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New Perspectives on China's Relations with the World EDITED BY DANIEL JOHANSON, JIE LI AND TSUNGHAN WU New Perspectives on China’s Relations with the World National, Transnational and International This e-book is provided without charge via free download by E-International Relations (www.E-IR.info). It is not permitted to be sold in electronic format under any circumstances. If you enjoy our free e-books, please consider leaving a small donation to allow us to continue investing in open access publications: http://www.e-ir.info/about/donate/ iii New Perspectives on China’s Relations with the World National, Transnational and International EDITED BY DANIEL JOHANSON, JIE LI & TSUNGHAN WU iv E-International Relations www.E-IR.info Bristol, England 2019 ISBN 978-1-910814-47-5 This book is published under a Creative Commons CC BY-NC 4.0 license. You are free to: • Share – copy and redistribute the material in any medium or format • Adapt – remix, transform, and build upon the material Under the following terms: • Attribution – You must give appropriate credit, provide a link to the license and indicate if changes were made. You may do so in any reasonable manner, but not in any way that suggests the licensor endorses you or your use. • Non-Commercial – You may not use the material for commercial purposes. Any of the above conditions can be waived if you get permission. Please contact [email protected] for any such enquiries, including for licensing and translation requests. Other than the terms noted above, there are no restrictions placed on the use and dissemination of this book for student learning materials/ scholarly use. Production: William Kakenmaster Cover Image: VojtechVlk A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. v E-IR Edited Collections Series Editors: Stephen McGlinchey, Marianna Karakoulaki & Agnieszka Pikulicka-Wilczewska Books Editor: Cameran Clayton Editorial assistance: Daniele Carminati, Fernanda de Castro Brandão Martins, Hayden Paulsen & Yiming Yu. E-IR’s Edited Collections are open access scholarly books presented in a format that preferences brevity and accessibility while retaining academic conventions. Each book is available in print and digital versions, and is published under a Creative Commons license. As E-International Relations is committed to open access in the fullest sense, free electronic versions of all of our books, including this one, are available on our website. Find out more at: http://www.e-ir.info/publications About the E-International Relations website E-International Relations (www.E-IR.info) is the world’s leading open access website for students and scholars of international politics, reaching over 3.5 million readers each year. E-IR’s daily publications feature expert articles, blogs, reviews and interviews – as well as student learning resources. The website is run by a registered non-profit organisation based in Bristol, UK and staffed with an all-volunteer team of students and scholars. vi About the Editors Daniel Johanson received his PhD from King’s College, London. His research focuses on how Chinese foreign policy has evolved and adapted to address issues of international concern, specifically on China’s interactions with Sudan, Iran, and North Korea. Jie Li received his PhD in History at the University of Edinburgh. His doctoral project (Sovietology in Post-Mao China, 1980–1999) examined the Chinese official and intellectual evolving perceptions of Soviet socialism in the 1980s and 1990s. He has published a number of commentaries on contemporary Chinese affairs as well as book reviews and papers on a variety of historical scholarship. He is currently teaching Chinese language and culture in Hong Kong. Tsunghan Wu is a PhD candidate at the Lau China Institute, King’s College London. His research interests focus on international relations, nationalism, ethnic conflicts and the Tibetan issue. His PhD deals with the politics of China’s nation-building in Tibet in the post-1949 era. vii Abstract As China’s role and influence throughout the world continues to grow, understanding this evolution becomes ever more important. This book is dedicated to exploring new trends and themes in Chinese foreign policy, with the aim of adding new insights to the existing literature and opening up opportunities for further specialised research. The book is divided into to three sections: National, touching on issues within China and its periphery; Transnational, looking at how concepts and people influence power; and finally, International, examining China’s interactions with the other regions and nations. The chapters work together to offer a sweeping overview of a multitude of new perspectives on China’s interactions and activities throughout the world. viii Contributors Ilaria Carrozza is a PhD candidate in International Relations at the London School of Economics and Political Science, working on Sino-African security relations and foreign policy analysis. She was the editor of Millennium: Journal of International Studies, Vol. 45, and has previously worked as a consultant for the United Nations Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (UNESCAP). Benjamin Creutzfeldt is a Resident Fellow at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Prior to this he was the Resident Postdoctoral Fellow for Sino-Latin American-US Affairs at the SAIS Foreign Policy Institute at Johns Hopkins University in Washington, DC. He earned a degree in Chinese Studies from the University of Durham (UK) and earned his MA from SOAS, whereupon he joined Christie’s as an auctioneer and expert for Chinese porcelain and works of art. He has studied and worked extensively in China and co-founded multiple start-up companies. He received his PhD in 2015 for research on China’s foreign policy towards Latin America. Nori Katagiri is Associate Professor of Political Science at Saint Louis University. He is also Visiting Research Fellow, Air Staff College, Japan Air Self-Defence Force and Fellow Cohort 4 of the Mansfield Foundation’s US- Japan Network for the Future. Prior to Saint Louis University, he taught at Air War College, a graduate degree program for senior military officers and officials of the US government and foreign nations. He is the author of Adapting to Win: How Insurgents Fight and Defeat Foreign States in War (University of Pennsylvania Press, 2015). He received his PhD degree in Political Science from the University of Pennsylvania. Neville Chi Hang Li is a Teaching Assistant at the University of Bath. His previous appointment was at City University of Hong Kong, serving as a Senior Research Associate. He received his PhD in Politics, Languages and International Studies from the University of Bath. His research interests focus on Politics and International Relations in Asia-Pacific, Critical Security Studies, Political Demography and New Media and Political Communication. His PhD dissertation entitled Securitization of Population Dynamics in the People’s Republic of China, examines the ideational relationship between security and demography with both the Copenhagen School and the Paris School approaches. Tony Tai-Ting Liu is a Visiting Research Fellow at the Institute for Advanced Studies on Asia, The University of Tokyo, and a Research Fellow at the Center for Contemporary China Studies, National Chung Hsing University. He held ix previous research positions at the Australian Catholic University and University of Tubingen. His research interests include International Relations Theory, International Political Economy, East Asia international relations, and Chinese foreign policy. Gustav Sundqvist is a PhD student at Åbo Akademi University. He specialises in Chinese politics and his doctoral work focuses on the roles of civil society, diffusion and ideology in democratisation processes. Casper Wits is a Postdoctoral Research Associate at the Faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies at the University of Cambridge. He is a historian of modern East Asia and his research focuses on diplomatic and international history during the Cold War, especially Sino-Japanese relations in this period. At Cambridge he is associated with the ERC research project “The Dissolution of the Japanese Empire and the Struggle for Legitimacy in Postwar East Asia, 1945–1965” – http://warcrimesandempire.com. Shu Liang (Karl) Yan is a PhD candidate in Political Science at the University of Toronto. Karl’s research focuses on the effects of China’s grand strategy on its economic statecraft. Karl is currently investigating the reform and ‘going out’ of the Chinese railway sector along Belt and Road countries. Claudia Zanardi is a PhD candidate in the War Studies Department of King’s College, London where she researches French, British and German foreign and security policies towards China and China’s military modernisation. Previously, she worked at the European Institute for Security Studies (EUISS) and the Assembly of the West European Union (WEU), and she produced research for the OECD-GOV Directorate and the International Secretariat of Amnesty International (Paris Office). She was part of the European China Resource Advise Network (ECRAN), a Taiwan Fellow researcher of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of China (ROC) in 2015, and since 2017 a Global Royster Fellow at the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. x Contents INTRODUCTION CHINA’S RELATIONS WITH THE WORLD: CHANGING AGENDA, NEW ISSUES, AND ONGOING DEBATES Daniel Johanson, Jie Li & Tsunghan Wu 1 PART ONE - NATIONAL 1. SWITCHING BETWEEN ACCOMMODATION AND SUPPRESSION: CHINA’S NATION-BUILDING STRATEGIES AND UNITED FRONT WORK FOR TIBETAN LEADERSHIP Tsunghan Wu 8 2. THE CHANGING SECURITY DIMENSION OF CHINA’S RELATIONS WITH XINJIANG Claudia Zanardi 24 3. MECHANISMS BEHIND DIFFUSION OF DEMOCRACY IN THE PEARL RIVER DELTA REGION Gustav Sundqvist 43 4. “ONE COUNTRY, TWO SYSTEMS” UNDER SIEGE: RIVAL SECURITISING ATTEMPTS IN THE DEMOCRATISATION OF HONG KONG Neville Chi Hang Li 60 PART TWO - TRANSNATIONAL 5. PUBLIC DIPLOMACY: CHINA’S NEWEST CHARM OFFENSIVE Tony Tai-Ting Liu 77 6. CAN CHINA LINK THE BELT AND ROAD INITIATIVE BY RAIL? Shu Liang (Karl) Yan 87 7.
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