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Human Rights and Business Report 2015

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Human Rights and Business Report 2015 LEGALLEGAL AND AND HUMAN HUMAN RIGHTS RIGHTS CENTRE CENTRE HUMANHUMAN RIGHTS RIGHTS AND AND BUSINESS BUSINESS REPORT REPORT OF 2015 2015 Taking Stock of Labour Rights, Land Rights, Gender, Taxation, Corporate Accountability,Taking Stock Environmental of Labour Justice Rights, and Performance Land Rights, of Regulatory Gender, Authorities Taxation, Corporate Accountability, Environmental Justice and Performance of Regulatory Authorities LEGAL AND HUMAN RIGHTS CENTRE HUMAN RIGHTS AND BUSINESS REPORT 2015 PUBLISHER Legal and Human Rights Centre Justice Lugakingira House, Kijitonyama P.O Box 75254, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania Tel.: +255222773038/48 Fax: +255222773037 Email: [email protected] Website: www.humanrights.or.tz PARTNERS ISBN:978-9987-740-26-0 © July, 2016 ii ii EDITORIAL BOARD Dr. Helen Kijo-Bisimba, Adv. Imelda Lulu Urrio Adv. Anna Henga Ms. Felista Mauya Mr. Castor Kalemera RESEARCH COORDINATOR Adv. Masud George ASSISTANT RESEARCHERS 29 Assistant Researchers 14 Field Enumerators REPORT WRITER Adv. Clarence Kipobota LAYOUT & DESIGN Mr. Rodrick Maro Important Message of the Year 2015 LHRC endorses the United Nations’ call to all nations (and everyone) to promote sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth, with full and productive employment and decent work for all as it is implied under Goal 8 of the United Nations Strategic Development Goals (SDGs) 2030. iii iii DISCLAIMER The opinions expressed by the sampled respondents in this report do not necessarily reflect the official position of the Legal and Human Rights Centre (LHRC). Therefore, no mention of any authority, organization, company or individual shall imply any approval as to official standing of the matters which have implicated them. The illustrations used by inferring some of the respondents are for guiding the said analysis and discussion only, and not constitute the conclusive opinion on part of LHRC. iviv TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ........................................................................................................................... ix LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ...................................................................................... x LIST OF TABLES ...................................................................................................................................... xii LIST OF FIGURES ................................................................................................................................... xiv LIST OF FIGURE..................................................................................................................................xviiiPICTURES .................................................................................. Error! Bookmark not defined. LIST OF CASES......................................................................................................................................... xx PREFACE ............................................................................................................................................ xxi ABOUT THE STUDY AND REPORT .................................................................................................... xxii EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ..................................................................................................................... xxiii PART ONE ............................................................................................................................................... 1 GENERAL INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................................. 1 1.1 TANZANIA’S GEOGRAPHIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC FEATURES .......................................... 1 1.1.1 Political Governance of Tanzania .......................................................................................... 1 1.1.2 Demographic Features and Implications to Corporate Investments ...................................... 1 1.1.3 Topographic Features and Impacts to Corporate Investments ............................................... 3 1.2 RATIONALE, AIM AND OBJECTIVES OF THIS STUDY ......................................................... 6 1.2.1 Rationale of the Study ............................................................................................................ 6 1.2.2 Aim and Specific Objectives of the Study ............................................................................. 7 1.3 METHODOLOGY FOR DATA COLLECTION ............................................................................ 7 1.3.1 Study Approaches .................................................................................................................. 7 1.3.2 Tools and Mechanisms for Data Collection ........................................................................... 8 1.3.3 Study Samples: Types and Rationale ..................................................................................... 9 1.4 DATA ANALYSIS AND VALIDITY OF INFORMATION ....................................................... 11 1.4.1 Data Analysis ....................................................................................................................... 11 1.4.2 Validity (Authenticity) of the Information .......................................................................... 11 1.5 LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY ................................................................................................. 11 1.6 ETHICAL CONSIDERATIONS ................................................................................................... 12 CHAPTER TWO: EMPLOYMENT AND LABOUR PRACTICES ................................................... 13 2.1 INTRODUCTION: LABOUR RIGHTS AND STANDARDS ..................................................... 13 2.2 GENERAL TREND OF ENFORCEMENT OF LABOUR STANDARDS .................................. 15 2.3 EMPLOYMENT CONTRACTS ................................................................................................... 17 2.3.1 Essence of Employment Contracts and Legal Requirements .............................................. 17 2.3.2 Practices of Individual Employment Contracts ................................................................... 18 2.3.3 Practices of Collective Bargain (of Employment Contacts) ................................................ 34 2.3.4 Practices of Casual Labour: Featuring a Case of Journalists ............................................... 40 2.3.5 Extra-Legal Employment Contracts: Case of Daladala, Taxi, Bajaji and Bodaboda Commuters ........................................................................................................................... 45 2.3.6 Contracts through Agents: Sub-Contraction of Human Resource Management ................. 47 2.3.7 Forced Labour ...................................................................................................................... 48 2.4 EMPLOYMENT OF FOREIGNERS: ENFORCEMENT OF NEW LAW .................................. 50 2.5 FREEDOM OF ASSOCIATION ................................................................................................... 54 2.5.1 Freedom of Association as Legal Right ............................................................................... 54 v v 2.5.2 Past and Currently Registered Trade Unions and Employers Associations ........................ 54 2.5.3 Institutional Capacity and Effectiveness of Trade Unions ................................................... 57 2.5.4 Ignorance and Cowardice of Workers to Join or Participate in Trade Unions .................... 61 2.5.5 Restrictions by Employers to Allow Workers Enganging in Trade Unions’ Activities ...... 63 2.5.6 Workers’ Strikes and Employers’ Lockouts ........................................................................ 64 2.6 DISCRIMINATION AT WORKPLACES .................................................................................... 67 2.7 WORKMEN COMPENSATIONS ................................................................................................ 70 2.7.1 Legal Protection against Hazardous Working Conditions ................................................... 70 2.7.2 General Trend of Compensations upon Injuries or Death ................................................... 70 2.7.3 Enforcement of Workers’ Compensation Fund ................................................................... 75 2.8 ENFORCEMENT OF SOCIAL SECURITY SCHEMES OR BENEFITS ................................... 77 2.9 LEAVES, FRINGE BENEFITS AND OTHER ENTITLEMENTS.............................................. 81 2.9.1 Essences of Leaves and Other Entitlements ........................................................................ 81 2.9.2 Annual Leaves ..................................................................................................................... 82 2.9.3 Maternity and Paternity Leaves ........................................................................................... 84 2.9.4 Sick Leaves .......................................................................................................................... 85 2.9.5 Working Hours .................................................................................................................... 87 2.10 REMUNERATIONS AND IMPLEMENTATION OF WAGES ORDERS ................................. 90 2.11 ADJUDICATION OF LABOUR DISPUTES ............................................................................... 95 2.11.1 Legal Stand on Labour Disputes ........................................................................................
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