wet Salted Cod 9, 042 , 648 and res Salmon 551 1,204 Other Wet Salted 494 ,499 dro-elec Sardines 259 195 Dried Cod 4,397 ,978 Don, as Other 37 6 Other Dried 454 ,006 Amu Dz Shellfish 1,643 1,066 Boneless 225 413 Fresh Lobster 1,451 884 Pickled Alewives (Barrels) 7,097 , 598 All Other 192 182 Other Pickled(Barrels) 9, 935 , 422 FAQ Miscellaneous 1,652 189 Bloaters (18 lb. Boxes) 78,041 22; Meal 1,157 36 Salt Fish (Newfoundland only) Tc Oil 374 81 Shore 31,458 21 , 592 vances i All Other 121 72 Bank ,419 the Food Labrador 6,868 ,452 Nations * Bloaters and Kippers Total Salt Fish (Newfoundland) 31 .463 the same of Asia the Arne] ington, G. Burchard; Oregon, Sinn Huler; C alifor- son was Heads Technologists nia, R. Pedersen, and Hawaii, F. Jerman. fisheries L.P. Callahan, of Seattle, Wash. , was elected reach the president of the Pacific Fisheries technologists at latest te, their fourth annual convention this month in Vancou- Spencer Homans Retiring their and ver, B. C. Roy Stevens of the United States Fish half way and Wildlife Service was elected secretary- Spencer J. Homans, Chief of Salted, I ickled we deci treasurer. and Smoked Fish Inspection of the Maritime Area, places fo is retiring after 28 years of service with the f ederal Th, Regional representatives are: Alaska, R. Department of Fisheries. He has held his p resent will be 1 Landgraf; British Columbia, John Harrison; Wash- post since 1947. Miami, I

-14- Y 1953 Winnipeg Fisheries News From. Abroad .420 .495 .250 Fisheries of the U. S. S. R. .350 .430 Before the war the Soviet Union had the third immense reservoirs -- inland fresh water seas, .400 biggest landings of fish in the world -- the United which, if properly developed, would be the basis of fish culture on a vast scale and would lead to a large 36.72 States and Japan had bigger totals -- and her annual catch, according to FAO estimates, was 1, 560,000 increase in stocks of bream, carp, pike, perch and 17.62 tons. other fish.

The "Fishing News," London, in its issue of The changes affected in the river system as a January 17, 1953, gives a description of the pres- result of the hydro-electric power programme, 1953 ent state of the Soviet fishing industry, following an however, would substantially alter the natural con- ('000 lb) official Russian statement. According to this state- ditions of fish propagation in the Caspian and Azov ment, the catch in 1952 was 70 per cent greater than Seas, and would involve the intensive development 5, 394 in 1940, and the "capacity" of the fishing fleet was of the breeding of the valuable species found there 10, 423 3.2 times that of the pre-war fleet and would be in- in order to prevent a depletion of stocks. 7,297 creased to 4.5 times the pre-war figure by 1955. 8,050 The deepsea catch amounted to 66 per cent of the The statement says that there is every possi- 6,220 total landings, as compared with the 1940 figure of bility that the total catch might be increased at an 37, 384 48 per cent. While the catch off the Murmansk even higher rate than in the past, and that the out- coast and in the Baltic was growing satisfactorily, put of high-quality fish products might also be con- 1,048 figures for the Sea of Azov, the Black Sea, the Cas- siderably increased so as to fulfil the assignments 1,147 pian andfar eastern fishing grounds were still poor. of the current five-year plan --namely, to raise the catch to more than twice the 1940 level. To carry 713 The report said that a great number of skilled out this task it would be necessary to expand the 2,716 personnel- -captains, navigators and mechanics -- number of coastal bases serving the fishing fleet 5,624 had been trained since the war although there was and to build still more fish-processing factories, to 43,008 still a shortage of such men. There were now increase the mechanization of catching and process- 12,800 men under training, as compared with 740 in ing operations, and to expand the programme for 1,246 1940. building fishermen's homes. 1, 540 27766 Another aspect of the fishing industry in the Another part of the Soviet statement refers to Soviet Union was the inland culture of fish in ponds the extension of the distribution of frozen foods, in- 9, 648 and reservoirs. The construction of the large hy- cluding fish. It is claimed that in 1952 the Soviet 1, 499 dro-electric power stations on the Volga and the Union' s cold storage capacity had more than 4,978 Don, as well as on the Dnieper, the Kura and the doubled, and that by the end of the current plan it 1, 006 Amu Darya, had resulted in the establishment of would be more than four times that of 1940. 413 14, 598 9, 422 FAO Sponsors Congress for World's Fishing Boats 222,' ,;6 To make available everywhere the latest ad- sent to all member countries of FAO to send official 28,592 vances in design and equipment of fishing boats, delegates, and in addition it is anticipated that many 1,419 the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United commercial organizations in all parts of the world 6,452 Nations (FAO) will this year sponsor two sessions of will wish to send observers. Designers of fishing 36.463 the same meeting, one in Paris for Europe and most boats and manufacturers of equipment will be es- of Asia and Africa, and one in Miami, Florida, for pecially interested, since many of the papers to be the American continents and the Pacific. The rea- read and films to be shown will concern new and im- ; Califor - son was given by Dr. Mogens Jul, FAO's senior proved types of equipment, from winches and gear L. fisheries technologist, who explained, "We want to to power units and improved fishing craft. The reach the widest possible audience with the news of agenda, which will be the same at both sessions, latest techniques, but neither fisheries experts nor includes discussions on fishing boats of today, at 7 their audience have the time or the money to travel which different types of boats from all over the half way round the world for a single meeting.' So world will be reviewed, as well as discussions on Pickled we decide d to hold the meeting in two different fish handling and processing in factory ships. The ne Area, places for two different audiences." shape of boats, methods and material of construc- le federal The first session of the meeting, in Paris, tion, choice of engines, gear for handling nets and s present will be held October 12-16, and the second , in arrangements for handling the catch on board are Miami, November 16-20. Invitations are be ing all the subjects of separate sessions.

Norway Increases Aid To Indian Fisheries

The Development of the fisheries of Southeast two fishing communities have been selected, co , er - Fi! Asia, sponsored by Norway in the case of India and ing an area of about 10 square miles with a pop ula- herring Canada in the case of Ceylon, are of considerable tion of about 12,000. they app] interest. The Norwegian plan is being carried out As far as is feasible, fishing boats in this are of gc as part of the United Nations Technical Assistance area will be equipped with suitable motors for which used by Programme and the Canadian contribution is being repair facilities will be provided, and new types of the purs made under the Columbo Plan. nets, fishing craft and shore installations for hand- has accc catch, at The Norwegian Aid Fund for India, originally ling boats will be introduced. Co-operative or: an- cent. A 10 million kroner, amounting to about $1,370,000 izations will be encouraged to organize the distribu- accounts in Canadian money, is being increased by another tion of fresh fish. land net 25 per cent, on top of the 60 per cent increase voted One end by the Norwegian Parliament in 1952. A represent- f end is c ative of the Fund has arrived in New Delhi for final t)KASHMIR*./5 ,f trap the conferences on the tri-partite plan to improve social and economic conditions in a limited area of the In- ■l •f I. So] dian state of Travancore-Cochin. I PAKISTAN/ " a.., may be 1 .,--....". 1 lion pour Speaking for Norway at the United Nations, t. and in cu f 4 ... I. Erik Dons told the third conference of the U.N. made a c Technical Assistance Board that his Government ,..., j A_ was strongly in favour of the expanded programme of technical assistance to under-developed countries, and could promise a further increase of Nor- is way's contribution this year, raising it to a total of 500,000 kroner, or about $68, 500, for 1953-54.

PAKISTAN It may be noted here that Norway has an extensive development project of her own under way. The North Norway Development Fund has been set up in connection with a 10-year plan for the economic development of the three northernmost prov- Utili2 inces of Nordland, Troms, and Finmark. Initially allocated a total of 200 million kroner, or about A. N $27,500,000, in grants and loans, the Fund was established to lay the groundwork for a rational exploitation of natural resources, by subsidizing projects deemed essential to the development of a bal- anced regional economy. In the improvement of environmental sal iti- A formal agreement to implement the Nor- tion, the main stress will be laid on the supp y of wegian proposals for raising the standard of living safe drinking water and the disposal of sewage . In of some 12,000 fishermen on the west coast of order to ensure the effective use of equipment and southern India was signed recently by representa- gear and continuity in the health and sanitary tives of Norway, India and the United Nations. In vices, technical personnel will be provided, o re- the fiscal year 1953-54, Norway will allocate 2.7 quest, for demonstration, operation and main ten- million rupees ($540, 000) to the aid programme, ance of the various parts of the project, and for the B. S while the Government of India will spend 10.6 mil- training of fishermen and other local workers. Up lion rupees ($2, 120, 000). Medical assistance from Norway may inc lude A supplement to the agreement says that the equipment and medicines needed for the tacklii g of purpose of the project in Travancore-Cochin is to health problems. Up increase the return to fishermen, effect an efficient In view of the importance of marine fisher ies, distribution of fresh fish and improve fish products equipment for work at sea will be provided fo] the generally, better the health and sanitary conditions use of the Marine Biological Laboratories of the Up of the fishing population and bring about a higher University at Trivandum. standard of living for the community in the project

. ions area. Throughout Norway, meanwhile, prepara The wint c am- are in full swing for a nation-wide collection closing d the The work in this limited area of Travancore- paign to match the 10 million kroner voted for TI Cochin is to be gradually expanded. For a start, India Aid Fund by the Norwegian Parliament.

-16-

Norway's Herring Fishery cover- Fishermen participating in Norway's winter of the winter herring is used by the oil and meal popula- herring fishery intercept the schools of herring as plants; about 10 per cent is usually salted. The bal- they approach the Norwegian coast. These herrings ance is shipped iced or frozen, canned, used for in this are of good quality and heavy with spawn. The gear bait, or sold on the home market. r which used by the fishermen is of two principal types -- types of the purse seine, which for the past three seasons Spring herring is caught in the 'same areas

>r hand- • has accounted for roughly 60 per cent of the total and with the same gear as the winter herring. As organ- catch, and the gill-net, which takes about 40 per with winter herring, the greater part of the spring Lstribu- cent. A third type of gear, the land net, normally herring landings are reduced to oil and meal. Not accounts for a very small portion of the total. The as much of the spring herring is salted as is the land net, as used in Norway, is like a long seine. case with the winter herring, but a somewhat higher One end is anchored to the shore, while the other percentage is exported iced or frozen. end is carried out by a small boat to encircle and trap the herring between the seine and the shore. Over the past five years (1947-52), Norway's Some idea of the organization of the fishery winter herring fishery has contributed, on the aver- may be had from the fact that as much as two mil-• age, approximately 80 per cent of Norway's total lion pounds of herring have been landed in one day, herring catch, and herring has contributed, on an and in one hour a single seiner is reported to have average and for the same period, about 68 per cent made a catch valued at $25,000. About 75 per cent of Norway's total landings of all fish.

Norway Landings and Utilization of Winter and Spring Herring up to March 1, 1951, 1952 and 1953 (in millions of lbs.) Fresh & Frozen Home Utilization For Export Salted Canned Reduction Bait Consumption Total

A. Winter Herring 1951 97.4 146.8 17.8 1,100.3 12.1 8.5 1,382.9 % of total 7.0 10.6 1.3 79.6 .9 .6 100.0

1952 77.9 122.2 15.4 972.9 7.7 7.1 1,203.2 anita:- % of total 6.5 10.2 1.3 80.9 .6 .5 100.0 PPlY of ge. In nt and 1953 71.6 153.7 5.6 983.1 9.6 8.8 1,232.4 yr se r - % of total 5.8 12.5 .4 79.8 .8 .7 100.0 on re- .inten-

'or the B. Spring Herring Up to March 4, 1951 23.9 10.8 269.0 .3 1.9 345.7 39.8 % of total 11.5 6.9 3.1 77.9 .1 .5 100.0 nclude Ling of 42.1 37.1 14.8 252.1 2.3 1.9 350.3 Up to March 1, 1952 eries, % of total 12.0 10.6 4.2 72.0 .7 .5 100.0 or the of the Up to March 1, 1953 27.5 17.1 7.5 51.5 .7 1.7 106.0 % of total 25.9 16.1 7.1 48.6 .7 1.6 100.0 ations The winter herring season opened on January 22, 1951, January 19, 1952 and on January 25, 1953. The cam- closing dates for the above seasons have been February 14, 1951, February 12, 1952 and February 14, 1953. 3r the The spring herring season commences immediately upon the closing of the winter herring season.

-17- Dr. Medcof to Ceylon Crab Landings Doubled

Dr. J. Carl Medcof, a senior biologist of the Landings of crabs from the Hecate Strait area Fisheries Research Board of Canada, stationed at 115hi of British Columbia by Canadian fishermen have the Atlantic Biological Station, St. Andrews, N.B. Compar doubled in the past five years. The total landings has been granted leave of absence from his post to for 1952, at 1,105,000 pounds, compared with serve under the Colombo Plan in Ceylon. Dr. Med- D 550,800 pounds in 1948. The catch in 1951 was cof has been assigned as a fisheries biologist for a and "Wa 838,100 pounds. one-year term. ly desci but goe Under the Colombo Plan the Government of graphic, Canada is co-operating with the Government of Cey- Famous Hospital Closes is part lon in a project designed to encourage the develop- first an ment of the Ceylonese fishing industry and the intro- power, The 73-year-old Marine Hospital at Lunen- duction of western methods and techniques. that eve burg, N.S. , has been closed. The last of its type nection. in Canada, it had two wards and 11 beds. Fisher- benefits men will now be cared for at the modern Fisher- every li men's Memorial Hospital at Lunenburg. about th Because face is THE POTHEAD WHALE... on the o ervoirs (Continued from page 4) heat. Ii thor ma and age: the species is sociable at all stages of its oceans life history. The very strong herd instinct has per- which cc haps developed as a defence against killer whales, tells why the most deadly natural enemies. (Attacks by kil- and wha . lers are shown by scars on tails, fins or body, with is an in sometimes a flipper or eye lost). The same herd trol and instinct however has led to the potheads' undoing ter worn when pursued by man. King coi informal Their food is entirely squid, and much of the the eart feeding apparently takes place at night. In late fall large in the whales move offshore f o 11 o w in g the squid to well the] warmer waters. They have been noted on the south- Dr. Medcof east edge of the Grand Bank in early January, but little is known of their offshore haunts until they re- "S The project involves the supply by Canada of appear on the Bank in May and June and move grad- son, (an a steam trawler, two west coast type fishing boats, ually inshore again. March, a fish handling and cold storage plant, and operating and research personnel. Dr. Medcof will work Present localized killing can make little in- Th directly with operating fishermen on this project, road into the vast stocks present round the coasts of done by and will assist in laying out areas of fishing for a Newfoundland. The depleted ranks in Trinity Bay Commis: comprehensive fishing survey. are evidently soon filled up by whales moving in of the F from outside. However should the industry become sockeye Dr. Medcof will spend a few days in London widespread and stocks depleted, conservation would making and Rome in discussions preparatory to taking up be ensured by permitting only selective shooting by Jackson his duties. He is scheduled to arrive in Ceylon at harpoon of the larger bulls. physical] the end of April. a centurl The future of the industry under present con- to turn z The duties undertaken by Dr. Medcof will be ditions would seem to lie in a fuller utilization •of past, as to identify fish species and establish a continuous the meat for animal feed. Development of mink and for the F quantitative analysis of catch and to relate such fox ranches equipped with cold storage facilities has time of a analysis to fishing effort and cost of catching in or- gone ahead but could doubtless expand further in of socke) der to establish the economics of the various fishing Newfoundland using this relatively cheap feed stuff London methods. At the end of the survey he will make a together with equally obtainable fish products. With an invalt report on the fishing project, which will include a more favourable state of the oil market the output facts. T substantiated recommendations as to the types of of oil would also be important to the economy of the region, t gear, types of fishing craft, etc. , for future mech- industry. The demand for the specialized head and sockeye anization of Ceylon's fishing industry. jaw oils appears to be small but steady. Indians ii

-18- Current Reading it area n have "Water." by Thomson King, (The Macmillan employees. In 1829 one of these, a clerk named andings Company of Canada, Toronto, $4.00). James Douglas, who later became the first Gover- nor of British Columbia, procured 25, 200 sockeye d with Divided into two parts, "Water and the World" at a cost of less than $40. An interesting point 51 was and "Water and the Life of Man," the author not on- brought out by examination of the old H.B.C. docu- ly describes water and all its wonderful properties ments is that the dominant cycles of races of sock- but goes into many historical, geological and geo- eye are rigid. Each of the four separate annual cy- graphical bypaths. The chapter on life in the water cles has its own characteristic abundance in relation is particularly fascinating. Water gave man his to the others, and a search of the records shows first and, so far, his greatest means of developing that even 132 years ago the sockeye of Stuart Lake power, and to Mr. King it does not seem probable were dominant in the same cycle that they were 40 Lunen- that even atomic energy can displace it in this con- years ago. In emphasizing the dependence of the its type nection. In the enumeration of the multitudinous Company on sockeye inthat area, Mr. Jackson indi- Fisher- benefits derived from water not only by man but by cates its wider influence by stating that the British Fisher- every living thing, the author remarks that hail is claim to what is now British Columbia rested about the only form of water that is not beneficial. squarely on the exploration, trading and settlement Because nearly three-quarters of the earth's sur- of the Company. face is water, most of the sun's radiation falls upon the oceans and the seas, which are the great reservoirs and distributors of energy in the form of "Iowa Fish and Fishing," by James R. Harlan heat. In simple, non-technical language, the au- and Everett B. Speaker (Iowa State Conservation thor makes the reader see the whole system of the Commission, Des Moines, Ia. ). 's of its oceans as a dynamic machine, driven by the sun, Las per- which conditions the climate of the world. Mr. King This extremely comprehensive book answers whales, tells what primitive and ancient man did with water, a multitude of questions of the kindwhich reach con- by kil- and what modern man has done with steam. There servation authorities year after year. The various iy, with is an informative chapter on irrigation, flood con- chapters deal in great detail, but in layman's lan- re herd trol and water power, and an intriguing one on wa- guage, with primitive fishes, the trout, pike, undoing ter worship and wells, dew ponds and dowsers. Mr. sucker, minnow, catfish, bass, sunfish and perch King concludes this excellent work with its mass of families, mooneyes and herrings, the eel, and mis- information by saying that so long as men inhabit cellaneous species. The descriptions are notable :h of the the earth, their success and happiness will, in a for their clarity, and the keys to identification pro- late fall large measure, depend upon how wisely and how vided by the authors are valuable not only to the squid to well they control and use its water. Iowan but to anyone on the continent. Altogether the south- authors deal with no less than 141 kinds of fishes, iry, but and in addition there are several noteworthy fea- they re- "Sockeye from the Fraser," by Roy I. Jack- tures provided by contributors, including a series e grad- son, (an article in the magazine "The Beaver," of articles on angling for the most well-known spe- March, 1953, published in Winnipeg, Man.). cies. Identification is made easier for the fisherman by numerous photographs and sketches, which ittle in- This is more than just an account of the work are augmented by 24 colour plates by Maynard oasts of done by the International Pacific Salmon Fisheries Reece, beautifully executed and reproduced. These city Bay Commission for the restoration of the salmon runs add greatly to the quality of the book and match the wing in of the Fraser River; it presents evidence that the calibre of the text. become sockeye of that river system played a vital role in ,n would making British Columbia part of Canada. Mr. voting by Jackson says that with the Fraser River restored "The Implications of the Absence of the 1952- physically to the ease of passage it offered salmon 53 Herring Fishery on Herring Research," by J.C. a century and more ago, the Commission found time Stevenson, (Circular No. 27 of the Fisheries Re- °nt con- to turn more attention to the record of the distant search Board of Canada, Pacific Biological Station, ation of past, as a measure of what the future might hold Nanaimo, B.C. ). Zink and for the Fraser sockeye. In its investigation of the ties has time of arrival, numbers and location of many races While some current research projects will rther in of sockeye on the river, the Commission found the suffer from the lack of a herring fishery, a unique ed stuff London Archives of the Hudson's Bay Company to be opportunity has been provided to learn important s. With an invaluable source of detailed, clearly recorded facts about the herring populations. This circular e output facts. The trading economy of the Company in that considers in detail the special information available

~ y of the region, then known as New Caledonia, was based on as the result of no fishing and also the ways in which lead and sockeye salmon, which was the daily bread of the the herring research programme could be modified Indians in many regions and, often, of the Company or strengthened.

- 19 - I01111111 From the fishermen who vides employment for many r iK 01i ' bring in the catch, all along thousands of people, and the the line to the retailer who income from the development serves you, the great frshing of this great natural resource industry of Canada is deter- is an important factor in the mined that Canadian sea fish, economy of our nation. shellfish, and freshwater fish The Department of Fisheries, shall reach the consumer with through new services for all their tasty flavour and conservation, inspection of goodness at its best. product, protection of fishing Modern methods of fish grounds, scientific assistance, handling and merchandising experimental fish cookery, F have made it possible for and marketing studies, aids Canadians everywhere, as and encourages the growth well as customers in overseas of the industry, and helps and neighbouring markets, ensure the fine quality of the to enjoy good Canadian fish. more than 60 varieties of The fishing industry, directly, Canadian sea food offered 4go and through its suppliers, pro- to the people of Canada.

DEPA:".TMENT LW'OF FISHERIES OTTAWA • CANADA

.ON J•mES S , NCLAIR •M P MINISTER • SiEwART II•rtS. DEPUTY eeINI7ER