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JO 7900.5E, Surface Weather Observing

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JO 7900.5E, Surface Weather Observing U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION ORDER FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION JO 7900.5E Air Traffic Organization Policy Effective Date: 01/15/2020 SUBJ: Surface Weather Observing The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) Surface Weather Observer Program is a component of the National Airspace System (NAS). It combines with other elements of the NAS to ensure the overall safety of air transportation services. The FAA is committed to providing the resources necessary to ensure the vibrancy of this critical aviation service. This order provides the practices and procedures for weather observation services that support the important role it plays in the mission of the FAA. The practices and procedures set forth in this order apply to all FAA personnel, FAA-contract personnel, and non-Federal Observer personnel who provide aviation weather observation services. Weather observer personnel are required to apply the provision of this order as it pertains to their observational responsibilities. Observers are expected to exercise experienced judgment when encountering situations not covered by this order. Jeffrey U. Vincent Vice President Air Traffic Services Distribution: Electronic Initiated By: AJT-2 01/15/2020 JO 7900.5E Table of Contents Chapter 1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Purpose of This Order ..................................................................................................... 1 1.2. Audience. ........................................................................................................................ 1 1.3. Where to Find This Order ............................................................................................... 1 1.4. Cancellation .................................................................................................................... 1 1.5. Explanation of Changes .................................................................................................. 1 1.6. Abbreviations and Acronyms ......................................................................................... 2 1.7. Relationship to FMH-1 and Other Documents ............................................................... 2 1.8. Applicability of Procedures and Practices ...................................................................... 3 1.9. User Responsibilities ...................................................................................................... 3 1.10. Distribution ..................................................................................................................... 4 1.11. Changing the Order ......................................................................................................... 4 1.12. Maintaining the Order ..................................................................................................... 4 Chapter 2. Guidelines ................................................................................................... 5 2.1. Introduction. .................................................................................................................... 5 2.2. Types of Stations ............................................................................................................. 5 2.3. Non-Federal Weather Observation (NF-OBS) Station ................................................... 5 2.4. General Types of Observations ....................................................................................... 5 2.5. Augmentation Requirements .......................................................................................... 6 2.6. Backup Requirements ..................................................................................................... 7 2.7. Evaluating Weather Sensor Accuracy ............................................................................. 8 Chapter 3. General Procedures .................................................................................. 10 3.1. Introduction ................................................................................................................... 10 3.2. Certification of Personnel and Currency Requirements................................................ 10 3.3. Definitions ..................................................................................................................... 10 3.4. Aviation Weather Observing Locations ........................................................................ 12 3.5. General Observing Practices ......................................................................................... 12 3.6. Dissemination ............................................................................................................... 13 3.7. Corrections to Transmitted Data ................................................................................... 14 3.8. Delayed Reports (Manual Stations Only) ..................................................................... 14 3.9. Rounding Off Numbers ................................................................................................. 15 3.10. Record Keeping and Forms .......................................................................................... 15 3.11. Criteria for SPECI Observations ................................................................................... 15 3.12. Content of METAR/SPECI Observations ..................................................................... 17 Chapter 4. General Procedures at Automated Weather Stations ................................ 28 4.1. Purpose .......................................................................................................................... 28 4.2. Types of Automated Stations ........................................................................................ 28 4.3. Procedures for Handling Aircraft Mishaps at Automated Sites .................................... 29 Chapter 5. Augmentation Requirements at Automated Weather Stations .................. 30 5.1. Introduction. .................................................................................................................. 30 5.2. Validity of Data ............................................................................................................. 30 5.3. Sign On/Sign Off the Automated Weather Observing Systems ................................... 30 ii 01/15/2020 JO 7900.5E 5.4. Augmentation Observing Procedures ........................................................................... 31 5.5. General Reporting Procedures ...................................................................................... 32 Chapter 6. Backup/Editing Requirements at Automated Weather Stations ................. 35 6.1. Introduction. .................................................................................................................. 35 6.2. Validity of Data ............................................................................................................. 35 6.3. Equipment Requirements .............................................................................................. 35 6.4. Procedures for Providing Backup Information. ............................................................ 37 6.5. Coding of Missing Data ................................................................................................ 38 6.6. Procedures for Wind Speed and Wind Direction .......................................................... 38 6.7. Procedures for Visibility ............................................................................................... 38 6.8. Procedures for Present Weather and Obscurations ....................................................... 39 6.9. Procedures for Sky Condition. ...................................................................................... 40 6.10. Procedures for Temperature and Dew Point (See Chapter 11) .................................... 40 6.11. Procedures for Altimeter Setting (See Chapter 12) ..................................................... 41 6.12. Malfunctions/Outages ................................................................................................... 42 Chapter 7. Wind .......................................................................................................... 43 7.1. Introduction. .................................................................................................................. 43 7.2. Definitions ..................................................................................................................... 43 7.3. Observing, Determining, and Reporting Procedures .................................................... 43 7.4. Wind Direction. ............................................................................................................. 43 7.5. Estimating Wind Direction ........................................................................................... 44 7.6. Variable Wind Direction ............................................................................................... 44 7.7. Wind Shifts ................................................................................................................... 44 7.8. Wind Speed. .................................................................................................................. 45 7.9. Estimating Wind Speed. ................................................................................................ 45 7.10. Wind
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