INSTRUMENTS and OBSERVING METHODS REPORT No. 45
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Lecture Notes on Marine Meteorology
Lecture notes on Marine Meteorology By Shri S. P. Joshi Assistant. Meteorologist Office of DDGM (WF) India Meteorological Department Pune-5 Preface The aim of these lecture notes is to provide training to the marine observers in handling and maintenance of meteorological instruments and collect meteorological observations in the form of logbooks. The chapters included in these lecture notes are from the Basic and Intermediate training courses of the department. The present lecture notes are merely a collection of information available on Internet and are compiled from various WMO sites, freely available, keeping in view the up-and-coming trends and new technological advancements. This collection is for private circulation for trainees of Basic and Intermediate training courses of the department and the author do not intend to violate copyrights of anybody what so ever. Port Meteorological Officers in the immediate future have to deal with the modernization of the marine equipments and automation of Marine Data collection, its transmission and archival by observing minimum quality control through the in-built software like TURBOWIN. These lecture notes will also be useful to Port Meteorological Officers in understanding the nature of work of PMOs and will provide them the useful guidelines. A separate chapter on installation of Turbowin is also included in these notes. S. P. Joshi. 9th April 2005. Gudhi Padva Table of contents Chapter no Contents Page no. 1 WMO Voluntary Observing Ships’ Scheme 1 2 Meteorological Instrumentation on board ships 8 3 Port Meteorological Office ( PMO ) 15 4 The Ship Weather Code 19 5 Broadcast of weather bulletins for Merchant shipping 24 6 Broadcast of weather bulletins for Indian navy 28 7 Warnings to Ports and Storm Warning Signals 30 8 Broadcast of weather warnings for fishermen through 34 All India Radio. -
Meteorological Monitoring Guidance for Regulatory Modeling Applications
United States Office of Air Quality EPA-454/R-99-005 Environmental Protection Planning and Standards Agency Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 February 2000 Air EPA Meteorological Monitoring Guidance for Regulatory Modeling Applications Air Q of ua ice li ff ty O Clean Air Pla s nn ard in nd g and Sta EPA-454/R-99-005 Meteorological Monitoring Guidance for Regulatory Modeling Applications U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY Office of Air and Radiation Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards Research Triangle Park, NC 27711 February 2000 DISCLAIMER This report has been reviewed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and has been approved for publication as an EPA document. Any mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. ii PREFACE This document updates the June 1987 EPA document, "On-Site Meteorological Program Guidance for Regulatory Modeling Applications", EPA-450/4-87-013. The most significant change is the replacement of Section 9 with more comprehensive guidance on remote sensing and conventional radiosonde technologies for use in upper-air meteorological monitoring; previously this section provided guidance on the use of sodar technology. The other significant change is the addition to Section 8 (Quality Assurance) of material covering data validation for upper-air meteorological measurements. These changes incorporate guidance developed during the workshop on upper-air meteorological monitoring in July 1998. Editorial changes include the deletion of the “on-site” qualifier from the title and its selective replacement in the text with “site specific”; this provides consistency with recent changes in Appendix W to 40 CFR Part 51. -
To Marine Meteorological Services
WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION Guide to Marine Meteorological Services Third edition PLEASE NOTE THAT THIS PUBLICATION IS GOING TO BE UPDATED BY END OF 2010. WMO-No. 471 Secretariat of the World Meteorological Organization - Geneva - Switzerland 2001 © 2001, World Meteorological Organization ISBN 92-63-13471-5 NOTE The designations employed and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Secretariat of the World Meteorological Organization concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. TABLE FOR NOTING SUPPLEMENTS RECEIVED Supplement Dated Inserted in the publication No. by date 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 CONTENTS Page FOREWORD................................................................................................................................................. ix INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................... xi CHAPTER 1 — MARINE METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES ........................................................... 1-1 1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................... 1-1 1.2 Requirements for marine meteorological information....................................................................... 1-1 1.2.1 -
JO 7900.5D Chg.1
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION JO 7900.SD CHANGE CHG 1 FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION National Policy Effective Date: 11/29/2017 SUBJ: JO 7900.SD Surface Weather Observing 1. Purpose. This change amends practices and procedures in Surface Weather Observing and also defines the FAA Weather Observation Quality Control Program. 2. Audience. This order applies to all FAA and FAA-contract personnel, Limited Aviation Weather Reporting Stations (LAWRS) personnel, Non-Federal Observation (NF-OBS) Program personnel, as well as United States Coast Guard (USCG) personnel, as a component ofthe Department ofHomeland Security and engaged in taking and reporting aviation surface observations. 3. Where I can find this order. This order is available on the FAA Web site at http://faa.gov/air traffic/publications and on the MyFAA employee website at http://employees.faa.gov/tools resources/orders notices/. 4. Explanation of Changes. This change adds references to the new JO 7210.77, Non Federal Weather Observation Program Operation and Administration order and removes the old NF-OBS program from Appendix B. Backup procedures for manual and digital ATIS locations are prescribed. The FAA is now the certification authority for all FAA sponsored aviation weather observers. Notification procedures for the National Enterprise Management Center (NEMC) are added. Appendix B, Continuity of Service is added. Appendix L, Aviation Weather Observation Quality Control Program is also added. PAGE CHANGE CONTROL CHART RemovePa es Dated Insert Pa es Dated ii thru xi 12/20/16 ii thru xi 11/15/17 2 12/20/16 2 11/15/17 5 12/20/17 5 11/15/17 7 12/20/16 7 11/15/17 12 12/20/16 12 11/15/17 15 12/20/16 15 11/15/17 19 12/20/16 19 11/15/17 34 12/20/16 34 11/15/17 43 thru 45 12/20/16 43 thru 45 11/15/17 138 12/20/16 138 11/15/17 148 12/20/16 148 11/15/17 152 thru 153 12/20/16 152 thru 153 11/15/17 AppendixL 11/15/17 Distribution: Electronic 1 Initiated By: AJT-2 11/29/2017 JO 7900.5D Chg.1 5. -
Nstruiiieffl
nstruiiieffl *!i[;ESaftia£S-:j;;tiftu "'W. E. Knowles Middleton ^»Ui!;ii-^:Hianit;tUfritK»::H:K Catalog of Meteorological Instruments in the Museum of History and Technology SMITHSONIAN STUDIES IN HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY NUMBER 2 Catalog of Meteorological Instruments in the Museum of History and Technology Prepared by W. E. Knowles Middleton SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION^ PRESS CITY OF WASHINGTO^^ 1969 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 - Price $3.25 IV Contents Page Acknowledgments 3 1. INTRODUCTION 3 2. BAROMETERS AND BAROGRAPHS 7 Invention of the Barometer 7 Mercury Barometers and Barographs 8 Aneroid Barometers and Barographs 23 Other Instruments 33 3. THERMOMETERS AND THERMOGRAPHS 37 Early History 37 Liquid-in-Glass Thermometers 38 Maximum and Minimum Thermometers 45 Bimetallic Thermometers 49 Recording Thermometers 50 Other Instruments 55 4. INSTRUMENTS FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF ATMOSPHERIC HUMIDITY 61 Absorption Hygrometers 61 Condensation Hygrometers 64 Psychrometers 66 Other Instruments 70 5. INSTRUMENTS FOR THE MEASUREMENT OF PRECIPITATION AND EVAPORATION 73 Other Instrument 77 6. INSTRUMENTS FOR MEASURING THE SURFACE WIND 79 Wind Vanes and Wind-Direction Recorders 79 Anemometers and Anemographs 82 Other Instruments 89 7. SUNSHINE RECORDERS 91 Other Instrument 93 8. NEPHOSCOPES 95 9. UPPER-AIR INSTRUMENTS, NOT TELEMETERING 97 Meteorographs for Use With Kites or Captive Balloons 98 Meteorographs for Use With Free Balloons (Sounding Balloons) 99 Meteorographs for Use on Aircraft 100 Miscellaneous Apparatus Used in Connection With Upper-Air Observations 102 10, RADIOSONDES 103 Other Instruments 120 11. MISCELLANEOUS METEOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENTS 123 Combination Recording Instruments 123 Other Instruments, Not Classified 124 Bibliography 128 Introduction ^ [it' FIGURE 1 Four barometers by Benjamin Pike & Sons, New York (MHT 316,739, MHT 319,958, MHT 323,000, and MHT 326,144). -
Surface Weather Observations and Reports
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE/ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration OFFICE OF THE FEDERAL COORDINATOR FOR METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES AND SUPPORTING RESEARCH FEDERAL METEOROLOGICAL HANDBOOK No. 1 Surface Weather Observations andReports FCM-H1-1995 Washington, D.C. December 1995 FEDERAL COORDINATOR FOR METEOROLOGICAL SERVICES AND SUPPORTING RESEARCH 8455 COLESVILLE ROAD, SUITE 1500 SILVER SPRING, MARYLAND 20910 FEDERAL METEOROLOGICAL HANDBOOK NUMBER 1 SURFACE WEATHER OBSERVATIONS AND REPORTS FCM-H1-1995 Washington, D.C. December 1995 %*#0)'#0&4'8+'9.1) 7UGVJKURCIGVQTGEQTFEJCPIGUPQVKEGUCPFTGXKGYU %JCPIG 2CIG &CVG +PKVKCNU 0WODGT 0WODGTU 2QUVGF 5GG%JCPIG.GVVGT 0QX $-6 %JCPIGUCTGKPFKECVGFD[CXGTVKECNNKPGKPVJGOCTIKPPGZVVQVJGEJCPIG 4GXKGY %QOOGPVU +PKVKCNU &CVG KK (14'914& 6JG HKHVJ GFKVKQP QH (GFGTCN /GVGQTQNQIKECN *CPFDQQM 0Q (/* 5WTHCEG 9GCVJGT 1DUGTXCVKQPUCPF4GRQTVUGODQFKGUVJG7PKVGF5VCVGUEQPXGTUKQPVQVJG9QTNF/GVGQTQNQIKECN 1TICPK\CVKQP U 9/1 #XKCVKQP 4QWVKPG 9GCVJGT 4GRQTV#XKCVKQP 5GNGEVGF 5RGEKCN 9GCVJGT /'6#452'%+ EQFGHQTOCVU6JG75KORNGOGPVCVKQPQH/'6#4CUVJGPCVKQPCNTGRQTVKPI EQFGHQTUWTHCEGYGCVJGTQDUGTXCVKQPUKUCOCLQTUVGRVQYCTFHWNHKNNKPIC9/1CPF+PVGTPCVKQPCN %KXKN#XKCVKQP1TICPK\CVKQP +%#1 IQCNQHCEQOOQPYQTNFYKFGCXKCVKQPYGCVJGTQDUGTXCVKQP EQFGHQTO $GECWUGQHVJGGZVGPFGFWUG QXGT[GCTU QHVJG5WTHCEG#XKCVKQP1DUGTXCVKQPU 5#1 EQFGKP VJKUEQWPVT[CPF0QTVJ#OGTKECVJGKORNGOGPVCVKQPQH/'6#452'%+YKNNPGEGUUKVCVGCTGXKGY QHCNNCUUQEKCVGFOGVGQTQNQIKECNQRGTCVKQPUYKVJKPVJGRWDNKECPFRTKXCVGUGEVQTU%QPUGSWGPVN[ VJGEQPXGTUKQPVQ/'6#452'%+UJQWNFPQVDGXKGYGFUKORN[CUCEQFGTGRNCEGOGPVDWVTCVJGT -
National Weather Service Glossary Page 1 of 254 03/15/08 05:23:27 PM National Weather Service Glossary
National Weather Service Glossary Page 1 of 254 03/15/08 05:23:27 PM National Weather Service Glossary Source:http://www.weather.gov/glossary/ Table of Contents National Weather Service Glossary............................................................................................................2 #.............................................................................................................................................................2 A............................................................................................................................................................3 B..........................................................................................................................................................19 C..........................................................................................................................................................31 D..........................................................................................................................................................51 E...........................................................................................................................................................63 F...........................................................................................................................................................72 G..........................................................................................................................................................86 -
IMO Publication, 78. Provisional Guide to Meteorological Instrument And
r . • - C•L-f, tVlC ORGANISATION METEOROLOGIQUE INTERNATIONALE Publication No 78 . '\0-r I :--{' ·;.·' ', ,,,," ~ y \ 1J iv: it1 c·,, \ :~, .·: ~ :, ~! . i .- ,, / ~<:,· ' : , PROVISIONAL GUIDE TO INTERNATIONAL METEOROLOGICAL INSTRUMENT AND OBSERVING PRACTICE CHAPTERS I to 10 PRICE : Sw. Fr. 8.- (Chapters 1 to 10 including cover) IMPRIMERIE LA CONCORDE - LAUSANNE (SUISSE) 1950 ( ( )J11 / h~! •.J ,, t . ' J O? ftZ -~ f/o l. CONTENTS Page PREFACE .. .... 10 1 CHAPTER I - GENERAL 1.1 Historical 13 1.2 Scope of the Guide 13 1 .3 Classification of stations 14 1.4 Times of observations . 14 1 .4.1 Time standard . 14 1.4.2 Times of surface observations 14 1.4.3 Times of upper air observations 15 1.5 General requirements of a meteorological station 15 1.5.1 Instrumental equipment . 15 1 .5.2 Site and exposure of the instruments 15 1 .5.3 Observers 15 1.5.4 Inspection of stations . 16 1.6 General requirements of instruments 16 1.6.1 Desirable characteristics . 16 1.6.2 Recording instruments 16 1 .6.3 Recording drums and clocks 17 1 .6.4 Standardisation of instruments 17 1.7 Units and constants 18 1 .7 .1 Units 18 1.7.2 Constants 18 2 CHAPTER 2 - CLOUD AND WEATHER OBSERVATIONS 2.1 General . 19 2.2 Cloud forms . 19 2.3 Cloud amount 19 2.4 Cloud height . 20 2.4.1 Definitions and methods 20 2 .4.2 Pilot balloons . 21 2 .4.3 Light beam projectors 21 2.4.4 Range finder and allied methods 22 2 .4 .5 Estimation of cloud heights . -
Surface Mesohighs and Mesolows
Surface Mesohighs and Mesolows Richard H. Johnson Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado ABSTRACT Through detailed and remarkably insightful analyses of surface data, Tetsuya Theodore Fujita pioneered modern mesoanalysis, unraveling many of the mysteries of severe storms. In this paper Fujita's contributions to the analysis and description of surface pressure features accompanying tornadic storms and squall lines are reviewed. On the scale of individual thunderstorm cells Fujita identified pressure couplets: a mesolow associated with the tor- nado cyclone and a mesohigh in the adjacent heavy precipitation area to the north. On larger scales, he found that squall lines contain mesohighs associated with the convective line and wake depressions (now generally called wake lows) to the rear of storms. Fujita documented the structure and life cycles of these phenomena using time-to-space conversion of barograph data. Subsequent investigations have borne out many of Fujita's findings of nearly 50 years ago. His analyses of the sur- face pressure field accompanying tornadic supercells have been validated by later studies, in part because of the advent of mobile mesonetworks. The analyses of squall-line mesohighs and wake lows have been confirmed and extended, particularly by advances in radar observations. These surface pressure features appear to be linked to processes both in the convective line and attendant stratiform precipitation regions, as well as to rear-inflow jets, gravity currents, and gravity waves, but specific roles of each of these phenomena in the formation of mesohighs and wake lows have yet to be fully resolved. 1 . Introduction niques that he developed then formed the foundation of subsequent mesoscale research. -
TECHNICAL WORKSHOP Enhancing Ocean Observations and Research
TECHNICAL WORKSHOP Enhancing ocean observations and research, and the free exchange of data, to foster services for the safety of life and property (Ocean-Safe) A contribution to the planning phase (2019–2020) of the United Nations Decade of Ocean Science for Sustainable Development (2021–2030) Geneva, Switzerland, 5 to 6 February 2019 FINAL REPORT (Rev. 2) COPYRIGHT AND DISCLAIMER © World Meteorological Organization, 2019 The right of publication in print, electronic and any other form and in any language is reserved by WMO. Short extracts from WMO publications may be reproduced without authorization, provided that the complete source is clearly indicated. Editorial correspondence and requests to publish, reproduce or translate this publication in part or in whole should be addressed to: Chairperson, Publications Board World Meteorological Organization (WMO) 7 bis, avenue de la Paix Tel.: +41 (0) 22 730 84 03 P.O. Box 2300 Fax: +41 (0) 22 730 80 40 CH-1211 Geneva 2, Switzerland E-mail: [email protected] NOTE The designations employed in WMO publications and the presentation of material in this publication do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of WMO concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area, or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. Opinions expressed in WMO publications are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect those of WMO. The mention of specific companies or products does not imply that they are endorsed or recommended by WMO in preference to others of a similar nature which are not mentioned or advertised. -
(A Wmo Rmtc) Oshodi – Lagos, Nigeria
METEOROLOGICAL RESEARCH AND TRAINING INSTITUTE (A WMO RMTC) OSHODI – LAGOS, NIGERIA SYLLABUS FOR JOB – ENTRY LEVEL METEOROLOGICAL TECHNICIAL COURSE ALGEBRA 1. Simultaneous equations: Linear and quadratic. 2. Indices. 3. Logarithms: Natural and any base. 4. Quadratics equations: Algebraic & graphical solutions, roots of quadratics. 5. Variations: Linear, Inverse, joint and partial. 6. Inequalities: Linear and quadratic. 7. Polynomials: Factor theorem; Remainder’s Theorem; Paschal Triangle. 8. Series and Progression. PHYSICS (MECHANICS & PROPERTIES OF MATTER) 1. Units and dimensions of physical quantities. 2. Vector and scalar quantities. 3. Linear motion of a particle: equations of motion with uniform acceleration. 4. Newton’s Laws of motion 5. Pressure. 6. Density. 7. Introduction to circular motion and Simple Harmonic Motion. UPPER-WIND MEASUREMENTS AND PILOT – BALLON 1. General – Units of measurements. 1.1 Meteorological balloons: There are three types of balloon colours in use for the measurement of upper wind:- Red, blue and colour. The state of the sky determines the colour of balloon to be used. 1.2 Gases for inflation of Meteorological balloon helium, or hydrogen gas. 1.3 Hydrogen generators for Meteorological purposes. 1.4 Theory of upper-wind measurement. 1.5 Care and handling of Meteorological balloons. 1.5.1 Sizes of Meteorological balloons 1.6 The Pilot – Balloon theodolite. 1.6.1 Pilot – balloon ceiling measurement for the determination of cloud – base (Height). 2. Pilot Balloon Codes PART A, B, C, D, 3. Temp Message Message Identifier TTAA Digikora, Radio Sonde Transmitter The weather elements observed are: Pressure, Temperature, Wind direction and speed, humidity and dew point. 4. Radio sounding of the upper atmosphere General – units of measurement Principle of the radio sounding system, Principle of the radio sounding and ascent evaluation. -
Marine Observations
CHAPTER CONTENTS Page CHAPTER 4. MARINE OBSERVATIONS ............................................... 595 4.1 General ................................................................... 595 4.2 Observations from ships. 596 4.2.1 Operation of the WMO Voluntary Observing Ship Scheme ................ 596 4.2.2 Voluntary Observing Ship observations ................................. 597 4.2.2.1 Elements observed .......................................... 597 4.2.2.2 Equipment required ......................................... 597 4.2.2.3 Automation of ship observations ............................... 598 4.2.2.4 Times of observation. 598 4.2.2.5 Transmission of ship's observations ............................ 599 4.2.2.6 Wind ...................................................... 600 4.2.2.7 Atmospheric pressure, pressure tendency and characteristic of pressure tendency. 603 4.2.2.8 Air temperature and humidity. 605 4.2.2.9 Sea-surface temperature ..................................... 606 4.2.2.10 Clouds and weather ......................................... 608 4.2.2.11 Visibility ................................................... 609 4.2.2.12 Precipitation ................................................ 610 4.2.2.13 Ocean waves ............................................... 611 4.2.2.14 Ice ........................................................ 615 4.2.2.15 Observations of special phenomena ............................ 619 4.3 Moored buoys ............................................................. 620 4.3.1 Atmospheric pressure ...............................................