Local Area Development Programme in Iraq

Financed by the Implemented European Union by UNDP

PROVINCIAL RESPONSE PLAN

NINEVEH GOVERNORATE

January 2018 LADP in Iraq – Nineveh PRP

2 LADP in Iraq – Nineveh PRP

FOREWORD BY THE GOVERNOR

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4 LADP in Iraq – Nineveh PRP

CONTENT

PRP Nineveh Governorate

Foreword by the Governor ...... 3 Content ...... 5 List of Figures ...... 7 List of Tables ...... 8 Abbreviations ...... 9 Introduction ...... 11 1. Organisation of the PRP ...... 11 2. Purpose of the PRP ...... 11 3. Methodology ...... 11 4. PRP development process ...... 12 I. Context ...... 15 1. Location and administrative division ...... 15 2. Geography and natural resources ...... 17 3. Historical significance ...... 20 4. Conflict ...... 22 4.1. Ba’athist regime and Gulf War I (1990–1991) ...... 22 4.2. Iraq War (2003–2011) and Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013) ...... 23 4.3. Occupation by ISIL (2013–2017) ...... 24 II. Social profile ...... 29 1. Population ...... 29 1.1. Population structure and trends ...... 29 1.2. Ethnic and religious structure ...... 31 1.3. Tribal structure ...... 33 2. Living conditions ...... 33 3. IDPs and returnees ...... 37 3.1. Profile ...... 37 3.2. Challenges facing IDPs and returnees ...... 39 3.3. Support for IDPs from international organisations and NGOs ...... 42 3.4. Return process ...... 44 4. Disadvantaged host community groups ...... 45 5. Community peace-building and reconciliation ...... 48 III. Economic profile ...... 51 1. Economic development ...... 51 2. Industry ...... 55 3. Agriculture ...... 58 4. Trade ...... 61 5. Tourism ...... 62 6. Investment ...... 65 IV. Public service delivery ...... 67 1. Housing ...... 67 2. Transport network ...... 71 3. Electricity service ...... 74 4. Water supply service ...... 76 5. Wastewater management ...... 79 6. Waste management ...... 80 7. Healthcare ...... 81 8. Education ...... 83

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V. Governance ...... 91 1. Local governance bodies ...... 91 2. Governorate budget ...... 91 3. Departments of the Governorate Administration ...... 92 VI. SWOT analysis ...... 93 VII. Strategic objectives ...... 94 VIII. Programmes (priority areas for development) ...... 95 1. Programme 1: Ensure reconciliation between communities ...... 95 2. Programme 2: Ensure the return of IDPs ...... 96 3. Programme 3: Provide support to help overcome social challenges ...... 98 4. Programme 4: Reconstruct and develop the transport network ...... 100 5. Programme 5: Restore and improve the electricity service ...... 101 6. Programme 6: Restore and develop the water supply and wastewater management service ...... 102 7. Programme 7: Expand and develop waste management...... 104 8. Programme 8: Improve health services quality and access ...... 105 9. Programme 9: Improve education quality and access...... 107 10. Programme 10: Encourage investment and economic development ...... 108 11. Programme 11: Improve public governance ...... 111 IX. Implementation of the PRP ...... 113 1. Implementing structures ...... 113 2. Monitoring and evaluation ...... 113 3. Financial resources ...... 113 Sources ...... 115 Annex: Projects in different phases of contracting and implementation ...... 117 A.1 Livelihoods support projects ...... 117 A.2 Roads and bridges sector projects ...... 118 A.3 Electricity sector projects ...... 118 A.4 Water supply sector projects ...... 120 A.5 Wastewater management sector projects ...... 121 A.6 Municipal projects (solid waste, municipal roads, municipal buildings, etc.) ...... 122 A.7 Health sector projects ...... 125 A.8 Education sector projects ...... 127

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1 Nineveh on Iraq’s administrative map 15 Figure 2 Administrative map of Nineveh Governorate, showing the share of Nineveh’s population per qadha 16 Figure 3 Nineveh on Iraq’s physical map 18 Figure 4 Nineveh on Iraq’s map of land-use potential 18 Figure 5 Climograph and temperature graph for Mosul city 18 Figure 6 Köppen climate classification, Iraq – Nineveh outline 18 Figure 7 Minerals and hydrocarbons in Nineveh 20 Figure 8 Population pyramid of Nineveh Governorate, 2016 31 Figure 9 Religion- and ethnicity-based classifications of Nineveh’s population 32 Figure 10 Mix of main ethno-religious groups in Nineveh (pre-ISIL) 32 Figure 11 Socio-economic development indicators for Nineveh Governorate based on 2011 data 34 Figure 12 Human development scores for Nineveh, UNDP 2014 Iraq HDR 34 Figure 13 Spatial heterogeneity in living standards among nahias of Nineveh (distribution of poverty) 35 Figure 14 Situation of youth (15-29y) in Nineveh, %, UNDP 2014 Iraq HDR 36 Figure 15 Community groups formed by displacement 37 Figure 16 Profile of locations where IDPs and returnees live in Nineveh 40 Figure 17 Most important needs of IDPs and returnees in Nineveh 40 Figure 18 Mistrust in locations of return 41 Figure 19 Archaeological map of Nineveh 63 Figure 20 Urban expansion of Mosul since the 1950s (UN-Habitat) 68 Figure 21 Informal settlements in Mosul (UN-Habitat) 69 Figure 22 Status of the road and bridge infrastructure of Mosul as of 16 July 2017 (UN-Habitat) 72 Figure 23 Gender indicators for primary and secondary education, 2013/2014 (COSIT) 85 Figure 24 Structure of Nineveh’s Administration 92

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1 Administrative division of Nineveh Governorate 15 Table 2 Population indicators for Nineveh Governorate compared to the national average, 2016 29 Table 3 Population of Nineveh Governorate by administrative division, sex and urban/rural, 2016 29 Table 4 Population of Nineveh Governorate by age, sex and urban/rural, 2016 30 Table 5 Main tribes in Nineveh 33 Table 6 IOM IDP and returnee statistics for Nineveh as of 31 Oct 2017 38 Table 7 IDP population in still camps in Nineveh Governorate as of 31 Oct 2017 39 Table 8 Main international and national organisations providing support to IDPs in Nineveh 42 Table 9 IDP return push and pull factors for Nineveh Governorate 44 Table 11 Scale of destruction of Mosul as of 04 Aug 2017, UNITAR–UNOSAT 53 Table 12 Destroyed civil sites in Mosul by sector as of 16 June 2017, UN-Habitat 53 Table 13 Volume of industry in Nineveh, 2013–2014 (COSIT) 56 Table 14 Main resource-based industries in Nineveh 56 Table 15 Private industrial enterprises in industial zones 57 Table 16 Land available for plant agriculture in Nineveh, 2013 58 Table 17 Main crops in Nineveh, 2014 (COSIT) 58 Table 18 Livestock and poultry production in Nineveh 59 Table 19 Tourism indicators for Nineveh, 2013 (COSIT) 62 Table 20 Destruction of heritage in Nineveh by ISIL 63 Table 21 SWOT analysis of the investment sector in Nineveh 65 Table 22 Informal housing data for Nineveh for 2013 (COSIT) 69 Table 23 Status of primary and secondary roads in Mosul as of 16 July 2017 (UN-Habitat) 72 Table 24 SWOT analysis of the electricity sector in Nineveh 75 Table 25 Status of water supply network in Nineveh Governorate as of March 2017 77 Table 26 SWOT analysis of the water supply service in Nineveh 78 Table 27 Healthcare indicators for Nineveh 81 Table 28 Primary and secondary education provison in Nineveh 84 Table 29 SWOT analysis of the education sector 85

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ABBREVIATIONS

AQI Al Qaeda in Iraq (AQI) CIPN Community Peace Initiative in Nineveh CCCM Camp coordination and camp management COSIT Central Organisation for Statistics and Information Technology (Iraqi Statistical Institute) CBSP Community Based Strategic Planning (process/methodology) CSOs Civil Society Organisations FFES Funding Facility for Extended Stabilisation (UNDP) FFIS Funding Facility for Immediate Stabilisation (UNDP) FS Food security GBV Gneder-based violence GoI Government of Iraq GSP Governance Strengthening Programme, Iraq (USAID) HE Higher education HDI Humand Development Index IDPs Internally displaced persons IOM International Organisation for Migration ISIL Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (aka ISIS) KDP Kurdish Democratic Party KRG Kurdistan Regional Government KRI Kurdistan Region of Iraq LADP Local Area Development Programme (EU funded, UNDP implemented) Law 21 Law of Governorates Not Incorporated into a Region – aka. Provincial Powers Act (2008) MoE Ministry of Education (Iraq) MoHESR Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research (Iraq) MoIM Ministry of Industry and Minerals (Iraq) MoLSA Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs (Iraq) MoMD Ministry of Migration and Displacement (Iraq) MoMPW Ministry of Municipalities and Public Works (Iraq) MoP Ministry of Planning (Iraq) MoRH Ministry of Reconstruction and Housing (Iraq) MoTA Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities (Iraq) MoYS Ministry of Youth and Sports (Iraq) NFI Non-food items MSF Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders) OPF Operation Iraqi Freedom PDS Provincial Development Strategy (5-year plan) PPDC Provincial Planning and Development Council PPP Public-Private Partnership PRP Provincial Response Plan PwDs Persons with disability RRM Rapid response measures (emergency relief/life-saving assistance) SC Steering Committee SOE State-owned enterprise SWOT Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, Threats UNDP United Nations Development Programme UNHRC United Nations Human Rights Council UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund UNWTO World Tourism Organisation (United Nations agency) USAID United States Agency for International Development WaSH Water, sanitation and hygiene WWTP Wastewater treatment plant YDI Youth Development Index

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10 LADP in Iraq – Nineveh PRP

INTRODUCTION

Nineveh is one of Iraq's governorates worst affected by the 2013–2014 ISIL invasion and resultant heavy combat; it particularly suffered from the fall of Mosul in June 2014 – leading to the biggest humanitarian crisis in Iraq’s history. Fighting to regain control of Nineveh has continued into August 2017. In total, in three years of ISIL occupation, over a million of Nineveh’s population have been displaced; and infrastructural damage and destruction of cultural heritage have been catastrophic. By UNDP estimates of July 2017, the cost for the restoration of basic services in Mosul alone will cost more than USD 1 billion. As post-ISIL stabilisation and restoration work begins, attention turns to (1) resettling and rebuilding of communities and (2) sound solutions to public service delivery – in order to set the basis for longer-term development of the governorate. In this context, with support from LADP, the authorities of Nineveh Governorate have set out to elaborate a Provincial Response Plan (PRP) for the period 2018–2022.

1. Organisation of the PRP

The Plan consists of two main integral parts – vulnerability assessment and strategic part:

 The vulnerability assessment reviews the situation – prior to and following ISIL – in three strategic areas: (1) community development, (2) economic development, and (3) provision of public services. For each strategic area, a number of indicators have been researched in order to provide a full picture of the conditions in the governorate;  Based on the vulnerability assessment, the strategic part includes: SWOT analysis; a list of identified strategic objectives; and a list of identified priority areas for development (programmes). Several projects have been identified – in a series of workshops and consultations by the working groups with the support from the experts – for each programme that will help return people in the governorate to normal life.

2. Purpose of the PRP

The Provincial Response Plan (PRP) sets a framework for actions to be taken by the governorate with support from the central authorities and international donors. It provides provincial authorities with an instrument to help them:

 Better monitor the progress of the reconstruction, planning and prioritisation of development actions;  Coordinate the efforts of international donors – given the limited resources of the national and provincial budget;  Better recognise what additional technical support they need.

At the same time, the PRP aims to direct the efforts of the provincial authorities from immediate post-conflict stabilisation toward longer-term development. Currently, Nineveh is mainly a recipient of international aid and central budged instalments. Through the Plan, the Governorate will become the leading partner in its development process and it will proactively pursue its objectives – including through implementation of public- private partnerships (PPPs) and cooperation with the international donors and investors and the local community.

The PRP is a living document that will be periodically reviewed and updated as required. As Nineveh Governorate moves forward in addressing pressing developmental issues, it will be more important than ever to ensure that the efforts of government and international agencies are synchronised and leveraged as part of a holistic and sustainable response.

3. Methodology

The planning process in Iraq has been traditionally highly centralised. Therefore, LADP supports the development of a participatory planning approach to formulate prioritised objectives and strategies to address the key security, governance, economic and social challenges faced by the target governorates (Nineveh, Anbar, Diyala, Salah al-Din and Kirkuk). Through the participatory approach several goals are achieved: help strengthen democracy; reduce corruption; limit differences among various political and ethnic groups; and empower citizens by promoting greater interaction between stakeholders within communities. Participatory planning

11 LADP in Iraq – Nineveh PRP creates a fair process to prioritise development and implementation of projects and fosters a sense of ownership of development programmes.

Therefore, the development of PRPs under LADP has followed the Community Based Strategic Planning methodology (CBSP).

 Strategic planning. Strategic planning was the selected approach because it differs from the traditional model of comprehensive planning in several important ways:  Strategic planning is pro-active. Through the strategic planning process, the community seeks to shape its future – not just prepare for it;  Strategic planning focuses only on the critical strategic issues and directs resources to the highest priority activities. Setting priorities is necessary because the resources available to local government are less than the demands on them. By contrast, comprehensive planning covers all activities that must be done without indicating which ones are the most important;  Strategic planning is led by those tasked to implement the resultant strategic plan; it entails ownership. By contrast, a comprehensive plan prescribes who should implement it but it does not require the inclusion of those entities in the strategic planning process.  Community-based planning. Community involvement strengthens strategic planning in several ways:  Transparency: While the strategic plan establishes priority areas for development, it has political as well as economic dimensions. Community involvement contributes to a transparent process.  Implementation/resource mobilisation. Community involvement promotes plan implementation. Beyond government resources, it helps mobilise the resources of the community toward achieving the economic goals. Successful strategic planning involves the entities that will be tasked with the implementation of the plan.  Support and credibility: Participation of community leaders in plan development gives the resulting plan credibility in the community. Consensus among Project Steering Committee members promotes a community consensus in support of the Plan.

4. PRP development process

The development of PRP following CBSP methodology entails the process of (1) establishment of a coordination group, (2) collection of baseline information, and (3) identification of strategic areas of intervention by involving relevant stakeholders.

However, due to the specifics in the environment in the target cluster of governorates (i.e. post-war conditions of damaged infrastructure, security, fragility and large number of IDPs), the main priority areas were set at the beginning of the planning process – rather than identifying them based on detailed research on the current situation in the governorate – based on the initial meetings with the established Steering Committee and Technical group for the preparation of the PRP in September 2016. The main priority areas identified are: community development, economic development, and provision of public services.

The Project SC in each province has had to weigh in many factors while integrating the summary action plans into a coherent strategic plan for development. In some cases, the availability of resources could only be assumed – e.g. financial allocations from the central budget, grants from International donors and (PPP-based) private investments.

Implementing the CBSP methodology for the development of the PRP has embedded two key concepts: “on-the- job-training” and “learning-by-doing.” E.g. Nineveh Governorate staff and other stakeholders have benefited from trainings and support from LADP experts; while people from the governorate involved in the preparation of the PRP have contributed information and findings. These two concepts have been streamlined throughout the process of PRP preparation – from the first meetings with the PSC until the completion of the PRP.

The thirteen-step approach to Community-Based Strategic Planning has been integrated into the main activities of the preparation of the response plan.

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13-step CBSP process 1. Initiate process and make decision on strategic planning activity; 2. Organise the Public-Private Strategic Planning Task Force (Steering Committee); 3. Develop vision of the economic and social future of the province in the next planning period; 4. Identify stakeholders (stakeholder management); 5. Develop and analyse baseline data – including, in parallel:  Collect data on socio-economic trends;  Collect data on Key industries;  Collect data on economic development infrastructure; and  Conduct business survey; 6. Conduct SWOT Analysis; 7. Identify strategic issues; 8. Identify critical strategic issues; 9. Establish Action Groups around critical strategic issues; 10. Apply Logical Framework Approach (LFA):  Develop a problem tree;  Develop an objective tree (and identify strategic objectives);  Build LogFrame Matrix for each activity; 11. Develop Action Plans to address critical strategic issues – incl. build an Action Planning Group around each critical strategic issue; 12. Integrate Action Plans into PRP (this document); 13. Prepare Plan for implementation, evaluation and updating of the PRP.

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I. CONTEXT

1. Location and administrative division

Located on the Tigris, in the Northwest of Iraq, Nineveh occupies an economically and culturally significant area. Its capital – Mosul – is Iraq’s second largest city after Baghdad; it spreads around the historic Nineveh and Mosul – respectively, on the the east (left) and west (right) banks of the Tigris. The main roads and railway connecting Iraq with Turkey pass through Mosul – positioning Nineveh strategically with regard to trade.

Nineveh has been a much coveted and contested area. The governorate has undergone a number of administrative transfers since the Gulf War, linked to demographic shifts and economic priorities, but also very much to political and power struggles – particularly, the creation of Dohuk province and the establishment and recognition of the Iraqi Kurdistan Region. Its borders with Kurdistan areas are still contested today.

Currently, with area of 37 323 km2, Nineveh is the third largest governorate in Iraq (8.6% of Iraq’s total area)1; it has a joint international border with Syria; and joint administrative borders with Dohuk, Erbil, Kirkuk, Salah Al- Din, and Anbar governorates; and it is sub-divided into 10 qadhas and 31 nahias, as follows.

Figure 1 Nineveh on Iraq’s administrative map

Legend: Yellow – Nineveh; beige – Kurdistan areas recognised by the 2005 Constitution; beige stripes – contested areas

Table 1 Administrative division of Nineveh Governorate N Qadhas (regions) Nahias (districts) Nahias (n) 1 Mosul Mosul Qadha Center, Bashiqa, Shoura, Hammam Alil, Qayarra, Mahalabia 6 2 Hamdaniya Hamdaniya Qadha Center, Nimroud, Bartilla 3 3 Tilkaif Tilkaif Qadha Center, Wana, Alkoush 3 4 Sinjar Sinjar Qadha Center, Shamal, Qairawan 3 5 Telafar Telafar Qadha Center, Zummar, Rabia, Ayadiya 4 6 Shaikhan Shaikhan Qadha Center, Zaylakan 2 7 Hatra Hatra Qadha Center, Tal (Tal Abta) 2 8 Ba’aj Ba’aj Qadha Center, Qahtanya 2 9 Makhmoor Makhmoor Qadha Center, Kuwair, Kandinawa, Qaraj, Mula-Qara 5 10 Sumail Faidah 1

1 NCCI (2010), Nineveh governorate profile.

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Figure 2 Administrative map of Nineveh Governorate, showing the share of Nineveh’s population per qadha

Borders: Orange – qadha [Q]; white – nahia

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2. Geography and natural resources

Landscape and geology

Nineveh province has one of the most diverse and complex geomorphic landscapes in Iraq.2

(1) The very south of Nineveh province (at the Tigris and Wadi Tharthar) falls within the alluvial plain of the Tigris. A narrow strip along the Tigris and its tributaries is characterised by gently sloping fluvial river terraces at low and high levels (200-400 m.a.s.l.).

(2) West of the Tigris, Nineveh falls within the uplands and great outwash plain of Upper Mesopotamia. Geologically, it occupies the northeast parts of the Al-Jazeera Desert – an extension of the plateau of the Arabian Peninsula – including the Sinjar plain. The south of the area is characterised by incised dry valleys (wadis), with karstic landforms with sinkholes, aeolian sand strips, and depression salt areas (playa lakes). The Sinjar Mountain (just north of Sinjar city) rises above the alluvial steppe plains to an elevation of 1463 m.a.s.l. The deeply eroded Sinjar Anticline exposes a number of sedimentary formations ranging from Late Cretaceous to Early Neogene. The mountain is surrounded by exposures of Middle and Late Miocene sedimentary strata, including calcium chloride and limestone exposures. These bear aquifers on both flanks of Sinjar mountain; groundwater recharge is sufficient for agricultural and stock use, with water quality growing poorer away from the mountain.

(3) The north and east of the province are part of Iraq’s northern highlands, with the Zagros mountain range rising toward the northeast – toward the border with Iran. Part of the foothills fold and thrust zone of the Taurus-Zagros Belt formed during the collision of the Arabian and Eurasian Plates, the area presents with folding of layered sedimentary rocks from Carboniferous to Miocene, and exposures of limestone/dolomitic limestone, gypsum and some sandstone. Faults are very significant in groundwater movements, while the sedimentary rocks hold high potential for groundwater storage. The depositional environment and tectonic history condition the formation and trapping of petroleum. The highest point of the Zagros mountain range in Nineveh is in Shaikhan qadha, at the border with Dohuk, with the high anticlinal system starting at Bashiqa. Its lowest ridges in the south are known as Qarachukh Mountain – spreading in east of Makhmoor qadha toward Kandinawa and Kirkuk. In-between, the area known as Nineveh Plainss is characterised by valleys, terraced hills, and many rivers, in addition to adequate soils – making rain-fed agriculture possible.

Climate

Nineveh presents three of the four different climate types given in Iraq – from South to North: 1. Areas of warm desert climate along the border with Anbar (BWh) have high temperature averages (ca. 23°C) and very low precipitation levels (ca. 130 mm); 2. The vast part of Nineveh (including Mosul) is characterised by warm semi-arid climate (BSh) – positioned in ecological characteristics and agricultural potential between desert and humid climates. The annual average temperature here is ca. 20°C, and precipitation is overall minimal – ca. 400-450 mm. In Mosul, the annual average temperature is 19.8°C; temperatures are highest on average in July, at ca. 32.9 °C, and lowest in January – averaging 7.2 °C; and precipitation is 456 mm. Toward the west (e.g. Sinjar), the average annual rainfall is less (ca. 300mm), which is not sufficient to maintain crops growth; 3. North of Tilkaif toward Dohuk, there is a belt of cold semi-arid climate (BSk) – with temperate climate, bordering on Mediterranean – with hot summers, cold winters, major temperature swings between day and night (sometimes by as much as 20°C), annual average temperature of ca. 18°C, and moderately low precipitation (ca. 600mm), with wetter autumns and springs than elsewhere in the province.

Overall, Nineveh enjoys excellent weather throughout spring and autumn, with hot summers and warm-to-cool winters. Temperatures range between -5°C and +8°C in the winter, and between 40°C and 50°C in the summer. Precipitation is overall minimal. Except in the north, the actual precipitation is less than the half the level of potential evapotranspiration,3 and it is virtually none in the summer. The wet season lasts from November to April, the dry season – from May to October. During the winter rains, wadis carry brief but torrential floods. The flooding season peaks in April and ends in May. Sand and dust storms rage for 20–50 days each summer.

2 Consulted Al-Daghastani, H. (2009), “Water Harvesting Search in Ninevah Governorate Using Remote Sensing Data,” published in Iraqi Journal of Desert Studies Vol.2, No.1, 2010: https://www.iasj.net/iasj?func=fulltext&aId=51719. 3 The amount of water that would be evaporated and transpired if there were sufficient water available.

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Figure 3 Nineveh on Iraq’s physical map Figure 4 Nineveh on Iraq’s map of land- use potential4

Figure 5 Climograph and temperature graph for Mosul city5 Figure 6 Köppen climate classification, Iraq – Nineveh outline

Soils and vegetation

Aligned with the geomorphology, Nineveh presents three of the four ecoregions given in Iraq: (SN) alluvial plain in the south, Upper Mesopotamia (predominant) and highlands in the northeast. Vegetation cover is sparse at high anticlinal system (e.g. Sinjar, Bashiqa); widespread in the synclinal plains, including seasonal winter crops, mixed crops and pastures; and again widespread in the central-south part of the province along the Tigris, including both seasonal vegetables and irrigated crops. Overall, organic content in soils decreased to the west/southwest. Given the climate, supported vegetation is primarily grasses, shrubs and sclerophyllous plants (e.g. olives), especially on low-fertility lands in the south-west, but the abundance of vegetation cover fairly increases to the North and East. The highlands ecoregion can even support e.g. fruit and almond production and

4 Adapted from FAO. 5 Data: https://en.climate-data.org/location/1248.

18 LADP in Iraq – Nineveh PRP timber industries. Overall, the conditions are conducive for intensive cultivation over much of the territory (both rain-fed and irrigation agriculture – especially of grains, cotton, dates); and even more of the territory is suitable for herding and grazing (animal husbandry). Water resources

Significant surface water resources occur in Nineveh province.6 The main perennial rivers are the Tigris and its tributary the Great Zab which flow southward across the eastern part of the governorate; both have their origins outside Iraq. The Little Zab defines the southern border of Makhmoor qadha. The Tigris is at its lowest in September and October and at flood in March, April, and May – when it may carry 40 times as much water as at low mark; at the same time, most water control has been concerned with irrigation – not flood control. Mosul Lake Dam on the Tigris – the largest dam in Iraq and second-largest in the Middle East – is within the administrative borders of Nineveh, 60 km northwest of Mosul; this has strategic importance for hydropower generation and irrigation (e.g. the North Al-Jazeera irrigation project), as well as implications for fishing and tourism. Wadis on both sides of the Tigris carry brief but torrential waters. They are ephemeral and dry out regularly by the end of spring. The main wadis are Wadi Al-Tharthar and Al-Ajij in the west, and Al-Khosser and Al-Khazir in the east; their runoff decreases toward the south.

As regards groundwaters: (1) Groundwater recharge of aquifers at Sinjar is sufficient for agricultural and stock use, but water quality grows poorer away from the mountain, especially to the South. (2) In the low folds zone (central-north and eastern part of the province), unconfined groundwater is abundant, and some semi-confined aquifers present. Groundwater recharge occurs mainly through rainfall and runoff, with some infiltration from wadis during periods of heavy rains. However, the water quality is mainly low. The water is hard, fresh-to-saline, and alkaline in nature. The high to very high salinity hazard restricts its suitability for agriculture. Only the Older Alluvium to the south-east of Mosul is a good source of water. (3) Along the Tigris and its flood plain, despite the river water, 90m away from the Tigris, water in wells has poor quality. Along the Great Zab, groundwater quality is good where the water table is high.

In Nineveh, the sustainability of water resources is at risk. Both water conservation and the degradation of water quality need to be a concern. A major related problem is soil salinisation and soil degradation.  With regard to water quantity, ground waters are mostly of low quality and unsuitable for irrigation – making the Tigris the main source of water in the governorate. At the same time, due to dams and water projects upstream, the Tigris flow into Iraq has been reduced to about a third, and fluctuations in discharge are frequent. Draughts in recent years have been straining water supply and forcing people to drill their own wells and extract groundwater to meet their domestic, agricultural, and industrial needs. This threatens over-exploitation of growndwater resources – especially given that recharge of groundwater reservoirs relies mainly on rainwater and wadis, and it is therefore unstable.  With regard to water quality, the decreasing river flow and high temperatures increase in the salinity level of water. Insufficient wastewater treatment – especially in the context of dense urbanisation – poses a massive threat of water contamination, with severe impact on the environment, public health, human and economic development in the governorate.  Soil salinisation and soil degradation – particularly in irrigated areas – are primarily caused by human activity, while exacerbated by the predominantly hot semi-arid climate.  Chemical pollution of soils and water resources (as well as air) in the context of ISIL is linked to targeting of industrial and military facilities (e.g. chemical/medical factories, oil refineries), and release of hazardous substances during air strikes. Particularly in the context of population growth and urbanisation, all these are major threats to public health, security, food security, economic development, and the environment. Therefore, the provincial and central authorities need to work together to develop solutions to ensure sustainable soil and water resources, e.g.:  Conserving freshwater ecosystems – with benefits on both water quantity and quality;  Expanding the wastewater collection and processing infrastructure and service;  Raising awareness about the need and ways to conserve water among the population;  Developing rainwater harvesting;  Research and development to introduce sustainable agriculture and irrigation methods; etc.

6 Consulted for this chapter Al-Daghastani, H. (2009), and also: Al-Salim, T. (2009), “Variation in groundwater quality of Telkaif area,” Min. Res. Expl. Bull., 138 (2009), pp69-78: http://dergipark.gov.tr/download/article-file/44734; and Davis, R. (1956), Geology and groundwater resources of the Mosul Liwa and Northern Jezira Desert, Iraq: http://digitallibrary.usc.edu/cdm/ref/collection/p15799coll30/id/100567.

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Mineral and hydrocarbon resources

Nineveh has oil and natural gas reserves – esp. Figure 7 Minerals and hydrocarbons in Nineveh7 near Qayarra and Najma, and in Qarachukh Mountain. Hydrocarbons are used in the petrochemical industry; natural gas can also serve for production of electricity. These are strategic resources, linked to conflict and border disputes.

Nineveh also has substantial mineral resources that provide basis for industrial activities, mainly: huge stocks of native sulphur (for production of sulphur fertiliser, sulfuric acid, etc.); limestone (for production of cement, glass, ceramics, paint, marble substituents, and in the construction industry); dolomite (glass, refractories); gypsum (for production of plaster for decoration and in the cement industry); old formation clays (brick production); attapulgite clays (for salty drilling mud, bleaching for wax and vegetable oils); sands and gravel (construction); halite/salt (for food, textile and leather, chemical industries).8

3. Historical significance

Part of the “fertile crescent,” Nineveh province falls into the most archaeologically rich parts of the world; it includes many valuable ruins from various historical periods. Ancient Nineveh – located on the left (east) bank of the Tigris in modern-day Mosul – was one of the oldest cities in antiquity; the name ”Nineveh” has Sumerian origin. The area was settled as early as 6000 BC, and by 3000 BC it had become an important urban and religious centre for worship of the goddess Ishtar – long before Christianity and Islam had reached the area and mainly replaced polytheism in the region. Archaeological excavations in the area started in the mid-19th c. Large amounts of artefacts have been excavated and are now located in museums around the world.

Neo-Assyrian period

Ancient Nineveh gained commercial and strategic importance for its location on the main trade route between the Indus River valley/Indian Ocean and the Mediterranean (for copper, ivory, pearls, ceramics, etc.). Nineveh was rebuilt and enlarged – to an area of 7 km2 and population of ca. 150 000 (placing it among the largest settlements worldwide) – and it acquired a new political status, when it was elected as the capital of the Assyrian Empire by King Sennacherib (704–681 BC) in the 7th century BC.  Impressive defensive walls and 15 urban gates were built around the city – some of which flanked by colossal stone lamassu figures weighing up to 30 000 kg (winged Mesopotamian lions or bulls with human heads). The palace of Sennacherib was built – with 71 rooms and 3000 m of colossal bas-reliefs, decorations and sculptured slabs, which reveal much about the history, beliefs and life of this ancient people. Later, King Ashurbanipal (668–627 BC) amassed a significant collection of over 30 000 cuneiform documents9 at the Nineveh royal palace, famous as the Library of Ashurbanipal; it was here that the tablets containing the “Epic of Gilgamesh” were discovered.  The whole urban pattern and structure was remade with new roads, bridges, buildings, and aqueducts (among the first in the world); control was introduced of water sources and rivers; botanical gardens were realised; many temples were restored and new were constructed.  Mass production of mud bricks developed – for construction, and decoration – with technological innovations that enabled unmatched at the time architectures and visual programmes.  Nineveh was the largest city in the world for ca. 50 years – until 612 BC when, after a period of civil war in Assyria, it was sacked by Assyria’s its own former vassals (allied Medes, Babylonians, etc.). This was one of the watershed events that led to the collapse of the Assyrian Empire.

7 Addapted from (1) Minerogenic map of Iraq, Geoserv-Iraq (available at: http://bit.ly/2BYxbLs), and (2) Western Zargos (2012), Petroleum Systems Elements and Structural Geology in Northern Iraq (available at:http://bit.ly/2E5tLZ9). 8 See e.g. PwC (2013), Iraqi Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (IEITI): Oil Export and Field Development Revenues in 2010: http://cabinet.gov.krd/uploads/documents/2013/IEITI_Iraq_2010_English_Final_Report_3_Mar_2013.pdf. 9 Inscribed clay tablets (the books of that time), using the oldest known writing system (developed ca. 3200 BC in modern-day Iraq).

20 LADP in Iraq – Nineveh PRP

Founded in 13c BC, Nimroud (Kalhu) became the second capital of the Assyrian Empire under Ashurnasirpal II (884-859 BC); like Nineveh, it was sacked in 616 BC. The city was surrounded by a 4- side 8-km wall. It included the grand palace of Ashurnasirpal II; elaborate temples of deities (incl. of Nabu, the god of writing and the arts) decorated with huge reliefs depicting military campaigns and conquests, sacrifices to the gods, etc.; winged lamassu of; and notably, four tombs of royal women.

Parthian period (Pre-Islamic Arabia) Sculpted panel from ancient Nineveh

An ancient city, Hatra flourished under the Parthians during the 1st and 2nd c. AD as a religious and trading centre. Later, it became the capital of the first Arab Kingdom: a semi-autonomous buffer kingdom on the western limits of the Parthian Empire, ruled by Arab princes. In the 2nd century AD, it played an important role in the Second Parthian War and it withstood repeated attacks by the Roman Empire – thanks to its high, thick walls reinforced by towers. In 241 AD, it fell to Persia's Sassanid Empire of Shapur I and was destroyed. Hatra’s remains – especially the temples, their statues and decorative features, and the elaborate designs carved into the facades of the massive buildings – present a unique blend of Hellenistic and Roman architecture with Eastern decorative features, attesting to the openness and multiculturalism of that civilisation. Ancient Hatra – UNESCO World Heritage site

Islamic period

Established ca. 1080 BC opposite the Tigris from Nineveh, Mosul peaked under Umayyad rule in the 8th c. AD when it became one of the principal cities of Mesopotamia. The defensive wall of Old Mosul dates back to this period. It played an important role in the Islamic Golden Age – from the ascension of the Abbasid Caliphat in the 8th c AD (and the building of its new capital Baghdad, founded 762 AD), to its fall to the Seljuks in the 11th c and Mongol invasion in 1250-60 AD – a fact that premised its subsequent major role in Classical Islam. Few examples of early Islamic art and architecture have survived the Mongol invasion – many of them in Mosul: e.g. the Al Hadba Minaret (7 c.), the Mosque and Shrine of Imam Bahir, the Great Mosque of al-Nuri (12 c.), the Shrine of Imam Ibn al- Hasan (13 c.), etc. The Sinjar Gate and Qarra Saray Palace date back to the early 13 c.

The city prospered as a trading centre connecting India, Persia and the Mediterranean. “Mosul” comes from the Arabic root “to come”: people came to trade. “Mousseline” comes from this period too: the area was world-known as a centre of cotton production, fine weaving, and elaborate gold-on-silk embroidery. Merchants of cloths of silk and gold, as well as spices and pearls, were known as “Mosolins.” Mosul was also an important centre of scholarship – especially history and medicine; it was famous for its manuscript illuminators and inlaid metalworkers. Finally, it was known for extensive extraction and distillation of crude petroleum (naft) – for Illustrated manuscript of Kitab al-Diryaq from military and domestic uses. Mosul School – mid-13th c. AD

Ottoman period

In 1538, Nineveh Governorate was assimilated into the Ottoman Empire under Sultan Suleyman the Magnificent, as part of “Wilayat Mosul,” which included the modern-day governorates of Dohuk, Erbil, Kirkuk and Sulaymaniyah. Ottoman authorities empowered the local elite, who they perceived as key agents in maintaining a cohesive, unified empire: the majority of the elite families steadfastly preserved Sunni orthodoxy and adamantly opposed the encroaching influences of the Shiite Safavid Empire in Persia (modern-day Iran). At the same time, the city was home also to a large number of Kurds, Jews, and Christians (esp. Assyrians). Wilayat Mosul quickly rose to become one of the most prominent trade centres of the Ottoman Empire – part of a shared trading route with Syria, Turkey, Iran, etc. – a status it preserved until the opening of the Suez Canal in 1869. Throughout this period of relative prosperity, residents of the wilayat generally had a more cosmopolitan experience than these in other Iraqi governorates; close cultural ties were established with Aleppo in Syria; and the architecture shows a great degree of Dominican influence – especially in social buildings.

21 LADP in Iraq – Nineveh PRP

In the 19th c. low-cost oil extraction in the area of Mosul/Nineveh increasingly drew the attention of colonial power-seeking and increasingly industrialised Europe. In the wake of WWI, the British faced considerable opposition against colonising Mosul as part of the British Mandate over Mesopotamia. They ignored requests for equity participation of Mosul in the British-controlled Turkish Petroleum Company, and they attempted to create an autonomous Kurdish entity including part of Mosul10 – both stirring considerable tensions. Ultimately, Iraq's possession of Nineveh province was brokered between Turkey and Great Britain in 1925. From the late 1920s onward, the area of Mosul increasingly became dependent on oil extraction and trade – via truck and pipeline.

4. Conflict

Nineveh province has now been blighted by virtually uninterrupted conflict, displacement and destruction of communities for nearly four decades, dating back to the start of the Iran-Iraq war in 1980.

4.1. Ba’athist regime and Gulf War I (1990–1991)

Following the 17 July Revolution coup in Iraq (1968), Arabisation (Ta’rib) was pursued by the Ba’athist regime – systematic effort to instil national unity via a collective Arab identity. Oppression of Kurdish nationalism and identity included multiple forced displacement of Kurds in Nineveh and other (mainly oil-rich) parts of Iraq; Arabs were encouraged to relocate to vacated areas. About 100 000 people were pushed out of oil-rich territory between the cities of Mosul and Kirkuk, including Yazidi, Turkmen, and Assyrian minorities.

Amid regional power struggle, in the 1970s, Iran and Iraq both encouraged separatist activities by Kurdish nationalists in the other state. In the wake of the Iranian Revolution (1979), Iraq initiated a military campaign to take over Iran’s south-western oil fields. This quickly escalated into the Iran-Iraq War (1980–1988), causing tragedy of vast proportions. While this war resulted in neither reparations nor changes in borders, (1) it exacerbated tensions between Ba'athist Iraq and the Peshmerga11 and sparked large-scale Kurdish insurgency; and (2) it precipitated Islamicisation in Iraq – i.e. promotion of Islam as a national characteristic, in an effort of the regime to integrate the majority Shias into the war effort.

In result, a ‘purification’ campaign was launched that included systematic destruction of settlements, mass deportations, concentration camps, firing squads, executions, and chemical warfare against Kurds in northern Iraq and along border with Iran. At least a million of Iraq’s est. 3.5 million Kurdish population were displaced and thousands were killed. Yazidis were also heavily persecuted, with ca. 1000 Yazidi villages destroyed and ca. 150 000 Yazidis cut off from their ancient shrine in the northern Lalish Valley (Shaikhan nahia) in Nineveh. In northern Iraq, 31 Assyrian Christian villages were destroyed. Many Shabaks too were relocated to concentration camps in Iraqi Kurdistan areas, and many were killed. Shabaks were increasingly pressured to self- identify as either Arabs or Kurds – making their community vulnerable to both Peshmerga and Iraqi forces.

By 1988, falling oil prices and war debts contributed to a worsening economic crisis in Iraq, precipitating Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait in 1990 and the Gulf War I (1990–1991). In the aftermath of the war, the sanctions era (1991–2003) and rebellion against the Ba’athist regime mark a fundamental rupture in Iraq’s development.12

 Iraq was banned from importing anything not expressly permitted by the UN; foreign companies were forbidden from doing business with Iraq; oil production dropped by 85%; the non-oil industry and agriculture severely contracted. GDP per capita – USD 2836 in 1989 -- fell to USD 174 by 1994. The delivery of public service was made practically impossible; public spending on e.g. roads, water supply, healthcare and education plummeted. The impact on human development was great. Poverty, infant/child mortality, and malnutrition soared; and enrolment rates and quality declined at all levels of the education system.

 The rebellion against the Ba’athist regime led to additional displacement of ca. one million Kurds in the Iraqi north, including Nineveh, as Kurdish autonomous zones were established.13 The worsening economic situation was the driver of mass exodus of Christians in the 1990s.14 In 1999, there already were more than one million displaced people inside Iraq, most of them in Baghdad, Diyala, and Nineveh.15

10 The rise of Atatürk in Turkey weakened Kurdish efforts for autonomy in the region. 11 Iraqi Kurdish militias of the Kurdistan Democratic Party and Patriotic Union of Kurdistan, both loyal to the Kurdistan Regional Government. 12 WB Group (03 Feb 2017), Iraq Systematic Country Diagnostic. 13 Nineveh province was not part of these autonomous zones; nevertheless, it was still included in the “no-fly zone” (1991-2003). 14 https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/UN-Habitat_MosulCityProfile_V5.pdf. 15 UNDP (2014), Iraq Human Development Report.

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Overall, in Nineveh, the decade of sanctions, on top of over a decade of warfare and displacement, exacerbated the urban-rural development divide, increased ethnic tensions, increased the flow of population to cities, and significantly increase in the share of urban poor – setting the stage for radicalisation in the following period.

4.2. Iraq War (2003–2011) and Iraqi insurgency (2011–2013)

The protracted Iraq War began with the US-led invasion of Iraq in 2003 which toppled the Ba’athist regime. Coalition forces captured Baghdad on 09 April 2003; Mosul surrendered to US control on 11 April 2003. In the power vacuum that ensued, Iraq’s internal divisions were exacerbated. In Nineveh, extended and often violent power struggle was set off between Arab and Kurds – while minorities (Christians, Yazidis, Turkomans and Shabaks) were often caught in crossfire, co-opted, displaced, and used as pawns in the Kurdish-Arab standoff.

After 11 April 2003, Mosul fell into chaos as armed Kurds moved in Mosul and took control of the surrounding areas, forcing Arabs out of homes. Within weeks, Mosul had dissolved into a city of intense crime and looting. By the summer of 2004, (1) Kurdish forces made up the majority of troops in the governorate – after a pull of US forces toward Fallujah; and (2) the local political process had derailed – following the assassination of the Sunni Arab Governor and resignations in the governing Council due to growing Kurdish influence in the Council.

Anger and opposition grew fast – especially among Nineveh’s Sunni population: as Kurdish forces failed to secure the city; as suspicions grew that the Kurdish Peshmerga was attempting to annex Mosul and Nineveh Plains to Kurdistan; in response to the Kurdicisation (Takrid) policy of the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG); and in response to the perceived alignment of the coalition forces with the Kurdish forces and the KRG. Insurgency groups started to form to oppose the occupation by the coalition forces and the post-invasion Iraqi government.

In Nov 2004, within three days, Al Qaeda and other insurgents in Nineveh captured and destroyed many police stations, captured abandoned weapons supplies, took control over a major bridge on the Tigris, and set fire to the KDP headquarters in Mosul. Peshmerga forces managed to prevent the insurgents from taking most of eastern Mosul, but western Mosul came mostly under insurgents’ control. Battle to retake Mosul by coalition forces resulted in high death toll among military, insurgents and civilians.

Across Nineveh, sectarian events were steadily on the rise – with mixed areas becoming increasingly volatile. Most Sunni Arab political factions boycotted the January 2005 provincial elections, allowing Kurds and Shiites to gain overwhelming control of the governing Council. In the context of severe political underrepresentation of Sunni Arab interests, the formerly heterogeneous Mosul became split into two distinctive banks – Arab Sunni- majority west bank, and mostly minority east bank. Sectarianism further grew in the wake of the Dec 2005 Parliamentary elections, following which Nuri al-Maliki (a Shiite) became Prime Minister. Mosul was increasingly like a war zone – with regular bombings and assassinations targeting Iraqi security forces and civilians, no basic services, piles of rubble and garbage lining the sewage-strewn streets and gutted concrete buildings.

The sectarian conflict peaked in 2007-2008, accelerating population displacements and movements:  Following 2003, war and insurrection led to most of Iraq's Christians fleeing. With Iraq’s further decline into ethnic and sectarian violence, Christians and their churches in Mosul became targets for the city’s armed militias, forcing further families to flee – mainly to Nineveh Plains and the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI). Shabak displacement from Mosul started in 2003 and accelerated in 2006, mainly towards the Nineveh Plains. Accelerated emigration of Yazidis started in 2007;  The continuous migratory outflow of minority groups was compensated by inflow of Arab newcomers between 2003 and 2014 mainly from Mosul’s rural hinterlands and adjacent qadhas. Flying from sectarian fighting and violence in their towns and villages, many of these arrived – esp. starting in 2006 – already radicalised. Militant groups found it relatively easy to recruit destitute Arab youth from poor neighbourhoods, who readily joined Al-Qaeda (and later supported ISIL in taking over Mosul in 2014);  As the Sunni-led insurgency in Anbar, Baghdad and Diyala suffered major defeats, in 2007 Mosul became the centre of gravity for retreating Sunni insurgents. By spring-2008, AQI was regrouping around Mosul, and in October 2008, it announced the formation of the Islamic State of Iraq.

In 2009, major Sunni Arab parties called for an end to their boycott of the electoral process, hoping to regain representation. In the January 2009 provincial elections, the nationalist and mainly Sunni-led Al-Hadbaa party took 19 of the 37 seats on the governing Council. But even with the new Council, the security situation remained precarious, given the mix of official and unofficial armed groups. After the withdrawal of U.S. troops in Dec 2011, sectarian violence escalated again, and Sunni militant groups stepped up attacks aimed to undermine confidence

23 LADP in Iraq – Nineveh PRP in the government. At the same time, poverty in Nineveh increased significantly between 2007 and 2012,16 feeding social unrest and radicalisation. Radicalisation was additionally galvanized in the context of the Syrian Civil War, with which the insurgency eventually merged in 2014.

The decade of growing violence, extremism and insecurity after 2003 was increasingly seen by parts of the population – particularly in Mosul and its surrounding areas – as counterpoint to ISIL’s promise of peace and order. Thus, the Iraqi war and Insurgency, and associated population displacements and movements, effectively paved the way for Mosul’s take over by ISIL in 2014.

4.3. Occupation by ISIL (2013–2017)

Among governorates in Iraq, Nineveh suffered the most from the invasion of ISIL, with the fall of Mosul in June 2014 leading to the biggest humanitarian crisis in Iraq’s history. The massive military operation to retake the area continued through Aug 2017. Beyond the unknown number of civilian victims, thousands of injured, and massive destruction of the built environment, the span of violence and combat have driven over a million people from Nineveh into internal displacement17 – and many more into destitution. Main events

ISIL unleashed a campaign of death and destruction in Iraq in 2014, starting with Anbar governorate. In a barbaric attack, ISIL seized Mosul on 10 June 2014. On July 4, 2014, the ISIL leader Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi declared here the founding of a new caliphate, with Mosul as its capital, and called on fellow Sunnis to carry out a holy war. This declaration effectively broke down borders between Syria and Iraq – creating a magnet for foreign fighters wanting to join ISIL, and driving a wave of violence on civilians and displacement. 18  On 10 June 2014 alone, an estimated 500 000 people fled Mosul. After Sept 2014, ISIL imposed strict control over people’s movement out of the city.

In the months following the fall of Mosul, starting with the 2014 Northern Iraq Offensive (01–15 Aug 2014), ISIL militants were also able to capture and consolidate their grip over other parts of Nineveh (Mosul, Hamdaniya, Hatra, Ba’aj, Tilkaif and Sinjar qadhas), in addition to parts of Anbar and Salah Al-Din governorates. Most areas of Nineveh were subject to ISIL attacks – over days or years.  The UN reported that between 02 and 07 Aug 2017 alone, 200 000 new refugees from Nineveh Plains sought sanctuary from ISIL in the Kurdish north of Iraq.19

Iraqi and Peshmerga forces carried out unsuccessful attempts to retake Mosul in 2015 and in 2016. The Battle of Mosul (Oct 2016–July 2017) – a major 9-month military operation of the Government forces with allied militias, the Kurdistan Regional Government, and international forces – was launched on 16 Oct 2016. Fighters of different ethnic and religious backgrounds made a coordinated push toward the city as US-led airstrikes helped pave their way. Turkish warplanes participated in the coalition strikes on Mosul, amid the escalating dispute between Baghdad and Ankara about the Turkish presence in Bashiqa. The Iraqi Prime Minister declared "full liberation of eastern side of Mosul" on 24 Jan 2017; offensive and fierce fighting to recapture western Mosul began on 19 Feb 2017; and victory over ISIL in Mosul was announced on 9 July 2017, even as heavy clashes continued in a final pocket of ISIL resistance in the Old City for almost another 3 weeks.

Elsewhere in Nineveh, as security forces advanced to oust ISIL, in many cases, the militants simply fled – but in some cases, they came back to carry out mass executions of civilians.

As of 31 August 2017, following the recapture of Telafar and Ayadiya, all districts of Nineveh Governorate have been declared free from ISIL control.  By the beginning of the Battle of Mosul, 1.2 million IDPs in Iraq were originally from Nineveh province. 20  During the Battle of Mosul, the IDP population in Nineveh reached 1 021 476.  On the eve of the Aug 2017 Telafar offensive, only ca. 10 000 civilians were left there out of ca. 200 000 pre-ISIL population.21

16 GSDRC (28 Aug 2015), Poverty Eradication in Iraq (GSDRC Helpdesk Research Report 1259): https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/57a08967ed915d622c0001d9/HDQ1259.pdf. 17 Cummulative number of IDPs pre- and post- 16 Oct 2016, including data through 29 June 2017. IoM (July 2017), DTM Mosul Crisis: Population Movements Analysis: http://iraqdtm.iom.int/LastDTMRound/DTM%20ET%20Mosul%20Crisis%20Report%20July%202017.pdf. 18 http://who.int/hac/crises/irq/iraq_phra_24october2014.pdf. 19 Captured: (N-W of Mosul) Zumar, Sinjar, Wana, Mosul Dam, Tel Keppe and Kocho, and (S-E of Mosul), the towns Hamdaniya, Karamlish, Bartilla, and Makhmour. Cf. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/07/isis-offensive-iraq-christian-exodus. 20 By 29 June 2017 – IoM (July 2017), DTM Mosul Crisis.

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In the aftermath of its liberation from ISIL, insecurity in Mosul continues and Mosul is an “extremely traumatic environment” for people to return to.22  Damage to the built environment is massive. Mosul's historic Old City (7 July district) and areas in and around Mosul airport have been almost completely reduced to rubble. Very few civilians remain in the Old City – there is simply nowhere for them to live.  Much of Mosul is still under threat of planted explosive devices, which makes restoration to normal life difficult. It is estimated that removing the explosives from Mosul and repairing the city over the next 5 years would require USD 50 billion, while basic infrastructure repair alone – incl. repairing water, sewage and electricity infrastructure and reopening schools and hospitals – would cost more than USD 1 billion.23  By July 2017 data, ca. half of Mosul’s pre-ISIL population (818 238 total, incl. 678 177 from western Mosul24) remained displaced by the fighting, taking shelter in camps or with relatives and friends.  In the context of hundreds dead and wounded, psychological trauma, grief and anger overwhelm survivors, and the needs are great for retribution, compensation and blame.  The fear is prevalent of retributive acts and collective punishment for families perceived as having had links with ISIL; and there are fears that ISIL might come back or that ISIL fighters hiding among the civilian population could strike (activation of sleeper agents).

Economic destruction and poverty

On capture of Mosul, ISIL fighters looted the city’s central bank, crushed enterprises and forcefully collected money from business owners and farmers to finance their campaigns. The city’s economy almost entirely collapsed, as banking and businesses closed down. Thereafter, across captured territories, oil fields, refineries, gas factories and fuel stations fell under control of ISIL and ISIL subsequently monopolised oil sales within their territory. Nineveh province became the engine of the ISIL economy: it is where ISIL used to smuggle oil to other areas. It is also where they used to generate big revenues from taxes.25

At the same time, poverty and unemployment levels sored – exacerbated by food shortage, excessive taxation and control of private firms. (1) ISIL took control of agricultural production and equipment from local farmers and from minorities who fled. They forced farmers to sell their products at lower rates. The combination of dwindling financial returns and a volatile security situation led many farmers to stop working in the fields. Ready produce was confiscated: e.g. in Shabak areas, ISIL confiscated thousands of tons of wheat and barley. (2) ISIL stringently collected taxes on municipal services, health, education, electricity and water supply – in addition to obligatory monthly Zakat payment – at rates much higher than those imposed in the past. (3) ISIL enforced very strict rules on the private sector, and many workers lost their jobs as many SMEs closed.

On the whole, under ISIL control, people in Nineveh province lived in extreme poverty. After July 2015, the Iraqi government stopped providing salaries to deprive ISIL from gaining access to these wages, and it lowered the available financial flow to Mosul. Further, assistance from MoMD to people who settled in Mosul in 2006-2008 was also stopped, as did financial transfers from those who fled the governorate. While in rural areas it was still possible to collect salaries through formal banks in Kirkuk, these people too suffered the effects of destroyed water projects; stopped water, electricity and health service; rising costs; food shortage; etc. Food shares allocated for poor families also stopped, while the cost of commodities and basic services soared. In this context, people’s financial and food savings were quickly exhausted and many were pushed as far as to look for food in garbage containers, or to collect plastic/metal items to sell in an attempt to provide for their families.

Extensive physical destruction of the built environment – including economic facilities, bridges, service projects, private shops, etc., as well as housing – has further robbed families and communities of their development base. In Mosul alone, approximately 80% of the main infrastructure of the city was destroyed, including the electric power station, water system, health clinics, education and security institutions.

21 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/08/iraqi-pm-abadi-declares-victory-isil-tal-afar-170831114540963.html 22 MSF emergency coordinator, quoted in Reuters (05 July 2017), “Mosul population 'traumatized' by conflict, infrastructure badly damaged”: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-iraq-mosul/mosul-population-traumatized-by-conflict-infrastructure-badly-damaged- idUSKBN19Q1HG. 23 Associated Press (10 Jul 2017), “By the numbers: The fight against Islamic State in Iraq”; and CNN (10 July 2017), “Mosul completely freed from ISIS: What's next for the city left in ruins?” 24 UN data (04 Jul 2017) quoted in e.g. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-iraq-mosul/mosul-population-traumatized-by-conflict- infrastructure-badly-damaged-idUSKBN19Q1HG. 25 http://www.aljazeera.com/news/2017/08/iraqi-pm-abadi-declares-victory-isil-tal-afar-170831114540963.html.

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Terror and forced compliance

On capture of Mosul, many of those affiliated with the Iraqi Government and its security services (mostly Arab Sunnis), and others deemed disloyal to ISIL, were forced to leave. Thousands went missing. Staring in Aug 2015, ISIL published “death lists” confirming that some of those missing had been in fact executed. The first one displayed 2070 names – mainly of members of the army or police, politicians or political candidates, members of local or provincial authorities and councils, civil servants, journalists, moderate clerics. ISIL targeted Arab Sunni men who refused to join ISIL, as well as public officials, politicians and security departments’ personnel. Many were arrested or executed, forced to hand their weapons and assets, as well as to pay penalties.

Under ISIL, the lives of people became at risk for smallest violations (e.g. smoking, listening to music). Forms of social and religious control included e.g. forced prayer; dress/appearance code; gender segregation in schools; controlled gender mixing in public spaces and institutions (incl. health centres). Extreme criminal and disciplinary penalties (incl. execution and torture) were applied for non-compliance, including on children and adolescents. In Mosul, Arab Muslims were killed who tried to help Christians as ISIL forced them to become Muslim, pay tribute or leave Mosul; or who sought to liberate Assyrian female captives. In result, some Arab Muslims started to attack Christians and minorities in Mosul for fear of being punished by ISIL.

To ensure that its territories were not abandoned, ISIL actively prevented people from travelling outside Mosul. Temporary permission to leave the city was contingent on a substantial cash guarantee (USD 5000–10 000) or handing over of property documents. The properties of those who escaped were confiscated by ISIL. In the final stages of the Battle of Mosul, restriction of movement became outright ferocity, as children in West Mosul were being “deliberately targeted and killed to punish families and deter them from fleeing the violence.”26

Destruction of intellectual freedom

ISIL systematically wiped out Mosul’s cultural and intellectual life. ISIL heavily censored and quashed the media and press in Mosul, starting with the execution of 13 journalists and the kidnapping of 48 others along with their media assistants as a message to all others. Journalists fled, newspaper press houses and radio and TV stations closed down. Resident’s satellite receivers were regularly confiscated in an effort to curtail access to outside media. Propaganda was used also as a tool to control social activities. Further, ISIL closed down Mosul’s theatres and exhibition halls; artists, poets, writers and painters fled; music and art were prohibited, incl. banned as school subjects. Famous cafés, entertainment venues and overall (intellectual) gathering venues were closed.

Destruction of communities and cleansing of ethno-religious groups

By August 2014, virtually all of Nineveh Plains was purged of non-Sunni Muslim inhabitants and almost entirely evacuated. The population of predominantly Christian and Yazidi areas (Hamdaniya, Bartilla, Tilkaif and Bashiqa) fled. In Mosul Qadha, only towns inhabited by Arab Sunnis (e.g. Hammam al-Alil, Shoura, Nimroud, Mahalabia) remained more or less inhabited by their original populations.

ISIL’s escalating violence systematically targeted religious and ethnic minorities in captured areas. Across Nineveh, the level of atrocities perpetrated by ISIL against Yazidis, Assyrians and Christians populations is unprecedented in Iraqi history, leaving those minorities with deep psychological wounds. Muslim minorities slaughtered or forced from their homes included Shabaks, Turkomans, Sabeans, Kaka’i, and others. The UN,27 USA, EU, European Council, Iraq Central Government and others have recognised the genocide against Yazidis, Christians and a number of Muslim minorities.

ISIL meted unprecedented violence on Yazidis – especially in the northern nahias of Sinjar. This area is regarded as the ancestral home of more than 327 600 Yazidis; it is also home to Kurdish, Arab and Christian populations.28 After ISIL captured the area on 03 Aug 2014, in a matter of days, ca. 3000–4000 Yazidis were massacred, ca. 200 000 fled (61%), and at least 5000 were abducted29 – mainly women and girls, to be raped, beaten, sold, and locked away. Seven mass graves of Yazidis have been discovered in Sinjar city, 6 in Shamal nahia, and at least 2500 Yazidi girls and women are still missing.

26 UNICEF, quoted in http://edition.cnn.com/2017/06/21/world/mosul-iraq-mosque-destroyed/index.html. 27 On 21 Sept 2017, the UN Security Council unanimously approved a formal investigation into the treatment of Yazidis by ISIL. 28 Sinjar Local Authority Statistics Office. 29 UN estimates. Likely in 1 month, Sinjar Yazidis suffered up to 4400 deaths and 10 800 abductions. Cetorelli, V. (PLOS Medical Journal: 9 May 2017), “Mortality and kidnapping estimates for the Yazidi population in the area of Mount Sinjar, Iraq, in August 2014: A retrospective household survey.”

26 LADP in Iraq – Nineveh PRP

 On 02 Aug 2014, ISIL invaded all Assyrian areas in Ba'aj and Sinjar (with 350 000 Assyrian population), and in Shaikhan and Tilkaif qadhas; and they gained control of Bashiqa and Bahzani. In the ethnic cleansing that followed, Assyrians fled, and many were killed or kidnapped. On 03–08 Aug 2014, ISIL besieged the refugees in Sinjar mountain, killing and kidnapping en masse; ISIL reportedly also established a market to sell captured Assyrian women. In result, of all Assyrians in Iraq before ISIL – 550 000, concentrated in Nineveh – 65.5% (360 000) left Iraq, 6413 were kidnapped Yazidis fleeing ISIL atrocities toward Syria, Aug 2014. The number of people who escaped outside Iraq (55.2% female) – many still missing; many were killed and remains unknown. A staggering 40% of IDPs in 30 orphaned. In Sinjar qadha alone, 30 mass graves have Nineveh remain unaccounted for. been discovered, and 44 destroyed Assyrian shrines.  After 06 Aug 2014, Iraqi and international authorities issues warnings about serious attempts to empty Iraq of Christians. Christian numbers across Iraq have plummeted – from an estimated 1 million before 2003 to around 150 000 now; a large number of those who remain are displaced.31 In Nineveh, displaced Christian population exceeds 120 00032 (out of 250 000 Christians in 2003). E.g. Hamdaniya – the largest Christian town in Iraq, with

population of ca. 50 000 (incl. 70% Assyrians) – was Camp for IDPs from Mosul, Oct 2017. The flight of virtually emptied. Seizure of Christian property by ISIL was civilians in Nineveh reached unprecedented levels, massive, and violent destruction of churches, icons, etc. leaving aid agencies struggling to cope. aimed to obliterate all traces of Christianity.  The flight of Shabaks started with the mortar attacks of 25 June 2014 in the area of Hamdaniya amid clashes between ISIL and the Peshmerga. Shi’a Shabak shrines in Nineveh Plains were destroyed; people were forced to sell their livestock cheap and their grains produce was confiscated. In the take over of Omarkan village alone (Nimroud nahia), no less than 3000 people were displaced. An estimated 80% of Shabaks fled to Kurdistan Region. Notably, while ISIL Mosul Old City, Nov 2017. Many IDPs see their only subjected to violent genocide and expulsion Shabaks in option in returning, but face bleak living conditions Nineveh affiliated with the Al Jaafari doctrine, it also and uncertain future. Post-liberation, many people exacerbated tensions among the Shabak community who have fled their homes are postponing their return, between those with Arab and Kurdish affiliation.33 pressured by fear, insecurity, lack of services, and lack of access to livelihoods to resume their lives. Destruction of history and cultural heritage

In three years, ISIL rampaged through numerous historic, archaeological and religious sites in Iraq, including repeated destruction and desecration of Islamic mosques and shrines. In Nineveh, particularly disturbing was the blowing on 21 June 2017 of the symbolic, for all faiths, 12th-century Great Mosque of al-Nuri in Mosul and its leaning minaret – a destruction that could amount to a war crime, according to the UNHRC.34 The Secretary General of UNESCO has called the destruction of Nimroud a war crime. Iraq’s Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities (MoTA) has qualified ISIL’s actions as “organised crimes against the history and civilisation of Iraq.”35 The attempted obliteration of identity has deepened the wounds of a society already affected by an unprecedented human and humanitarian tragedy.

30 Report of the Public Directorate for Assyrians Affairs (reporting to the Ministry of Awqaf in Kurdistan Region) on ISIL victims among the Kurd Assyrians in Iraq since 03 August 2014. This also specifies that 1293 Assyrians were killed; of children orphaned 1759 lost their father, 407 lost their mothers, and 359 lost both parents; and 220 child are living without their parents. 31 The Guardian (07 Aug 2014): https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/aug/07/isis-offensive-iraq-christian-exodus. 32 According to an interview with a local Christian official in Nineveh. 33 In the context of ISIL, Haneen Al Qado formed a brigade reporting to Al Hashed Al Sha'abi on the territories of Bader the Shee'a organisation, while the Shabak MP Mulla Salem Shabak from the KDP formed a Shabak brigade affiliated with the Peshmerga. 34 http://edition.cnn.com/2017/06/21/world/mosul-iraq-mosque-destroyed/index.html. 35 Deputy minister Qais Hussein Rashid quoted n Khalid al-Taie (13 Feb 2015). "Iraq churches, mosques under ISIS attack”: http://mawtani.al- shorfa.com/en_GB/articles/iii/features/2015/02/13/feature-01.

27 LADP in Iraq – Nineveh PRP

21 June 2017, Mosul. ISIL blow up the 12th-c. Great Mosque of al-Nuri and the leaning Al Hadba Minaret – iconic site for Mosul and symbol of identity, resilience and belonging.

In Nineveh’s post-ISIL context, the struggle to return to normal life is massive. The deliberate devastation of the social fabric is likely to have consequences far beyond those caused by the massive destruction of infrastructure. The appalling violence meted out by ISIL has left entire communities reduced to a state of utter devastation and trauma. Religious, ethnic and social divisions are exacerbated, and tensions could easily ignite retributive acts and further violence. Restoring a state of security, service provision, and return of IDPs to their homes are prerequisites to rebuilding socio-economic life in the governorate – as well as targeted measures to restore the fabric of society based on a culture of inclusion and human rights. Above all, the assertive role of the rule of law and transparent governance will be pivotal to facilitate peaceful living together of communities in the course of economic rebuilding. Emergent problem after ISIL is “collective punishment” and the treatment of family members of ISIL fighters and (perceived) supporters of ISIL. Particularly worrisome is the trend among authorities to subject to very strict measures the wives and children of alleged ISIL members. On 19 June 2017, the Mosul District Council adopted decisions that effectively (1) deny housing to these families in Nineveh and (2) establish special camps for their “psychological and intellectual rehabilitation” prior to any reintegration in the community.36 This can become a very serious problem in the future with long-lasting consequences; and it is also against the Iraq’s international human rights commitments.

36 https://www.facebook.com/permalink.php?story_fbid=1800710500240024&id=100009032732038.

28 LADP in Iraq – Nineveh PRP

II. SOCIAL PROFILE

1. Population

1.1. Population structure and trends

With population of close to 4 million (3 702 215 in 201637) – 10% of Iraq’s population – Nineveh is Iraq’s second most populous governorate. Of its population, 48.6% are female, 60.7% are urban (70% in the age group 55-75), 53.2% are of working age (15-64y – ca. 2 million), and an overwhelming 71.1% are under the age of 30 (42.2% under 15 – higher than the average for Iraq; 20.5% in the age group 15–25; median age – 17).

The average density is ca. 97 people/km2; in fact, a few densely urban areas counterweigh a majority of rural areas. More than half of the population are clustered in Mosul Qadha (51.1%) – of whom 75.5% in Mosul Qadha Centre. I.e. almost 40% of the entire population of Nineveh are clustered on 0.5% (180 km2) of its total area – an average density of ca. 4200 people/km2 (up to 19 000 pp/km2 in some parts of Mosul, e.g. Al-Ziraee). In total, by 2016 data, Mosul is home to ca. 1.3 million people; and the urban population of Mosul Qadha is 1.5 million. The cities of Mosul and Telafar – the two urban agglomerations of at least 150 000 people – together account for 41.2% of the entire population of the governorate.

A pronounced pattern is evident of migration from rural to urban areas in the course of individuals’ lifetimes; data suggest that entire families with children migrate. Despite the massive human exodus in the wake of August 2014, the estimated population of Mosul for 2016 (1 353 553) is comparable to this for (pre-ISIL) 2014 (1 377 000)38; it has been argued that it is likely similar today39 – including due to in-migration from rural areas.

Table 2 Population indicators for Nineveh Governorate compared to the national average, 2016 Population groups Annual Age dependency ratio, Density Fertility rate Male Female Urban Rural Under 15y growth young (population under (people/km2 Total Under (%) (%) (%) (%) (%) rate (%) 15y as % of pop. 15-64y) of land area) 18y Nineveh 51.1 48.9 60.7 39.3 42.2 3.3 82.6 97 5.3 28 Iraq 50.6 49.4 68.7 30.4 40.5 2.9 72 85.7 4.2 59

Table 3 Population of Nineveh Governorate by administrative division, sex and urban/rural, 2016 Qadha Nahia Urban Rural Total (QC = Qadha Male Female Total % of Total Male Female Total % of Centre) people in people in division Nineveh Mosul Mosul QC 693 048 660 505 1 353 553 94.7 75 799 731 629 697 723 1 429 352 38.6 Bashiqa 17 111 16 308 33 419 23.1 111 408 73816 71 011 144827 3.9 Shoura 4587 4372 8959 13.8 55 764 32970 31 753 64724 1.7 Hammam Al-Alil 12 107 11538 23 645 29.3 57 146 41193 39 598 80791 2.2 Qayarra 9902 9437 19 339 14.4 114 701 68282 65 757 134040 3.6 Mahalabia 4917 4686 9604 25.1 28 701 19525 18 779 38304 1.0 Total 741 673 706 846 1 448 519 76.6 443 519 967416 924 622 1 892 039 51.1 Hamdaniya Hamdaniya QC 23 463 22362 45 825 54.8 37 848 42727 40 945 83672 2.3 Nimroud 1961 1869 3830 6.6 54 264 29580 28 514 58094 1.6 Bartilla 10 951 10437 21 388 31.9 45 681 34202 32 867 67069 1.8 Total 36 375 34667 71 043 34.0 137 793 106509 102 326 208835 5.7

37 Data sources for Chapter 1.1 (unless specified otherwise): [1] MoP estimation for 2016 based on place of birth (hospitals) & registered residency. The 89 876 person increase from 2015 (i.e 2.4% annual growth: COSIT data) is mostly births. The population number does NOT include Syrian refugees or IDPs from outside Nineveh. The shares of urban/rural and female/male population remain unchanged from 2015 (COSIT) to 2016 (MoP). The last population census in Iraq was in 1997; [2] UNDP (2014), Iraq Human Development Report 2014: http://www.iq.undp.org/content/dam/iraq/img/Publications/UNDP-IQ_IraqNHDR2014- English.pdf. [2] WB World Development Indicators database – estimations for 2016 (using UN DESA, Population Division projections, medium-fertility variant). 38 Statistics Department of Nineveh Governorate data, quoted in https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/UN- Habitat_MosulCityProfile_V5.pdf. 39 This has been attributed to migratory flows by: (1) incoming rural migrants; (2) IDPs from other parts of Nineveh (mainly from Telafar and Tal Abta) – and IDP returnees; (3) IDPs from Salah Al-Din and Anbar governorates – and IDP returnees; (4) IDPs from Syria – and IDP returnees; (5) ISIL fighters and their families – and flight among them.

29 LADP in Iraq – Nineveh PRP

Tilkaif Tilkaif QC 17 809 16972 34 781 39.0 54 372 45483 43 670 89153 2.4 Wana 7874 7504 15 377 30.0 35 918 26155 25 140 51295 1.4 Alkoush 9943 9476 19 419 28.5 48 628 34694 33 353 68047 1.8 Total 35 625 33952 69 577 33.4 138 918 106332 102 163 208495 5.6 Sinjar Sinjar QC 20 676 19706 40 382 45.6 48 244 45232 43 394 88626 2.4 Shamal 65 145 62086 127 230 77.8 36 407 83675 79 962 163638 4.4 Qairawan 21 333 20331 41 664 58.5 29 507 36352 34 820 71172 1.9 Total 107 154 102122 209 276 64.7 114 159 165259 158 176 323435 8.7 Telafar Telafar QC 87 764 83643 171 406 80.3 42 166 109226 104 347 213573 5.8 Zummar 8934 8514 17 448 13.2 114 740 67334 64 854 132187 3.6 Rabia 9502 9056 18 558 18.6 80 965 50712 48 811 99523 2.7 Ayadiya 6744 6427 13 171 21.4 48 436 31397 30 210 61607 1.7 Total 112 944 107640 220 583 43.5 286 307 258669 248 222 506891 13.7 Shaikhan Shaikhan QC 9429 8986 18 415 73.0 6817 12899 12 334 25233 0.7 Zaylakan 143 137 280 1.5 18 116 9364 9032 18396 0.5 Total 9572 9123 18 695 42.9 24 933 22263 21 366 43629 1.2 Hatra Hatra QC 3720 3545 7265 31.6 15 707 11714 11 258 22972 0.6 Tal 6252 5959 12 211 34.0 23 745 18338 17 618 35956 1.0 Total 9972 9504 19 476 33.1 39 452 30052 28 875 58928 1.6 Ba’aj Ba’aj QC 14 822 14126 28 949 38.2 46 802 38644 37 107 75751 2.0 Qahtanya 28 883 27527 56 410 55.1 45 941 52266 50 085 102351 2.8 Total 43 706 41653 85 359 47.9 92 743 90910 87 192 178102 4.8 Makhmoor Makhmoor QC 9224 8791 18 015 35.4 32 868 25953 24 930 50883 1.4 Kuwair 4962 4729 9692 13.2 63 872 37 472 36 092 73 563 2.0 Kandinawa 1701 1621 3321 16.8 16 479 10 088 9712 19 800 0.5 Qaraj 1793 1709 3502 9.3 34 333 19 268 18 567 37 836 1.0 Mula-Qara 1309 1248 2557 10.0 23 031 13 032 12 557 25 588 0.7 Total 18 990 18 098 37 088 17.9 170 583 105 813 101 858 207 671 5.6 Sumail Faidah 35 116 33 467 68 583 92.4 5607 37 970 36 220 74 190 2.0 Total 35 116 33 467 68 583 92.4 5607 37 970 36 220 74 190 2.0 Nineveh 1 151 127 1 097 073 2 248 200 60.7 1 454 015 1 891 193 1 811 022 3 702 215 100.0

Table 4 Population of Nineveh Governorate by age, sex and urban/rural, 2016 Age groups Urban Rural Total Male Female Total % of people in Total Male Female Total % of people age group in Nineveh 0–4 187 171 173 628 360 799 57.6 265 616 326 265 300 150 626 415 16.9 5–9 163 293 151 860 315 153 58.1 227 228 281 939 260 442 542 381 14.7 10–14 140 269 130 855 271 124 58.8 190 029 239 059 222 094 461 153 12.5 15–19 121 533 113 661 235 194 59.7 158 779 203 430 190 543 393 973 10.6 20–24 104 344 97 660 202 004 61.3 127 557 169 139 160 422 329 561 8.9 25–29 89 361 84 175 173 536 62.1 105 763 142 416 136 883 279 299 7.5 30–34 74 832 71 326 146 158 62.6 87 500 118 024 115 634 233 658 6.3 35–39 63 028 60 941 123 969 63.0 72 795 98 655 98 109 196 764 5.3 40–44 52 126 51 606 103 732 63.2 60 398 81 646 82 484 164 130 4.4 45–49 42 839 43 146 85 985 64.1 48 167 66 255 67 897 134 152 3.6 50–54 34 115 35 022 69 137 66.4 35 059 50 974 53 222 104 196 2.8 55–59 26 587 27 725 54 312 67.6 25 992 38 976 41 328 80 304 2.2 60–64 19 095 20 418 39 513 68.7 17 999 27 562 29 950 57 512 1.6 65–69 13 584 14 556 28 140 69.4 12 410 19 386 21 164 40 550 1.1 70–74 8818 9239 18 057 69.7 7855 12 496 13 416 25 912 0.7 75–79 4801 4461 9262 68.1 4333 6894 6701 13 595 0.4 80+ 5331 6794 12 125 65.0 6535 8077 10 583 18 660 0.5 Nineveh 1 151 127 1 097 073 2 248 200 60.7 1 454 015 1 891 193 1 811 022 3 702 215 100

30 LADP in Iraq – Nineveh PRP

Figure 8 Population pyramid of Nineveh Governorate, 2016 % of the total population of Nineveh Governorate 0 2 4 6 8 80+ 75-79 Female 70-74 65-69 Male 60-64 55-59

50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 Agegroup 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 5-9 0-4 0 50000 100000 150000 200000 250000 300000 350000 Population number

To facilitate economic growth and social stability, the main demographic pressures in Nineveh all require targeted measures toward youth.  Young demographic architecture: As elsewhere in Iraq, the trend is toward increase of the working-age population; urgent job creation is needed for the province to be able to benefit from the development window afforded by the 50+% share of working-age population. Absorbing the large number of youth requires expansion and improvement in education services and, again, jobs creation. At the same time, the weak private sector and dependency on natural resources restrict job-creation opportunities. Ca. 14% of the population express desire to migrate outside Nineveh – ca. 22% among youth (15-29y), citing as top reasons (1) lack of security/stability (33.4%) and (2) lack of job opportunities (31.2%).  Fertility rates: In the province these are higher than the average for Iraq, indicative of lagging education attainment and economic prospects for women. Altogether in Iraq in the last 20 years, fertility rates have declined – except in the age group 15-19 where there has been a pronounced increase. In the absence of conceivable other prospects, three out of ten women (15–49y) marry before they turn 18 – which is also linked to the high rate of adolescent pregnancies.  Migration: As a whole, growth rates are higher in urban than in rural areas – linked to ever higher clustering of the population, which drives urban poverty, squatter settlements, strained/uneven service/jobs provision, in turn feeding social unrest.

1.2. Ethnic and religious structure

Ethnic and religious variation in Nineveh is among the highest in Iraq. Based on religious or ethnic affiliation, the local community could be classified as shown in Figure 9. We note that accurate data on the ethno-religious composition of the province are lacking – linked to the complex interrelation of religious and ethnic identification.

Arab Sunnis form a majority in the province. Historically, Mosul has had a mixed population of Arabs (mostly Muslim Sunnis); Kurds (mostly Sunnis); Turkoman (both Sunnis and Shi’ites); Shabak (Shi’ites); Assyrians, Arman, Chaldean (Christians); and Yazidis. Pre-ISIL, Mosul city had the highest proportion of Christians of all cities in Iraq. The rural are of Mosul qadha and qadha centre are predominantly Arabs. Nineveh Plains, particularly, is home to the most diverse range of ethnic and religious groups in Iraq. A concentration of settlements here have predominantly Assyrian population; and it also includes ones inhabited by Shabaks and Yazidis.

31 LADP in Iraq – Nineveh PRP

Figure 9 Religion- and ethnicity-based classifications of Nineveh’s population

Population of Nineveh Governorate Religion- based classification Non-Muslim Muslim

Assyrian Other Christian (mainly Syriac (Chaldean, Armenian, Yazidi Other Shi’ia Sunni Christians) Jacobite, E. Orthodox) (Kaka’i, Ethnicity- Mandaean) based classification Kurd Other Arab Turkoman Shabak

Figure 10 Mix of main ethno-religious groups in Nineveh (pre-ISIL)

The following groups had already been made vulnerable by prosecution, forced displacement and economic exclusion prior to the recent ISIL occupation, which intensified their plight (see Chapter I.4 for details):  Christians of Iraq are considered to be one of the oldest continuous Christian communities in the world. The vast majority are Assyrians. Most present-day Christians do not identify as Kurds.  Assyrians are indigenous to Iraq; they consider Nineveh Plains as the historical-geographical centre of Assyrian-Chaldean culture. Settlements with Assyrian majority are concentrated mainly in the area of Hamdaniya-Bashiqa-Tilkaif. The population is ca. 400 000, majority Arabic-speaking. Assyrians converted to Christianity in the 3rd-4th c. BC; they are the oldest continuous Christian community in the world. Assyrians are primarily Syriac (Jacobite), Roman Catholic and Assyrian Orthodox.  Yazidis are a majority-Kurdish-speaking group of less than 1 million worldwide, living mostly in northern Iraq. In Iraq there are now ca. 500 000 Yazidis,40 concentrated in Nineveh Plains and Sinjar. It is disputed among Yazidis and Kurds, whether Yazidis are ethnically Kurds or form a distinct ethnic group.41  Shabaks speak Shabaki – a language of the Kurdish group. Many regard themselves as Sunni or Shi’a Muslims. Nevertheless, Shabakism is a syncretic faith with elements of Islam, Christianity and Yazidism; the primary religious text (the Buyruk) is written in Turkmen. Some self-identify as Kurds, some as Arabs, others still – as an independent nationality: a fact that has rendered contested their main areas. Shabaks number 150 000 to 300 000, concentrated mainly in ca. 60 villages in Nineveh Plains.42  Turkomen are the third largest ethnic group in Iraq, after Arabs and Kurds. Genealogically and linguistically tied to the Oghuz Turks; they speak a dialect of Turkish, and they are predominantly Muslim. The largest numbers in Nineveh are in Telafar qadha.

40 https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/jul/25/slaves-of-isis-the-long-walk-of-the-yazidi-women. 41 UNHCR (2014). 42 Estimations of UNHCR (2014): 150–200 thousand; estimations of Shabak representatives in Nineveh Governorate: 250–300 thousand.

32 LADP in Iraq – Nineveh PRP

There is need to ensure the inclusion of all religious and ethnic groups. The ethnic and religious diversity of Nineveh province is also a basis for sectarian tensions. Post-ISIL, entire communities are reduced to a state of utter devastation and trauma, while inter-ethnic tensions could easily ignite retributive acts, radicalisation and further violence. The rule of law based on a culture of human rights protection, and transparent governance will be pivotal to facilitate peaceful living together of communities. It is necessary to ensure the return of IDPs to their homes – through restored service provision, extended and inclusive access to services, and support for rebuilding of people’s homes and livelihoods. Further, effective support to IDPs still in camps needs to be ensured with regard to healthcare, education, psychological health, etc. Schools and community centres stand to play a major part in the psychological rebuilding of families and communities.

1.3. Tribal structure

Tribal structures are also important in Nineveh. Tribes retain authority in Table 5 Main tribes in Nineveh local affairs and tribal divisions have political implications. Tribal elements N Tribe Qadha Nahia of varying size and influence are largely subsumed under the two dominant 1 Shammar Telafar Rabia tribes in the region – Shammar and Jiburi. The Shammar tribe is very 2 Tayy Tilkaif, Wana, influential in western Nineveh and its membership extends over the border Telafar Zummar with Syria. In the recent conflict, its influence and location have made it an 3 Jiburi Mosul Quyarra important ally for insurgents. The Jiburi tribe is very influential from the 4 Al-Obaidi Mosul Mosul Mosul area to the south where it extends deep into Salah al-Din; it exerts 5 Hadidien Mosul Wana much influence along the upper Tigris River Valley lines of communication.43

There is need for peace building within the Sunni community. ISIL managed to put fellow Sunnis against each other and divide the families and tribes. Post-ISIL, tribal divisions are very much felt, as well as tensions within and among tribes. In Iraq, actions and support exist at the national level and from international organisations regarding inter-ethnic conflict and reconciliation, including within the Sunni community. However, there is a need to work on the daily communication between tribes in Nineveh to facilitate peacebuilding and prevent retributive acts for involvement with ISIL.

2. Living conditions

Access to basic services

Pre-ISIL, access to basic services was already poor, except for electricity where Nineveh was the top performing in Iraq (99.7%).44 Based on 2011 data, deprivation from drinking water (16.5%), sewer (2.6%) and shelter (0.8%) in Nineveh were below the average for Iraq. At the same time, household access to improved drinking water (41.7%) and public sanitation (5.4%) is among the lowest in Iraq – which is particularly worrisome in view of the urban clustering of the population. When we add the insufficient health service, especially outside cities, it is not surprising that infant mortality (25.5 per 1000 live births) and maternal mortality (45 per 100 000 live births) rates in Nineveh are the highest in Iraq. All these problems have been exacerbated in the context of ISIL. At the same time, poor service provision has direct bearing on poverty: e.g. adverse health effects erode the income generation capacity of poor families and their ability to support their livelihoods.

Income, poverty, deprivation

The economic level and living standards of people in Nineveh are among the lowest in Iraq. According to 2012 data, by GDP per capita (USD 4712), Nineveh scores 16th among the 18 Iraqi governorates (compared to USD 5860 Iraq average and USD 13 785 top score); by annual household income, it scores 13th of 18. The share of people in poverty is 35.8%45 – 15th highest in Iraq. While 10% of the Iraqi population reside in Nineveh, about 20%

43 Hamilton, E. (ISW: Apr 2008), The Fight for Mosul: http://www.understandingwar.org/sites/default/files/reports/Iraq%20Report%208.pdf. 44 All data in Chapter II.2 – unless otherwise specified – are from: [1] UNDP (2014), Iraq Human Development Report (HDR) 2014; and [2] UNDP/UN-Habitat (22 Nov 2016), LADP: Strategic Urban Development Framework for Governorates in Iraq – Indicator Technical Brief. 45 At poverty level benchmark = cost of purchasing the maintenance of adult caloric intake of 2200 calories/day.

33 LADP in Iraq – Nineveh PRP of the poor live here.46 What is more, ca. 23.2% of the population suffer from multidimensional poverty, compared to e.g. 4.3 % in Baghdad; this is almost twice the national average. Current data regarding poverty in Nineveh is not available, but it has been estimated that in ISIL-controlled governorates, the direct impact of economic, social and security disruptions has doubled poverty rates to 41.2%.47

For income growth to translate in higher well-being of people, it must be directed toward investment in people – above all health and education. In Nineveh, performance in both has been weak, and worsened in the context of ISIL. Overall, pre-ISIL, Nineveh scores the 5th highest level of deprivation among governorates in Iraq – driven by low annual household income, low mean years of schooling, infrastructure deficiencies, uneven job opportunities and uneven access to drinking water. The province-level figures obscure areas that suffer even worse living environments, poverty and deprivation.

Figure 11 Socio-economic development indicators for Nineveh Governorate based on 2011 data 120

100

80

60

40

20

0

29y, 29y,

-

Poverty (%) (%) Poverty

Illiteracy (%) Illiteracy

1000)

$PPP)

Deprivation (%) Deprivation

%)

schooling (n) schooling

100 000) 100

access (%) access

transportation (%) transportation

education (%) education

water access (%) access water

Households with auto auto with Households (%) access sewerage

education (%) education

Households with public public with Households

Expected mean years of of years mean Expected

dimensional poverty (%) poverty dimensional

Infant mortality rate (per (per rate mortality Infant

-

GNI per capita (thousand (thousand capita per GNI

Households with drinking drinking with Households

Total unemployment (%) (%) unemployment Total

septic tank access (%) access tank septic

Ownership of housing (%) housing of Ownership

Households with electricity electricity with Households

Men (25y+) with secondary secondary with (25y+) Men

Maternal mortality rate (per (per rate mortality Maternal

Households public sewerage/ sewerage/ public Households

Multi Youth unemployment (15 unemployment Youth Women (25y+) with secondary secondary with (25y+) Women Legend: Orange – Nineveh; Grey – range between top- and lowest- performing governorate of Iraq

Inequality

Inequality in Nineveh is pronounced and aggravated in the Figure 12 Human development scores for context of ISIL. The UNDP 2014 Human Development Index Nineveh, UNDP 2014 Iraq HDR (HDI) for Nineveh shows “medium human development” – 0,8 0.655 (below this for Iraq) – reflecting lagging progress in 0,7 health, education and income. However, the inequality- 0,6 0,5 adjusted HDI for Nineveh is even lower – 0.545: i.e. 0,4 Nineveh has in fact “low human development” and suffers 0,3 ca. 20% loss of development due to inequality. The loss of 0,2 development due to inequality is particularly pronounced 0,1 for youth and women. The very high Gender Inequality 0 Index (0.538) is driven by low economic inclusion and education of women. The exclusion of youth (15-29y) is

particularly striking. In Nineveh, the Youth Development Index

Index (YDI) is only 0.582 total (compared to 0.641 average HDI Index (HDI) Index

for Iraq) – and a staggering 0.383 for young women Inequality Gender

Index, total (15-29) total Index,

Inequality-adjusted

Youth Development Youth

Youth Development Youth Human Development Human (compared to 0.535 average for Iraq), corresponding to (15-29) female Index, “very low human development.” Legend: Orange – Nineveh; Black – Iraq; Grey – range between top- and lowest- performing governorate

46 GSDRC (28 Aug 2015), Poverty Eradication in Iraq (GSDRC Helpdesk Research Report 1259). 47 WB, “The World Bank in Iraq: Overview,” updated 01 Apr 2017: http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/iraq/overview.

34 LADP in Iraq – Nineveh PRP

Specific measures are needed that facilitate the socio-economic integration of women. Under ISIL, the share of women heads of household has increased drastically, adding a further pressure to the structural deprivation and inequality of women. Stepping up social services (esp. childcare), financial targeted actions, skills training, expanding women centres and raising awareness of women’s rights are relevant in this direction, in addition to broad measures to stimulate female participation in education.

In terms of spatial inequality, nahias with the highest number of poor people are those with urban centres with many residents. Shaman, Telafar and Mosul nahias are among the top 10 nahias in Iraq by number of income- poor people.48 By share of population in poverty, spatial heterogeneity across nahias is great, while ones closer to the border with Syria fare the worst. Nahias also vary widely by availability and quality of services (while generally insufficient) and by level of diversification of income opportunities. E.g. in some nahias, people are completely dependent on rain-fed agriculture – which means they have no economic security whatsoever. Spatial differences translate in divergent human development indicators and prospects (e.g. early marriages/pregnancies, educational outcomes, labour market structure, etc.). A person with the same education and gender would have wildly different economic and human development prospects depending on where in Nineveh they live. Spatial inequality also manifests as urban pockets of poverty, which tend to trigger social tensions and unrest.

Figure 13 Spatial heterogeneity in living standards among nahias of Nineveh (distribution of poverty)49

Spatial inequality is a specific threat to social cohesion. While there is a strong correlation between poverty and unemployment, unemployment/underemployment and poor service provision in urban areas contribute to perceptions of deprivation and social exclusion; as such they are a trigger for radicalisation – especially among youth. Deprivation in rural areas triggers migration to big cities, reinforcing the problem. Hence, alongside investments to diversify the local economies and income base, extending services (esp. paved roads and water access) to (1) remote areas or to (2) areas where most of the poor live would help respectively (1) increase perceived equity or (2) reduce poverty headcount.

Education levels

Prior to ISIL, Nineveh already scored poorly on education and illiteracy. Based on 2011 data, the total illiteracy rate in Nineveh is 24.5% (rank 12/18); the share of population (25y+) with at least secondary education is only 11% for females and 24% for males – compared to 16% and 28% national averages, respectively; and the overall school dropout rate is 74% – the second highest in Iraq (higher in rural than in urban areas). The situation is even worse for youth (15-29y) who are transitioning from school to work; and the gender variation in education attainment is also particularly pronounced among youth. In Nineveh, there are almost twice as many illiterate youth than in Iraq overall (24% vs. 13%), while female youth illiteracy is the highest in Iraq (31.2% vs. 17.4%). As much as 30% of young women can only read and write, and only 22% have completed elementary education.

The years of ISIL occupation have been detrimental to education in the province. Under ISIL, education became a paid commodity; higher poverty levels and displacement drove very high dropout rates; and many schools were massively damaged. The rate of children who never joined school or who had to discontinue their education was massive. E.g. in Mosul, the enrolment of children born in 2008-2010 has been almost none. After ISIL occupied Mosul, all higher education institutions shut down. MoHE reopened some programmes in temporary locations;

48 Vishwanath, T. et al. (World Bank Group, June 2015), Where Are Iraq’s Poor?: Mapping Poverty in Iraq. 49 Ibid. – modelled at poverty line of IQD 101 675.9.

35 LADP in Iraq – Nineveh PRP some programmes reopened under ISIL (but with degrees not recognised by MoHE).50 Across levels, there was almost no school enrolment in the school year 2015/16.

Figure 14 Situation of youth (15-29y) in Nineveh, %, UNDP 2014 Iraq HDR 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10

0

Diploma, total Diploma,

Dropout, total Dropout,

Illiterate, total Illiterate,

female

Diploma, female Diploma,

Dropout, female Dropout,

Illiterate, female Illiterate,

Drugs/substance use Drugs/substance

attainment, total attainment,

purpose in life is, total is, in life purpose

attainment, female attainment,

Do not know what their what know not Do

Do not know what their what know not Do

purpose in life is, female is, in life purpose

Mean years of schooling, of years Mean

Poor youth breadwinners youth Poor

Elementary certificate, total certificate, Elementary

Job obtained by educational obtained Job by educational obtained Job Mean years of schooling, total schooling, of years Mean Elementary certificate, female certificate, Elementary Legend: Orange – Nineveh; Black – Iraq; Grey – range between top- and lowest- performing governorate

Employment

MoP estimates that in the context of ISIL, unemployment in Nineveh exceeded 30% and was as high as 45% in ISIL hotspots. Pre-ISIL data show pre-existing structural problems in the labour market. In 2011, unemployment in the province was among the lowest in Iraq (5.3%) and youth unemployment was relatively low (9.6%). Given the low overall employment figures, however, the low unemployment rates indicate a stagnating labour market, predominance of low-quality low-pay jobs, and failure of the public sector to provide employment opportunities (especially for women). All of these factors drive low labour force participation rates – lower in urban areas and especially among women.

In Nineveh, the labour market outcomes of education are particularly poor, linked to: (1) limited employment opportunities in dynamic sectors; (2) mismatch between the output of the education system and skills demand; and (3) hiring practices based on personal and family relations (political and tribal affiliation), rather than qualification and merit. E.g. in 2011, only 9% of all youth (15-29y) – and 0% of all young women – got their jobs based on their educational attainment (both figures are lower than the average for Iraq). In result, vast numbers of mainly poorly educated youth face uncertain employment prospects. Work experience is a key determinant of job placement for young women, yet employment rates for women are the lowest in Nineveh (only 8.9%) – signalling structural exclusion of women from the labour market.

Education is central for approaching Nineveh’s immediate challenges. Schools are the best places for providing psycho-emotional support to conflict-affected children and youth, and education can play a pivotal role in promoting resilience among conflict-affected populations and in fostering social cohesion. Post-ISIL, schools will have to accommodate more students at the same level, and new curricula will be needed to allow children to catch up with their peers. Reopening of schools, continued education provision and closing of gaps are a first necessary step – alongside psychological support to students; followed by improving the school environment to raise enrolment rates. For education to benefit longer-term economic development in Nineveh, the development is necessary of a dynamic private sector to absorb the youth bulge, better alignment of HR supply and demand (e.g. through vocational training programmes), and job placement programmes based on competency.

50 UN-Habitat (Oct 2016), City Profile of Mosul, Iraq: Multi-sector assessment of a city under siege.

36 LADP in Iraq – Nineveh PRP

Enabling youth to shape their own future is key to progress on development and stability. Swift and effective solutions are needed to include youth in the socio-economic life of the governorate. An overwhelming 54.7% of Nineveh’s population are under 20 years old, and 71.7% are under 30. Youth are a key for development; at the same time, they suffer very high levels of exclusion (lack of education, lack of employment, trauma, discrimination, neglect). Exclusion fosters radicalisation, especially when linked to poor service provision – as poor public services increase the distrust of government among young people.51 The security and economic situation in Nineveh since 2003 and especially since 2014 has resulted in plummeting of already-low levels of school attendance/graduation and career opportunities. Each year, a new wave of children become of school age – but with no possibilities to receive education; while a new wave of 14–18 year olds enter the labour market with no skills and competences. At the same time, there has been an erosion of family and social structures that used to support youth in school-to-work transition as well as with a sense of purpose. In result, the group of young people is constantly growing (1) who are illiterate or have only basic literacy, (2) who have no career opportunities, and (3) who are alienated from social and civil life. The situation requires (1) broad measures to restore safety/the rule of law, improve public service provision, and boost economic/private sector development in the province; and (2) targeted measures to address the problems of youth – including e.g. projects to increase basic literacy, programmes for catching up with education, and student placements based on competences instead of just age group.

Corruption

Iraq ranks 166th out of 176 countries total (score 16/100) on the 2016 Corruption Perception Index of Transparency International; it has more or less kept this rank since 2006. Rampant corruption affects socio- economic development on many levels – from discouraging private sector development, to ineffective placement of human resources, jobs available, unequal distribution of services, etc. In the current Nineveh context, the interplay of insecurity, corruption and inequality feeds populism and exacerbates tensions, as perceptions are heightened of impunity, ambiguity of public spending and favouritism of administration.

Notwithstanding that political instability, war, internal conflicts and terrorism fuel corruption – in particular political corruption – peace and rebuilding in the post-ISIL context are contingent on improving the transparency and accountability of governance in the Governorate.

3. IDPs and returnees

3.1. Profile

In the context of ISIL, Nineveh has been the theatre of dramatic events, which prompted the highest number of displacement from one single governorate in Iraq.52 Population movements have been complex – as coalition forces started to reclaim territories, many families started to return, while others continued to flee. Post- liberation, there has been a steady flow of returnees. However, most locations in Nineveh host at the same time IDP, returnee and host populations.

Figure 15 Community groups formed by displacement

Conflict-related communities

Refugees IDPs IDPs inside Nineveh IDP/ Host outside outside refugee communities Iraq Nineveh In rented housing, with friends, etc. In camps returnees

51 See e.g. WB (03 Feb 2017), Iraq: Systematic Country Dignostic (Report No. 112333–IQ), Chapter 3B (2), p44f. 52 Data in chapter II.3 – unless indicated otherwise: IOM TDM as of 31 Oct 2017; and IOM Integrated Location Assessment II (completed in March-May 2017) and IOM ILA II Report (Oct 2017), pp21-14. NB: IOM DTM cumulative data for Nineveh Governorate includes data for Akre and not data for Mahkmoor.

37 LADP in Iraq – Nineveh PRP

Refugees outside Iraq

During ISIL occupation, a number of people from Nineveh fled to Jordan, Turkey, and Lebanon – often en route to the EU and other countries, often as a temporary stop while looking to move into Kurdistan Region or other more stable governorates in Iraq. These displaced people are not strictly refugees, as they did not ask for refugee status. Many remain in camps – particularly Akdah and Al Hol camps in Syria, which hosted at the peak of the crisis est. 10 000 and 17 000 Iraqi IDPs respectively. Est. 300 000 Iraqis have entered Turkey illegally, and there is no reliable information on illegal Iraqi entrants to the EU and other countries.

The number of Nineveh citizens among refugee populations is ambiguous. Conceivably, many are from minorities, many live in dismal conditions in camps, and also many are people with means and education, including highly-skilled highly-qualified individuals in fields that are in demand. As such, this wave of displacement presents a brain drain for Nineveh. It is necessary to identify their number, to follow up their situation, to identify their needs and to provide the guarantees for their safety and support necessary, so that they may return to live and work in Nineveh.

IDPs in Nineveh

As of 31 Oct 2017, IDPs in Nineveh Governorate are 987 648 in total – 164 608 families. Ca. 98% of displaced families are from Nineveh and displaced inside Nineveh.

Of IDPs from Nineveh still displaced in other provinces (128 963 families): 362 340 people are in Dahuk, 117 000 in Erbil, 61 000 in Najaf, 55 000 in Baghdad; 55 000 in Kerbala, 31 000 in Kirkuk; 20 000 in Babil, 15 000 in Qadessyiah, 13 000 in Salah al-Din, 16 000 in Suleimaniah and 12 000 in Wassit. The spread of IDPs from Nineveh across Iraq is much wider than this for IDPs from other governorates.

IDPs living in camps in Nineveh are 381 714 (63 619 families). Of all IDPs in Iraq, 24% live in camps, and almost half of this population is concentrated in Nineveh, reflecting the largely camp-based nature of the Mosul crisis response. More than 200 000 IDPs in Nineveh have been living in camps for more than two years.

The shelter situation of IDPs indicates that: (1) camps concentrate poor people and people who have weaker support network (friends/family); (2) families with means to support themselves have left Nineveh (very low percent of IDPs who live in rented accommodation); (3) the share of IDPs living among host populations is very large; and (4) an entire 402 927 IDPs are unaccounted for – ca.41% of all IDPs – and there is no information on their living conditions, safety, health status, and needs.

Table 6 IOM IDP and returnee statistics for Nineveh as of 31 Oct 2017 IDP families by governorate of displacement IDPs from Nineveh province (origin)* Families (n) Persons (n) % of IDPs in Iraq Nineveh 164 608 987 648 31.13% IDPs in Nineveh by type of shelter* Shelter arrangements of IDPs Persons (n) % Camp 381 714 38.6 Host family 98 526 10 Rented housing 60 120 6.1 Unfinished building 33 156 3.4 Informal shelter 6090 0.6 School building 1872 0.2 Other 3246 0.3 Unknown 402 927 40.8 IDP returnees to home areas in Nineveh Qadha Families (n) Persons (n) Mosul 36 714 220 284 Telafar 18 796 112 776 Hamdaniya 13 866 83 196 Tilkaif 9358 56 148 Sinjar 8052 48 312 Makhmoor 5989 35 934 Shaikhan 170 1020 Hatra 310 1860 Nineveh 87 266 523 596 * Includes data for Akre; does not include data for Makhmoor. % of returnees in Iraq* – 20%

38 LADP in Iraq – Nineveh PRP

Table 7 IDP population in still camps in Nineveh Governorate as of 31 Oct 201753 Qadha Camp name Families Individuals % of families from Nineveh* Mosul (10) Quyarrah Airstrip 4923 29 538 100 Haj Ali 6588 39 528 82 Qayyarah Jad’ah 5 5214 31 284 100 Qayyarah Jad’ah 6 3530 21 180 100 Hammam al-Aliel 2 3509 21 054 100 Hammam al-Aliel 1 3273 19 638 100 Qayyarah Jad’ah 3 1922 11 532 92 Qayyarah Jad’ah 2 1500 9000 87 Qayyarah Jad’ah 4 1250 7500 99 Qayyarah Jad’ah (1) 992 5952 77 Hamdaniya (8) Khazer M2 4923 29 538 100 As Salamyiah 2 4817 28 902 100 Khazer M1 4374 26 244 100 Salamyiah Nimrud 1887 11 322 100 As Salamyiah 1 1859 11 154 100 Hasansham U3 1341 8046 100 Chamakor 807 4842 100 Hasansham U2 685 4110 100 Shaikhan (5) Esian 2588 15 528 100 Mam Rashan 1435 8610 100 Shaikhan 866 5196 100 Nargizlia 1 388 2328 100 Nargizlia 2 98 588 100 Tilkaif (1) Garmawa 908 5448 100 Makhmoor (3) Dibaga(Shuhadaa Al Emarat) 2036 12 216 21 Dibaga Stadium 204 1224 66 Dibaga 2 838 5028 110 Total (27) 65 946 395 676 93 * Includes families from Akre, and excludes families from Makhmoor.

More than 400 000 of IDPs in Nineveh are unaccounted for – ca.41% of all IDPs – and there is no information on their living conditions, safety, health status, and needs. In this regard it is very important that the governorate take urgent measures to identify these people and to start immediate work to support them.

Returnees in Nineveh

As of 31 Oct 2017, returnees to their original areas in Nineveh are 523 596 (87 266 families); the vast majority have returned to their homes. The return rate is higher for people displaced in Nineveh, and it is lower for people displaced in other (particularly north-central governorates). The ethno-religious composition of returnee populations is ca. 60% Sunni Muslim and Kurdish Sunni. The rate of return is lower among minorities, and lowest among Christians and Shabak Shias. As a consequence of ISIS’ genocidal campaign against religious minorities in Iraq, these groups are experiencing the lowest rate of return among Iraqis – linked to trauma, as well as to the fact that their areas have suffered relatively more physical damage. Notably “fear as a result of a change in ethno-religious composition of the place of origin” is among top-three cited obstacles to return. Many displaced Christians have expressed preference to stay in the Kurdistan Region among its already robust Chaldean Christian community.54

3.2. Challenges facing IDPs and returnees

Living conditions and livelihoods

In the context of ISIL and displacement, families have faced huge difficulties with regard to living conditions and livelihoods, and they have had to depend on relief assistance provided by NGOs or governments.

Access to employment (68%) is the top concern for IDPs living in Nineveh (followed closely by food/affordable food – 67%). Post-ISIL, on return, families often find their workshops and businesses destroyed or looted; lack/shortage of service (e.g. electricity, legal aid) – in addition to lack of funding – makes it difficult to resume economic activity. In rural areas, people are often unable to access arable and grazing land (27% of areas have been reported as mined), and again, disrupted water supply is a big problem in resuming economic activity. Thus, employment – and support to resume livelihoods – is also a key concern for returnees.

53 IOM DTX (31 Oct 2017), IDP Master List Dataset: http://iraqdtm.iom.int/IDPsML.aspx. 54 KRG source cited in http://www.kurdistan24.net/en/news/f37366fd-1a6d-4584-a795-688ade4d4644.

39 LADP in Iraq – Nineveh PRP

With varying scale, shared living condition problems include: residential damage – particularly severe in Mosul and Sinjar qadhas (many people cannot return simply because they do not have money to repair their homes); lack of water/low water quality; lack of affordable food/NFI; lack of electricity, wastewater service, etc.

While relief assistance – including food, water, cash-for-work programmes, etc. – is mainly directed to families in the camps, it has limited reach for IDPs who live among host populations or returnees. The challenges in this regard have been great to displaced families, as well as donors and NGOs.

Figure 16 Profile of locations where IDPs and returnees live in Nineveh55

Figure 17 Most important needs of IDPs and returnees in Nineveh56

Health conditions

The scale and dynamics of displacement have reflected negatively on the health situation of displaced families due to: (1) lack of financial ability to afford health care; (2) permanent mixing in the IDPs camps and sheltering methods in these camps; and (3) precarious situation of the built environment outside camps, including housing, and limited service provision outside camps (especially safe water).

The huge number of refugees in the camps facilitates the transmission of diseases; in particular water-borne and skin diseases. Usually, camp shelters are damaged tents that are not good for living; they protect neither from summer heats nor winter colds, again facilitating disease transmission. Outside camps, limited (if any) water, sewerage and waste collection service and damaged/hazardous housing increase public health risks. Notably, health is the top concern for returnees (72%).

The situation is exacerbated by the lack of monitoring of relief assistance to the camps (including food and water), as well as – both inside and outside camps – by lack of health guidance, and lack/insufficiency of health units, heath staff, medicines, and provided health services.

55 Based on 71% of locations. IOM Integrated Location Assessment II, completed 20 March—31 May 2017: http://iraqdtm.iom.int/ILA2.aspx. 56 Based on 71% of locations.IOM (Oct 2017), Integrated Location Assessment II Report, p23.

40 LADP in Iraq – Nineveh PRP

Education

Among the serious negative consequences of displacement has been the wide spread of illiteracy, limited education participation, and deterioration of students’ learning/education levels. For families who do not continue their education, the reasons are several, mainly: financial capacity; lack of sufficient school buildings; lack of schooling requirement in the camp; and the poor socio-psychological condition of the displaced families. Limited access to education is particularly pronounced problem in camps, where organised socialisation and education activities for children and adolescents are very limited.

Social problems

IDP families experience difficult living conditions, deterioration of education and psychological status, unknown future, financial loses, loss of family and home/property, and – especially in camps – living conditions characterised with little respect for human dignity. In result, especially given the prolonged conflict, certain social challenges have increased both in and outside IDP camps, including early marriage/adolescent pregnancy, separated/unaccompanied children, widows heads of household, child labour, etc. These issues have been especially evident in camps, given that over 200 000 people have been living in camps for over 2 years. IDP children are particularly vulnerable, especially in camps. Many of these children had been recruited or captured by ISIL and forced to work. Many had witnessed tragedies and death of family member. All of them are in urgent need of psychosocial support and rights protection.

Despite some NGO efforts, these challenges present a threat to social cohesion. They premise short- and long- term negative consequences, which may include problems – including with host communities – related to: radicalisation of young IDP family members; increase of migration incidence, leading to brain drain; increase of begging incidence; family separation and increase in divorce incidence; deterioration of families’ economic level; increase in the administration of painkillers and certain drugs; etc.

Security and safety in the community

Based on IOM March-May 2017 data, in areas that host IDPs and returnees, crime frequency and incidence are generally below average – except for sexual assaults (affecting 6% of IDPs/returnees). Forced evictions of IDP families were recorded (27%), and ca. 30% of IDPs were Figure 18 Mistrust in locations of return allowed freedom of movement only with police permit. Overall, in locations hosting returnees (with or without IDPs) registered conflict is low. Yet, registered levels of mistrust, threats, and perceived exclusion and favouritism (especially in terms of employment) are not to ignore – respectively 7%, 2% and 30%. IOM has identified Nineveh, especially Sinjar and Zummar (with 75% and 47% tension associated to return), as a potential hotspot for community tension related to returns.57

Protection

Nineveh hosts 9% of Iraqi IDPs in need of protection – in particular 11% of persons with disabilities (PwDs); 10% of unaccompanied children – and 14% of all returnees in need of protection – 27% of PwDs and 47% of unaccompanied children. This finding can be linked to the high rate of family separations recorded among IDPs – less than 50% of families are united, whereas this figure is nearly 80% for returnee families.

Efforts should concentrate on IDPs and returnees in Nineveh province. The majority of displaced people have had to stay in Nineveh – either in camps or with relatives; in both cases, these are the poorer among IDPs. IDPs and returnees face similar problems – lack of access to employment and cash aid, damaged/ destroyed housing, damaged infrastructure, lack of access to health and education, lack of affordable food, need for safety, need for psycho-social support. In this regard, actions toward them should be similar – e.g. programmes to restore housing, restore/improve services, and to support livelihoods and peaceful living together. These are also the actions that would encourage return from areas outside Nineveh.

57 IOM (June 2017), Obstacles to Return in Retaken Areas of Iraq: Final Report.

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3.3. Support for IDPs from international organisations and NGOs

According to UN OCHA HumanitarianResponse.info58, 128 partners have been involved in 2017 in providing life-saving and other support to populations in Nineveh, in camp or off- camp settings, including: Camp coordination and camp management (CCCM) – 5; Cash working programmes – 12; Education – 24; Emergency livelihoods – 19; Food security (FS) – 30; Health and nutrition – 36; Protection (child protection; gender-based violence; housing, land, property; mine action) – 43; Rapid response (RRM – immediate life-saving assistance)59 – 5; Shelter and non-food items (NFI) – 27; Water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) – 57.

Table 8 Main international and national organisations providing support to IDPs in Nineveh Organisation Field of Work Specific recent activities in Nineveh Partner/Donor International organisations 1 ACTED RRM, Shelter & NFIs, FS . Emergency WASH response in Salamiyah camp Australian Centre for International . Distribution of hygiene kits and baby kits Agricultural Research . Hygiene promotion sessions 2 Action Contre la RRM, FS, Health and nutrition, Protection, . Distribution of food rations and coupons ECHO, ACF, OFDA, DFATD, WFP, UNHCR, Faim WASH, livelihoods . Cash transfers (198 000+ beneficiaries) SIDA . Development/rehabilitation of water points and networks 3 HANDICAP Protection: Supporting Injured Victims of the . Removal of 2000+ explosive remnants from areas of heavy fighting DFATD, Germany, IHF War; ERW and Mine Action . Basic health care to IDP camps in Nineveh 4 Human Appeal Shelter and NFIs, Education, FS, Protection . Mobile medical unit equipped to serve people in 6 IDP camps ICVA, Muslim Charities Forum, (esp. child protection and GBW); WASH . Distribution of emergency aid and food baskets to IDP camps humanitarianforum.org 5 Islamic Relief Shelter/NFI, FS, WASH, Development, . Distribution of winterisation and hygiene kits to IDPs in Khazir Camp IR Canada, UN OCHA Worldwide Protection (orphans support) . Distribution of emergency food parcels and NFIs to IDPs in Mosul . Distribution of food assistance and school kits for IDP children in West Mosul 6 International Shelter/NFI, Protection, Cash working . Rehabilitation of water networks in West Mosul Companies Rescue Committee . Cash assistance to displaced families . Parenting-skills classes to reduce violence against children at home . Counselling, group activities and legal support to women and girls 7 PAX Development, Human Rights, Peace Building . Facilitates dialogue and cooperation between citizens and local governments in the Amnesty International (NL), Impunity Watch and Conflict Resolution, Protection context of "The Day After” programme (developed by PAX and partners), which aims (NL), Un Ponte Per (Italy), UNDP and UNAMI to realise representative and legitimate governance, sound security provisions and (Iraq), Al Mesala Organisation for HRD increased social cohesion, ultimately leading to an inclusive post-ISIL reconstruction of (Nineveh, Arbil) Nineveh Governorate. . Supports many women's activities realised within the scope of the programme “We Are All Civilians” (Kulluna Muwatinun) for civil peace.

58 UN OCHA, https://www.humanitarianresponse.info/en/operations/iraq/2017-dashbords, accessed Dec 2017. Aggregate data for Nineveh includes Akre and not Makhmour. 59 Distribution of RRM kits within 72 hours of a trigger being activated; each is meant to be a week’s supply per family, including food rations, a hygiene kit, a dignity kit, potable water and a water container .

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Organisation Field of Work Specific recent activities in Nineveh Partner/Donor 8 NRC CCCM, Education, FS, Shelter, WASH, Legal . Currently manages Hamam al Alil 2 camp NMFA, ECHO, DFID, SDC, OFDA, BPRM, SIDA, assistance, . Emergency WASH for Mosul quarters UNICEF, UNHCR, UN OCHA, WFP, GIZ, UNFPA, GAC 9 HAI Support/legal support to IDPs, minorities, . Legal protection for IDPs in camps UN OCHA, UNICEF victims of trafficking, women victims of . Defending children and women in Nineveh violence, juveniles; Mental health infrastructure 10 UNICEF WASH, Education, Protection . Water distribution to people in West Mosul Public-sector partners . Maintenance of water stations in Mosul . Schools rehabilitation in Nineveh . Distribution of books to all camps in Nineveh 11 International Health (esp. women’s and children’s health), . Equipment of camps and hospitals in Nineveh with equipment and medical supplies Action Against Hunger, Save the Children, Medical Corps IMC FS, Nutrition, Protection (GBV) UNICEF, Global Nutrition Cluster 12 UN OCHA Immediate life-saving assistance . Protection of IDPs in Mosul USA, UK, Sweden, Germany, EU Commission 13 Oxfam WASH, Protection . Assistance to 300 000+ people affected by the conflict Innocent foundation, VISA, Cooperative Bank . Provision of life-saving support, food, water, and protection in camps and neighbourhoods throughout Mosul qadha. . Rehabilitation of Gazlani Water Plant – the first source of clean water in West Mosul. 14 Mercy Corps Emergency response, Education . Distribution of critical supplies to people in camps Artemis Foundation, Zurich Foundation . Distribution of18 000+ household kits (81 000+ beneficiaries) . Provision of emergency cash assistance (equivalent of USD 400) to IDPs in Mosul National organisations 1 Al Tahreer Peace and national unity, Human right, . Support to small projects through cash-for-work programme, East Mosul Oxfam, IHF Association for Mediation & dialogue, Cash for work . Facilitation sessions on enhancing the role of youth in achieving peaceful coexistence Development in Nineveh 2 Al Ghad CCCM, Childcare, Development . Rehabilitation of 4 School in East Mosul World Vision, Mercy Corp, USAID, UN OCHA 3 Nineveh CSOs Life-saving assistance to IDPs, Development . Relief assistance to camps in southern Mosul UN OCHA, HAI Network 4 Al Faf Organisation Life-saving assistance to IDPs, Development . Relief assistance to camps in southern Mosul UN OCHA, HAI 5 Faza’a Organisation Health, Relief, and other services to people in . Humanitarian services in camps on the outskirts of Mosul Merchants of Mosul need . Provision of food items and cash assistance to vulnerable people in Mosul 6 EADE Environment, FS, Protection . Rehabilitation of 5 schools in West Mosul UN OCHA . Cash distribution In east Mosul . Vouchers distribution project in East Mosul 7 RAFINDO CCCM . Management of Al Jada’a 1,2,3,4,5 camps (West Mosul) UNHRC 8 Eastern Girl Protection, Health, Education (care for women . Psychological and moral support for students in Mosul schools UNICEF Organisation and children)

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3.4. Return process

The obstacles to the return of IDPs in Nineveh are also factors that impede the successful reintegration of communities on IDP return (see Table 9). In this regard the needs of IDPs and returnees overlap.

Table 9 IDP return push and pull factors for Nineveh Governorate60 Reasons to return Obstacles to return . Liberation from terrorist groups . Area of return is/is perceived as insecure/unsafe – . Location of return is/is perceived as safe related to explosive remnants, fear of retribution/ . Possibility to work/recreate livelihoods in the areas of origin reprisal on going back, etc. . Availability of services in the area of origin . Fear as a result of the changed ethno-religious . Lack of means to remain in displacement (poor financial capacity composition at the place of origin of IDPs and inability to keep up with the living requirements) . Lack of services back home . Lack of economic opportunities (jobs) in displacement . Lack of jobs/access to livelihoods back home . Opportunity/desire to reunite with family . House/property is damaged/destroyed . Encouragement from religious/community leaders . House/property is inhabited . Incentives/support from government authorities . Lack of money (incl. to repair housing or restart a . Incentives/support from humanitarian/development actors livelihood) . Insufficient services and protection in camps . Higher safety and better services in place of . Security situation worsened in the place of displacement displacement . Missing home and difficulty adapting to a new environment (esp. for IDPs from rural areas)

To facilitate the return of IDPs to their areas:

 Government decisions have been issued that (1) annul any transfer of citizens' property to ISIL; (2) assure that any manipulating or destruction of property and ownership records will not cancel people's rights; and (3) provide for people to restore their rights based in documents they own and the records of relevant departments in Baghdad (e.g. Real Estate Registry, traffic department, etc.);  MoMD has allocated buses in coordination with the Ministry of Transport, as well as trucks in cooperation with the leadership of joint operations61;  People from Mosul have been provided the chance to inspect the condition of their original areas before deciding to return or not;  Effort has been ongoing to secure areas (from debris/explosives) and restore services – with focus on Mosul. E.g. reportedly, as of 20 Aug 2017, the majority of services had been restored to East Mosul, where “90% of the neighbourhoods already have electricity, compared with only 30-40% of areas in the western part”62;  Various cash-for-work and other livelihoods assistance projects (e.g. clean-up projects) have been completed or are under implementation – with main focus on Mosul (see Annex A.1).

Some specific problems in the return process include the following:

 Among IDP families, 33% report loss of documents, 27% destruction of government records, and 20% have difficulties in understanding the process for replacing documents.63  Accounts from IDPs and IOM studies suggest that information campaigns about returns and official support to help returns are insufficient, and information provided is mostly incomplete. The Iraq Internally Displaced Persons Information Centre (Iraq IIC) handled over 10 000 calls in Nov 2017 – 50% of which from Nineveh; cash and legal assistance were among the top concerns of callers.64  Civilians in Mosul complain about having to wait in endless queues at the educations, administrative and passport offices to receive the necessary documents for obtaining jobs. Completing official government

60 Based on IOM TDM ILA II; IOM TDM ILA II Report (Oct 2017); IOM report on obstacles to return (June 2017). 61 MoMD (Sept 2017). 62 Hussam al-Din al-Abar, a Nineveh council member, quoted in http://www.presstv.com/Detail/2017/08/20/532327/Iraq-Mosul-Nineveh 63 IOM TDM ILA II Report (Oct 2017). 64 UNHCR (2 Nov 2017), Iraq Situation: UNHCR Flash Update – 2 Nov 2017: https://reliefweb.int/report/iraq/iraq-situation-unhcr-flash-update-2- november-2017.

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applications may take weeks or months. There is reported favouritism – as citizens from some areas are perceived to be serviced/serviced faster, while own group is perceived to be deliberately ignored.  There is severe lack of officials in place to deal with the mass of requests made for employment, leaving thousands of civilians jobless. In the education sector, this shortage results in many civilians left unpaid.65  In some cases, returnees are rejected by their communities/neighbours exists – due to perceived link with ISIL/ISIL family member. ISIL. Many of these people/families are forced to return to camps.66  Premature returns are a concern, as they put IDP interests and safety at risk.  In disputed territories, many families indicated that they hastened their return – regardless of living conditions in the place of origin – as they feared that they could be barred from returning to their villages later on; they undertook their return.67  Insufficient services and protection in camps are another reason for premature returns.  Forced and blocked returns are a concern:  Delays in processing of documentation for return have been recorded.68  Regarding the incidence of forced returns before IDPs are ready – in light of the upcoming Iraqi elections – information is conflicting. Undoubtedly, the displaced are being used for electoral purposes – both by those who urge and those who block IDP returns.69  There are concerns that in disputed territories IDPs are pressured to take political positions, which may impede their return and increase tension/threat at point of return.  Returns from camps in areas east of Mosul managed by the KRG were suspended ahead of the referendum for Kurdish independency (25 Sept 2017), during which Shaikhan city served as Nineveh’s province’s primary voting centre. IDPs and returnees from disputed territories in Nineveh Plains have expressed fear of not being able to cross easily into government-controlled territories after the referendum, or of being stigmatised as having supported the referendum.70

Restoring of physical assets (esp. housing) and service provision are key to facilitate the return of IDP, and targeted measures are necessary to support IDPs and returnees in accessing livelihoods. Efforts in these regards have been concentrated on Mosul; the governorate should step up effort in other areas – also with attention to rural areas, so that IDPs may resume their livelihoods in agriculture and industries based outside cities; this is also important toward restoring food security in the province. In addition, ensured rule of law, transparent governance, and respect for rights are key – to reduce the incidence of and perception of insecurity, and to facilitate the peaceful reintegration of communities. A comprehensive study of the IDP and returnee situation in the province would allow to articulate community-specific support measures for different IDP/returnee groups – as well as to channel available funding for support most effectively.

4. Disadvantaged host community groups

Disadvantaged host community groups include orphans, women providers, persons with disability (PwDs), minors and youth (up to 29 years old), and certain groups of economically disadvantaged individuals and families. In Nineveh, all vulnerable groups and their needs have grown in the context of ISIL. At the same time, accurate data on group size and needs are lacking, which prevents effective planning of programmes and resources to support disadvantaged people to participate fully in social and economic life.

 The number of women providers is unclear. Some media have reported 80% widows among women due to the military operations. Social surveys conducted by the Nineveh Statistical Department suggest that the shares of widows per age group correspond to normal figures pre-ISIL (i.e. increase in the group 65+);  Social welfare beneficiaries were 95 677 in 2014 (COSIT), including 51.3% women – while in 2017 unemployment has reportedly reached 45% and unemployment has doubled to 41.2% (see Chapter II.2);

65 See NRT TV (Oct 2017), https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yGjXD19GDm0; Al Shahid News (Oct 2017), https://alshahidwitness.com/nineveh-civilians-unemployment-iraq. 66 Est. 50 families by 28 Nov 2017. Abdul Rahman Alloizi, PM representing Nineveh, quoted in Al-Monitor (12 Dec 2017), “Election wranglers manipulate fate of displaced Iraqis“: https://www.al-monitor.com/pulse/originals/2017/12/iraq-refugees-displaced-election.html. 67 E.g. UNHCR (2 Nov 2017), Iraq Situation: UNHCR Flash Update – 2 Nov 2017. 68 IOM report on obstacles to return (June 2017). 69 Alloizi, quoted in Al-Monitor (12 Dec 2017). 70 93.25% of votes cast in favour of independence. Reliefweb, Iraq Situation: UNHCR Flash Update – 25 Sept 2017: https://reliefweb.int/report/iraq/iraq-situation-unhcr-flash-update-25-september-2017.

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 Pre-ISIL, people with disability in Nineveh comprised 4.9% of the total population in 2011 – nearly 200 000 – and 3.4% in the age group 15-29.71 Current information is lacking. Currently in Nineveh, support for vulnerable groups is weak. This is due to destruction of social protection service facilities, outflow of staff, and some stopped programmes for social support in the context of ISIL – but also due to pre-existing problems: e.g. shortage of specialised facilities and services for persons with disabilities; shortage of facilities and programmes to encourage the social inclusion of youth, women and other vulnerable groups; inefficiencies in allocation of support; low staff capacity; etc. Available social protection and support services

The Ministry of Labour and Social Affairs (MoLSA) allocates subsidy salaries to families under the poverty line, as well as to women providers – widows and divorced women who have children (from the social protection network and women’s protection network), in accordance with the number of family members. MoLSA also provides educational courses (2-month – in English and Arabic) and vocational courses (1-week to 6-month – in a number of fields) to unemployed and to women, so boost their skills and increase their chances for employment or own business.72 Persons with disability and persons with special needs are targeted under the umbrella of MoLSA in several sections: State shelters, Mental disability, Physical disability, Protected workshops and productive cooperatives for PwDs, Fully disabled persons, Nurseries, and Centre for diagnosing disabilities.

Social protection in Nineveh is administered through the Department of Social Protection in Nineveh under MoLSA. The Department operates 8 units and has 133 staff (COSIT 2014). The Department reports:  More than 40 000 beneficiaries of social protection in 2005–2012 from Mosul, including elderly persons, people unable to work due to sickness, minors or unemployed;  Ca. 95 000 beneficiaries in total from the social protection network in Nineveh;  45 000 female beneficiaries from the widowed, divorced, and disabled women groups registered with the its division of Social Care for Women (established in 2010);  81 000 new applications received in 2016, including from people and IDPs from across Nineveh and from IDPs in Kurdistan region – of whom at least 45 000 received support in 2017.

In sum, in 2017 there were more than 140 000 beneficiaries from the social protection network in Nineveh – a huge number, requiring huge capacities and high effectiveness. At the same time:  The Department Headquarters building, including the division of disabled and special needs persons, was used by ISIL; it has been completely destroyed in the liberation offensive. The department building in Bareed (Mosul) was occupied by ISIL and it has not yet been handed to the Department;  For data, the Department relies on updating of beneficiaries’ "annual statement" to register deaths, divorces, employment changes and improvements of living standards;  Follow up is supposed to be provided for all beneficiaries, but this much exceeds staff capacities; also, security and infrastructure situation make it difficult to move between areas in the governorate and Mosul centre, and the cost of such follow up is high;  Access to the Department is difficult, especially for patients and PwDs. Approved procedures for issue of smart cards are an additional burden to citizens.

Means to improve social protection services and ensure coverage of people in need

 Establish a second location for the Social Protection Department in Mosul West, and sub-departments in some qadha centres to facilitate the work of specialised committees of the Department (e.g. Hamdaniya, Telafar and Sinjar) – close to public transport lines, and including available parking;  Equip Department facilities with chairs, public toilets, water coolers and air conditioning;  Ensure electricity for Department facilities – to guarantee the continuity and efficiency of daily work;  Improve public transportation;  Provide private transport for staff of the main sections, especially so they may conduct social research, field visits to follow up on beneficiaries, field surveys, etc.;  Activate electronic work of the Department – incl. electronic filing and training for citizens and staff;  Raise citizens' awareness on procedures and conditions to receive support, and on available support – to ensure access to support to families below the poverty line, and to families whose income is above poverty line and still receive social welfare to cut this off so it may serve families in need.

71 UNDP (2014), Iraq Human Development Report. 72 In 2013, ca. 72% of all beneficiaries of MoLSA education and vocational courses were women.

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Women

The majority of women in Nineveh suffer social and economic exclusion; at the same time, they are central to stability of families and communities. Under ISIL, women were additionally repressed and prohibited from any meaningful participation in social life. Increasing awareness of women’s rights, their involvement and protection of women is necessity to enhance their economic role as well as their role in building peace in the governorate. A number of signed international conventions and laws in Iraq aim to empower women and enhance their active role in different fields of economic, political, cultural, and social life. To develop specific and targeted support measures, it is first necessary to collect current data on women in the governorate.

Means to enhance the status of women in the governorate

 Develop a database on the situation of women in the governorate – including social and economic status, health status, academic achievement, skills, etc.;  Raise the awareness of women in rural areas on their role in the agricultural development process;  Establish a Development Fund for women – to fund economic and social actions targeting women;  Provide micro-financing for women’s economic projects where they can market their agricultural, livestock, or handcrafts products – with support from local organizations and cooperatives;  Identify opportunities for local development (rural, urban) to guarantee equal geographic distribution of investments and financial resources for women;  Implement literacy and training programmes for women to raise the education status and job prospects;  Establish social programmes for women (e.g. community centres and shelters) and boost psychosocial support for women – to help women overcome trauma post-ISIL and to increase protection from violence against women (social or in the family). Women in Nineveh who have lost all their family face a situation to be homeless or live alone under difficult circumstances; free women shelters provide an alternative;  Extend public health service to women in all parts of the governorate, including primary care, reproductive care, prenatal care, etc. Organise health awareness and family planning campaigns;  Raise women’s and families' awareness of the risks of early marriage (divorce, abandonment, etc.);  Ensure strict application of legislation against domestic violence.

Youth

You are central to the process of restoring peaceful life and rebuilding in the province. The Department of Youth and Sports in Nineveh (under the Ministry of Sports) works (1) enhance the role of youth in the community, including through sports, and (2) enhance the development and prospects of youth – incl. through cultural, sports, arts, science and social activities. The Department oversees 2 scientific and 16 youth forums. The Scientific Division of the Department organises scientific competitions/activities, and internet/computer courses related to science and innovation culture among youth; it also prepares relevant scientific studies and research. The Monitoring Division contributes to the development of the annual plans of forums activities. The Sports Division is responsible for organising sports programmes, training, competitions and games. The Division of Culture and Arts is involved in supervising cultural and artistic activities for youth, organisation of exhibitions/plays, and increasing work with youth in the province. The Media and PR Division is tasked to promote youth and sports activities, initiatives and implemented projects in the province – among citizens, but also – importantly – to the Department of International Cooperation: with significance for investment development in the sector.

Non-economic means to enhance the prospects of youth in the governorate  Improve and extend the network of sports and scientific forum and cultural centres in the province  Promote youth skills development, including improve and extend the vocational training network  Promote healthy lifestyles among youth – incl. extend public healthcare and health risks information;  Raise youth awareness on education, drug prevention, child labour and early marriages.

Promoting inclusion and social cohesion will require appealing to the most excluded and vulnerable groups, including youths and IDPs. IDPs and youths all suffer disproportionately from a lack of access to basic services and jobs. Therefore it is critical to focus efforts on increasing the access to services for both host and IDP communities, as well as on social protection for vulnerable groups. Improving the provision of basic services and the rehabilitation of physical assets (esp. schools and housing) are vital in this regard.73

73 Cf. WB Group (03 Feb 2017), Iraq Systematic Country Diagnostic ( Report No. 112333-IQ): http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/542811487277729890/pdf/IRAQ-SCD-FINAL-cleared-02132017.pdf

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5. Community peace-building and reconciliation

The concepts of community peace building and reconciliation refer to the procedures and mechanism set in place to realise peaceful coexistence across the community spectrum and to prevent the renewal of conflicts in the future. The purpose is to build social stability – while helping to increase social cohesion and to ensure inclusive post-ISIL reconstruction – in order to support community peace in the long run. Measures may include:  Improving the basis for the relationship among and between political/governance actors and community actors – based on dialogue and tolerance; improve the available spaces and mechanisms for dialogue;  Increasing the level of representation of governance – e.g. broader involvement of non-state actors;  Promoting a culture of tolerance and respect for the rule of law, e.g. through trainings;  Improving justice procedures and the guarantees for transparent and non-biased justice process – including for victims and perpetrators of violence;  Ensuring reparation for/commemoration of victims;  Building skills in managing negotiations and dispute/conflict resolution, especially among youth; etc.

Reconciliation Terms and Conditions

1. Agreement on national constants 2. Promotion of collective interests – to minimise pursuit of revenge, exclusion, lack of trust 3. Ensuring an environment of transparency and rule of law 4. Investigation and disclosure of truth, and disclosure of grievances in order not to repeat violations 5. Focusing on victims’ rights, and giving priority to the return of refugees/IDPs to their areas and reparation 6. Establishment of the principle of non-impunity 7. Having an independent neutral party to evaluate reconciliation results (international or joint) 8. Adopting a comprehensive institutional framework for reconciliation 9. Ensuring that reconciliation does not serve tribal, political, or regional gains 10. Concerned parties could amend the draft of the project as far as it serves the interests of Nineveh’s community in a fair and equal manner.

Proposed deep and comprehensive reconciliation project

Civic and community peace is critical for overcoming the post-ISIL crisis, as well as to secure social cohesion and resilience in the event of any emergency that might challenge community peace in Nineveh in the future. Deep and comprehensive reconciliation project is required – one that (1) does not exclude any group, (2) builds on Nineveh’s diversity, (3) involves tribal leaders, as well as scientific, legal, cultural, and political elites, and (4) draws on competences rather than narrow interests. Therefore, this project needs to be launched simultaneously – and with a great momentum – in the social, media, legal and political contexts. 1. Social context: Establishing desire among the community to reach a new level of civic and community peace is the starting point of deep and comprehensive reconciliation. Historically, the tribal system in Nineveh has had the decisive say in preventing division and maintaining the social fabric. The role of tribes has been significant in disputes' resolution within/among groups; and traditional practices in conflict resolution (feast and dialogue) have helped promote moderation, the spirit of tolerance and good will. Therefore, drawing on community traditions of Nineveh, from all ethnicities and religions – as well as inviting tribal and community leaders to jointly develop reconciliation plans, through a positive dialogue – will be very important and helpful for the success of reconciliation process. Notably, according to the Iraqi Criminal Law, the penalty for the perpetrator is lightened in case of reconciliation, and visa versa. 2. Media context: In parallel with social involvement activities, across all media (audio-visual, press, electronic), a campaign should be launched in all languages, urging people to forgive, with focus on the importance of agreement and reconciliation between groups and factions. This needs to build on international successful practices in promoting the concept of reconciliation among divided communities. 3. Legal context: In Nineveh, the best legal experts have been engaged in drafting laws and regulations that are compatible with social reconciliation, including on reparation, rights restoration, return of refugees and IDPs, agreeing on blood money (Diyah) and financial compensation, forgiving, tolerance, and amnesty when possible. A Higher Committee needs to be established – whose participation represents all constituencies according to their share in the population – in order to: (1) document all tribal agreements; (2) based on this, develop aspects related to the implementation of reconciliation, e.g. the value of financial compensation and the conditions for amnesty for members of other constituencies; the

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fate of ISIL family members; the fate of illegal births that resulted from captivity by or marriage with ISIL member; the fate of property of dead ISIL members; etc. 4. Political context: Accord between political groups in necessary to complement the agreement between conflicting social groups (on reparations, etc.) and reconciliation between them. Politicians of different affiliations will need to agree to either amend previous accords in the spirit of tolerance and reconciliation, or to adopt new accords, based on deeper principles of social cohesion.

Female MPs initiative for community peace in Nineveh

“Community Peace Initiative in Nineveh” (CPIN) launched in March 2017 is an initiative of 9 Iraqi women Members of Parliament (MPs) of various political parties to form a common political agenda for peace-building – premised on (1) active engagement with citizen platforms and women groups, (2) gender-sensitive social reconstruction, community reconciliation and transitional justice measures; and (3) commitment to restoring community peace and preventing collective punishment. The initiative has received wide NGO support.

CPIN recognises that ISIL crimes have left deep impacts and rifts in local communities, which tear these communities apart and breed hatred and enmity among them. In effect, every affected person is entitled to compensation under the applicable Iraqi and International Law, and to support (from government or international organisation) for reintegration in the community. Significantly, women stand to play a major role in peace-building and reconciliation efforts – as issues related to women are multiple:  Female survivors from ISIL – including women who were kept captive; forced into marriage; tortured, lashed, stoned and mutilated; whose freedom was restricted in other ways (e.g. dress, mixing in public); who suffered health crisis due to neglect, shortages of chronic disease medicine, and lack of maternity/postnatal care;  Children (under 18y) – including babies of women from ISIL captivity, forced marriages, and marriages with non-Iraqis; kidnapped children; children recruited by ISIL who performed non-combat activities; children who are late in academic achievement; children who suffered health crisis due to malnutrition and lack of medicine;  Disintegrated families – including families whose members were all displaced; families who had/have some members displaced; entire families who were imprisoned by ISIL and forced to move and work by ISIL orders; families with members affiliated with ISIL; families with members subjected to house arrest; families who were threaten to be killed because they were recruited by ISIL. The initiative has developed a 10-point plan for community peace building, which has been endorsed and submitted to the Iraqi Council of Ministers for inclusion in the post-ISIL reconstruction and stabilisation planning and implementation. The plan envisions to: 1. Regard Nineveh Governorate with all its district a damage-stricken governorate; 2. Form a 13-member Social Committee (by the Prime Minister) that represents all Nineveh communities: (Arab/Arab tribes – 3, Turkoman – 2, Kurd – 2, Shabak – 2, Christian – 2, Assyrian – 2); 3. Ensure observer-status presence on the Committee of members of CPIN, local and international CSOs; 4. Provide logistical and functional support to the Committee by the Human Rights Commission in Nineveh; 5. Form sub-committees to facilitate the work of the Committee; 6. Complete the mandate of the Committee to:  Complete fact finding regarding cases and deal with malicious cases;  Seek reconciliation between all constituencies of Nineveh and eliminate conflict;  Suggest social remedies for problems due to ISIL crimes in Nineveh;  Monitor the work of the security forces and the management of prisons;  Recommend reparation measures;  Refer unsolved cases to the Iraqi Judicial System; 7. Refer war crime and crime against humanity cases for direct processing by the Iraqi courts – with no involvement of the Social Committee:  E.g.: ISIL leaders; infliction of murder/permanent disability; female/human abduction and trafficking; destruction/smuggling of cultural heritage (mosques, churches, statues, etc.); etc.;  In cases of malicious case claims, perform fact-finding by the Committee prior to presenting to courts; 8. Treat equally cases of crime in the context of ISIL and crime in result of post-ISIL revenge action; 9. Issue instructions (by the Prime Minister) to establish and support the Social Committee in line with its mandates to support community peace in Nineveh; 10. Prepare draft instructions for the above purpose by CPIN.

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Improving governance and restoring its legitimacy will be central to the success of all other efforts. Under Programme 1, this PRP proposes targeted measures to activate a coordinated peace-building and reconciliation process in Nineveh, including active role of the Governorate and broad involvement in the process – of tribal leaders, youth, women, etc.

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III. ECONOMIC PROFILE

1. Economic development

By 2011 data, among Iraq’s 18 governorates, Nineveh scores 16th on GNI per capita (2012 PPP$) – with USD 15 116; 15th on GDP per capita – with USD 4712; and 13th on Annual Household Income – with USD 16 103.74 In this context, the low unemployment rates pre-ISIL indicate a stagnating labour market, predominance of low- quality low-pay jobs, and failure of the public sector to provide employment opportunities – which drive low labour market participation rates. Nineveh’s slow and vulnerable economy transpires above all in its very high poverty levels: 35.8% of the population live in poverty (15th highest share in Iraq), and 23.2% of the population suffer from multidimensional poverty (almost twice the national average).

The main features of Nineveh’s economy are also the factors that reduce Nineveh’s economic resilience.  Overdependence on oil and hydrocarbons as a source of wealth;  Focus of both institutions and labour market entrants on the public sector/SOEs;  Weak private sector; and  Weak rural development.

Dependency of the economy on oil makes it very exposed and vulnerable to shocks. Post-2014, unemployment has reached an estimated 30% (45% in ISIL hotspots) due to military activity and human displacements, but also due to decline in oil prices.75 At the same time, the industry and tourism sectors do not make full use of available resources (see Chapters III.2 and III.5), while the agriculture sector has been in decline (see Chapter III.3).

The main employer of the population in Nineveh are state-owned enterprises (SOEs – see Table 12). Focus on SOEs reduces economic resilience, as discourages private sector development, entrepreneurship and diversification. SOEs rely on limited financial allocations from the central budget; economic planning capacity in the public sector is weak; and there is limited technological uptake, while most technology used is outdated. The private sector – dominated by small-scale enterprises (with few large and mid-scale enterprises) – is characterised by low skills intensity, high labour intensity, low productivity, low level of technology adoption, low competitiveness, and very low jobs creation. Inter alia, while it employs the majority of the working poor, the weakness of the private sector undermines poverty reduction efforts.

Historically, the state in Iraq has played a leading role in educating and employing young Iraqis; e.g. in 2012, the public sector provided 40% of all employment.76 But in the context of population boom and rapid urbanisation, reliance on public sector employment only drives low economic participation and high unemployment rates – with their social consequences. For youth in Nineveh (15-29y), there is less dependency on the public sector than on average in Iraq; this provides 28.7% of all youth employment (66.7% work in the private sector), compared to 45% national average. Nevertheless, youth job placement data show that in Nineveh, too, corruption and patronage, made possible by resource-based state industries, undermine the private sector as they discourage entrepreneurship. Young people are underrepresented in government jobs, while the weakness and stagnation of the private sector prevents it from being an engine of employment for youth.77

Additionally, socio-economic development in Nineveh is much weaker in rural areas. Weak planning for rural development has resulted in: (1) concentration of production and revenue generating resources in a few hubs only – above all, the urban area of Mosul and the oil fields; and (2) frequent absence of the simplest factors of daily life outside cities (e.g. water). In result, large spatial disparities in development levels, poverty (detailed in Chapter II.2) and in economic opportunities exist between and among nahias of Nineveh.

Pre-ISIL, Mosul was a prominent export centre for oil and agricultural, mineral and industrial products, offering considerable diversification of income sources. It had a thriving industrial sector – including both SOEs and private enterprises – particularly for cement, textile, clothing, flour and sugar production; food processing; and factories for wool and leather. Mosul qadha was also known for its pharmaceutical industries and its sulphur mining and processing in the south. Agriculture and tourism were further contributors to Mosul’s economy.

74 UNDP/UN-Habitat (22 Nov 2016), LADP: Strategic Urban Development Framework for Governorates in Iraq – Indicator Technical Brief. 75 MoP. 76 USAID (2012) cited in http://www.thearabweekly.com/Economy/8982/Iraq%E2%80%99s-chronic-mismatch-between-education%2C-employment. 77 Cf. WB Group (03 Feb 2017), Iraq Systematic Country Diagnostic.

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However, Mosul’s severe damage in the context of ISIL – including damage to structures, service infrastructure and facilities, and transportation infrastructure – has placed the economic well-being of residents at stake. All five bridges crossing the Tigris in Mosul as well as Mosul’s airport have been destroyed. Nearly all parts of the city have incurred damage; some districts in West Mosul are completely destroyed. As of 04 Aug 2017, UNITAR has identified a total of 19 888 affected structures in the city – of which 4773 destroyed and 8233 severely damaged; and as much as 317 sites of damage to roads and bridges. Taking into account damage to multiple floors of buildings (not seen via satellite), the UN estimates damaged buildings to be ca. 32 000.78 Industrial zones of the city, factories and infrastructures have been highly impacted. According UN-Habitat, among civil sites destroyed, in area, commercial and industrial sites are the second largest group (after public administration sites). (See Tables 10 and 11 – incl. maps – for detailed analysis of destruction in Mosul.) According to UNDP estimates of July 2017, only the restoration of the basic services in Mosul will cost more than one billion dollars.

Destruction in the context of ISIL has exacerbated as well as elucidated the extent of deterioration of rural areas:  Many areas have complete lack of key infrastructure (water, electricity, roads, education and healthcare); e.g. 90% of villages in Mahalabia and 100% of villages in Tal Abta receive no pumped water; there is almost no education and health service in Ba’aj and Rabia; existing irrigation project facilities are often outdated, and do not effectively offset water demand; etc.  Insufficient infrastructure – especially with regard to paved roads and water for domestic use and irrigation – makes socio-economic development highly contingent on weather conditions. Е.g. poor condition of roads/lack of paved roads hamper both economic and social activities; particularly after rainfall, life can virtually stop for many days.  At the same time, uneven service provision (i.e. such that leaves areas excluded) fuels social unrest;  Overall, diversification in income opportunities is very low (if any) in rural areas and therefore income security is low. E.g. Qaraj, Zummar, Qahtanya, and especially Telafar and Shamal, register both very high number of people in poverty and very high share of population in poverty. On the whole, the economic prospects for people in much of Nineveh's rural areas are low. This drives up social risks across Nineveh – e.g. poverty, adolescent pregnancies, etc. in rural areas, and growth of urban poverty pockets from rural migration to cities. It is also linked to the critical shortage of human resources in rural areas.

In this context, economic development of Nineveh province would mean: 1. Diversification and development of the agricultural, industrial (incl. oil) and commercial sectors – so that Nineveh may achieve: development and economic status commensurate with its resources; comprehensive economic development; and socio-economic well-being of citizens in the mid- and long term; 2. Rural development – better quality of social, economic and services conditions for people living in rural areas, ensured through fuller use and sustainable management of agricultural, industrial and human resources, improved service provision, improved physical infrastructure and investment projects. For both these purposes, it is essential to (1) strengthen the private sector and partnerships between the public and private sectors, and (2) boost investments.

Iraq’s current legislation on investment is overcomplicated and not implemented, which creates problems for investors. Corruption and the low availability of qualified and skilled human resources (especially outside cities) deter investors, too. Also, the banking system is not in a position to support the economy in an adequate way. As a further pressure, in the context of terrorist and military activity, the majority of production facilities have stopped work and staff have left their work places. Post-liberation, as people return, it is often not possible to resume production because of damage to facilities, disrupted infrastructure and services (e.g. lack of electricity or water), mined land in agriculture, and flight of skilled cadres.

Particularly in the post-ISIL context, the limited resources of the governorate require that larger input from the private sector and foreign investors be activated. While strong economic development would provide the means for social programmes and improved service delivery, (1) developing the private sector, (2) improving the competitiveness of enterprises, and (3) increasing investments in the economy of the province are of vital importance both for sustainable economic growth across sectors and for the planning and implementation of actions that target social and human development.

78 UNHCR, Iraq Situation: UNHCR Flash Update – 14 July 2017: https://reliefweb.int/report/iraq/iraq-situation-unhcr-flash-update-14-july-2017.

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Table 10 Scale of destruction of Mosul as of 04 Aug 2017, UNITAR–UNOSAT79 Table 11 Destroyed civil sites in Mosul by sector as of 16 June 2017, UN-Habitat80

Type of site – showing Area Sites severe damage & complete ha % n % East Mosul West Mosul Outside destruction only Mosul ISIL-related damage to the build environment in Mosul Sites (n) % of total Housing 243 17 3021 70 331 2364 145 Structural Destroyed 4773 24.0 % Road & bridge 102 7 732 17 221 484 27 damage Severely damaged 8233 41.4 % Commercial & industrial 345 23 334 8 92 200 22 Moderately damaged 6882 34.6 % Public administration 604 41 126 3 41 66 6 Affected structures total 19 888 100 % Public facilities 148 10 91 2 41 45 5 – Within the Old City 7620 38.3 % Recreation/amenities 17 1 17 0 10 5 2 – Greenhouses 115 – Religious 8 1 10 0 5 2 2 Total civil sites destroyed 1468 100 4331 100 741 (17.1 %) 3166 (73.1 %) 209 Damage to roads and bridges (n of locations) 317 –

79 Adapted from UNITAR (27 Nov 2017), Damage assessment of Mosul – based on 04 Aug 2017 satellite imagery: http://www.unitar.org/unosat/node/44/2738?utm_source=unosat-unitar&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=maps. 80 Adapted from UN-Habitat July 2017), Multi-sector damage assessment of Mosul – based on 16 June 2017 satellite imagery: http://unhabitatiraq.net/mosulportal/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/170616_Damage-Assessment.pdf.

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ISIL-related constraints to Nineveh’s economic development

 Collapse of transport infrastructure – Mosul in particular lost its bridges over the Tigris and its tributaries, while even pre-ISIL these bridges were not sufficient;  Destruction of economic infrastructure – loss of industrial facilities and production centres;  Destruction of capital of equipment of not less than 75%;  Losses in oil production;  Losses in cropland – damage and mining have resulted in many irrigation projects stopped and many fields not accessible. This adds on loss of agricultural land due to transformation of agricultural land into housing land, in the absence of effective government control;  Destruction of strategic SOEs e.g. Al-Mishraq Cement Factory, textile and pharmaceuticals factories, etc.;  Loss of most marketing centres, especially public and private storage facilities;  Burning and destruction of private and public sector archives of data regarding all types of projects;  Destruction of the sanitation system;  Destruction of the water and electricity network – which is the backbone of both industry and life;  Destruction in of infrastructure in the health and education sector – universities, public, and private hospitals – across urban and rural areas – with implications for human resource development;  Destruction of cultural heritage – with devastating effect on the tourism sector;  Flight of people/loss of human resources;  Destruction of housing that prevents the return of people to normal life and work.

Nineveh Governorate is in the process of creating a database and website for assessment of damaged infrastructure. This is a very important step to provide transparency and prioritisation of the required projects. Currently, a total of 646 projects in all sectors are in different phases of contracting and implementation (see the Annex). It is equally important to prioritise actions in the fields of community and economic development.

Pre-ISIL constraints to Nineveh’s economic development

 Economy dependent on oil as a main source of wealth  Management framework for economic activities – including weak role of the private sector  Legislative and banking environment  Unbalanced rural-urban development/weak rural development  Low competitiveness of public and private sector enterprises – linked to low income of workers in both.

Goals

 Revived economy through better environment for investment and soft measures  Reduced unemployment and poverty rates in the province  Strengthened and diversified foundations for sustainable economic growth across the province  Full use the resources and capacities in the governorate to support economic development  Increased role of the private sector  Developed human capital of the province  Rural development  Improved environmental protection and sustainable use of resources.

Means to achieve the goals

 Develop a new strategy for Nineveh’s economic development, given the severity of destruction under ISIL;  Establish diversified production in accordance with the available raw materials;  Activate industrial zones projects outside the centre of Mosul;  Activate the role of agricultural initiative in the province, and improve land/input availability and infrastructure for agriculture (including removal of war debris and mines, improved irrigation access/irrigation methods, veterinary centres network, number of silos/storage facilities, seeds, etc.);  Encourage and support the private sector, especially in the field of investment;  Support the rehabilitation of small businesses;  Foster conditions for diversification of income sources in the governorate;  Activate the role of the banking sector in the process of economic development in the province;  Improve the coordination between the public sector and the private sector; increase PPPs;

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 Increase the uptake of best practices, knowledge/research and modern technology across economic and service sectors;  Modernise viable SOEs;  Guarantee the rights of workers in the private sector (social security);  Address the low income of workers in the public and private sectors;  Limit the continued application of the open import policy;  Restore/rehabilitate and ensure maintenance for production facilities (industrial, oil, etc.);  Revitalise commercial transport;  With special relevance for rural development (but not only), ensure improved service provision and access, including:  Restore, rehabilitate and develop the road and bridge network in the province (especially the bridges on the main rivers and wadis); secure maintenance for arches and main/secondary roads; and extend the road network to villages;  Rehabilitate and extend water supply projects (drinking and irrigation water), and revive stopped water projects (especially in Tal Abta and Jazeera; ensure tanks to transport water as an alternative solution until projects are rehabilitated/completed;  Improve and extend solid waste collection and wastewater management;  Ensure energy sources: restore, rehabilitate and ensure maintenance for the pre-ISIL electricity infrastructure; provide the required equipment and training of staff; secure alternative energy sources; extend the electricity supply to all areas of the governorate;  Restore, rehabilitate and secure maintenance for the existing network of health centres, and extend this (especially in the west/southwest of the province);  Restore, rehabilitate and secure maintenance for the existing network of schools at all levels, and increase the number of schools; provide all necessary equipment and materials (furniture, lab equipment, educational tools; provide training for education staff; develop specific education plans for students to overcome the consequences of ISIL;  Improve human capital development – including in rural areas – through improved social service provision; educational/vocational and information programmes; social, health and physical services for people with disabilities, women providers, orphans and the elderly; targeted loans for small projects; etc.;  Ensure the return of displaced people to their original locations – including through support to housing reconstruction, livelihoods projects, financial/in-kind compensation, requalification programmes, etc.

Means to activate Nineveh’s economy of Nineveh post-ISIL – identified by the Nineveh Chamber of Industry

 Enforce security: set a solid mechanism for security, supported by the central government with the participation of the law enforcement and the citizens – given that security in the main factor to start reconstruction of Mosul and economic life in the governorate;  Compensate for losses: compensate as far and as fast as possible industrial, agricultural, commercial enterprises and households and citizens in Nineveh, with the participation and support of international community and public funds. The delay of such compensation will have a negative impact on all sectors of the economy;  Rehabilitate public service facilities – educational, health, etc.;  Restore public trust in banks – public and private – to help increase liquidity (banks were looted, savings lost, and people do not trust them);  Exempt citizens from fees for services and electricity for the period of the ISIL occupation (from the day the governorate fell under ISIL control, to the day it was liberated).

2. Industry

The industrial sector has a significant impact on economic development. In Iraq, it absorbs much of the labour force; it contributes significantly to per capita and national income; it provides required goods and products; and it also contributes to exports – the returns from which fuel socio-economic development in provinces.

Nineveh’s wealth in industrial raw materials (see Chapter I.2) premises a potential significant place in exports of sulphur and sulphur products; fertilisers; urea (using nitrogen from natural gas feedstock); gypsum and cement (construction materials altogether); ceramics; paint; leather and textiles; vegetable oils; pharmaceuticals; etc. However, Nineveh’s important hydrocarbon and mineral resources remain largely unexploited and resource industries are underinvested.

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Through SOEs, the Ministry of Oil manages activity in Nineveh’s oil and hydrocarbon sector; the Ministry of Industry and Minerals (MoIM) administers the activity of the hard rock minerals sector as well as light industry plants (textiles, furniture, sugar, etc.); the Ministry of Trade supervises strategic food production (flour). Relatively much smaller PPPs and private enterprises operate as well.

Table 12 Volume of industry in Nineveh, 2013–2014 (COSIT) Indicator Large industry (2014) Small industry Public Mixed (PPP) Private Total (2013) Industrial plants (number) 12 2 39 53 1926 Total wages and benefits (IQD million) 78 596 727 2064 81 387 17 037 Total production value (IQD million) 156 280 1834 29 206 187 321 211 153 Total value of supplies (IQD million) 89 784 1139 21 125 112 048 97 245 Value of sales (IQD million) – – – 154 876 –

Table 13 Main resource-based industries in Nineveh

Main type of enterprise in the sub-sector

Main enterprises PPP Sub-sector SOE

Private Sulphur Al-Mishraq (Mishraq Sulphur State Company) mines sulphur from the Mishraq sulphur deposit in  extraction and the area of Quyarra (45km south of Mosul). Its production capacity is 850 Mt/y. In 2013, the related company began renovating the Mishraq sulphur mine to increase its production capacity. As industries complementary activities, the company used to produce alum (hydrated potassium aluminium sulphate), bentonite, elemental sulphur (isolated from lime sulphur), sulphur fertiliser, and sulfuric acid. A thermal station in Al-Salahya (destroyed) was built to provide electricity to Al- Mishraq. Pre-ISIL, the company employed 1400 workers; all are now unemployed. Oil extraction Nineveh’s two main oil fields, Quyarra and Najma, produced up to 30 000 barrels of oil per day  and refineries before falling under ISIL control. Additionally, the Ein Zala oil wells have been used for oil extraction since 1930. The Qayarra site has also operated a small refinery to process local oil and barrels factory; the refinery produced lime for tiling purposes, oil derivatives, and asphalt. In Aug 2016, ISIL torched many of the area’s oil wells ahead of advancing liberation forces. Overall, oil facilities and fields have been damaged; and refineries used to refine oil for local consumption have been abandoned. The production from the fields can be restored to cover local needs and supply crude to the refineries and power plants in region. In the meantime, the 350 workers employed at Quyarra refinery are now unemployed. Cement . Badoush Cement Factory (production capacity of 600 Mt/d)  production . New Badoush Cement Factory (3000 Mt/d) . Expansion of Badoush Cement Factory (3200 Mt/d) . Hammam Al-Alil Cement Factory (750 Mt/d) . New Hammam Al-Alil Cement Factory (1500 Mt/d) . Sinjar Cement Factory: 6400 Mt/d. . Al-Kindy State Company has provided laboratories for evaluation and quality control in the sector. Its entire staff of 664 experts, engineers, analysts and chemical engineers will become unemployed, unless it is reconstructed (USD 5 million estimated cost). Pharmaceuticals . Medical Cotton State Factory  & medical . Nineveh Drugs Factories in Mosul used to produce pharmaceutical items such as tablets, supplies ointments, suppositories, syrups, inhalers, etc. Its ca. 2000 workers are now unemployed. Textiles and . Public Company for Textile Industry included scotch-textile, spinning, textile and finalisation  clothing sections, and a sewing factory. This huge project employed ca. 4000 workers; all are now unemployed as ISIL have destroyed the entire plant. . SOEs in the sector employed thousands of workers across Nineveh; most closed after 1991. Furniture . A PPP factory operated in the area of Al-hay Al-Gharbi has been destroyed;   . SOEs in the sector employed thousands of workers across Nineveh; most closed after 1991. Timber/ Some private carpentry workshops and factories have licence to operate from the Ministry of  carpentry Development. However, as with other industries in the governorate, this industry is underdeveloped due to the unstable economic and security situation Flour Owned by the private sector, supervised by the Grains Production Department of MoT, the sector  includes more than 30 factories – all working at half of their design capacity due to the lack of grains (wheat) supply by the state. A third of these factories have been completely destroyed by ISIL and military operations; damage to the rest can be repaired. Regular follow up by health and control bodies, as well as uninterrupted supply of grains, electricity and fuel need to be ensured. Sugar State Company for Sugar Manufacturing (Mosul) (3810 t/d) – needs rehabilitation/reconstruction.  Other Other industries also operate in the governorate, with limited capacity, for construction materials,    beverages, foodstuffs, metal, paper, plastic and different types of manufacturing.

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In Mosul qadha, the largest SOEs are: inside the city – pharmaceutical industry, medical equipment, sugar, yogurt, clothes and cotton textiles (2), pre-cast concrete elements, wood and furniture, and flour (2); outside the city – cement (6), brick and mosaic construction materials, pharmaceutical industries and medical equipment, electricity transformers, plus a number of smaller enterprises. Private industries in Mosul include a large number of industries for foodstuffs (349), leather products (19), furniture (33), drinks and juices (2), metal furniture and aluminium products (20), and several others.81

Additionally, two industrial zones operate on the right and left banks of Mosul, both rented by Municipality of Mosul. Both need rehabilitation, as most their workshops and factories have been destroyed.

Table 14 Private industrial enterprises in industrial zones Industrial activities in industrial zones Number of workshops/factories West Mosul East Mosul Blacksmith for doors and windows 251 238 Carpentry 134 116 Professions per Resolution 38 (rent of IQD 1500/m2): cars blacksmith (car body, car paint, 1277 1500 fitter mechanic, car wash, tires fixing, other vehicle mechanical works) Investment workshops rented according to development letter issued from Baghdad (central 470 815 approval): Flour, textiles, blocks, paper tissues, ice, crushed wheat/grains

Constraints to the development of Nineveh’s industrial sector

 Insufficient use of available resources;  Low productivity of public and private sector enterprises, related to:  Shortage of electricity/services  Outdated facilities  Poor maintenance, shortage of equipment and spare parts  Low uptake of modern technology  Outdated management methods;  Low competitiveness of goods and shortage of marketing opportunities;  Underinvestment in resource-based industries – linked to prioritisation of the hydrocarbons sector;  Management framework for economic activities that prioritises SOEs;  Weak planning for rural development;  Extensive industrial and service infrastructure damage under ISIL – est. 75% of all factories destroyed;  There is specifically concern regarding environmental and health hazards related to the destruction of sensitive industrial locations (such as oxygen fill stations, gas fillers, pharmaceutical plants, medical radioactive components, and Al-Mishraq).

Goals

 Create an industrial sector which makes full use of natural and human resources available across the province and which supports a development process that is territorially more balanced and sustainable;  Improve environmental protection and occupational safety in industrial processes;  Increase competitiveness of products, incl. though improved technology use, adoption of best practices, and improved productivity of enterprises;

Means to achieve the goals

 Rehabilitate enterprises with priority on the ones that absorb much labour;  Establish a new industrial zone close to Mosul to assist in developing the industrial sector and to decrease unemployment in the governorate (suggested location is the land plots of Jaber bin Hayan facility);  Conduct comprehensive and accurate evaluation of the reality of existing facilities and factories;  Exploit natural resources as raw material for the establishment of advanced industry;  Develop an integrated strategy for industry development, which takes into account the available natural, human and financial resources in the governorate and future expectations;  Support the rebuilding and rehabilitation of damaged/destroyed industrial facilities in the governorate;  Rehabilitate plants and modernise production processes to improve the productivity of viable SOEs and bring up their capacity;  Develop new and advanced industrial plants and facilities in the governorate;

81 MoP data for 2013.

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 Involve the private sector in the establishment and funding of small enterprises;  Ensure close coordination of the investment and industry sectors;  Increase the role of universities and research institutions in studying technical problems and developing appropriate solutions;  Restore and extend basic service provision – including energy sources;  Enforce occupational safety laws;  Improve product/producer and consumer protection.

3. Agriculture

The agriculture sector is of central importance in Nineveh; it provides employment and food for people; raw material supplies to other sectors; and it supports local industries development and exports.

Agriculture in Nineveh depends mainly on rainwater, with some irrigated projects. Lower levels of precipitation and the growing frequency of dust storms have put a strain on the agricultural sector. Poor management of the water resources has brought an increasing salinisation of soils, causing loss of much previously arable land. In the context of ISIL, damage to the irrigation infrastructure has been significant and presents a real problem for the restoration of the agriculture in the province. Post-ISIL, the agriculture sector further struggles with lack of funding, stopped irrigation projects, lack of electricity, shortage of/high costs of fuel, damaged/looted machinery and equipment, shortage of fertilisers, mined/inaccessible land, contamination of land from hazardous substances, and lack of human resources due to displacement.

Plant agriculture is a key productive sector in Nineveh. Nineveh is Iraq’s leading governorate in grains cultivation, and it has significant production of sugar cane, sunflower, vegetables, and medicinal and aromatic herbs. The production of plant crops, however, has been below potential.

Nineveh was once known as the “breadbasket” of Iraq. Before 2003, more than 5.25 million acres of land in Nineveh were cultivated with wheat and barley. According to the Ministry of Agriculture, ca. 30% of all agriculture equipment in Iraq is located in Nineveh, and the province used to produce 40-45% of Iraq’s annual wheat and barley production. Nineveh still produces about a quarter of Iraq’s yield of wheat and barley – despite significant reductions in plant cultivation. E.g. in 2016, the area planted with secondary crops was less than half this for 2013 (70 033 and 182 205 donums respectively). Reductions have been linked to (1) the effects of conflict, especially since 2013; (2) severe successive draughts, which impacted e.g. 47% of all croplands in 2009– 2010; and (3) loss of fertility due to soil salinisation and soil degradation, linked to poor/outdated irrigation practices and infrastructure.

Table 15 Land available for plant agriculture in Nineveh, 2013 Land area of Nineveh Donum % of total % of arable Total (37 323 km2) 14 929 200 100 – Arable Total 7 245 318 48.5 100 Dependent on rain (guaranteed, semi guaranteed and non-guaranteed rain) 6 854 924 45.9 94.6 Dependent on irrigation projects 390 394 2.6 5.4 Under conflict (in the context of ISIL) 2 634 968 17.7 36.4

Table 16 Main crops in Nineveh, 2014 (COSIT) Crops Crop variety Cultivated area Production category donum % of arable Tonnes Average land total kg/donum Main Total 5 848 199 80.7 (grains) (1) Wheat 2 693 543 37.2 1 349 390 501 (2) Barley 3 154 656 43.5 719 420 228 Secondary Winter: chickpeas, lentil, peas, beetroot, lettuce, radish, etc. 182 205 2.5 (seasonal Summer: tomatoes, cucumber, spring potatoes, eggplants, okra, (in 2013) vegetables) onions, garlic, pumpkin, Armenian cucumber, etc. E.g. potatoes 3576 0.05 10728 3000 Industrial Sunflower, yellow corn, sesame seeds, cotton, etc. – –

Plant agriculture has historically been a key contributor to the economy of Mosul. There are several grain silos in Mosul district, two of which are inside the city. Vegetables and fruits are also cultivated in the area for local and national consumption. In addition, Mosul city has a number of flour factories (private and state-owned) which

58 LADP in Iraq – Nineveh PRP are located within the city’s industrial areas but cater to the needs of Nineveh Governorate, and some food industries. However, across the governorate, a relative lack of industries that depend on surplus production hampers development of the agriculture sector.

Returns have been also low in animal husbandry. According to MoP, Nineveh’s rich livestock accounts for 25% of Iraq’s animal resources.82 Recent data on livestock show relatively low numbers, and the production of poultry is particularly low. Current numbers may be even lower, as in the context of ISIL farmers were ready to sell their animals at lower prices in order to escape military zones. The governorate has specifically an advantage in calves raising and fattening and in sheep reproduction. However, Nineveh’s wealth of quality livestock has been subject to marginalisation and lack of attention by the government. Much livestock has been smuggled outside the country, to be sold at high prices outside the country. The sub-sectors suffer from shortage of veterinary service, vaccinations, fodder, and overall lack of government effort to increase the capacities of livestock raisers.

Table 17 Livestock and poultry production in Nineveh Livestock Poultry Year/source Animal type Animal heads (n) Year/source Project type Number Capacity 2011 Sheep 3 350 719 2011 Chicken fields 349 5 829 030 chicken (Livestock Goat 113 784 (Livestock Table eggs projects 19 407 540 chicken Department Cows 87 408 Department Integrated projects 4 951 700 chicken data) Buffaloes 19 981 data) Hatchers projects 20 84 895 million eggs/year Horses 405 Chicken feed factories 31 310 tonnes/hour Camels 15 001 Chicken slaughterhouses 11 22 000 chicken/hour 2013 (COSIT) Chicken meat projects 109 4158 tonnes sold (value of 11 496 073 thousand IQD)

The capacity for development of fisheries is not fully utilised. Beekeeping is a traditional activity in some parts of the governorate; there is potential to increase its economic role through support for the establishment of apiaries, training/guidance, and provision of necessary beekeeping equipment.

Across sub-sectors,83 there are challenges related to imports. Data on the precise size of imports in the province is lacking – Institutions in Nineveh relevant for HR linked to the overall lack of integrated information in the development and R&D in agriculture: sector. The reality indicates that large volumes of imported 1. Faculty of Agriculture and Forests, Mosul agricultural products enter the local markets. The quality of University local products (fruits and vegetables) is acceptable and often 2. Faculty of Agriculture, Telafar University very good. However, processing, packaging, storage and 3. Faculty of Agriculture, Hamdaniya University marketing are sub-par, allowing foreign products a 4. Agricultural Technique College (Mosul) competitive edge in the market. Nineveh has modest storage 5. Technical Agricultural Institution (Mosul) capacity for agricultural products (esp. refrigerated 6. Agricultural preparatory school (Mosul) warehouses) that cannot support an increase in production or 7. Agricultural Research Department continued marketing of quality produce outside season. The 8. Agricultural Guidance Center / Agricultural low storage capacity leads to product damage and loss of Guidance Department (Mosul) revenue. Adding to this the lack of policy protection of local 9. Agricultural Research Center, Mosul products (incl. vegetables, fruit, meats, eggs and milk) from University dumping of products from other countries, even good-quality 10. Seeds Inspection Department local products compete with imports – which leads to lower 11. Relevant CSOs – incl. agricultural societies revenues, loss to farmers, and which discourages farmers (e.g. beekeepers society) and others from cultivating more time-consuming crops that are readily 12. Syndicate of Agricultural Engineers available from imports.

Constraints to developing Nineveh’s agriculture sector

 Focus on oil as only source of wealth  Weak rural development – including lack of vital services to many rural areas (water, etc.) – which drives migration to urban/other areas and conditions shortage of labour in agriculture  Water scarcity, desertification and soil degradation/salinisation in many plots of lands, due to water use in countries upstream, climate conditions, climate change and human activity (poor irrigation methods)

82 Republic of Iraq, MoP (2013), National Development Plan 2013-2017: http://bit.ly/2o0nVlO. 83 Exept for wheat/grains: the majority of domestic grains production is purchased by the Ministry of Trade for use in the Public Distribution System (for flour production, etc.).

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 Farmers turn to other jobs (from producers to consumers) – linked to low economic returns in the sector and difficult socio-economic conditions in rural areas  Loss of agricultural land to housing, due to weak government control  Lack of financial allocations by the central government to support the sector  Weak protection for farmers’ rights in the course of production (local production law not activated)  High fuel and transportation costs  Lack of complimentary activities, particularly marketing, and shortage of industries that utilise surplus production (food industries)  Lack of sufficient support to ensure the self-dependency of vegetable producers in all production phases  Spread of low quality seeds among farmers due to lack of control  Lack of refrigerated stores for surplus crops, which can be available in other seasons  Lack of protection of farmers’ produce from competition from imports  Lack of price control in vegetable markets – which also effects consumers who have to buy at high prices  Consumers prioritise imported agricultural goods – due to their lower prices and often better quality, better preservation/packing/marketing, and availability across seasons  Lack of comprehensive/integrated information on the sector to support planning/decision-making.

Goals

 Increased share of utilised land  Increased quality, productivity, efficiency and sustainability of production – as regards irrigation/resource management, use of technology, marketing, utilisation of produce in trade and industry, etc.  Increased contribution of the agriculture sector to Nineveh’s economy, including improved economic prospects in rural areas and quality jobs creation in the sector.

Means to achieve the goals

 Complete the Al-Jazeera irrigation project (both the Northern and Southern parts), and for its areas:  Reconsider the revenue rate for agricultural land plot owners;  Provide instructions on land use for agricultural purposes/for cultivation by serious farmers;  In cooperation with relevant scientific institutions, promote the use of irrigation methods and techniques appropriate to the nature and quantities of water resources in Nineveh and the adoption of best practices for their management;  With involvement of relevant scientific institutions, improve agricultural training and guidance – e.g. establish development centres for farmers in accordance with the specificities of areas of Nineveh;  Ensure commitment by relevant authorities to timely receipt of crops and immediate delivery of crops vale – to encourage development of the sector and improve the relations between farmers and funders;  Develop and expand poultry farms (for eggs/meat) and implement measures to protect these projects from competition from imported products;  Develop and expand calves raising and fattening, and sheep reproduction – including through expansion and development of veterinary centres, secured provision of vaccinations and fodder, and support to livestock raisers to increase their capacities;  Secure sufficient specialised staff for the sector – incl. veterinary service, poultry industry, beekeeping, etc.  Ensure the availability of agricultural inputs – seeds, vaccines, fuel, machinery, etc.;  Promote the use of high-quality seeds – including through adequate control;  Import modern agricultural equipment to be delivered to farmers through the agricultural bank; ensure follow up by staff of departments/banks through formal committees with non-fixed members;  Improve the availability of modern markets for agricultural produce – equipped with refrigerated warehouses, logistics facilities and quality control services;  Boost rural development – including ensure electricity, health and education service in all rural areas – to improve the economic stability of farmers, and social stability, security and food security in rural areas; and to stimulate agriculture-related commerce (i.e. diversification of the economy in rural areas);  Improve information regarding the sector – to support decision-making, planning and investments;  Encourage the role of the private sector and investments;  Activate the local production law as soon as possible to guarantee farmers’ rights.

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4. Trade

The trade sector is key to providing basic services and requirements (production and consumption goods) for citizens, within the framework of public, mixed and private entities. External trade includes imports and exports; internal trade includes economic integration at the country level. Thus, the development of the trade sector in Nineveh is important for long-term economic growth of the province; but it is also immediately important in order to (1) activate the local economies in Nineveh post ISIL, and to support alternative livelihoods for affected/returning families, and (2) to support rural development in the province.

Given its important geographical location close to Syria and Turkey, historically Mosul has been a prominent centre of trade. Pre-ISIL, it was an important export centre for oil and agricultural, mineral and industrial products. The Mosul Chamber of Commerce – financially and administratively independent body – was established in 1926; it is the second most important Chamber of Commerce in Iraq, after this in Baghdad. Its Board of Directors is elected from the commercial community in the province and represents it. Currently, the Mosul Chamber of Commerce has ca. 5000 members (traders) and it represents ca. 1000 registered companies. It is located in West Mosul.

The Chamber works to organise and develop commercial activity; sponsor and provide the best commercial services to its members; promote the public interest by helping increase economic growth and the competitiveness private enterprises; prepare trade-related studies; and spread commercial awareness, including through newsletters, events, conferences and workshops. Specific activities of the Chamber include:

 Maintain commercial registry and bookkeeping for traders and companies;  Determine the main professions and products relevant for commercial affairs in the area and appoint respective representatives;  Moderate in trade disputes, form arbitration committees, appoint respective experts/representatives;  Issue certificates of origin for Iraqi commodities; issue and approve other commercial documents;  Form committees (from member of the Chamber and others) to inspect funds, organise the required certificates, and appoint experts for courts/public departments as needed;  Collect, categorise and publish the prices of main commodities exchanged in the local market and currency prices, promote commercial awareness among traders, and raise their professional level;  Determine the financial solvency level of members and organise guarantees for members;  Study the trade status of the province and suggest remedies toward development within its competency.

Constraints to developing the commercial sector

 Security situation – which limits both trade and investment  Transport infrastructure damage in the context of ISIL  Insufficient road infrastructure pre-ISIL connecting settlements within the province (esp. in rural areas)  Insufficient storage facilities – particularly in agriculture, and often completely lacking in rural areas  Over-reliance on state support and use of outdated management methods  Mono economy that depends predominantly on oil production  Poor quality control, especially on imported goods, to support local production.

Goals

 Help diversify the economy of the province and household income opportunities in the province – to reduce poverty and improve the socio-economic inclusion of citizens and areas of Nineveh;  Support the capacity of Nineveh to meet its needs trough own production;  Strengthen the private sector and improve the competitiveness of its products.

Means to achieve the goals

 Open the border points (especially Traibeel) after securing the road situation and security situation;  Enforce custom fees on commodities at border points;  Reconsider the custom tariffs of commodities according to type;  Develop the quality control department to inspect the quality of imported goods;  Develop modern storage facilities, industrial areas and specialised markets in allocated land plots;  Establish a special commercial bank – to help enhance commercial movement;  Activate laws against financial crimes and commercial fraud;

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 Improve the coordination between the trade, industry, agriculture and investment sectors to overcome the challenges of the oil-dependent mono economy;  Improve the investment environment and improve the business climate for private sector development;  Establish a commercial free market;  Rehabilitate and re-operate Mosul airport;  Establish investment windows to provide information about trademarks, through electronic platforms;  Import and export commodities and goods through internationally adopted banks – by opening letters of credit in return of 10–20% of the goods value and 80% pay on receipt of the shipment document;  To avoid random commercial activities and importing/exporting of goods that do not meet conditions/quality standards, issue licence for import and export activities conditional on (1) ID with the Mosul Chamber of Commerce, and (2) registry of the trader/company with the Ministry of Commerce (Import and Export Department).

5. Tourism

Tourism in Nineveh stands to be a major growth sector. Specifically, the ancient sites of the province are world- renowned and have the ability to sustain large-scale tourism. Yet, pre-ISIL, the tourism sector was underdeveloped and in a state of neglect, due to decades instability and insecurity, while the ISIL occupation has resulted in significant damage to cultural assets and tourism infrastructure. A more developed tourism sector in Nineveh would play an important role in diversifying the economy of the province, both in cities and in rural areas – with direct benefits for the construction sector (hotels, infrastructure enhancements, etc.), as well as, above all, for jobs generation, especially in the private sector (e.g. tour guides, operators, travel agencies, hotel managers, etc.). The potential for increased private sector engagement in tourism is significant – especially outside the religious and archaeological categories.84

Tourism infrastructure

Pre-ISIL, hotels and other tourist infrastructure were disproportionately few compared to the wealth of sites and history presented in Nineveh – as were tourist services (information, cash points, etc.). In the context of ISIL, hotels, museums, restaurants, etc. were severely damaged or destroyed.

Table 18 Tourism indicators for Nineveh, 2013 (COSIT) Hotels and tourist Number Staff Guests Overnight stays Wages and benefits* Other expenses* Total revenue* complexes 33 551 66 457 404 835 2696 1458 4617 Restaurants, cafes Number total In urban areas (% of total) Investments total* Investor money value on average* and casinos 1669 85.1% 29 210 17.5 Money transfer and Number Money transferred/exchanged* Value from sale/purchase of foreign currencies* exchange facilities 33 14 160 1075.61 * million IQD

Natural sites

Still greatly underdeveloped, Nineveh holds enormous potential for nature/eco tourism, thanks to its diverse physical landscape. There is specifically potential for private investments in waterfront tourism projects and mountain resorts. Currently some tourism infrastructure exists on Mosul dam and lake, and there is one famous resort in Sinjar Mountain (Kursi). Even barren/desert areas have tourism potential: from hiking and camping, to interacting with local tribes (as done in e.g. Jordan and UAE). While Mosul has the potential to become a hub for meetings, conferences and events tourism, its proximity to Mosul Dam and Lake provide opportunity for combined and luxury business-waterfront tourism. The availability of Mosul International Airport is conducive in this regard.

84 Religious tourism makes ca. 90% of the sector, by 2011 data: AKnews (18 Oct 2011), “Tourism Minister Plans to Boost Eco-Tourism.”

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Archaeological sites

Nineveh Governorate includes many valuable Figure 19 Archaeological map of Nineveh85 ruins from various historical periods. Archaeological sites are found in almost nahias. Many of these sites have not been properly excavated or developed into tourist destinations – incl. due to the difficult political, economic and security conditions. The majority of excavation work was done in the 1960s; and neglect has been the overall state of sites since the 1990s.

Some of Nineveh’s most acclaimed archaeological sites are ancient Nineveh, Nimroud, Hatra, and Shaikhan. Hatra is one of all five UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Iraq. Mosul’s rich heritage it is world-renowned, including multiple ancient sites and historical, cultural and religious buildings.

Religious sites

Mosul alone has 486 registered ancient and Islamic sites and historical mosques, in addition to 32 old churches and 6 monasteries. The mosques and shrines of Mosul are of varied ages, the oldest being the Umayyad Mosque from 640 AD. Some of the historic Christian churches and monasteries date back to early Christianity. E.g. in Mosul, of high archaeological value is e.g. Shamoun Al-Safa (St. Peter) dating back to the 9th century, which includes Chaldean printing press and Patriarchal seminary; and in Bashiqa, Mar Mattai Monastery (4th c.) – one of the oldest existing Christian monasteries in the world – has an important library containing Syriac scriptures. Ancient churches are often hidden and their entrances in thick walls are not easy to find; some of them have suffered from poor upkeep. Important pilgrimage sites include also the holiest temple in the Yazidi faith (tomb of Sheikh Adi ibn Musafir) in Lalish (Shaikhan Qadha).

Destruction of heritage by ISIL

In three years, ISIL rampaged through numerous historic and archaeological and religious sites and sanctuaries, including plundering of artefacts to sell on the black market. Between June 2014 and Feb 2015 alone, ISIL plundered and destroyed at least 28 historical religious buildings in Nineveh; and stole and publicly burnt in squares in Mosul at least 1500 ancient and precious manuscripts.86

Table 19 Destruction of heritage in Nineveh by ISIL Location Sites (non-exhaustive list) * Mosul Ancient Nineveh: The two main mound-ruins within the walls of Nineveh – the Northern Palace (Kouyunjik) A and Tell Nabi Yunus – occupied by ISIL: some monuments bulldozed, considerable damage to others. Large parts of the Nineveh Wall destroyed/damaged. The Winged Bull of Nineveh lamassu (Nergal Gate) defaced. Mosul Remnants partially destroyed of Bash Tapia Castle – one of 7 castles built in the 12th c. within Mosul's city wall, A and one of the few surviving parts of Mosul's walls. Prior to ISIL: popular with tourists, suffering neglect. Mosul The Great Mosque of al-Nuri dating back to 1172 AD and the 52 m-high leaning Al Hadba Minaret – only M, extant part of the "Umayyad" Mosque dating back to 640 AD. A Mosul Mosque of Yunus Prophet Yunus (Jonah) destroyed – popular pilgrimage site and a symbol of unity to Jews, M, Christians, and Muslims across the Middle East; this rested atop of an Assyrian church believed to contain the A Tomb of Yunus; and atop of ancient Assyrian palace, dating to ca. 600 BC. All moveable items plundered; Assyrian reliefs, structures and carvings along the walls remain. Mosul Mashad Yahya Abul Kassem shrine, known for its conical dome, decorative brickwork and calligraphy engraved M, in Mosul blue marble (13th c.). A Mosul Prophet Jerjis shrine, Prophet Seth shrine, Prophet Daniel shrine M Mosul Hamou Qado mosque: an Ottoman-era mosque in Mosul's central square, dating back to 1881. M Mosul Destruction of artefacts of Mosul Museum – including Assyrian sculptures from Hatra. L,A

85 Adapted to current governorate borders from 1967 Suvey Map, Library of Congress: https://www.wdl.org/en/item/212/view/1/1/. 86 Iraqi Ministry of Tourism and Antiquities quoted in Khalid al-Taie (13 Feb 2015). "Iraq churches, mosques under ISIS attack”: http://mawtani.al- shorfa.com/en_GB/articles/iii/features/2015/02/13/feature-01.

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Mosul St. George's Monastery (Mar Gurguis) – 17th c., with remnants from 13–14th c. under the modern church C (1931) – important pilgrimage site. Mosul Remnants of St. Elijah's Monastery (Dair Mar Elia) -the oldest Christian monastery in Iraq, dating back to ca. C 595 AD, with additions from the 11th c., 17th c., and WWII. Mosul St Markourkas Church (10th c), Sa'a Qadima Church (19th c.) C Mosul Destroyed libraries. Destroyed or stolen books /manuscripts– some dating back to 5000 BC – from e.g. the L Central Library of Mosul (burned down); University of Mosul library; the Mosul Museum library; etc. Hamdaniya Mar Behnam Monastery – variably Syriac Catholic/Orthodox, dating back to the 4th c., with additions from the C 12-13th/18th c.; renovated 1980s; visited by thousands of Christians and Muslims yearly. Bashiqa All shrines of Yazidis destroyed. Y Nimroud Ancient Assyrian city of Nimroud pillaged and completely demolished with barrel bombs. Local palace A bulldozed, lamassu statues at the gates of the palace of Ashurnasirpal II smashed. Nineveh Shabak shrines destroyed, incl. e.g. mosque of Ahmed Edrees Arafat, shrine of Imam Abbass (Nimroud); Al M Plains Abass shrine (Tilkaif); etc. Hatra Destroyed sculptures/engravings of ancient Hatra, burnt buildings, looting. A Telafar Several archaeological sites looted and devastated - most prominently, the Assyrian Telafar Citadel A Sinjar A number of Yazidi shrines destroyed, incl. e.g. the Shrine in Jidala and Zajeda Zeinab shrine. Y Sinjar 44 Assyrian holy shrines and temples destroyed Y [*] M = Mosques/shrines; C = Churches/monasteries; Y = Yazidi/Assyrian/etc. shrines; A = Ancient/Medieval heritage; L = Libraries/collections/knowledge

Constraints to developing the tourism sector

 Historical/archaeological tourism:  Partial excavation  Poor maintenance of sites – esp. neglect after the invasion of Iraq in 2003  Insufficient protection from looting/vandalising – ancient Nineveh is especially vulnerable to the latter; looting – for smuggling and trade of Iraqi antiquities, collectibles and valuables  Extent of destruction by ISIL  Encroaching urban sprawl – esp. ancient Nineveh. In 2010, Global Heritage Fund listed the ruins among its Top 12 endangered sites globally;  Religious tourism:  Extent of destruction by ISIL;  Nature tourism and business tourism:  Predominant focus on religious tourism;  All:  Continuing political instability and insecurity  Displacement, including of qualified staff  Insufficient/damaged road infrastructure  Destroyed airport  Insufficient/damaged tourism infrastructure and tourist/recreational services  Insufficient funding – related to reliance on state funding  Limited involvement of the private sector  Limited investment – linked to cumbersome/unclear investment regulations, and low information and little/ineffective promotion regarding investment opportunities in the sector  Little diversification of effort within the sector (by sub-sector and geographically); the focus has been primarily on historical tourism in Mosul.

Goals

 A developed tourism sector in Nineveh capitalises fully on the wealth of cultural, historical and nature assets of the governorate, while it contributes to a diversified and resilient economic growth, jobs generation and private sector development, as well as to social inclusion and tolerance in Nineveh;  Restored site-symbols of identity (archaeological, historical, religious) contribute to rebuilding of the social fabric in Nineveh post-ISIL.

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Measures to achieve the goals

 Restore road infrastructure and basic services;  Support the private sector in the process of rehabilitation of physical assets (hotels, etc.);  Map and prioritise needs related to restoration/rehabilitation of sites/collections that were damage/destroyed in the context of ISIL, and provide support in this regard;  Step up the maintenance, safekeeping and preservation of historical/archaeological sites;  Investigate needs in this regard, and provide support to the rehabilitation of damaged/destroyed religious sites of touristic significance;  Support Mosul University and Mosul Museum in developing programmes that boost academic tourism (conferences, international workshops, international archaeological expedition, etc.) – which would also contribute to the study and development of historical/archaeological assets of the governorate;  Work with Chambers and businesses to identify opportunities and needs related to development of business/events tourism;  Cooperate with vocational schools and HEIs to improve HR capacity in the sector;  Increase awareness of tourism as a legitimate and valuable career path and development/economic activity  Develop and implement an investment programme for development of the sector, including e.g. PPPs, new tourism services, new tourism infrastructure, integrated tourist facilities around ancient sites, skills development in promotion of tourism and investments in tourism in the province, etc.

6. Investment

Nineveh province enjoys key requirements to be attractive to investors: varied landscapes, arable land, water resources, oil, and huge mineral reserves, ample labour, and unique historical sites. Optimal use of these resources is bound to have a dramatic effect on available capital, jobs creation and socio-economic development. Pursuant to Investment Law No. 13 of 2006 (amended), the Nineveh Investment Commission plays a key role in investment planning in Nineveh, and it is uniquely placed to coordinate across sector development plans and between public, private and CSO entities (e.g. Chambers) toward optimising the impact of investments.

Table 20 SWOT analysis of the investment sector in Nineveh Strengths Weaknesses . Facilitations and advantages provided by the . Not activating the Investment Law and its amendments by Iraqi Investment Law, incl. first and second government sectors amendments . Lack of response by government entities that own land plots . Independence of the work of the Nineveh suitable for investment

Investment Commission . Narrow vision in some government sectors as plans for . Support by the executive and legislative sides development are prepared; neglecting the role of investment in of the provincial government activating such plans

Internal . Strategic planning for development of the . Article 34 of the Investment Law not activated (which states that governorate coordinated with the Nineveh any text which contradicts with the provisions of this law shall not Investment Commission for all sectors be adopted) – resulting in overlaps when implementing articles of . Availability of land plots suitable for the Investment Law with valid laws in government sectors investment in the governorate for all sectors . Decline of human capital since 2003, and especially since 2013 . Insufficient/disrupted basic services and infrastructure Opportunities Threats . Unique geographic location of Nineveh . Security situation (real, perceived) . Multiple natural resources available in all . Security violations that hinder investment activities

qadhas of the governorate . Reluctance of foreign investors . Availability of land suitable for agriculture . Weak financial strength of investors

External . Multiple water resources . Opportunities provided by foreign investment in Mosul – in terms of knowledge/technology transfer, jobs opportunities, etc.

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Goals

 Increased investments in all sectors support the optimal use of available resources of the governorate; support the introduction of modern technology and the increased competitiveness of enterprises in the province; stimulate jobs creation and help eliminate poverty and unemployment; and attract migrant and highly-skilled human capital to return;  Increased role of the private sector in the economic development of Nineveh across sectors.

Means to achieve the goals

 Support the Investment Commission in the governorate, activate the Investment Law and encourage capital investments in all sectors;  Provide the Investment Commission with the strategic plan for each sector, which defines the projects required for implementation through investment;  Complete feasibility studies for all investment opportunities offered to identify successful investments;  Develop an investment map for Nineveh;  Conduct educational seminars about investment for members of public and private sectors, in all qadhas;  Improve coordination between the public and private sectors – toward development of PPPs, complementarity of projects, and securing the service support base for new projects;  Rehabilitate the formal location of the Investment Commission – to help boost investors' confidence;  Improve and simplify the investment licencing procedures – to reduce the administrative burden, and thereby improve the investment environment;  Ensure the availability of transportation and other facilitation;  Introduce modern and innovative marketing methods to promote investment opportunities;  Improve human resources in the province – particularly through vocational training, to increase project management capacities and to stimulate entrepreneurship.

Efforts should be aimed at improving the investment environment with attention to foreign investment, PPPs, micro businesses and the skills of the workforce. The public sector in Nineveh is not capable of absorbing the available and growing workforce; skills intensity and quality jobs creation are limited in the private sector while it remains dominated by SMEs. The limited economic opportunities for youth and women are a cause for serious concern and training courses and support for micro businesses are needed in this regard.

Suggested investment projects, e.g.:

 Construction of internal transportation line (e.g. subway) connecting the left and right sides of Mosul – to increase access to jobs, mitigate unemployment, mitigate environmental pollution and traffic jams;  Construction of factories for vegetable oil, such that yield quality similar to foreign imported oils in quality – to absorb workforce and mitigate unemployment;  Alternative energy projects for solar energy – to capitalise on the climate of the province;  Rehabilitation of the railway (built in 1940 – part of Berlin-Baghdad line) – to help open up commercial exchange – with involvement of the private sector;  Establishment of modern textile/clothing factories – to absorb the female workforce and develop skills among women.

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IV. PUBLIC SERVICE DELIVERY

In addition to losses from reduces economic base and activity, the governorate has seen the Iraqi Government’s budget allocation considerably reduced and even cancelled during the 2014 and 2015 fiscal years. All this has borne on the capacity of Nineveh’s authorities to ensure adequate public service delivery – all the more needed in the post-ISIL context. At the same time, according to Mosul’s governor, USD 50 billion will be needed to rebuild the city over the course of five years. As the Iraqi government struggles with an economic crisis, the governorate needs largely to rely on support from international donors.

Destruction of the buildings and assets of public institutions and administrations is a further impediment to resuming effective service provision. E.g. it is estimated that 50-75% of public buildings were destroyed in Mosul, including public departments, municipal institutions, university facilities, etc.

1. Housing

Nineveh suffers from a chronic shortage of housing. According to MoRH, in mid-2014, the governorate had a shortage of ca. 153 000 housing units – including 46 000 units in Mosul city alone. As of mid-2016, the housing shortage has reached 172 000 units, including 53 000 units in Mosul. The housing shortage is due to (1) limited public provision of housing; (2) scarcity of land allocated for housing projects; (3) failure in updating the main and long-outdated Plan of Mosul (prepared in 1973). Unequal access to housing is evident too: some communities have gained more from allocation of public-provided housing and land allocation for housing by the government, as politics, corruption and nepotism have played a huge role in defining beneficiaries. In this context, informal housing construction has proliferated – particularly informal growth and random settlements in Mosul since 2003.

Government provision of housing

According to estimations, government-provided housing has only fulfilled ca. 15% of the housing needs.

 MoRH built three housing complexes in Mosul (Yarmouk, Al-Arabi and Karama) in 1982-1986; a fourth one (Al-Hadba) planned for construction in the same period was only completed after 2003 – delayed due to administrative and financial obstacles.  In the context of sanctions following the war with Kuwait (1990), investment in the public housing plummeted, as the government focused on provision of food and basic needs. Housing access was only possible through the private sector.  More recently, in an effort to fulfil the housing needs and eliminate poverty, MoMD in cooperation with the local government of Mosul, implemented a project (close to Tal Al-Rumman neighbourhood) to distribute 2000 housing units for IDPs and residents living under the poverty line. By the invasion of ISIL, only 550 units had been completed and allocated. These have been abandoned by their residents due to the shortage of services and infrastructure.

Land allocation for housing

Scarcity of land allocation for housing, particularly in Mosul, is linked to Decree 117 (of 2000), which provides for the allocation of housing land for members of the Iraqi army and police officers. The implementation of this Decree has exhausted the housing land inside the city as most officers and soldiers (more than 35 000) in Nineveh come from Mosul. The Construction and Planning Directorate in Nineveh has had to allocate extra housing land lots within areas of future expansion on account of other uses. E.g. In 2001-2003, housing land lots were distributed to families of martyrs, doctors, municipalities and public employees with 5 years of service in public institutions.

Since 1994, municipal departments have been responsible for developing areas allocated for housing. Due to legal obstacles, unclear bureaucratic division of responsibilities, and insufficient revenues, municipalities have not been successful in implementing the infrastructure for housing areas within areas of future expansion, and the housing areas generally lack basic infrastructure. E.g. in Al-Salam neighbourhood in East Mosul city many housing land lots were distributed, but the beneficiaries were not able to build them due to the shortage of services.

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Figure 20 Urban expansion of Mosul since the 1950s (UN-Habitat)

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Figure 21 Informal settlements in Mosul (UN-Habitat) Table 21 Informal housing data for Nineveh for 2013 (COSIT) Informal settlements (n) 272 Illegal houses in slums areas (n) 27 686 Population in illegal houses (slums 202 108 areas)

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Acknowledging the scarcity of urban land for housing in Iraq, the government issued Decree 300 (of 26 Feb 2013) to release the land plots owned by the state in the centres of cities (with some exceptions). The development of these areas is contingent on updating the city Plans. In parallel, the government has encouraged vertical construction. Additionally, in June 2013, the government decided to divide the land plots owned by the state and governorates into lots of 150 m2 – to be distributed to the poor to build their own housing. However, such distribution has not taken place in Mosul.

Informal housing

Mosul has grown noticeably after 2003. However, as regards the status of housing, most of this growth was illegal. Informal settlements have formed specifically in:  West Mosul: Tal Al-Rumman, Al-Mamoun, Al-Mashrafa, Wad AL-Ein and Harmat neighbourhoods;  East Mosul: Rashidya, Bisan, Kahera, Al-Tahreer, Arbishia, Adan, Al-Karama and Intisar neighbourhoods.

Illegal expansion post 2003 has been driven by:  Increased demand on housing and lack of vacant land plots available for housing  High prices of housing land for people with limited or low income  Failure of the Iraqi government to fulfil its commitment to provide public housing within reasonable prices  Delay in updating the main design of the city set in 1973  Weak governance and control after 2003, resulting in multiples violations of state-owned land.

Pre-2003, strict prohibition against random settlements was enforced. However, after 2003 – in the context of weakened governance, increasing insecurity, political pressures, and inability of municipalities to implement Decree no. 154 (2001) – random settlements became a good solution for the housing problem, as well as a profitable trade. The Urban Planning Directorate has registered 32 000 violation cases in 2003-2013.

Public services cannot be delivered to random settlements. Nevertheless, with regard to services and infrastructure, some of these settlements are in a better situation compared to formal neighbourhoods. In many cases, inhabitants were able to deliver water and electricity from close-by formal neighbourhoods, which has been adding pressure on the existing public facilities, networks and services.

Notably, the settlement pattern in some of the informal settlement areas has adhered to formal standards – in hope that people would be able to formalize their housing in the future – i.e. in Adan, Al-Karama, Al-Bohaira, Al- Tahreer, Tal Al-Ruman, Al-Ma’amon, Al-Mosharefa and Harmat neighbourhoods.

Situation post-ISIL

As of 16 June 2017, UN-Habitat reports a total of 3021 housing sites destroyed. The number only includes severely damaged buildings, and it does not account for multiple storeys and multiple housing units within buildings. The large majority —are in West Mosul, where entire blocks have been levelled by airstrikes and bombardment. After mid-2014, much of the population of Mosul left their houses, which were occupied by families of ISIL members. Housing buildings more moderately affected by warfare or use by ISIL families are in need of repair. Ones unaffected by much physical destruction In the course of the conflict are generally in poor condition as well – due to long-term lack of maintenance. In light of the current circumstances, most of those who stayed or return to their houses are not able to repair them, due to lack of means and the stopped work of construction companies.

The issue of compensating those who have lost their houses is particularly complex, due to the highly politicised nature of the conflict and the inability of the Iraqi Government to pay cash compensations to affected households. Property restitution will also be very challenging given that property frauds have most likely taken place at a large scale. The fact that some of the original title deeds in the city’s Land Registry Department have been stolen/destroyed renders the process of property restitution a rather thorny and lengthy one. The uncertainty of finding copies of court decisions in the Central Land Registry Office in Baghdad further complicates the problem. Questions related to property rights are, therefore, a valid concern. The same applies to earlier displacements, the consequences of which have not been fully resolved yet.

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The severe damage to Mosul’s physical infrastructure brings to the fore the questions of city planning and institutional recovery. The physical problems of Mosul city predate ISIL. Like most Iraqi cities, it suffers from housing shortages, poor infrastructure and public services, and numerous environmental issues. The inability of the post-2003 governments to meet people’s daily needs is cause for concern, as it contributes to the general sense of distrust that city residents feel towards the Iraqi Government and state institutions. Thus:  The physical reconstruction of the city will not be possible without strong public sector institutions that lead and oversee the process in a transparent way, and ensuring that benefits are distributed among society members in an equitable way;  Planning for immediate needs, albeit crucial, will not be enough to bring about tangible and sustainable difference in people’s lives. Instead, a strategic urban vision is needed that provides long-term direction for city reconstruction and development.

2. Transport network

The transport sector is vital: it impacts all aspects of social life and economic activity in the province – particularly in view of Nineveh’s large area, population clustering patterns, and its strategic location for trade. The extensive needs for communication and connectivity require giving high priority to the sector.

The transport network of Nineveh includes airway, railway, municipal roads and streets, and primary and secondary roads that provide connectivity within the province as well as with Iraq and neighbouring countries. Roads systems in Nineveh include a number of bridges.

In the context of ISIL, the entire transport infrastructure of the province has suffered severe damage – particularly roads and bridges. ISIL targeted most of the strategic bridges and main roads, causing destruction, chaos and major congestions. In the security situation, also, the load of road traffic intensified by far, causing deterioration. Damage has been particularly paralysing for Mosul, where all five bridges connecting the city were destroyed, and more than 100km of roads have been damaged at numerous sites.

In the context of financial shortage and security controls on roads, the reconstruction process has been slow, and there is much need for support from the international community.

Airway

Pre-ISIL, Mosul International Airport on the right bank of Mosul (affiliated to the Ministry of Transport and Communications) provided long-distance domestic and international connectivity of the province. Initially operating as a military airport, in 1990 it was fitted with a new runway and terminal and turned into a civil airport for domestic flights. Following subsequent renovations to meet international standards, in Dec 2007 it reopened as an international airport. It was operated under the Ministry of Transport and Communication.

In 2013, the Nineveh provincial government allocated funds and signed an agreement with a French engineering consulting company (ADPI) to prepare a feasibility study for a new international airport in the area of Al-Sahagi, 35km southwest of Mosul. The proposal for this was developed and approved by the International Civil Aviation Organization as far back as the 1980s.

In the context of ISIL, Mosul Airport has been completely destroyed, including runway, control tower, equipment and navigation devices; and the Al-Sahagi project has been stopped.

Rail

Railway connects Mosul with Baghdad, Syria and Turkey. The Mosul railway station was originally built in the late 1930s. Suspended for some time, after years of neglect, the train service was resumed in Feb 2010, only to be interrupted again by the ISIL invasion. Most of the railway lines in Nineveh (affiliated to the Ministry of Transport and Communications) have sustained damage in the context of ISIL and are out of service.

Primary/secondary roads and bridges

Pre-ISIL, Mosul city was very well connected by road with surrounding qadhas and nahias, as well as with Baghdad, the KRI, Syria and Turkey. The paved road network was insufficient in rural areas. Most paved roads in the governorate were of good condition albeit in need of maintenance. There have been cases of vandalism, where people dig through the roads to put pipes etc. causing damage and threat to road safety.

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Figure 22 Status of the road and bridge infrastructure of Mosul as of 16 July 2017 (UN-Habitat)87 Table 22 Status of primary and secondary roads in Mosul as of 16 July 2017 (UN-Habitat) Roads East West Mosul Mosul Mosul total Primary (km) 209.6 112.6 322.2 – Damage (%) 6 16 10 Secondary (km) 1529.5 897.7 2427.3 – Damage (%) 1 9 4 Primary + secondary (km) 1739.2 1010.3 2749.5 – Damage (km) 33 99.7 132.7 – Damage (%) 2 10 5

87 Adapted from UN-Habitat (16 July 2017), Road Infrastructure Assessment: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/170711_Infrastructure%20Dashboard.pdf.

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In the context of ISIL, across Nineveh, most roads and arches have sustained damage and are out of service. In Mosul alone, over 100 km of road length have been damaged. As of 04 Aug 2017, UNITAR has identified as much as 317 sites of damage to roads and bridges in Mosul (see Chapter III.1, Table 11). According to UN-Habitat assessment of July 2017, the road infrastructure of Mosul is particularly damaged around Mosul Al-Jadeeda and Al-Rabee. In Al-Rabee over 40km of road infrastructure has been damaged (see Figure 22 and Table 22 above).

On the Tigris, five bridges in Mosul provided connectivity between its east and west parts across, namely (NS): Al Shohada Bridge (aka. "Third Bridge"); Fifth Bridge; Old Bridge (aka. "Iron Bridge" or "First Bridge"); Al Huriya Bridge (aka. "Liberty Bridge” or "Second Bridge"); and Fourth Bridge. Al-Qayarra Bridge on the Tigris connected Quyarra with Makhmoor and Arbil. All six bridges have been destroyed in the context of ISIL. On Khosr River, four bridges provided connectivity in Nineveh Plains: Al-Sikr Bridge (destroyed), Al-Jamila Bridge, Al-Muthanna Bridge and Al-Suways Bridge (all three damaged).

Estimated funding needs to for rehabilitation and reconstruction of the road network in the province, including all bridges: IQD 300 billion.

Streets in urban areas

Responsibility for the maintenance of streets in urban neighbourhoods rests with the Nineveh Directorate of Municipalities and the 30 municipal institutions. Post-ISIL, damage to the asphalt cover, visible craters from explosives, and large amounts of rubble in the street network of cities are sadly a usual sight. These factors affect inter alia disrupt public transport – making mobility in cities all the more difficult for the poorer among the population. E.g. pre-ISIL, Mosul had an extensive bus network, operated by the private sector, which is now inactive. They also affect the decision of IDPs to return to their original areas, as they present a threat to safety in daily lives.

Inputs for road reconstruction

These are far from sufficient. Concrete and gravel factories have been looted and destroyed; all need rehabilitation. The Nineveh Directorate of Municipalities owns two asphalt factories (in Hamdaniya and Telafar) – both destroyed in the context of ISIL. Heavy machinery necessary for the maintenance of roads and bridges has been stolen or destroyed.

There is urgent need to restore connectivity within the province to facilitate the return and successful reintegration of IDPs, to facilitate the provision of much needed services and support to IDPs and host populations, to resume economic activities, and to allow livelihoods opportunities to develop. A pre-existing problem, exacerbated in the context of ISIL, is the lack of sufficient roads in many rural areas, which prevents the socio-economic development of rural areas.

Constraints to development of the transport network service

 Violation by citizens who dig irrigation pipelines – especially in remote areas/at night  Destructions of road/bridge and supporting network due to the occupation by ISIL  Damage to streets in cities and war remnants blocking streets  Lack of machinery for repairs  Lack of financial resources

Goals: Above all, accelerated rehabilitation and development of the street, road and bridge network.

Means to achieve the goals

 Prioritise road/bridge rehabilitation and reconstruction work and implement this;  Provide high technical cadres to supervise the progress of work within defined programmes;  Provide subsidies and support to companies to promote development of the road and bridge sector;  Prepare and operate four asphalt factories to support municipal roads maintenance;  Provide pavement of the main roads and sub-routes within housing areas in municipalities;  Reconstruct the two destroyed asphalt factories of the Directorate of Municipalities and build more such facilities in locations suggested by the government and according to needs.

See Annex A.2 for recent and active projects in roads and bridges sector, and Annex A.1 for relevant projects in municipalities.

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3. Electricity service

Hydroelectric power generation at Mosul Dam on the Tigris is the main source of electricity in Nineveh and Mosul. The main power station at Mosul Dam (Mosul 1) has installed generation capacity of 750 MW. A pumped-storage hydroelectricity power plant (Mosul 3, 240 MW installed capacity) and a ROR plant downstream from the dam (Mosul 2, 62 MW installed capacity) also belong to the Mosul Dam scheme. The entire Mosul multi-purpose project has installed capacity of 1052 MW.

Mosul Dam was completed in 1984, and power generation started in 1986. Concerns over the stability of the dam have been persistent since its construction started in 1981. The 113m-tall, 3.4km-long facility rest on a on a foundation of soluble gypsum. To speed up construction, engineers’ recommendations were dismissed for thorough grouting within the foundation before building the superstructure. Thus, erosion of the foundation is a standing threat. Distress in the dam structure was made apparent after ISIL briefly took hold of the dam in Aug 2014. Inspections for damage by experts revealed that it was in dire condition and it could unleash a trillion- gallon wave of water on 1.5 million people downstream. For safety reasons, in Oct 2015, the water flow out of the dam was reduced and the power station was shut down; it was reoperated at reduced capacity in Jan 2016. Repairs on the dam were started in Oct 2016 and completed in May 2017, including improved water- containment system to relieve the strain on the Dam. To ensure electricity supply from the Mosul Dam power complex, constant maintenance of the dam will be necessary.88

Further power plants include:  Mansour gas-fuelled power plant (West Mosul) with installed generation capacity of 22 MW. It operation was stopped in the context of ISIL due to lack of gas which used to come from the Baiji refinery; it has sustained appr. 50% damage, including external structure and cooling units;  Sharquiya power plant (East Mosul) with generation capacity of 12 MW, which operates on fuel brought in by tankers; its operation was stopped in the context of ISIL due to lack of fuel;  Nineveh gas-powered power plant (Quyarra) with installed generation capacity of 750 MW – not operational due shortage of gas supply from Kalk refinery, missing pipes and burning tanks in the treatment unit.

With regard to electricity distribution capacities in the province:  21 transmission substations exist – 19 x 132 kV and 2 x 400/132/11 kV; three substations have been destroyed; five substations are not yet released;  The prerequisite for electrical power is 1200 MW; the need for electric power after a booster is 750 MW;  Voltage in the network is overall low; power loss in the network is high.

Post-ISIL:  Power shortage in the province is severe;  The power station in the Mosul Dam complex is the only source of energy that is still serves the city, at limited capacity. Neighbourhoods in Mosul receive electricity for a few hours a day, according to a rotating schedule;  Substations and transmission lines in the province have been massively damaged;  Until power production is resumed in full and the power lines are repaired, host populations and returnees depend on private standby generators for backup power that are widespread and were already used pre-ISIL to support the power needs of neighbourhoods.

Estimated funding needs to restore the electricity sector to its former status: USD 400-600 million. Estimated funding needs to restore electricity transmission services (stations and lines): USD 420 million (short term – USD 70 million; medium term – USD 150 million; long-term – USD 200 million).

Projects under implementation by international organizations (UNDP): (1) Transmission substation with MVA 45 short-circuit capacity for Sinjar city; and (2) Two transmission lines (132 kV) to Sinjar city from the substation.

88 Carlo Crippa, the repairs Project Manager, quoted in Voice of America (05 May 2017), “Mosul Dam No Longer on Brink of Catastrophe”: https://www.voanews.com/a/mosul-dam-no-longer-brink-catastrophe/3839850.html.

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Table 23 SWOT analysis of the electricity sector in Nineveh Strengths Weaknesses . Availability of local expertise in all areas required . Administrative and financial corruption . Availability of cadres engineering and technical . Negative attitude to new investments trained and efficient to carry out the work of . Lack of clear legislation related to investments in the sector rehabilitation and operation and maintenance of . Low energy efficiency and high percentage of loss in networks high-pressure electric networks . Low diversification of energy sources

. Availability of untapped oil and gas reserves . Frequent bottlenecks in networks and shortage/lack of . Officials prioritise the sector, given the severe secondary transmission stations – linked to increasing loads shortage of energy in the province and number of consumers

Internal . Economically profitable sector . Violations of the transmission lines by citizens, which affects . Commitment among authorities to reduce negatively the maintenance or rehabilitation of these lines corruption . Large-scale destruction under ISIL . Training available for engineering/technical cadres . Lack of financial allocations necessary to carry out . Adoption of modern management systems, total maintenance and rehabilitation of damaged stations quality management and institutional . Lack/shortage of specialised mechanisation to secure required development maintenance and rehabilitation Opportunities Threats . Construction of new secondary stations to resolve . Weak investment problems with bottlenecks in networks and future . Lack of technical standards for imported electrical devices increased loads . Weak enforcement of laws regarding the acquisition of . Cooperation with media and CSOs to promote secondary stations

rationalised electricity consumption among . Security situation businesses and citizens . Central government and Ministry of Electricity External oriented to support the reconstruction of damaged infrastructure in the sector . Adoption of administrative reform and policy coordination by the Directorate of Electricity Transmission . Economically profitable sector

Goals

 Restored and developed power systems and diversified energy sources in the province support in full the current and future electricity needs of institutions, households and economic enterprises (in industry, agriculture, etc.).

Means to achieve the goals

 Repair and increase the capacity of existing facilities and networks – including ones damaged in the context of ISIL;  Utilise energy resources from the oil and gas reserves and the water resources available in the governorate during the next five years, starting with simple accelerated projects to gradually develop integrated projects;  Develop alternative energy sources;  Extend coverage of the network to include all residential areas and support rural development;  Bring investments into the sector, including private investment, to ensure funding to increase capacities and develop energy sources in the governorate. This would require legislative changes in coordination and agreement between the central government and local government with regard to the operation of energy companies;  Provide training to improve the availability, performance and capacity of staff in the sector.

See Annex A.3 for recent and active projects in electricity sector.

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4. Water supply service

Access to safe water supply is one of the main determinants of the standard of living, and premise for the good health status of the population. Sustained quantities of water are required for the development of economic activities. Thus, socio-economic development is unthinkable in the absence of effective water supply service and water resource management.

In Nineveh province, the sustainability of water resources is at risk – in terms of both water quantity and water quality (see Chapter I.2). Water consumption for Iraq is given at 403 l/day/capita – including water for domestic, industrial and agriculture use. According to UNICEF, the water supply by the network to rural areas in Nineveh is less than 100 l/day/capita.89 Nineveh has been severely affected by successive years of drought, with 47% of all cropland impacted in 2009-2010, in addition to water flow irregularities and diminishing discharge rates in river; both are only going to exacerbate with climate change. In many areas water supply has been increasingly inadequate to meet domestic, agriculture and industry needs. Some villages only receive municipal water every 7–10 days; in others it is barely once a month, while villages in more remote locations have no access to water.

Ensuring adequate water supply to meet demand across sectors requires rigorous policy and water management, aligned with the currently available and expected future resources and needs. Best practices and methods should be studied to identify the optimal water usage and water management options. Water supply in Nineveh is responsibility of the Nineveh Directorate of Water.

In the context of ISIL, the damage to projects in West Mosul has been limited. However, resident access to wells in West Mosul is limited compared to East Mosul. In East Mosul, most of the main carrier lines and internal networks have been severely damaged by military operations, repeated explosions and aerial bombardments. Damage is compounded by lack of chemicals to purify water, lack of fuel and energy to operate equipment, limited coverage of networks, old networks with much leakage/water loss, etc. Until the water intake stations are reoperated and pipes are repaired, host populations and returnees depend on trucks delivering fresh water.

Estimated funding needs to rehabilitate projects, intake stations, water treatment plants and the water network: IQD 100 billion.

89 UNICEF (1998), Child Rights, Survival and Basic Needs. All other data in Chapter IV.4 – unless specified otherwise: Water Directorate of Nineveh.

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Table 24 Status of water supply network in Nineveh Governorate as of March 2017 N* Water project Supplied villages/ compounds Water Capacity Reasons for sub-capacity operation in the context of ISIL Organisation involved ion (water feed) intake Combined Actual rehabilitation/reoperation pump planned (% of stations (n) (m3/h) planned) w Quyarra 23 3700 50 Shortage of electricity, gas supply and equipment. In pumps stations, ca 1/3 UNDP, Red Cross, DRC, IOM need rehabilitation, and ca. 1/4 of generators not working. w Shoura 9 1800 50 Damage to/fracture of lines and leakage. Damage of the electrical system and intake stations. Some pump generators not working w Hammam al-Alil 13 1350 30 Heavy damage to/fracture of lines; leakage. Generator damage – most SCI, ICRC generators not working. Shortage of fuel. ew Old Hajj Ali Villages of East Quyarra, 1600 50 Damage to/fracture of lines. Shortage of electricity and fuel. ICRC (Red Cross) ew New Hajj Ali Makhmoor and Qaraj nahias 0 Shut down. Failure in the locks system. Damage to sedimentation UNDP basins/filters. e Sultan Abdullah Makhmoor and its villages 700 0 Damage to/fracture of lines. Shortage of electricity and fuel. e Salami -Hamdaniya Areas and villages in Hamdaniya 2500 Salami unit is operational, but inefficient. Hamdaniya unit is operating under UNICEF (Hamdaniya-Bartilla) -Bartilla – Bashiqa Qadha and Bashiqa nahia referral for rehabilitation by UNICEF. Bartilla unit is not operational (removal UNDP (Salami rehabilitation) of grenades from the project pending). e Khazer Villages in the area of Al Khazer, 11 0 Severe damage. Need to build new units. UNICEF (Hassan Shami east of Mosul combined intake station) e Nimroud Villages in Nimroud Q 13 1400 85 All units require electricity or generator supply e Bazawaya Area of Bazwaya village, on the several 100 All wells work well. east edge of Mosul wells e Bashiqa wells Villages in the area of Bashiqa 35 wells 5 wells have been rehabilitated; others need rehabilitation. several approached em Urban water Urban district and its villages 4 800 0 Suspended due to faults in the towing and pumping crews, relay stations, project conveyor line and generator; 85% damage. Lack of electricity and fuel. Includes transmission line length of 76 km. em New Left (Al-Guba) 60% of East Mosul 13000 n/a . Not accessible (security situation) DRC, UNDP em Old Left (Al-Qosur) Over 35% of East Mosul 8000 Ca.35% damage UNDP, HRF, UNICEF em Sahroun Southeast Mosul (Yarimjah, 2000 Little damage. Need to increase its capacity. UNICEF/UNDP Palestine, Domeez, Hay Sumer, Salam, Sahroun) em Zuhour North-east Mosul 800 Little damage. In good condition. UNDP em Rashidiya North Mosul – Rashidiya 750 n/a Not accessible (security situation) ICRC wm New Right West Mosul No electricity DRC, UNDP wm Unified Right located at Ehalayh village; feeds 2 16000 No information on Rjm Hadid and Yarmouk stations; large numbers of major DoW most areas on the right coast and sub-fractures of the water network in est. 260 locations. wm Ghizlani Southwest Mosul Little damage. Lack of fuel. Operated as a pilot to determine the number and locations of fractures in the pipeline network. Need to accelerate this project given comparative lack of resident access to wells in West Mosul. wm Danadan West Mosul Little damage. Lack of fuel. UNDP wm Ahlamah West Mosul Little damage. Lack of fuel. wm Al-Hawi West Mosul wm Old Right West Mosul 4 chlorination units and pipelines damaged DoW, ACF, Oxfam, UNICEF *w= West, e=East [of the Tigris], m=Mosul

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Table 25 SWOT analysis of the water supply service in Nineveh Strengths Weaknesses . Qualified technical staff . Insufficient electricity supply for the operation of all projects

. Water sources – Tigris and . Weak monitoring mechanisms Albar . No specialised chemicals/equipment/machinery for purification & safe transportation . Possibility to start . Shortage of equipment/machinery for maintenance (due to looting)

Internal reconstruction and . Stopped (in full or partially) work of intake stations rehabilitation of projects . Extensive damage to the water transportation networks post-ISIL . High water waste; low public awareness regarding water use and water conservation Opportunities Threats . Humanitarian organisations . Shortage of fuel to operate generators

involved/ willing to be . Limited mobility of monitoring/maintenance staff (linked to security situation) involved in overcoming . Lack of security and safety

External obstacles . Lack of/stopped investment projects . Completed investment . Difficult and lengthy licencing process (linked to the laws of the central government) projects

Main constraints to developing the water supply sector

 Lack of continuous electricity service to ensure operation of all projects; this affects the amount of water produced and the area supplied with water;  Shortage of fuel – required above all for generators to work;  Outdated management  Lack of financial allocations – which limits operation and maintenance capacity  Lack of chlorine gas to feed the desalination plants

Goals

 Effective and efficient water supply service that ensures sustained and safe supply of water to citizens, industries and agriculture.

Means to achieve the goals

 Re-operationalise intake stations and pipelines that can be repaired  Rehabilitate damaged, destroyed and outdated water intake and transport infrastructure;  Develop new and upgrade existing water treatment facilities;  Complete stopped projects;  Increase the capacity of systems, and implement new water projects to cover the drinking water needs in all areas that suffer from lack of regular drinking water supply; specifically, accelerate the solution to water service provision to West Mosul and improve water access in rural areas;  Secure drinking water for the displaced families and refugees;  Provide specialised machinery, equipment, chemicals and energy to ensure regular maintenance of systems and ongoing water purification;  Improve irrigation efficiency through rehabilitation and maintenance of the existing irrigation projects in order to decrease waste of water, increase water supply to farms, and optimise water use in agriculture;  Introduce water management aligned with current and future resources and best practices;  Research and develop the possibility for increased water supply from optimised rainwater/runoff collection and reuse of treated wastewater in industry and agriculture;  Raise awareness regarding water use among the population;  Improve the capacity and effectiveness of the water service – including better data availability, electronic database for all Mosul networks, capacity for monitoring, staff capacities, and funding options (investment and water use fees collection);  Install water use meters for all residential units and neighbourhoods of Mosul.

See Annex A.4 for recent and active projects in the water supply sector.

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5. Wastewater management

Effective wastewater management benefits human health, the quality and quantity of water resources, and aquatic communities. As such, it is vital for socio-economic development, especially in the context of declining water resources.

The coverage of wastewater collection and processing networks is very low. Of Nineveh’s population, 38% benefit from surface runoff collection, and only 2% are served by public sewers. Altogether, by COSIT data for 2014, only 1% of Nineveh’s population are served by sewage networks (wastewater and common), and an overwhelming 97% are served by septic tanks. In Mosul, 50% of the population benefit from surface runoff collection, and only 3.2% are served by public sewers. The effectiveness of collection is also low. Insufficient allocated operational finding results in difficulties in the scheduled and urgent maintenance of pump stations and networks.

Pollution is a major problem that wastewater management needs to address, and it does not in Nineveh. Wastewater from agriculture and industry is a large source of pollution, linked to deficiencies in regulation, inspection and control. Wastewater treatment plants (WTTPs) are limited, and all are small in capacity and overburdened90 – with impact on water quality and water availability. Wastewater generation in the province greatly surpasses the capacity of WWTPs; the vast majority of wastewater goes back to the Tigris and its basin every day – while the Tigris and groundwaters in the basin are the main source of drinking water in the province. Increased collection and treatment would allow reuse of wastewater and rainwater, esp. for irrigation; rainwater collection/treatment could be optimised for use not only in industry but for household use.

In the context of ISIL, insufficient to start with, wastewater management service has further declined – due to lack of funding and damage to infrastructure/machinery. E.g. in East Mosul, infrastructure has suffered altogether 60 sites of damage; the Al-Hadbaa WWTP has suffered 100% damage, and the Al-Kadra WWTP – 30% damage.

As yet, there are no international organisations/donors involved in the rehabilitation/development of the sector. Estimated funding needs: USD 40 million.

Obstacles in developing the wastewater management sector

 Inadequate funding for reconstruction and limited operational budget and funding sources required for the rehabilitation, operation and maintenance of the wastewater network  Insufficient number and capacity of WWTPs  Destruction/damage of infrastructure, and loss/destruction of specialised machinery;  Security situation – resulting in stopped operation  Lack of public awareness on the importance of wastewater treatment.

Goals

 Improve levels of wastewater collection in areas covered by the wastewater network and in areas with concentration of population (incl. new urban development);  Achieve sufficient and effective wastewater management service that supports human health, water quality and water availability.

Means to achieve the goals

 Rehabilitate and develop the wastewater management service infrastructure (pump stations, networks, etc.) – including damaged WWTPs – to improve service coverage;  Improve wastewater treatment levels – including in rural areas;  Ensure maintenance of the sewage system;  Research and develop the possibility for increased water supply from optimised rainwater/runoff collection and reuse of treated wastewater in industry and agriculture;  Provide specialised machinery;  Raise awareness regarding the importance of wastewater treatment among the population.

See Annex A.5 for recent and active projects in the wastewater management sector.

90 JCCME/Dunja (Feb 2013), Water and Sewage Sectors in Iraq: Sector Report lists 7 small-scale WWTPs in Nineveh total (no large-scale ones), with with combined design capacity of 23 000 m3, and actual capacity of 15 150 m3 http://www.meti.go.jp/meti_lib/report/2013fy/E002792.pdf

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6. Waste management

Poor waste management is a major social and economic risk linked to diseases and pollution (esp. of water resources). Effective waste management can add to the economy (as well as quality of life) by providing inputs to other industries, including energy production.

In urban areas of Nineveh Governorate, solid waste collection/processing and cleaning services are responsibility of municipal institutions. The Nineveh Directorate of Municipalities oversees 30 municipal institutions. These are responsible for the implementation of services and projects related to the establishment and maintenance of streets, parks and public spaces within the administrative boundaries of cities. Outside municipal areas, waste management is responsibility of the Governorate service.

Solid waste includes municipal solid waste (from streets, households, etc.), commercial and industrial waste, construction and demolition waste, hazardous waste, hospital/health waste. In the absence of sorting and control mechanisms, all of this ends up in municipal landfills. At the same time, the existing capacity of landfills vis-à-vis generated waste is very low.

 According to COSIT data for 2014, 90% of Nineveh’s urban population are served by waste collection by municipal service, and 55.4% of the rural population – by waste collection by Governorate service.  In Mosul, solid waste collection worked at full capacity before 2014. Mosul municipality would collect the solid waste from the city's neighbourhoods in huge containers and transport these using municipal trucks to formal landfill outside the city. Collecting solid waste did not stop after ISIL occupied the city but has decreased to the minimum level due to the shortage in fuel and the security situation. The quantity or sold waste collected from Mosul is ca. 7000 m³/day.  Altogether, there are 23 municipal landfills in Nineveh; these have not been developed in the last three years. Only three landfill sites conform to regulations and environmental standards, and 23 are not approved by environmental authorities.  Pre-ISIL, Nineveh's municipalities used to own ca. 750 vehicles and specialised equipment for municipal works (garbage trucks, water tanks, etc.); only 81 remain post-ISIL.  There are no waste recycling facilities in Nineveh. This has serious implications for the environment, as well as for public health – since many of the dumping sites are near the residential districts and there is no mechanism to manage them other than burning. More than one waste recycling plant is needed to mitigate environmental pollution.

Overall, waste management practices need improvement. Waste management is limited to a few formal procedures. Modern operational control procedures are lacking, which inter alia limits the capacity of waste management to add to sourcing and energy needs of the Governorate. No centralised waste recycling plants exist and no effective control procedures are implemented (e.g. for separation of types of waste), and there is lack of facilities for collecting, sorting, separating or storing waste. The methods applied in collection and disposal of solid waste have resulted in the spread of unlicensed/poorly regulated waste dumps. Landfills do not profit from purposeful engineering design and they produce much seepage. Given lack of filtration controls, this contaminates soil, surface and groundwater resources. Air pollution is significant as well, with impact on the health of people in the vicinity.

Estimated funding needed to procure specialised vehicles and equipment and to cover wages for cleaning employees: IQD 22 billion. Estimated funding needed altogether for equipment and vehicles, employment of workers, municipal roads maintenance, preparation of plastic containers and trash bags: IQD 22.43 billion.

Constraints

 Lack of/insufficient funding allocated for waste management and cleaning  Inadequate specialised machinery and maintenance – linked to low funding and warfare  Low public awareness about the importance of waste management and waste hazards;  Weak regulation and audit/control procedures regarding waste  Security situation – linked to lack of fuel and hazardous waste/explosive remnants from warfare  Staff capacity is strained and occupational safety given the amounts of rubble and war debris.

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Goals

 Achieve clean and healthy environment free of accumulated waste in all parts of the province;  Establish an environmentally sound waste collection and disposal system, consistent with best international practices – including (1) develop systematic collection, treatment and processing of waste, (2) establish adequate number of landfills with proper design, and (3) improve operational control procedures and effective daily management across the waste life cycle.

Means to achieve the goals

 Rehabilitate the landfills in municipal district and build new ones to cover all municipal needs;  Build four waste recycling plants in different locations;  Provide specialised cleaning equipment for use by Municipalities;  Provide equipment and vehicles for municipal work;  Secure continued supply of fuel;  Increase awareness of the health and environmental risks of waste management, and create the necessary incentives to reduce the accumulation of waste;  Diversify funding sources, encourage investments;  Develop training to improve capacities in inspection and control, as well as trainings to improve the occupational safety of workers in the sector.

See Annex A.6 for recent and active Municipal projects, including waste management.

7. Healthcare

The planning, development, provision of the best level and quality of health service to citizens has significant long-term economic returns – in terms of sustaining and developing the available human resources, and in terms of ensuring supportive environment for businesses and investors – even though the operation of health services facilities as such is not-for-profit, and citizens do not bear the cost of most services. Thus, investment in health services (public, private) and developing public sector capacities in this regard is a major axis of socio-economic development. Health service in Nineveh is organised and overseen by Nineveh’s Directorate General of Health under MoH.

Pre-ISIL, there was uneven distribution of health service and access between urban and rural areas, and most facilities were concentrated in Mosul. But generally, Nineveh was known for its good healthcare services and highly qualified doctors. Between 2008 and 2014, a substantial number of facilities – particularly in cities – were rehabilitated and equipped with new medical equipment. New specialised hospitals were also planned in the northern and southern parts of Mosul, and some were still under construction when ISIL took over the city.

All healthcare facilities in Mosul were managed by specialist doctors and were working properly until ISIL occupied the city. At that point – although hospitals were not destroyed by air strikes and continued to receive civilian patients – health services started to deteriorate. Due to the fragile security situation, many medical staff fled. This clearly affected the quality of healthcare and the capacity of hospitals to deal with surgical cases, and with patients in general. During the fights for the liberation of Mosul, the health care infrastructure was severely damaged. Much of the health infrastructure has been destroyed or is not fully operational.

Table 26 Healthcare indicators for Nineveh Health sector assets, Nineveh, 2014 (COSIT) Health sector assets, Mosul, 2013 (MoP) asset n beds bed occupancy asset n beds Hospitals Public 15 2671 - Hospitals Public general 13 3200 Private 3 116 - Public specialised (gynaecology, cancer 4 228 & nuclear medicine, paediatrics & maternity, chest diseases) Total 18 2787 41.7 % Private 3 104 Primary healthcare centres 180 Total 20 3532 Doctors 2734 Health Public 32 Dentists 706 clinics Private 254 Pharmacists 744 Total 286

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Overall, in the context of ISIL, there has been a collapse of the healthcare system in Nineveh due to damaged/looted hospitals and health centres, flight of medical staff, loss of ambulances, lack of medicines and necessary equipment. There is inter alia limited preventive care, prenatal care, and support for the people with chronic diseases. The situation has been exacerbated by (1) the overall economic collapse, food shortage, cash poverty – driving malnutrition; (2) the destruction of the water and sanitation system, driving up public health risks – e.g. in Mosul there has been spread of disease as a result of unclean water; and (3) environmental pollution in the context of warfare (e.g. chemical spills/release from violated hazardous facilities).

A further problem is psychological trauma. In July 2017, civilians who managed to get medical treatment – half of them women and children – were suffering from shrapnel and blast injuries, broken bones from collapsed buildings and burns; many were in need of critical care; many were under-nourished; and there were concerns that only a small number of the civilians were getting the medical attention they required. Beyond the visible trauma, however, “this is a massive population that has been traumatized”; and fighting and years of living under ISIL has especially left children in Nineveh especially with “dangerous levels of psychological damage.”91 90% of children in Mosul report the loss of at least one family member through death, separation during their escape, or abduction. Children are so deeply scarred by memories of extreme violence they are living in constant fear for their lives, unable to show emotions, and suffering from vivid “waking nightmares.”

Services to returnees and host populations are limited; and services offered to IDPs are low and do not meet all needs – acutely so for mental/psychological health care. Specialised services – e.g. to people with disability – are also much below current needs.

In the post-ISIL context, funding is a major issue. The rehabilitation of damaged hospitals, and provision of necessary medicines, supplies, vehicles, specialised care, etc. all require financial support from donors and humanitarian organisations.

The Governorate has embarked on a plan to return all IDPs to their homes – while almost all IDPs stationed in camps in Nineveh are from Nineveh province. At the same time, lack of health service is among the main reasons why IDPs choose not to return to their areas. Thus, with regard to healthcare, the problems of IDPs in camps, returnees and host community are the generally the same: damaged or destroyed health facilities; shortage of doctors; shortage of medical equipment, medicines and medical supplies; and lack of preventive care.

Constraints

 Lack of/limited access to healthcare in rural areas  Extensive health infrastructure damage  Suspended work on new health facilities  Shortage of specialised medical doctors and qualified staff in the sector – due to lack/suspension of training and development programmes for doctors/nurses/specialised staff, as well as the security situation (brain drain)  Insufficient medicines and medical supplies, especially for returnees/host populations;  Shortage of ambulances and vehicles of health facilities – due to looting/destruction;  Increase in water-borne and skin diseases  Increased number of people with disabilities in the context of ISIL  Acute need of mental heath service provision in the post-ISIL context, especially with regard to children/IDP children.

Goals

 Improved health condition of all citizens of Nineveh in the immediate and long run, including specifically:  Ensured control of communicable diseases;  Ensured support to people with chronic diseases, including among IDPs;  Ensured treatment of non-communicable and acute diseases among citizens outside and in IDP camps;  Reduced infant mortality rates in all parts of the governorate, but especially rural/remote parts;  Increased care, preventive care and prenatal care for children and pregnant women;

91 MSF officials quoted in Reuters (06 July 2017), “Mosul population 'traumatized' by conflict, infrastructure badly damaged”: https://www.reuters.com/article/us-mideast-crisis-iraq-mosul/mosul-population-traumatized-by-conflict-infrastructure-badly-damaged- idUSKBN19Q1HG.

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 Provision of metal healthcare, protection, and therapy to citizens outside and in IDP camps;  Provision of healthcare to elderly citizens outside and in IDP camps;  Provision of basic healthcare to people with disabilities outside and in IDP camps;  Ensured healthy environment in spaces allocated to IDPs;  Provision of ongoing and continuous health and medical services to IDPs in all their locations.

Measures to achieve the goals

 Increase the number of primary healthcare facilities and hospitals, and the availability of specialised healthcare centres, including:  Complete the reconstruction of damaged hospital;  Complete projects suspended due to the ISIL invasion;  Reconstruct, rehabilitate and refurbish/equip damaged health centres;  Increase number of health centres in rural areas – with emphasis on extending healthcare access in rural areas in the west and southwest part of the province;  Secure maintenance for and rehabilitate health centres in villages  Reconstruct destroyed medical warehouses and build additional ones to secure the supply of medicines and medical supplies, and the safety and preservation of vaccines;  Approach donor agencies and humanitarian organisations to support the provision of required medicines  Approach donors and humanitarian agencies to support the reconstruction of damaged medical centres  Equip ambulances and provide service/field vehicles for health institutions  Resume training and development programmes for staff in the health field – including specialisations in abroad to keep abreast of developments in medical fields;  Increase services for persons with disabilities;  Increase mental heath service provision.

See Annex A.7 for recent and active projects in the health sector.

8. Education

The educational sector in Nineveh has extraordinary social and community importance, well beyond education attainment. Each family in Nineveh has at least 1-2 members involved in the sector as a student, teacher or other staff.

The years of ISIL occupation have been detrimental to education in the province. Under ISIL, education became a paid commodity; higher poverty levels and displacement drove very high dropout rates; and many schools were massively damaged. Linked to displacement and destruction, the rate of children who never joined school or who had to discontinue their education was massive. E.g. in Mosul, the enrolment of children born in 2008-2010 has been almost none. Across levels, there was almost no school enrolment in the school year 2015/16.

Overview

Problems in the sector predate ISIL. According to the UNDP Iraq Human Development Report 2014, based on 2011 data, the total illiteracy rate in Nineveh is 24.5% (rank 12/18); the share of population (25y+) with at least secondary education is only 11% for females and 24% for males – compared to 16% and 28% national averages, respectively; and the overall school dropout rate is 74% – the second highest in Iraq (higher in rural than in urban areas). The latest governorate data on dropout rates in primary and secondary education – respectively 2.5% and 2.6% in secondary education – are clearly inaccurate and do not represent the actual situation in the province, particularly post ISIL. The student-teacher ratio in Nineveh is higher than the average for Iraq (respectively 19 and 16). Gender variation in favour of boys – in school enrolment at all levels and in education attainment – is also pronounced, especially among youth. In Nineveh, there are almost twice as many illiterate youth than in Iraq overall (24% vs. 13%), while female youth illiteracy is the highest in Iraq (31.2% vs. 17.4%). As much as 30% of young women can only read and write, and only 22% have completed elementary education.

Structure

The educational ladder in Iraq includes: preschool (kindergarten, ages 4-5); mandatory primary education from age 6 (graded 1-6); secondary education, including intermediate (grades 7-9) and preparatory school (grades 10- 12); and higher education (university, college, technical institute – min. 4 years).

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 Secondary preparatory schools are two types: (1) general secondary (academic track: sciences or humanities) and (2) vocational secondary (professional track: industry, agriculture or commerce).  Success on the national exam after grade 9 determines whether a student can enter (1) general secondary – which provide a track to higher education, or (2) vocational secondary school.  Success on the national exam after grade 12 determines whether a student can continue to higher education; of students in vocational tracks, only the top 10% can continue their education in technical colleges.

With regard to responsibility:  Preschool, primary and secondary education service in Nineveh (incl. secondary vocational schools) is responsibility of the Nineveh Directorate of Education (DG Education, under MoE);  The Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research (MoHESR) directly oversees higher education institutions (HEIs) and allocates their budgets.

Primary and secondary education

Pre-ISIL, problems in primary and secondary education relate often to difficult economic conditions, leading to parents either not sending their children to school or children dropping out of school early on, in order to help with family income. Notably, less than half the children enrolled in primary education continue on to secondary education. Further problems include: insufficient school buildings, poor condition of schools, shortage of equipment; shortage of qualified teachers – linked to poor stimulation of teachers (e.g. salaries, housing) and weak teacher training; shortage of textbooks and teaching aids; increasing number of students per class/teacher; lack of additional activities; traditions restricting the education of girls; outdated curricula, failure of curricula to follow developments in global academic standards, and low if any adoption of modern teaching methods.

In the context of ISIL, all these problems have been exacerbated, not least due to physical destruction of schools. The displacement crisis has resulted inter alia in school buildings being used as IDP places of residence, leading to further degradation of furniture and equipment, as well as to further delays in rehabilitation/re- operationalisation of schools in the post-ISIL context. The fact that ISIL developed its own curriculum after seizing control of Mosul in 2014 presents a further problem: this of overcoming indoctrination.

Urgent implementation is necessary of projects that aim to (1) ensure continued education service provision and closing of gaps, and compensate for lagging behind in school; (2) provide psychological support to students in the school environment; (3) increase school attendance rates through improving the infrastructure; (4) encourage students to stay in school through sports and other extra curricular activities; (5) encourage volunteering and civil education.

Table 27 Primary and secondary education provision in Nineveh Education Type/level of education Schools(n) Buildings Students Classes Students per Staff (n) provider (n) (n) (n) class (average n) Public Primary 1679 1369 548 812 14 944 36.7 19 740 Secondary 558 339 215 609 5758 37.4 11 223 Vocational 19 8 2567 134 19.2 526 Institute 10 6 2052 116 17.7 354 sub-total 2266 1722 769 040 20 952 36.7 31 843 Private Primary 33 4922 291 16.9 528 Secondary 21 2165 142 15.2 365 sub-total 54 7087 433 16.4 893 Islamic waqfs Secondary 33 2474 165 15 326 Various Special education 98 1801 176 10.2 206 Accelerated education 34 2771 103 26.9 156 Young people 20 922 60 15.4 51 School with industrial arts 9 3944 98 40.2 25 Islamic preparatory 3 2 347 11 31.5 43 Gifted students 1 1 36 4 9 4 Child friendly 35 20 105 sub-total 200 3 29 926 452 66.2 485 Total 2553 1725 808 527 22 002 36.7 33 547

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Figure 23 Gender indicators for primary and secondary education, 2013/2014 (COSIT) 100% Female 80% 60% Mixed 40% Male 20% 0% Primary Secondary Teachers Classes Classes Primary Secondary students students total primary secondary schools schools While a vocational secondary education track is available to those who do not pass the national exam, few students elect this option because of its poor quality and associated stigma. Problems driving low enrolment in and low quality of vocational education include:  Vocational education is seen as a second and dead-end option for students who fail national exams;  Incomplete development of national framework for certificates/qualifications, curricula and methods in TVET;  Uneven geographic availability of vocational specialisations;  Low quality of teachers, no vocational experience required of teachers;  Low level of/limited practical training – also due to lack of equipment. At the same time, in the governorate there is pronounced shortage of qualified technicians, mechanics, machine operators, workers prepared for the tourism sector, business administrators, etc., and there is need to boost entrepreneurship.

Higher education

The Governorate has three universities – Mosul, Telafar and Hamdaniya universities – in addition to technical institutes and colleges. Founded in 1967, building on the foundations of the 1929 College of Medicine, the University of Mosul is one of the oldest and largest educational and research centres in the Middle East, and the second largest in Iraq, after the University of Baghdad. During the ISIL occupation, all higher education institutions shut down; the University of Mosul served as headquarters for ISIL and it has suffered severe destruction. Building the capacity of these institutions in terms of quality of teaching staff, laboratory equipment, etc., as well as developing closer ties between HEIs and the Governorate Administration – should support the Administration efforts toward development of economic sectors (e.g. modern irrigation methods in agriculture) and effective service provision (e.g. meeting the needs of specific communities in Nineveh) – e.g. with studies, development of models, sharing of best practices, etc. The role of HEIs can be strengthened with respect to development of qualified cadres in all sectors, in particular for teacher training.

Table 28 SWOT analysis of the education sector Internal – . Availability of human resources to satisfy the needs to enhance the actual needs of teachers; Strengths . Training and Development Unit under Nineveh DG Education is an important channel of communication with teachers; . Availability of teachers with higher education degrees and long-term experience; . Supervision Unit for educational and vocational education; . Desire of staff and administration to foster peaceful coexistence and reduce radicalisation and violence . Modern and regularly updated curricula accredited by MoE – esp. in social studies ; . Availability of social media – can be utilised to foster social development; . Availability of modern, easy-to-use and affordable technology - can be utilised (e.g. through smart phone application) to improve the link between the educational community and local community and across the educational community to increase the responsiveness to actual needs and to facilitate community development goals; . Diverse cultural, religious and ethnic composition of the population . Internal – . Poor utilisation of human resources in the educational field; poor distribution of these resources – due Weaknesses to displacement as well as nepotism in hiring practices; . Weak and declining role of the Training Unit under Nineveh DG Education – this organises only short training courses with outdated content, and it does not work to increase the motivation of trainers; . Absence of higher education degree holders from the educational and administrative staff in MoE and DG Education; . Supervision Unit has with no impact on the educational field; . Negative role of hidden curricula – i.e. all unplanned/unintended expertise that learners are exposed to

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in schools without preparation. Stidents learn things that are not included in curricula; . Lack of loyalty in work : teaching is regarded as a monthly income generating job, without paying attention to teachers real role; neither the learners are playing their role, nor the educational process is thinking creatively, everybody go to school early anxious to leave it after the school day; . Poor civil society tradition – while this is required for peaceful coexistence. Usually people resolve to traditions and prestige, which has a negative impact on behaviours; the community in Nineveh tend to base their decisions and actions on strong emotions (love and hatred), whichundemines peaceful coexistence and drive the domination of sectarian, tribal and ethnic-based behaviours; . Lack of interaction between the school and its environment – lack of real communication between parents on one side and school administration on the other, leading to ignoring school/teacher directives by the parents who then do not follow them; . Some applicable laws and regulations restrict the freedom and energy of teachers. Excellent and creative teachers are not honoured; their efforts are not appreciated. This kill the creative and innovative spirit. Rather than being source of inspiration to their students, teachers become persons who keep on repeating the same ideas, using the same old methods. It is rare to find a teacher who reads and seeks to develop himself, while everything around him is in constant development; . Lack of school activities and scientific and literary competitions – even though such activities have a significant role in rooting the culture of coexistence and tolerance, enhancing learning and development habits, as well as spreading creative competition among teachers. More “fun” activities – such as arts and music classes – are lacking, even though they promote peace and reach everyone easily; . Weak role of the social studies teacher – social studies classes in secondary schools an opportunity to promote national appreciation and national cohesion. Events of July 2014 can be traced to lack of nationalism in some people. External – . Within the framework of community development in the educational sector, some positive examples Opportunities can be taken from the displacement cases as models for coexistence (some from the northern parts, others from the southern parts) – provided that these examples are told in the form of short stories with educational purposes, using adequate language. These can be read to learners e.g. in the morning during the raising of the flag, and serve to promote awareness; they can be discussed in social studies classes, to be discussed with students during social studies class; etc.; . Presenting community building as an idea that is based on best interest, away from religious or ethnic or any other approach, however discussing the events of July, 2014 and their consequences based on win or lose, link results with all types of radical doctrines; this opens the floor for numerous types of thinking like exploring, deductive thinking, and reflective thinking, modern teaching and learning methods are based on developing students' thinking skills. . Inviting social studies' teachers t assume the actual role in school and outside it, organizing their work and support them with ideas and suggestions to motivate creativity by acknowledging their efforts, give them new roles in school such as keeping the Iraqi flag and hand it to the physical education teacher to raise it on Thursdays, or to play a significant role the parents – teachers council, or to organize some activities for social studies teachers to present his role, etc. . Open the door to development provided that it is effective and serious; no need to repeat the same old routine and ruminating the information of the training courses, educational supervisors could play are role in this through pre prepared plans, then administer annual, realistic, and targeted test for teachers in Arabic language, including common errors in writing to support their language skills. Test could be administered in English, French, and Kurdish for teachers of these languages. . Maximum utilization of the higher degrees holders; organizing and guide them to assume their leading role in the next stage, because they are qualified to do that, to listen to their problems and suggestions then contributing to solving what could be solved, referring what cannot be solved to concerned parties, follow up their demands since they are the elite group in the community, and elite in the educational sector, provided that university terms in their assessment, management, and supervision, this shouldn't be implemented by people who have lower educational achievers, according to the convenient contexts. . Listening to the suggestions of experienced staff members, who have long experience in education by inviting them to diagnose the weak points and ways to overcome them, honouring and celebrating their efforts by giving them the right status, they are the masters of the educational sector, and finally facilitate their pension procedures. . Organizing regular and targeted brain storm sessions to listen to maximum number of ideas that might help in promoting the community of education; preferably, to have weekly sessions, or every other week in a familiar venue, the invitation shall not be restricted to a certain group in the contrary it should open to all the staff of the directorate of education without exclusion. . Drafting a text book that "accompany" the social studies curriculum to be presented as an activity, to be targeted and specialized for Nineveh only, explaining its human geography, nature, and history, some

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honourable national examples from each of its components without excluding any component. . Organizing exchange visits amongst Nineveh schools' students for the purpose of introducing them to each other with right numbers of positive and active students to strengthen the relationships between the different components of Nineveh by establishing friendships between students; this may contribute to strengthening of the social fabric in the governorate. . Opening summer schools similar to scouts' camps that could be called (semi military schools" or "discipline and training schools", during summer, two months every year, enrolment in the schools shall be optional from the first intermediate grade till the sixth intermediate grade, provided that students prove that they graduated from this school before setting to ministerial examination for the sixth grade, the system shall be semi military but without training on weapons. Activities shall be mental and physical like swimming, computer courses, national awareness, and peace and coexistence, with direct supervision from Nineveh director of education, depending on schools' administrations; physical education shall be provided P.E. teachers, awareness raising lectures by social studies teachers, and other lectures according to specialty. External – . New ideas might face resistance and exorcise by the educational staff, parents, and students, and may Threats be subject destructive criticism that might kill them at birth, this should confronted with a big awareness campaign before commencing the development work to mentally prepare them to receive the new ideas and interact with them. . Teachers are used not to read and develop themselves and update themselves with new ideas in their fields. This should be face by obliging teachers to prepare annual studies and research, or by linking it to promotion process, research shall be assessed by a specialized unit and published on Nineveh Education Directorate web site or accredited educational Journal; to be established by higher education degrees' holders. . Community development process requires patience, care, and not losing focus on the important objectives; all that need planning, good monitoring up, and comprehensive evaluation so that mistakes are corrected in each stage of building. . Some development joints need governmental and nongovernmental support, including resources allocation, and psychological support for the people of Nineveh to feel that they are supported the community reform process that they seek to pass, governmental support may include the amendment of some laws and regulations, and legislating others, this task shall be assigned to the education committee in Nineveh governorate Council. . Some development ideas might face less than expected enthusiasm from the local committee in Nineveh governorate, and by personnel of Nineveh educational Directorate, this could be countered by urging other directorates in the governorate and community by using all platforms to talk about the idea of community development and motivate everybody to positively interact with them. . Financial factor might be a real obstacle in front of the development wheel, launching a school broadcast station, or summer school, or printing a companion curriculum require money, this is left to chair of the Community Development Committee, namely Governor's assistant for technical affairs. . Summer school idea might face parents' refraining from sending their children to school; based on our knowledge of our community. . Lack of stability in salaries distribution dates in Nineveh, in addition to the financial scarcity and physical damage to their private property and that of the facilities of education in Nineveh, are good reason to frustrate or delay the expected community development. . Lack of a declared and well established vision in MoE towards what happened in Nineveh; not considering it a social setback, in addition to the political tensions inside Nineveh governorate and Iraq in general that might negatively impact the desired community development. . Corruption, weather intentional or unintentional, forms a real threat to any reform attempt; the intended corruption is the one based on knowledge and understanding, not the one resulting from ignorance of resources management and the domination of emotions over the objective factors.

Measures offered by MoE for resuming primary and secondary education post-ISIL

At the beginning of the liberation operations, MoE, represented by Nineveh DG Education, indicated that it was important to reopen primary and secondary schools quickly and to rehabilitate them to receive students and to start operating after kicking ISIS out of Nineveh territories. This included sending textbooks that arrived later after registering the educational staff according to their residential areas, and issued sets of instruction, believing that this will facilitate things for learners who were deprived from their right to education for more than two months.

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However, experts in educational affairs think that some of these procedures were superficially useful, but it won't be after stability in the security situation in the governorate, in addition to the criticism campaign to the MoE, represented by Nineveh director of education, as follows:

Primary education

Whether students have passes a level in primary education is evaluated by administering oral tests in reading and math for students of primary education. However, this procedure is just a formality: students are not required to pass the test at the certain aptitude level, but merely to participate in the test. This has resulted in students being in third grade without actually passing the first and second grades, and being in the sixth grade without actually passing the fourth and fifth grades.

The following questions need an answer from MoE officials: What about students who do not wish to sit the tests? How can a student who never learned the basics in language or math write a complete sentence or solve the four basic math problems (+, - , x, /)? How will students in the same class room be homogenous when they have 2–3 years difference in age? What is the fate of the sixth grade students who stopped learning after 2014? What about the individual differences between students who were displaced and did not stop learning and those who stopped because their families remained under ISIL control? These are chronic problems that require projections for the future.

Secondary education (intermediate and preparatory)

MoE has provided secondary-level students with two options: (1) to sit an external exam according to external exams system, or (2) to proceed with their education from where they stopped at the time ISIL took over control over Nineveh.

For example, a student who was in first intermediate grade in 2014 can (1) sit an external exam in the third grade subjects in 2017, or (2) go back to study the first intermediate grade and continue, losing two years of his/her life for reasons not due to their own actions. The same applies to students of the second intermediate grade, the fourth and fifth grades, provided that they did not exceed a finished level. This has been criticized by some as a “violation” of the secondary education system, which stipulates that no school-attending student can set an external exam (outside his/her school). Note: Finishing levels are sixth primary grade, third intermediate grade, and sixth preparatory grade.

There is another problem related to the finished levels of the secondary level. July 2014 was the examinations month for the finished levels; the events of ISIL invasion started at the beginning of the month (Jule 10th) – just as students of the finishing levels were sitting two exams (Islamic education and Arabic language). By 2017, some curriculum changes have take place compared to 2014. If students have to sit exams again, who will handle the relevant changes in curricula and delay?

An additional problem is the following: would MoE treat equally (1) a student from southern Mosul whose area was liberated in Aug 2016, (2) a student from an area liberated in July 2017 (West Mosul neighbourhoods, such as Tammoz), and (3) a student from Al Ba'aj or Telafar – areas not liberate in July 2017? Are these students all expected to sit an exam on the same date approved by MoE?

A number of parents have refused to send their children to school because of the random shelling of the liberated areas and targeting of the residential areas by ISIL in 2017; a number of education staff have refused tp go to work for the same reasons - in addition to most their financial dues being not paid.

Finally, MoE has declared several times (through the Nineveh Education Directorate or website information) that it succeeded in sending 39 trucks loaded with textbooks to the liberated areas. But depending on the truck load (1 tonne? 40 tonnes? more?), the overall number of textbooks may vary vastly. The number of textbooks may be insufficient – while it remains unclear whether textbooks sent are the right type.

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Proposed “24-month school year project” for resuming primary and secondary education post-ISIL

Based on the above considerations, the following project is suggested: 1. Cancelling the activation of "probing information" system and external exams, and to stop school time till the end of military operations, to save lives of educational and administrative staff, and to provide fair opportunity. 2. After quick preparation of the schools, study starts in all Nineveh regions at the same time; it is well known to everybody that the military operations will end soon and with victory, God welling. 3. Since the applicable regulation of the ministry of education provide vacation for 60 days from Yuly1 till end of August; it is possible to have a temporary system for schools for 24 months for four consecutive years, each school year consists of five months of actual education followed by thirty days vacation so the total shall be six months, this shall be repeated four times then the total will be twenty four months, this way we would finish four school years with equal opportunities for all. 4. Displaced students who proceeded with their education shall be separated from the ones' who stopped, in separate classrooms (I.e. class A or class B) at the beginning of the project till it ends, then both groups will be integrated and things go back to normal. 5. Process shall be tailored according to the needs of each student by school principal and other related parties, applying what gets the student back to his age group, leaving the project and joining his colleagues who didn't stop going to school, for example, a student was displaced by the end of 2015 and lost a completes school year can catch up with his colleagues by joining the project for one school year (six months), while other delayed student with two school years delay could join the project for two consecutive years (12 months) then leave the program to join his colleagues, and so on… 6. Official approvals for the project shall be obtained from the Iraqi state or through the legislative body, by submitting it to the voting process to reach the absolute degree before embarking in the project. 7. Stakeholders may amend the project by adding or deleting to serve the best interests of the learners community.

Expected benefits

 The project does not contradict with the spirit of the applicable school system in Iraq except for some slight changes on teachers' vacation time and duration; instead of having sixty continues days, it will be thirty days every six months, while taking the quorum and working hours into account.  Sensitizing teachers care and sorrow for the future of the generation in the minds of educational staff because of the sad events are important factors for the success of the project; if they positively used to stimulate their enthusiasm.  The success of the project might inspire hope in the community and remove expected parent's anger and complains because of the deterioration of the scientific achievements among their children.  International, national, and local support for Nineveh community; logistic, moral, and physical support could be utilized to serve the project's objectives.  Project success might contribute directly to raising people's morale to lick the wounds that were inflicted by ISIL psychologically and physically and to overcome them, to stand up and look forward to comprehensive reforms.  To catch up with education in the other governorates and to be up to the level of a city that many thinkers, leaders, and scientists were born.  Avoiding the expected scientific and educational division because of passing of school levels in quick and uncalculated results that will have a negative impact on the educational outputs in Nineveh, and its traces will accompany the targeted generation even after graduating from universities and joining the labour market.  Overcoming the individual differences between students of the same classrooms due to their 1–3 year age difference.  Realizing equality in the learner's community in Nineveh between the displaced persons who continued with their education, and who stayed and stopped learning, after the end of project implementation and success.  Learner's community in Nineveh will not be criticized for deficiencies in their education for compelling circumstances, if they were admitted to universities inside or outside Iraq.  It is expected that the project will be 100% beneficial for the targeted community.  Efficient and significant experiment to break the routine within the Provincial Development framework.

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Expected challenges

 This issue may require legislation or voting; this is left to Nineveh Governorate, represented by the Governor;  The idea might face rejection as the community of learners will be required to exert double effort to succeed at the expense of easy opportunities;  The routine and bureaucracy that dominate the work of the educational institution (due to the frame of laws, regulations, and instruction) will be an obstacle to achieving the proposed objective;  There is need to involve those learners who have returned from displacement and who didn't stop their education from those who are subject to the 24-month project till it ends then merge them with their colleagues;  It may be not possible to serve some learners at certain levels; this will become clear as the projects embarks;  Unforeseeable obstacles may emerge – to be tackled when they emerge;  Physical damages to some schools and expected lack of equipment – this can be resolved through mobile/caravan classrooms, urgent renovation of furniture/buildings, double/triple shifts when needed;  Regilar planning, monitoring and evaluation across all phases;  Implementation requires people's support – including among the teacher community who will be responsible for project implementation. Lack of conviction and enthusiasm will be detrimental to the success of the project. It will be necessary to talk to teachers, to trigger their humanity and urge them to pay attention to their work – while at the same time accelerating procedures to pay their dues. Therefore, preferrably, a higher body should follow up and implement this project;  The timeline may contradict with the holy month of Ramadan, when everybody hides from summer heat; this needs to be considered during the planning of timeline for implementation;  High summer temperatures may undermine the project. In this regard, working hours could be earlier or later during the day.

See Annex A.8 for recent and active projects in the education sector.

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V. GOVERNANCE

1. Local governance bodies

The Law of Governorates Not Incorporated into a Region (Law No. 21 of 2008, as amended by Law 15 of 2010) calls for decentralisation of the government and the transfer of suitable ministerial functions to the provincial governments. The Second Amendment to Law 21 (2013) affects greater provincial self-determination. In all 14 governorates not incorporated into a region (and not otherwise subject to a constitutional dispute), Law 21 applies to governorate, qadha, and nahia councils. The Law and its amendments govern the rights and powers of local government bodies  According to Article 1 of Law 21 (as amended by Law 15 of 2010), a governorate is “an administrative unit in its geographic boundaries consisting of qada’as (districts), nahiyas (sub-districts), and villages.”92 Parts of Nineveh Governorate are considered “disputed territories” as the Iraqi Central Government and the Kurdistan Regional Government (KRG) simultaneously claim ownership over certain areas. In the meantime, its entire territory is administered by the central government.  Per Article 2 of the Law, “The governorate council is the highest legislative and oversight authority within the administrative boundaries of the governorate and shall have the right to issue local legislation within the boundaries of the governorate [local laws, instructions, bylaws, and regulations to organise the administrative and financial affairs] so that it can carry out its affairs on the basis of the principle of administrative decentralisation and in a manner that would not contradict the Constitution and federal laws.” The Governorate Council is not under the control or supervision of any Ministry and it has independent finance.93 Nineveh’s Governorate Council has 39 members from different affiliations and sects.  The governor is the highest executive head in the Governorate: “The governor shall be considered the highest-ranking executive officer in the governorate at the rank of a deputy minister as regards rights and service” (Article 24). The Governor is elected by the Governorate Council and exercises the powers vested in him by the Governorate Council.  On principle, the local councils of qadhas and nahias play the foremost role in determining the development needs and priorities for local development (see Chapter V.2 below). In Nineveh, the decentralisation process is not complete – particularly in the key area of delegation of budgets, where MoF still has the main role and which creates a situation of no funds for disbursement in the province.

2. Governorate budget

Based on Article 44 of Law No. 21, the financial resources of the Governorate are comprised of the following:  Budget transfers from the federal government in accordance with the constitutional criteria – as sufficient to carry out its missions and responsibilities in accordance with its population and the degree of deprivation, so that balanced development of the different regions of the country is ensured.  Revenues accrued in the governorate (except those from oil/gas), including: (1) Revenues generated from governorate services and investment projects; (2) Proceeds from taxes, fees and fines imposed in accordance with federal and local regulations in force within the governorate; (3) Proceeds from the sale/lease of public assets, including land rent; (4) Donations and gifts that may be received by the governorate in a manner that does not contradict the Constitution and federal regulations;  Share of the revenues of local authorities. Local authorities must allocate a fair share of the revenues to their administrative units so that it is sufficient for the latter to carry out their missions and responsibilities in accordance with the governorate population. The procedure for preparing the annual budget includes: (1) the Governor submits a draft budget for development of the province to the Council for approval; (2) the Council approves the draft budget depending on the plans submitted by the local councils to MoP; (3) the Governor has exclusive power to implement the approved budget; the Council is responsible for implementation monitoring; (4) Following audit by the Federal Audit Bureau, if needed, budget adjustments are carried out in the budget of the following year.

92 Official English translation: http://iraq-lg-law.org/ar/webfm_send/765. 93 Supreme Court Advisory Opinion No. 16 recognies the authority of governorate councils to raise local revenues.

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3. Departments of the Governorate Administration

Figure 24 Structure of Nineveh’s Administration

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VI. SWOT ANALYSIS

The overall SWOT analysis below has been compiled from the SWOTs from the 3 Working Groups: Community Development, Economic Development, and Provision of Public Services.

Strengths Weaknesses . Availability of human resources . Lack of resources . Availability of significant raw/mineral resources, . Destruction of infrastructure cultural sites and natural resources . Severe shortage of machinery and equipment . Experienced local government staff . Lack of clear controls system and accountability for

. Existence of investment opportunities and institutional performance interest . Lack of vision and follow-up in the development of training . Capacity of the preparation and training unit materials Internal . Popular desire for change . Absence of the role of educational advisor . Good quality of educational programs . Mismanagement in human resources distribution . Opening of new e-learning division . Reliance on routine/outdated rules and regulations . Social diversity is a source of strength . Absence of extra-curricular activities in the education system . Some of the educational subjects are considered as secondary curricula and non-essential; this is a mistake Opportunities Threats . Existence of investment . Weak system for financial and administrative performance . Existence International support for . Weak security stability reconstruction . Multiple and overlapping administrative, supervisory and . Desire of citizens to get rid of extremist ideas security authorities . Existence of the United Nations, local and . Poor coordination across Nineveh government institutions international NGO willing to help as well as between the Nineveh government and the central . Local and International States’ support government . Investment in educational field . Lack of adequate protection for teachers, doctors, schools

External . Employment of social networking media to and health centres improve the awareness and build good . Lack of resources educational system . Severe damages to infrastructure caused by military operations . Deteriorating economic situation . Low cultural and social awareness . Lack of vision by the central government regarding education in liberated governorates

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VII. STRATEGIC OBJECTIVES

Based on the analysis made, the strengths and weaknesses, opportunities and threats identified, five strategic objectives have been elaborated for Nineveh’s Response Plan for the period 2018–2022, as follows.

Strategic objective 1: Ensured restoration of the social fabric

The objective responds to the identified needs and opportunities for restoring community peace and ensuring the return of people to their homes. Its importance stems from the significant impact that peaceful coexistence has on socio-economic development. In this sense, the achievement of Strategic Objective 1 will have a significant impact on the achievement of the remaining strategic objectives of the Plan.

Strategic objective 2: Supporting environment created for overcoming of social challenges

This objective responds to the identified need to provide opportunities for large parts of the society, who are currently left behind. Specifically, there is need to improve opportunities available to youth, women and vulnerable groups for socio-economic inclusion and full participation in society.

Strategic objective 3: Restored and improved public services

The objective matches the identified needs and opportunities for restoration, rehabilitation and further development of public services, including basic infrastructure. The availability and quality of infrastructure and public services are a key factor for economic development, social development, quality of life and human development.

Strategic objective 4: Enabling environment secured for economic rehabilitation and development

Economic development is a major driver of people's well-being. Increasing investments will facilitate development across the economic, as well as the social service sectors. Increase in the rate of investment requires good infrastructure, effective legislation, adequate promotion of the region and opportunities, as well as the availability of educated and skilled workforce.

Strategic objective 5: Public governance improved

Good governance is a horizontal priority objective: the achievement of all other strategic objectives for development of the governorate depends on the quality of public governance. The quality of governance is reflected in the organisation structure of the Administration, the capacity to train and provide the necessary number of experts in the different sectors, the preparation of effective legislation, the provision of the necessary technical equipment and facilities, as well as the provision of the necessary financial resources. Good governance also provides an opportunity to introduce and implement new and modern approaches to managing individual priority sectors.

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VIII. PROGRAMMES (PRIORITY AREAS FOR DEVELOPMENT)

The following programmes are outlined on the basis of the SWOT analysis and the identified strategic objectives (above), with attention to interventions in areas where the Governorate has the authority to implement specific projects and activities.

1. Programme 1: Ensure reconciliation between communities

Since 2003, people in Nineveh have endured escalating political struggles, fighting, violence, radicalisation, displacement; since 2014, Nineveh has been additionally the scene for the heaviest fighting with ISIL, atrocities, genocide, murder, rape, indoctrination, forced compliance, terror, humanitarian disaster, in addition to massive destruction of private and public property (reaching 90% in some areas) and violation of cultural heritage.

In the post-ISIL context, people are overwhelmed by grief and anger. Understandably, the needs are great for retribution, compensation and blame. As families have started to return to their original places, related problems and disputes have started to emerge within and among tribes and within communities. In resolving these, however, practices of revenge have taken dominance over the rule of law. These tend to enforce accountability indiscriminately on groups instead of individuals. Therefore, retributive acts and the fear of retribution – especially for perceived support for ISIL – have become widespread.

Nineveh has the richest ethnic and religious diversity in Iraq. In the context of insecurity, exclusion and poverty, this diversity is also a basis for radicalisation and sectarian tensions. Therefore, while rebuilding peace is central, it is equally central to prevent radical and sectarian discourses in the future.

The situation requires community peace building work involving the provincial government, CSOs, community leaders, and the entire community, in the spirit of protection of the human rights and dignity of all. The involvement of the Governorate in the process of peace building is key – above all, to promote moderation, to reduce perceptions of inequality and impunity, and to strengthen the rule of law; as well as to support specific efforts, such as reducing the incidence of arming, especially among children.

Critical strategic issues:  Extensive violation of the rights of minorities in the past, and especially in the context of ISIL. Social, ethnic and religious divisions in the community are exacerbated;  Scale of migration and displacement in the context of ISIL;  Lack of projects on community reconciliation that harmonise with and build on community traditions;  Lack of involvement of influential people in the reconciliation process (e.g. tribal/religious leaders, academics, etc.) to support and implement reconciliation;  Limited involvement of women, youth, CSOs and community leaders in the peace-building effort.

Vision

Comprehensive measures to achieve rule of law – especially with regard to sectarian issues and radicalisation – support the return of IDPs and the restoration of the community fabric, ensure peaceful coexistence of minorities, reduce brain-drain in the governorate, reduce the level of radicalisation in society, and prevent radicalisation in the long run.

Specific objectives:  Specific objective 1: Activated rule of law with regard to sectarian issues  Specific objective 2: Reconciliation practices supported and promoted.

The attainment of Specific objective 1 will help restore community trust in the authorities, reduce the incidence of ethnic and religious vengeance in Nineveh; reduce the spread of sectarian and radical discourses; and help overcome the problem of the wide spread arming process.

Specific Objective 2 will support the adoption of reconciliation practices aimed to ensure that the tragedy of the last years does not repeat. Specifically, a Community Reconciliation Committee (CRC) will be established with mandate to coordinate and support all peace-building activities (e.g. conflict resolution, trainings for the administration, awareness-raising campaigns, etc.). It is proposed that the CRC be established under the

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Governor and the Governorate Council; that it include representatives from the Administration, the Governorate Council, CSOs, and community leaders; and that its work focus on youth, IDP and returnees in order to (1) set the frame for successful restoration of the community fabric and (2) prevent radicalisation and sectarian discourses in the future.

Strategic objective 1: Ensured restoration of the social fabric Programme 1: Ensure reconciliation between communities Specific objective1: Activated rule of law with regard to sectarian issues Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Research Programme for . Prepare a programme for strengthening the rule of law – starting and study strengthening the rule of law with research and identification of priority areas for training of with regard to tribal issues relevant staff and any further required actions. and radicalisation 2 Research Programme for involving . Explore and identify options to increase and require the and Study CSOs and community leaders involvement of CSOs and community leaders in the reconciliation process. 3 Technical/ Training on rule of law for the . Plan, develop, secure funding for, and implement training Investment administration, security and courses for representatives of the Governorate Administration, judiciary security and judiciary. 4 Research Programme to reduce the . Identify the relevant legislation and measures to implement it. and Study spread of arming 5 Capacity Building the capacity of the . Organise and implement capacity building for representatives of building governorate administration the Administration as needed as regards the activation of the rule of law. Specific objective2: Reconciliation practices supported and promoted Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Research Study of the community . Prepare, organise and conduct a study with support from and Study situation within the University of Mosul on the community situation in Nineveh, governorate including the situation of the families of ISIL fighters. 2 Awareness Promoting reconciliation and . Plan, organise and conduct an information campaign among the a culture of tolerance population aimed to increase the culture of tolerance among the population. 3 Capacity Building capacities to . Organise and conduct trainings and awareness activities on building / promote peace building reconciliation for the general population and among specific Awareness communities to promote peace building. 4 Capacity Establishment of Community . Form Community Reconciliation Committee (CRC) with mandate building Reconciliation Committee to implement the reconciliation project. 5 Technical/ Establishment of . Under the auspices of the CRC, establish Reconciliation Centres Investment, Reconciliation Centres for to build skills and capacities in managing negotiations and Capacity youth, IDPs and returnees dispute/conflict resolution – to equip the current/future leaders building of communities with these skills. 6 Technical/ Provision of equipment and . Plan, organise and purchase necessary equipment and Investment facilities for the CRC rehabilitate premises for use by the CRC.

2. Programme 2: Ensure the return of IDPs

In the context of ISIL, Nineveh has been the theatre of dramatic events, which prompted the highest number of displacement from one single governorate in Iraq. Given the complex population movements, most locations in Nineveh host at the same time IDP, returnee and host populations.

As of 31 Oct 2017, IDPs in Nineveh are 987 648; almost all are from Nineveh. Among them, 38.6% are sheltered in camps; and an entire 41% (402 927 IDPs) are unaccounted for - there is no information on their living conditions, safety, health status, and needs. IDP families experience difficult living conditions, deterioration of psychological status, unknown future, loss, and – especially in camps – living conditions characterised with little respect for human dignity. Deterioration of human capital - in terms of education and health - is rampant. Social challenges have increased, especially in camps - e.g. adolescent pregnancies, drug use, child labour, etc. Children in IDP camps are particularly vulnerable, as they experience separation from family, unattended psychological trauma, and little/no organised socialisation and education activities.

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In addition to fear, return of IDPs is challenged above all by the limited provision of basic services and safe environment in their home areas, the low level of rehabilitation of damaged housing, the difficult access to healthcare and education in their areas, and their uncertain economic prospects. IDPs suffer disproportionately from lack of access to basic services and jobs.

Critical strategic issues:

 Limited progress in rehabilitating infrastructure in liberated areas (including housing) and restoring basic services;  Need to speed up the return of the displaced families to their areas;  Slow compensation of the victims, starting with compensation for housing;  Limited access to education and healthcare in camps and in liberated areas;  Need for psychological counselling centres;  Need for additional income-generating micro projects;  Lack of community-specific programmes: need to coordinate with community centres and organisations in the governorate to prepare workshops and seminars that correspond to the specific needs and condition of communities.

Vision

The return of all IDPs to their homes is ensured through restored provision of basic services, support for rehabilitation of houses and to restoring of people’s livelihoods. Effective support to IDPs still in camps is ensured with regard to healthcare, education, psychological health, etc.

Specific objectives:

 Specific objective 1: Rehabilitated infrastructure, including housing  Specific objective 2: Support provided to IDPs and returnees.

To enable effective support to IDPs and returnees, it is first important to: (1) take steps to resolve their administrative problems – e.g. missing medical records, house ownership documents, etc.; (2) develop an information system that allows effective planning for the rehabilitation of housing, health/education and other infrastructure; and (3) gather information that allows realistic assessment of and therefore effective planning for the actual needs of communities (IDPs and returnees) with regard to basic services, support for their livelihoods, phycho-social support, etc. Specific attention will be given to support to children in overcoming the psychological traumas caused by military action, witnessed violence, loss of family and life in camps.

Strategic objective 1: Ensured restoration of the social fabric Programme 2: Ensure the return of IDPs Specific objective1: Rehabilitated infrastructure, including housing Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Research Identification of damaged . Study and identify priority areas for rehabilitation of existing and Study infrastructure for damaged infrastructure – especially in health and education – rehabilitation using the Nineveh database. 2 Research Identification of damaged . Study and identify options for support to the rehabilitation of and Study and destroyed housing for housing. rehabilitation 3 Technical/ Rehabilitation of existing . Plan, secure funding for and carry out rehabilitation of Investment infrastructure infrastructure – especially in health and education. 4 Technical/ Expansion of existing . Plan, secure funding for and carry out expansion of existing Investment infrastructure infrastructure/facilities – especially in health and education – through additional required projects. 5 Technical/ Rehabilitation of housing . Plan, secure funding for and carry out rehabilitation of housing. Investment Specific objective2: Support provided to IDPs and returnees Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Research Identification of IDP and . Organise and conduct study of the IDP and returnee situation in and Study returnee situation in Nineveh the province.

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2 Research Identification of the needs of . Organise and conduct workshops for IDPs and returnees with task and Study communities to identify their needs; involve community/civil organisations as appropriate. 3 Technical/ Establishment of community . Establish centres for psychological, health, social and vocational Investment and training centres for IDPs support to IDPs and returnees. and returnees 4 Human Support to medical and . Support health and education professionals in camps and Resources educational staff in IDP liberated areas; stimulate their return and participation in support camps and liberated areas to IDPs and returnees in e.g. established community centres. 5 Awareness Raising awareness of the . Plan, organise and carry out an information campaign among the problems and needs of IDPs population to increase people’s understanding of the problems and returnees and needs of IDPs and returnees – in order to increase support in communities to IDPs and returnees. 6 Technical/ Loans/livelihoods support for . Plan, organise, secure funding for and implement Investment IDPs and returnees loans/livelihoods projects for IDPs and returnees to help them improve their economic situation.

3. Programme 3: Provide support to help overcome social challenges

Nineveh’s population is overwhelmingly young – 54.7% under 20, and 71.7% under 30. In the context of increasingly volatile security situation since 2003, the already low levels of school attendance and career opportunities have worsened as well. Thus, at present, there is here a constantly increasing group of young people, who are either illiterate or have very basic literacy, who do not have career opportunities and who are socially excluded. Further, many families have been left without their breadwinners and women have had to step up to the position of family providers. At the same time, women generally have lower opportunities in education and the labour market, as well as weak role in all areas of the public life. Young women (15-29y) in particular experience the highest level of exclusion in the labour market. This results, inter alia, in increased rates of early marriages and pregnancies. Unemployment has overall doubled in the context of ISIL – while high unemployment has severe social consequences – including high incidence of child labour, and while it carries the risk of radicalisation. Finally, the number of orphans and people with disabilities (PwDs) has much increased.

It is necessary to look for swift and effective solutions to include vulnerable groups – especially youth – in the socio- economic life of the governorate – through measures to keep students in schools (e.g. improved school environment and services to students, involvement in extracurricular activities/sports), provision of psychological support, community centres, etc.

Critical strategic issues:

 Very high unemployment rates, and especially very low labour market integration of youth and women;  Need to activate social welfare;  High illiteracy among the population – especially growing youth illiteracy, as well as electronic illiteracy;  Low education enrolment and high school dropout rates– especially for women – linked to high incidence of child labour and early marriages;  Need to activate the Compulsory Education Law;  Lack of professional guidance programmes for students;  High need for psychological support – especially for young people exposed to traumatic experiences;  Shortage of qualified staff – especially in education and healthcare – linked to out-migration of qualified people in the context of ISIL;  Very weak support for people with disabilities, orphans, minors, widows, etc., which does not allow them to participate fully in social and economic life;  Shortage of specialised facilities and services for persons with disabilities;  Shortage/lack of spaces and programmes to encourage the social inclusion of youth, women and other vulnerable groups – e.g. youth centres, sports centres, etc.;  Low human rights awareness in public institutions – particularly social services and schools; and lack of awareness among social services/education staff, etc. on how to work with vulnerable groups;  Lack of awareness of women’s rights and high incidence of gender-based violence.

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Vision

A supporting environment exists that promotes the inclusion of youth, women and vulnerable groups in the economic and social life of the governorate and thereby helps reduce social challenges.

Specific objectives:

 Specific objective 1: Vulnerable groups included in society  Specific objective 2: Improved socio-economic prospects for youth  Specific objective 3: Enhanced role of women in society and the economy.

The attainment of Specific objective 1 will improve the support available to people with disabilities, orphans, minors, widows, etc. – thereby increasing their opportunities to participate actively in the social and economic life of the governorate. Specific objective 2 will support the socio-economic inclusion of youth, including through the establishment of vocational training programmes and livelihood projects for youth to improve their skills and career opportunities. Under Specific objective 3, the position and role women will be supported through programmes to increase social support and reduce gender-based violence, psychological support, and vocational training programmes and livelihood projects for women.

Strategic objective 2: Supporting environment created for overcoming of social challenges Programme 3: Provide support to help overcome social challenges Specific objective 1: Vulnerable groups included in society Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Research Development of criteria for . Develop clear and fair targeting criteria for categories on specific and Study access of vulnerable groups means to access; for identification of priority categories that should to social services receive care and support (e.g. female heads of household, disabled people, poor families); and for continuous updating of targeting mechanisms. 2 Research Elaboration of integrated . Prepare an integrated programme for support to vulnerable groups and Study programme for support to – including by loan and consultancy support to poor families to help vulnerable groups them get out of poverty and be economically active. . Develop a consultancy to support borrowers and the successful establishment of small projects. 3 Technical/ Improving the quality of . Develop and implement measures to improve the quality of Investment child care services childcare services, particularly in care institutions and rehabilitation centres and home education for children. 4 Research Development of financial . Apply conditional cash support system focused on certain target and Study programme for target actions, based on identified priority sectors and target strategic actions economic activities. Specific objective 2: Improved socio-economic prospects for youth Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Awareness Promoting youth skills . Carry out a number of seminars annually to promote skills development development among youth, with focus on their roles in the process of comprehensive development of the community. 2 Awareness Promoting healthy lifestyles . Plan, organise and carry out an information campaign among young among youth people to promote a health-conscious life choices (on e.g. sanitation/microbes, food nutrition, exercise, etc.) 3 Awareness Raising awareness on . Plan, organise and carry out an information campaign among the education, drug population – especially young people – to raise awareness of the prevention, child labour importance of education and the prevention of drug abuse, child and early marriages labour and early marriages/pregnancies (and the role of education in this regard). 4 Technical/ Improving the sports and . Build new and rehabilitate existing sports and cultural centres for Investment cultural centres network work with young people. 5 Technical/ Improving the vocational . Build new and rehabilitate existing vocational training centres for Investment training network work with young people. Specific objective 3: Enhanced role of women in society and the economy Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Legislation Fostering women’s . Research and draft regulatory measures that promote the participation in representation of women in all bodies and permanent and government temporary committees of government.

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2 Awareness Promoting the role and . Plan, organise and carry out an information campaign among the rights of women population to raise awareness of the importance of the role of women and of women’s rights. 3 Research Promoting women's . Prepare a programme to encourage women's initiatives in the next and Study initiatives three years. 4 Technical/ Programme of small . Increase the amount of loans made to empower women and Investment financial target actions strengthen their economic role. aimed at women 5 Technical/ Improving the network of . Establish new and rehabilitate existing centres for broad support Investment women’s centres and training for women.

4. Programme 4: Reconstruct and develop the transport network

The transport sector is vital: it impacts all aspects of social life and economic activity in the province – particularly in view of Nineveh’s large area, population clustering patterns, and its strategic location for trade. The extensive needs for communication and connectivity require giving high priority to the sector. In the context of ISIL, the transport infrastructure of the province has suffered severe damage – particularly roads and bridges. Damage has been particularly paralysing for Mosul, where all five bridges connecting the city were destroyed, and more than 100km of roads have been damaged at numerous sites. A pre-existing problem – exacerbated in the context of ISIL – is lack of roads in many rural areas, which prevents their socio-economic development. There is urgent need to restore connectivity within the province to facilitate the return and successful reintegration of IDPs, to facilitate the provision of much needed services and support to IDPs and host populations, and to allow livelihoods opportunities to develop.

Critical strategic issues:

 Heavy damage to road and bridge infrastructure, and blocked/damaged streets in cities  Lack of supporting infrastructure and machinery for rehabilitation and maintenance due to destruction and pre-existing shortage  Lack of paved road network in rural areas.

Vision

A restored and developed road infrastructure and improved transport sector performance efficiency fully support the economic activities and facilitate the mobility of people in the province.

Specific objectives:

 Specific objective 1: Developed and rehabilitated transport network (primary, secondary, rural)  Specific objective 2: Improved transport sector performance efficiency.

The realisation of Specific Objective 1 will contribute to the development of transport infrastructure and to overcoming the poor state of roads in the governorate. This will help increase the connectivity of rural areas to urban centres, as well as the connectivity between urban centres, facilitating human mobility and economic activities across the territory, while also making economic activities faster and cheaper. Conditions for reducing road accidents will be provided.

The realisation of Specific Objective 2 will contribute to improving the capacity of staff in the sector to manage projects, work with specific information technologies, and ensure better management and archiving of transport network data. Provision of necessary equipment will additionally contribute to improved efficiency and effectiveness of the transport network. Awareness campaigns will contribute to increased road safety.

Strategic objective 3: Restored and improved public services Programme 4: Reconstruct and develop the transport network Specific objective 1: Developed and rehabilitated transport network (primary, secondary, rural) Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Research Elaboration of transport . Explore and identify priority areas for new infrastructure and Study network development development and rehabilitation of existing roads in order to programme improve transport accessibility in the governorate.

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2 Technical/ Construction of new roads . Plan, secure funding for and implement the construction of new Investment and bridges roads and bridges in strategic areas to improve connectivity to rural areas and between major urban centres. 3 Technical/ Rehabilitation and . Plan, secure funding for and implement rehabilitation and Investment maintenance of roads and maintenance work on existing roads and bridges, including ones bridges damaged in the context of ISIL. 4 Technical/ Increasing the capacity of . Organise and implement the extension of existing roads by adding Investment existing roads second corridors for roads whose maximum capacity has been reached. Specific objective 2: Improved transport sector performance efficiency Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Human Building the skills of staff in . Organise and conduct training courses to enhance the IT capacity of Resources IT staff in the sector. 2 Human Building the skills of staff in . Organise and conduct training courses to enhance the project Resources project management management capacity of staff in the sector. 3 Human Increasing the efficiency of . Organise and conduct training courses to build the performance Resources staff in data archiving efficiency of staff in modern data archiving; . Purchase the necessary software. 4 Human Promoting the use of GIS . Organise and conduct training courses in GIS for staff; Resources . Purchase the necessary GIS software. 5 Awareness Promoting road safety . Plan, organise and carry out information campaign among the population on the need to comply with traffic regulation/relevant legislation – to increase road safety, as well as to help reduce public property damage. 6 Technical/ Purchase of equipment for . Plan, organise and purchase necessary equipment for the Investment road maintenance and maintenance and rehabilitation of roads. rehabilitation

5. Programme 5: Restore and improve the electricity service

Access to electricity is a key component of measuring human development and a premise for socio-economic development. The ISIL occupation and military operations have resulted in massive damages to all electricity systems in Nineveh. Power shortage in the province is severe and it affects citizens, enterprises and public institutions – making all the more difficult socio-economic recovery post-ISIL. Urgent work is needed to restore electricity systems to pre-ISIL capacity. In the long term, effective and sustainable electricity provision requires to increase capacities to account for population growth and to develop new energy sources.

Critical strategic issues:  Severe damage to distribution and transmission networks, and severely damaged electricity generation capacity in the context of ISIL – with severe consequences for the population and the economy;  Violations of the transmission lines;  Limited/not diversified energy sources  Frequent bottlenecks in networks and shortage/lack of secondary transmission stations  Lack/shortage of specialised machinery to secure operation and required maintenance and rehabilitation  Shortage of machinery and staff – with negative impact on the rehabilitation of power stations and lines.  Lack of financial resources.

Vision

Restored and developed power systems and diversified energy sources in the province support in full the current and projected needs of citizens, public institutions and all sectors of the economy, and ensure prosperity and sustained socio-economic development.

Specific objectives:  Specific objective 1: Rehabilitated and developed electricity supply network to achieve electricity supply standards  Specific objective 2: Improved performance and revenue of the electricity sector  Specific objective 3: Rationalised electricity consumption.

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Attainment of these objectives will contribute to uninterrupted electrical supply to citizens, public institutions and enterprises, and thereby improve the quality of life in the governorate, support the recovery of Nineveh’s economy, and facilitate the long-term development of productive capacities.

Strategic objective 3: Restored and improved public services Programme 5: Restore and improve the electricity service Specific objective 1: Rehabilitated and developed electricity supply network to achieve electricity supply standards Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Research Mapping of damaged and . Map damaged and destroyed electricity supply systems; and Study destroyed electricity . Research and assess their condition and needs for rehabilitation to supply systems reduce interruptions. 2 Technical/ Rehabilitation of . Develop and implement rehabilitation programme for the electricity Investment electricity supply network supply network, focusing on industrial areas, areas in urban centres, and areas with high density of inhabitants – in order to reduce overload cases and achieve the electricity supply standards. 3 Technical/ Increasing electricity . Develop and implement a programme to increase electricity Investment generation, including generation; renewable energy . Develop and commission renewable energy systems. Specific objective 2: Improved performance and revenue of the electricity sector Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Research Development of charging . Develop models to improve the measurement of electricity and Study models for electricity consumption and the collection of charges for use of the electricity service supply network, aligned with the specificities of individual qadhas of the province. 2 Technical/ Application of charging . Apply the developed charging models. Investment models 3 Technical/ Installation of smart . Develop and implement a programme for installation of smart meters Investment meters and other appliances that allow to measure the actual electricity consumption. 4 Human Improving staff capacities . Plan and implement a programme to improve staff skills/capacities Resources and to attract new employees. Specific objective 3: Rationalised electricity consumption Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Awareness Promoting energy . Plan, organise and carry out information campaign among the conservation among the population on the need to reduce electricity consumption – including population through use of modern electrical equipment with low energy consumption and use renewable energy. 2 Awareness Promoting energy . Plan, organise and carry out information campaign for businesses and conservation among industrial enterprises on the need to reduce electricity – including businesses and industrial through use of modern electrical equipment with low energy enterprises consumption, use of renewable energy, and modern methods in energy load management.

6. Programme 6: Restore and develop the water supply and wastewater management service

While generally limited in coverage and capacity, the water sector in Nineveh has been additionally weakened in the context of ISIL. Both the water supply and the wastewater management systems have suffered severe damage, including damage to water treatment plants and wastewater treatment plants – with impact on waster access, human health, food security, soils quality, water quality across the province, and economic development in the immediate and long run. Both rehabilitation of the water/wastewater network and full reoperation and development of water purification and wastewater treatment plants are necessary. Further, measures are required to raise the awareness of the public on the importance of water conservation and the importance of using clean water – and the role of wastewater treatment and purification in this regard.

Critical strategic issues:

 Insufficient capacity/coverage of the water systems leading to lack/disruption of drinking water supply  Large scale destruction of water supply and wastewater management systems in the context of ISIL, and loss of specialised machinery and equipment

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 Outdated facilities and networks  Weak monitoring and control capacity (electronic maps, pressure monitoring systems) – which prevents effective/timely maintenance and effective planning for improvement of the networks  Insufficient number and capacity of water and wastewater treatment plants  Insufficient electricity supply for the operation of projects  Lack of specialised chemicals/equipment and machinery for water purification and safe transportation  Low collection of charges for use of the water network  Low awareness among the population regarding water use and water conservation  Security situation – resulting in stopped operation (e.g. of intake stations, treatment plants)  Lack of updated map (electronic database) of the existing water supply network – including outdated and damaged infrastructure – which prevents effective planning for improvement of the network;  Lack of reliable data for monitoring the status of the network – e.g. modern pressure monitoring system – to allow timely identification of problems and improve planning.

Vision

In both urban and rural areas, the population of Nineveh enjoy sustainable supply of clean drinking water according to national standards of quality and quantity; while rationalised water use in industry and agriculture both facilitates economic development and secures future water resources.

Specific objectives:

 Specific objective 1: Reconstructed and developed water supply and wastewater systems  Specific objective 2: Improved water sector performance and revenue.

Attainment of these objectives will contribute to improving the health status of the population of Nineveh, and support the development of industry, agriculture and other economic activities, while also reducing pressure on water resources and the environment. Specific objective 1 responds to the need to identify and rehabilitate old and damaged water/wastewater systems, as well as to increase the capacity to monitor their status to allow timely response to problems and reduce water losses. Specific objective 2 responds to the need to improve the measurement and collection of charges for use of the water supply/wastewater network, as well as to improve the management capacity and efficiency of cadres in the sectors.

Strategic objective 3: Restored and improved public services Programme 6: Restore and develop the water supply and wastewater management service Specific objective 1: Reconstructed and developed water supply and wastewater systems Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Research Mapping of damaged and . Complete mapping of the water supply and wastewater networks; and Study destroyed water supply research and assess their condition and need for rehabilitation to and wastewater networks reduce losses and improve service. 2 Technical/ Rehabilitation programme . Develop and implement a rehabilitation programme for the water Investment for the water supply and supply and wastewater networks, focusing on areas in urban wastewater networks centres and areas with high density of inhabitants. 3 Technical/ Implementation of modern . Implement modern pressure monitoring systems in the water Investment pressure monitoring supply network in order to be able to monitor pressure in the pipes systems in the water supply and identify areas of seepage and fractures, take measures to network reduce losses, and achieve the water supply standards. Specific objective 2: Improved water sector performance and revenue Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Research Development of charging . Develop models to improve the measurement of water use and the and Study models for water supply collection of charges for the use of the water supply network, service aligned with the specificities of individual qadhas of the province. 2 Technical/ Application of charging . Apply the developed charging models and achieve 90% collection Investment models rate in the areas served. 3 Technical/ Installation of water . Implement a programme for installation of water meters and other Investment meters appliances for measuring water consumption.

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4 Human Improving the performance . Organise and deliver training courses to improve the performance Resources efficiency of cadres in the of staff in the water supply and wastewater sectors – including water sector purchase the necessary software. 5 Awareness Promoting water . Plan, organise and carry out information campaign among the conservation and water population to increase awareness regarding the need to preserve quality awareness among water, why it is important to use good quality water – and the population therefore, why it is important to pay for use of the water network. 6 Technical/ Equipment to support . Plan, organise and complete the purchase of necessary equipment Investment water supply and for management and maintenance of the water supply and wastewater management wastewater management systems.

7. Programme 7: Expand and develop waste management

The waste management sector in Nineveh is in dire condition. In number and capacity, landfills are inadequate vis-à-vis needs. Regulated landfills that meet environmental requirements are only three – for population of almost 4 million. The threats are major for the environment (soils, water/groundwater resources, air quality) and for public health. The absence of sorting, recycling and control mechanisms compounds environmental threats (as e.g. hazardous waste too ends up in landfills), while it also limits the capacity of the sector to add to the economy by providing inputs to other industries, including energy production. The capacity of the sector has been additionally strained in the context of ISIL by massive destruction and quantities of rubble in cities; lack of funding; and destruction of the already insufficient specialised machinery and equipment.

Critical strategic issues:

 No waste recycling facilities, insufficient landfills, almost no environmentally approved landfills  Large amounts of debris/rubble and hazardous/explosive remnants left after the war  Lack of/insufficient funding  Lack of/insufficient specialised machinery and equipment  Weak regulation and audit/control procedures regarding waste  Low public awareness about waste hazards and the importance of waste management  Strained staff capacity and low occupational safety.

Vision

An environmentally sound and effective waste collection and disposal system supports the health and quality of life of citizens, while it also adds to the economy through protection of resources and recycling.

Specific objectives:

 Specific objective 1: Rehabilitated and developed waste management network  Specific objective 2: Improved waste management sector performance and revenue.

Attainment of these objectives will result in tangible improvement in the quality of life of citizens, as well as support the resource base for development of the governorate.

Strategic objective 3: Restored and improved public services Programme 7: Expand and develop waste management Specific objective 1: Rehabilitated and developed waste management network Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Research Developing an integrated . Map the existing infrastructure and its status, and research and Study waste management and opportunities and needs related to improving waste management recycling strategy through: waste recycling programmes; new facilities for systematic collection, separation, recycling, treatment and processing of waste; improved regulation; and the introduction of modern operational control procedures and effective daily management across the waste life cycle. 2 Technical/ Waste collection and . Plan, organise and implement a programme to introduce waste Investment recycling programme recycling and support the removal of debris from the war.

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Specific objective 2: Improved waste management sector performance and revenue Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Research Development of charging . Develop models to improve measurement related to waste and Study models for waste generation and the collection of charges for waste management management service service, aligned with the specificities of individual qadhas of the province 2 Technical/ Application of charging . Apply the developed charging models and achieve 90% collection Investment models rate in the areas served. 3 Human Improving the performance . Organise and deliver training courses to improve the performance Resources efficiency of cadres in the of staff in the waste sector, including in terms of occupational waste management sector safety, and including the purchase of necessary software. 4 Technical/ Purchase of equipment to . Plan, organise and complete the purchase of necessary machinery Investment support waste and equipment for waste management and maintenance management 5 Awareness Promoting awareness . Plan, organise and carry out an information campaign among the about waste hazards and population and businesses on the importance of waste the importance of waste management – and therefore, the need to pay for waste management management service. 6 Awareness Promoting clean cities . Plan, organise and carry out an information campaign among urban population on the importance of keeping cities clean and practical ways to do this in daily lives.

8. Programme 8: Improve health services quality and access

Access to healthcare is a key component of measuring human development. Further, healthcare provision has significant and long-term economic returns in terms of sustaining and developing the available human resources, and in terms of ensuring supportive environment for businesses and investors.

In the context of ISIL, there has been an overall collapse of the health system in Nineveh due to damaged/looted hospitals and health centres, flight of medical staff, loss of ambulances, lack of medicines and necessary equipment. Pre-existing problems in access to health service have been exacerbated. There is inter alia limited preventive care and prenatal care. The situation has been exacerbated by (1) the overall economic collapse, food shortage, cash poverty – driving malnutrition; (2) the destruction of the water and sanitation system, driving up public health risks; and (3) environmental pollution in the context of warfare. A further and massive problem is psychological trauma, especially among children. Services to returnees and host populations are limited; and services offered to IDPs are low and do not meet all needs – acutely so for mental health care. Specialised services – e.g. to people with disability – are also much below current needs.

The Governorate has embarked on a plan to return all IDPs to their homes – while almost all IDPs stationed in camps in Nineveh are from Nineveh province. At the same time, lack of healthcare service is among the main reasons why IDPs choose not to return to their areas.

Critical strategic issues:

 Poor health conditions  Limited control of communicable diseases  Limited treatment of non-communicable and acute diseases among citizens outside and in IDP camps  Increased infant mortality rates in all parts of the governorate, especially rural/remote parts  Limited care, preventive care and prenatal care for children and pregnant women  Limited provision of metal healthcare, protection, and therapy to citizens outside and in IDP camps  Limited provision of healthcare to elderly citizens outside and in IDP camps  Limited provision of essential healthcare to people with disabilities outside and in IDP camps  Limited provision of healthy environment in spaces allocated to IDPs  Limited provision of ongoing and continuous health and medical services to IDPs in all their locations.

Vision

Improved health condition of all citizens of Nineveh in the immediate and long run.

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Specific objectives:

 Specific objective 1: Improved quality and expanded coverage of health services  Specific objective 2: Improved prevention  Specific objective 3: Strengthened research and technological base of health services.

Attainment of these specific objectives will contribute to improved public health, return of the IDPs and reduced cost of health service to the population.

Strategic objective 3: Restored and improved public services Programme 8: Improve health services quality and access Specific objective 1: Improved quality and expanded coverage of health services Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Research Elaboration of health . Develop an updated map of healthcare infrastructure and and Study infrastructure development identify priority areas for infrastructure investment. programme 2 Research Elaboration of programme for . Elaborate a programme to coordinate the provision of and Study coordinating private sector healthcare services from the private sector. healthcare 3 Technical/ Implementation of monitoring . Build an effective monitoring system to monitor preventive, Investment system diagnostic and therapeutic services provision, as well as emergency medicines and medical supplies – with regard to the adoption of professional principles, humanitarian approach, and efficiency of provision. 4 Technical/ Investment programme for . Develop and implement an investment programme for building Investment rehabilitation and new of new healthcare centres, in particular in rural areas, and construction of healthcare rehabilitation and maintenance of existing centres. centres 5 Technical/ Implementation of health . Develop and implement health information technology Investment information technology programme – to communicate information from primary and programme secondary healthcare centres (on e.g. pharmaceuticals and medical supplies, patient records, records of maternal and child morbidity, mortality data, etc.) – to strengthen the capacity of administrative structures. 6 Human Enhancing of capabilities in . Develop and implement training courses for healthcare Resources healthcare planning administrators in the field of healthcare planning. Specific objective 2: Improved prevention Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Technical/ Preventive care programme . Implement a programme for increased vaccine coverage and Investment heath screening to ensure safety from communicable diseases. 2 Technical/ Programme to ensure . Implementation of a programme for acquiring medicines and Investment sufficient medicines and equipment equipment 3 Awareness Promoting preventive care . Plan, organise and carry out an information campaign among the population on preventive care measures, specifically on the benefits of vaccine programmes. 4 Awareness Promoting health awareness . Develop and implement measures to raise public awareness on and education heath issues and healthy lifestyle practices. Specific objective 3: Strengthened research and technological base of health services Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Research Identification of the needs of . Using socio-economic survey, assess the needs of the and Study the population population for preventive healthcare, support for cancer, kidney diseases, and other major risks. 2 Technical/ Health clinics database . Build a health database system to track the coverage of health Investment clinics. 3 Awareness Promoting research in . Promote the participation of University of Mosul in research and community health studies that promote community health.

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9. Programme 9: Improve education quality and access

Nineveh has been witnessing unprecedented security and economic challenges. On the one hand, destruction and the displacement of hundreds of thousands of students have exacerbated pre-existing problems in the sector; and they have created a situation whereby each year, there is a constantly increasing group of young people, who are either illiterate or have very basic literacy, who enter the labour market with no skills or only basic skills; and each year a new wave of children who become of school age have no possibilities to receive education. On the other hand, the economic crisis has reduced government spending on education – while much extra funding is additionally needed to rebuild destroyed schools and complementary services.

Post ISIL, the immediate focus is on resuming education service, improving basic literacy, keeping young people at school, programmes for catching up with education, and resolving student placements challenges given years of skipped school for many. In the longer run, for education to benefit longer-term economic development in Nineveh, it is necessary to (1) better align HR supply and demand – e.g. through modernised curricula, technology adoption, vocational training/skills development programmes, improved teacher training, etc., and (2) ensure increased and balanced access to education outside cities, to boost rural development..

Critical strategic issues:

 Pressure on the education system capacity from high population growth and urbanisation  Pressure on the education system capacity from displacement – linked to overcrowding in schools in areas of displacement  High and growing student-to-teacher and student-to-class ratios  Non-admission of all students in schools  Very high share of illiterate persons – 24.5% total, 24% among youth (15-29y), and as much as 31.2% among young women (almost twice the national average, and highest in Iraq)  High drop-out rates –74% overall (the second highest in Iraq) – and high repeat rates  Insufficient school buildings – many are in bad condition, damaged/destroyed; some serve as IDP shelter  High and growing student-to-teacher and student-to-class ratios  Shortage of qualified and specialised teachers  Low motivation for enrolment in vocational schools  Weak adoption of technology and modern teaching methods  Need for psychological adaptation of students.

Vision

Adequate and modern education service extended to all – including attractive school environment, quality infrastructure and modern teaching methods and curricula – contributes to reduced illiteracy, increased school attendance, and improved employment prospects, especially among young people, and it effectively supports the economic development of the governorate.

Specific objectives:

 Specific objective 1: Resumed provision of educational services and closing of identified gaps  Specific objective 2: Improved school environment, student participation, and human resource capacity in the sector.

The attainment of Specific objective 1 will contribute to increasing the number of good-quality operational school buildings, allowing to resume educational services. Under this objective, standards for primary schools will be developed, and the provision of basic public services in school areas will be planned and coordinated. The goal will directly contribute to the inclusion of a larger number of children in the education system and a reduction in the share of illiterates.

The attainment of Specific objective 2 will provide an attractive school environment to help increase enrolment rates and reduce dropout rates. The needs of teachers for specific subjects will be met, and the possibility of applying modern training methods will be provided. Activities will further help attract students to vocational schools and provide teachers in rural areas.

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Strategic objective 3: Restored and improved public services Programme 9: Improve access to and quality of education Specific objective 1: Resumed provision of educational services and closing of identified gaps Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Research Elaboration of education . Identify priority school buildings; and Study infrastructure development . Elaborate investment programme for completion of building works; programme . Identify possibilities to use other governorate buildings; . Study the opportunities to develop PPP for unfinished schools; . Identify needs for school equipment – furniture, computers, etc. 2 Research Development of standards . Develop standards for primary schools, e.g. standard number of and Study for primary schools children per teacher, standard number of students in a class, standard facilities in schools. 3 Research Elaboration of programme . Elaborate a programme for coordination of the provision of basic and Study for coordinated public public services in school areas (electricity, water, roads, waste and service provision in school wastewater collection, etc.). areas 4 Research Increasing the role of the . Study possibilities for and develop a programme aimed to increase and Study private sector in school the involvement of the private sector in the maintenance of maintenance schools, including up to 100%. 5 Technical/ Investment programme for . Develop and implement an investment programme to support the Investment completion and repair of completion of unfinished school buildings or the school buildings reconstruction/rehabilitation of damaged ones. 6 Technical/ Establishment of local . Establish and operationalise workshops for maintenance of school Investment centres for school furniture , equipment and supplies; equipment repair . Provide the required machines, equipment and supplies. 7 Awareness Encouraging community . Develop and implement a series of initiatives that aim to encourage involvement in school and increase the involvement of parents and teachers in the reconstruction process of school reoperation – on volunteering basis, and with support from international humanitarian organisations. Specific objective 2: Improved school environment, student participation, and human resource capacity in the sector Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Technical/ Programme for increased . Develop and implement a programme to increase extracurricular Investment extracurricular activities at activities at schools – e.g. school trips, volunteer works, sports, schools exhibitions , school garden, etc. 2 Technical/ Introducing modern . Prepare schools – in terms of planning and equipment – for the Investment teaching methods with implementation of modern teaching methods with help of help of ICT information technologies. 3 Awareness Promoting the benefits of . Plan, organise and carry out an information campaign among the education population on the benefits of education. 4 Human Programme of courses for . Develop and implement courses for teachers. Resources teachers 5 Human Programme for teacher . In collaboration with universities, develop and implement a joint Resources training programme for teacher training. 6 Human Support to education in . Develop and implement a programme to support teachers in rural Resources rural areas areas and to promote continuing secondary education. 7 Awareness Increasing the . Develop and implement – with support from businesses – an attractiveness of vocational awareness campaign aimed to attract young people to vocational schools schools.

10. Programme 10: Encourage investment and economic development

The main features of Nineveh’s economy are also the factors that reduce Nineveh’s economic resilience: overdependence on oil as a source of wealth; focus of both institutions and labour market entrants on the public sector/SOEs; weak and stagnant private sector dominated by small-scale enterprises; and weak rural development. Nineveh’s potential to develop diversified economy remains unfulfilled as the available mineral, natural and cultural resources are not fully utilised. Agriculture has been in decline – linked to loss of land/water, rural migration to cities, and the effects of warfare. Production and revenue-generating resources are concentrated in a few hubs (above all, the urban area of Mosul and the oil fields). In result, Nineveh’s economy is slow, exposed to shocks, unable to absorb the youth bulge, and unable to support a more balanced socio-

108 LADP in Iraq – Nineveh PRP economic development across Nineveh’s territory. Pre-existing economic problems have been massively exacerbated following the severe destruction in the context of ISIL.

In this context, the economic development of Nineveh would mean: (1) diversification and development of the agricultural, industrial and commercial sectors – so that Nineveh may achieve: development and economic status commensurate with its resources; comprehensive economic development; and socio-economic well-being of citizens in the mid- and long term; and (2) rural development – better quality of social, economic and services conditions for people living in rural areas, ensured through fuller use and sustainable management of agricultural, industrial and human resources, improved service provision, improved physical infrastructure and investment projects.

For both these purposes, it is essential to strengthen the role of the private sector, to boost competitiveness across sectors, and – above all – to boost investments. Investment is a driving force for development, driving up competitiveness, trade, productivity and diversification, as well as the capacity of the institutions to implement social and service projects. Particularly in the post-ISIL context, given the limited resources of the governorate, it is critical that larger input from the private sector and foreign investors be activated.

Promoting investment opportunities is bound with creating an active business environment in the governorate. The challenges that stand in the way of attracting investments in Nineveh are many; they are pertain to the complicated regulatory environment, weak banking environment, corruption, decline in education/human capital, displacement, insecurity, and destruction of production, transport and service infrastructure.

Critical strategic issues:

 High poverty rates; wide disparities in development within/across nahias; strong urban-rural divide  High unemployment in the context of population and youth bulge  Underinvestment/underdevelopment of resource-based industries  Outdated/neglected agriculture sector that is not aligned with resource limitations  Low productivity and competitiveness of enterprises/products – driving weak decent jobs creation and low income of workers/farmers  Poor security situation prevents investments  High administrative burdens impede investments  Weak work force capacity deters investors – many people have been displaced, while youth are lacking the education and skills required for the economy;  Shortage of skilled staff/qualified technical staff for the industrial sector and staff prepared for project management.

Overall, there is need to develop a new strategy for Nineveh’s economic development, given the severity of destruction under ISIL - with focus on establishment of new industrial zone outside the centre of Mosul, support for the rehabilitation of the small businesses, and industry development. As a first step, it is important to understand what the actual situation in the sector is at present – including damage to industrial infrastructure, damage to machinery, available livestock, viability of SEOs, etc. etc. – in order to elucidate the priorities for economic development and investment.

Vision

A vibrant private sector, improved investment climate and diversified economy commensurate with available resources make an effective contribution to the economic recovery and sustainable socio-economic development of the province.

Specific objectives:  Specific objective 1: Stimulating and attractive investment environment for domestic and foreign capital  Specific objective 2: Improved marketing and promotion of investment opportunities  Specific objective 3: Existing investments expanded  Specific objective 4: The agriculture sector strengthened.

Attainment of these specific objectives will contribute to (1) decreased poverty levels, increased employment, improved socio-economic conditions and inclusion of young people in socio-economic life – with positive impact on social and community resilience and reduced radicalisation; (2) diversification of Nineveh’s economy – with positive impact on its economic resilience; and (3) development of the agriculture sector, including improved productivity, planning, and resource/input efficiency in the sector.

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Strategic objective 4: Enabling environment secured for economic rehabilitation and development Programme 10: Encourage investment and economic development Specific objective 1: Stimulating and attractive investment environment for domestic and foreign capital Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Legislation Development of model . Review and evaluate the existing licensing system; to improve the . Develop a model to simplify licencing process, reduce administrative licencing system burden, and thereby improve the investment environment – in the frame of existing legislature. 2 Research Establishment of joint . Motivate chambers, unions and associations to participate in the and Study ventures with local or implementation of investment opportunities through the establishment foreign capital of joint ventures with local or foreign capital. 3 Research Consultancy to develop . With involvement of University of Mosul and consulting offices, identify and Study investment and complete preliminary feasibility studies for all investment opportunities opportunities offered. Specific objective 2: Improved marketing and promotion of investment opportunities Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Research Investment map . Create an investment map for all sectors in cooperation with the and Study relevant authorities. 2 Capacity Effective marketing of . Develop a programme for adopting modern and innovative marketing building investment methods to promote investment opportunities. opportunities 3 Awareness Promotion of . Realise a programme of measures to promote investment opportunities investment domestically/abroad in cooperation with local /national institutions– opportunities incl. local/international fairs, promotions website, etc. Specific objective 3: Existing investments expanded Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Capacity Improving structures . Establish a special coordination council for the investment and building and capacities for industrial sectors; investment and . Encourage existing investors to expand their successful investments and industry development replicate them in other locations in the governorate ; . Encourage partnerships between domestic and foreign investors; . Develop the industrial sector through the implementation of plans prepared for this purpose and coordination between the efforts of relevant authorities. 2 Technical/ Support to vocational . Develop and implement a programme to support vocational training Investment training centres in the training of qualified skilled technicians – especially in the area of industrial projects management. 3 Technical/ Grants for local . Develop and implement a programme to support the establishment of Investment entrepreneurship small industrial projects and entrepreneurship projects through the initiatives provision of financial and administrative facilities and local services. 4 Technical/ Rehabilitation of . Develop and implement a programme to support the rehabilitation of Investment damaged industries industrial projects damaged by ISIL. Specific objective 4: The agriculture sector strengthened Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Research Elaboration of . In coordination of Mosul University, conduct research on the use of and Study programme for irrigation methods and techniques appropriate to the nature and development of the quantities of water resources in Nineveh Governorate and analysis of irrigation network best practices for their management; . Elaborate a programme for development of the irrigation system through optimal methods. 2 Technical/ Implementation of pilot . Plan and implement pilot projects for the use of proposed irrigation Investment projects for the use of methods (see 1 above) – to support farmers. irrigation methods 3 Research Investment map for . Create an investment map for the sites of proposed agricultural and Study new agriculture projects and simplify the procedures for investment in these projects. projects 4 Technical/ Establishment of . Establish modern markets for fruits and vegetables, equipped with Investment modern markets for refrigerated stores, logistics facilities and quality control services – in fruits and vegetables coordination with municipal institutions, the private sector and the Investment Authority.

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5 Research Elaboration of . Identify best practices in the region with regard to cooperatives and Study cooperative models to establishment; improve production . Analyse the potential of existing structures to improve production and and marketing marketing; . Elaborate models for cooperatives among farmers. 6 Technical/ Database system for . Establish a database system to provide all the information on the Investment agricultural sector agricultural sector – to support decision-making toward development of the sector.

11. Programme 11: Improve public governance

Rationale

While Nineveh Governorate is undergoing the decentralisation process envisaged in legislation, effective public governance has emerged as a distinct horizontal priority area – integral to the realisation of objectives in all other priority areas. Improved public governance will result in better service provision, reduced corruption, and reduced burden on citizens and businesses, and reduced waste of financial resources. Thus, it will contribute to improved investment environment, private sector development, jobs creation, social inclusion, and overall improved quality of life and human development in the governorate, including reduced poverty levels.

In the post-ISIL context, the rule of law and transparent and accountable governance based on a culture of human rights are pivotal in order to facilitate the peaceful living together of communities in the course of economic rebuilding.

Critical strategic issues:  Incomplete decentralisation  Lack of performance efficiency standards and functional analysis of the administration  Corruption.

Vision

Strong, effective and transparent government institutions contribute directly to achieving all the development goals of the governorate.

Specific objectives:

 Specific objective 1: Effective local government organisation and professional and expert management  Specific objective 2: Integrity, transparency and accountability promoted  Specific objective 3: State of law established and a culture of human rights protection promoted.

Attainment of these specific objectives will result in better administrative services, reduced corruption, improved business and investment climate, and an environment of transparency, accountability and order that supports the return to peaceful living together of communities.

Strategic objective 5: Public governance improved Programme 11: Improve public governance Specific objective 1: Effective local government organisation and professional and expert management Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Research Functional review . Perform a functional review of the administrative structures of the local and Study of the government to identify the needs for changes in the organisational administrative structure to better allocate their functions and provide them with the structures of the necessary resources; provincial . Establish an expanded committee – comprised of representatives of government Nineveh Governorate, the Directorates of Financial and Administrative Affairs, and representatives of University of Mosul (faculties of Law and Administration and Economy), and qualified staff – to carry out systematic monitoring of the state of the administrative structures and the need for changes in the Administration’s organisational structure..

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2 Legislation Draft legislative . Prepare changes in the legislation related to making the necessary changes changes to facilitate in the organisational structure of the provincial government. decentralisation 3 Research Implementation of . Develop and implement PMS by creating links between the goals set and and Study Performance their achievement by administrations and employees at individual level; Measurement . Develop job descriptions for employees to reflect the functions of the System (PMS) administration; . Develop annual plans for employees to reflect the goals of the administration; . Develop a system of criteria for objective evaluation of the work of the employees. 4 Human Increasing staff . Build a system for stimulating employee motivation based on employee Resources motivation performance – through e.g. bonuses, opportunities for additional training, position rotation, etc. 5 Human Building the human . Elaborate annual employee training plans reflecting the needs of the Resources resource capacity of administration and the individual needs of employees; government . Prepare a Memorandums of Understanding with University of Mosul to departments implement required workshops , training courses and specialised continuing education for employees of government departments; . Organise and conduct training courses and seminars on the basis of the annual training plans for employees. 6 Technical/ Establishment of . Carry out a study and analysis of the opportunities and steps needed to Investment governorate e- build an electronic government in the Governorate. Determine the services government to be made available electronically at the initial stage; . Build information registers for the needs of e-Government. Specific objective 2: Integrity, transparency and accountability promoted Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Legislation Access to public . Draft local legislation that regulates the disclosure by the local government information of information and data of interest to citizens – to raise the level of transparency in government work – provided that legislation requires government departments to make available various information and data related to the management of public funds and to the decision-making mechanisms from different decision centres. 2 Legislation Citizen participation . Elaborate local legislation to regulate the CSO (NGOs, trade unions and in decision making professional federations) participation in the decision-making process and the formulation of visions for public policies for the governorate. 3 Awareness Promoting a culture . Develop and implement information campaign to promote a culture of of integrity and integrity and transparency of governance. transparency Specific objective 3: State of law established and a culture of human rights protection promoted Activity Project type Project name Short description 1 Awareness Promoting human . Develop and implement information campaign aimed to disseminate rights and public among society a culture and practices that promote human rights and help property preserve public property. preservation 2 Awareness Promoting human . Develop and organise seminars and information campaigns for security rights in the work of agency representatives to promote respect for human rights in the security agencies implementation of their duties. 3 Awareness Promoting the rule . In cooperation with tribal and religious community leaders, develop and of law among tribal implement seminars and information campaigns to promote respect for the and religious rule of law. communities

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IX. IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PRP

1. Implementing structures

This Plan is going to be implemented through Nineveh Provincial Government departments led by the Planning Department of the Governorate. The Steering Committee responsible for the planning process will be dissolved, and an Implementing Board will be established with the purpose to take responsibility for implementation, monitoring and updating of the PRP. Along the way, some specific activities (such as monitoring) will be designated to Committees with specific responsibilities (e.g. Monitoring Committee).

In case Nineveh Governorate decide to use an implementation structure as suggested in the “Guidelines for Strategic Planning for Local Authorities in Iraq,” the Governor and respective departments will take action regarding the establishment of an economic development entity (e.g. “Strategic Development Organisation”).

2. Monitoring and evaluation

There are three levels of monitoring and evaluation. At levels 1 and 2, the focus is on the recommended interventions and the results of their implementation; at level 3, the focus is on updating the PRP. 1. Level-1 monitoring asks “Is the intervention being implemented as recommended in the PRP?” A comparison of what has occurred with what was set forth in the Summary Action Plan (SAP) for the respective intervention answers this question. Level-1 monitoring considers the details of implementation, the actions taken – or not taken – to implement the recommended intervention. 2. Level-2 monitoring asks “Is the intervention producing the outcomes that lead to achieving the expected results, project purpose and goal?” The performance indicators listed in the second column of the LogFrame Planning Matrix answer this question. Level-2 monitoring assesses the achievement of the expected results, project purpose and goal (i.e. the intended outputs, outcomes and impact of the intervention), as they link the intervention to the PRP vision. 3. Level-3 monitoring asks “Has the environment changed in ways that affect the choice of critical issues, interventions, and implementing entities in the PRP?” The answer uses information generated by the first two levels of monitoring, an update of the economic scan, and an organisational review of the implementing entities. Level-3 monitoring updates the PRP and indicates when the situation has changed so significantly, that it is time either to refresh the PRP or to repeat the full planning process.

Responsibility for monitoring and updating of the PRP will rest with the Provincial Government, part or all of the PRP Task Force, but it could also be designated to another entity (e.g. the local economic development entity).

The term “monitoring group” is used here to encompass any of the possible configurations. Ideally, the monitoring group will include representatives from the local government, the business community, the non- governmental sector, other actors relevant to the PRP implementation, and certainly, leadership from local economic development actors. The monitoring group may act as a whole or establish subcommittee(s) to deal with specific issues.

Monitoring and evaluation/updating are essential components of strategic planning. However, these processes cannot be as tightly specified as the PRP preparation process, because the monitoring process will vary depending on the PRP recommendations for each locality and on the progress made in their implementation. Monitoring occurs over time and it has to respond to an ever-changing situation.

3. Financial resources

Financial resources for implementation of the PRP will be diversified and sought at the national, local and international level. Nationally, the Governorate will present capital investment projects to the respective ministries and negotiate the implementation of programmes. Locally, the implementation of PPPs (Public Private Partnerships) requires to ensure that local-level legislation encourages and remove obstacles to private initiative. Internationally, the Governorate will seek both foreign investment and the assistance of foreign governments in development and humanitarian areas.

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114 LADP in Iraq – Nineveh PRP

SOURCES

Statistical sources:

 Nineveh Governorate data – incl. Departments of Statistics, Education, Electricity, Health, etc.  COSIT  Ministry of Planning annual statistics  World Bank, World Development Indicators database

Cited and consulted analyses/studies:

 IOM (2015), Nineveh Governorate Profile: http://iomiraq.net/file/1943/download.  IOM Integrated Location Assessment II (ILA II, completed in March-May 2017); http://iraqdtm.iom.int/ILA2.aspx, http://iraqdtm.iom.int/Downloads/DTM%20Special%20Reports/DTM%20Integrated%20Location%20Assessment/DTM% 20Integrated%20Location%20Assessment_Part%20II_Governorate%20Profiles_March%202017.pdf.  IOM (June 2017), Obstacles to Return in Retaken Areas of Iraq: Final Report: http://iraqdtm.iom.int/LastDTMRound/DTM%20Obstacles%20to%20Return%20in%20Retaken%20Areas%20of%20Iraq_ June%202017.pdf.  IOM (July 2017), DTM Mosul Crisis: Population Movements Analysis: http://iraqdtm.iom.int/LastDTMRound/DTM%20ET%20Mosul%20Crisis%20Report%20July%202017.pdf.  IOM (Oct 2017), ILA II Report: http://iraqdtm.iom.int/Downloads/DTM%20Special%20Reports/DTM%20Integrated%20Location%20Assessment%20II/I LA%20II_PART2%20Governorate%20Profiles.pdf.  IOM (31 Oct 2017), DTM Round 82: http://iraqdtm.iom.int/default.aspx; http://iraqdtm.iom.int/DtmReports.aspx; http://iraqdtm.iom.int/IDPsML.aspx.  IOM Iraq Mission (2016), Iraq Community Stabilisation Handbook 2015–2016: https://www.dropbox.com/s/egell6z3qchxfyx/Introduction_and_Anbar.pdf?dl=1.  NGO Coordination Committee for Iraq (NCCI) (Dec 2010), Nineveh Governorate Profile: https://www.ncciraq.org/images/infobygov/NCCI_Ninewa_Governorate_Profile.pdf.  Siddiqui, N. et al (IOM, Feb 2017), Reframing Social Fragility in Areas of Protracted Displacement and Emerging Return in Iraq: http://iomiraq.net/file/29038/download.  UNDP (2014), Iraq Human Development Report 2014: http://www.iq.undp.org/content/dam/iraq/img/Publications/UNDP-IQ_IraqNHDR2014-English.pdf.  UNDP/UN-Habitat (22 Nov 2016), LADP Strategic Urban Development Framework for Governorates in Iraq: Indicator Technical Brief.  UN-Habitat (Oct 2016), City Profile of Mosul, Iraq: Multi-sector assessment of a city under siege: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/UN-Habitat_MosulCityProfile_V5.pdf.  UN-Habitat (July 2017), Multi-sector damage assessment of Mosul: http://unhabitatiraq.net/mosulportal/wp- content/uploads/2017/07/170616_Damage-Assessment.pdf.  UN-Habitat (16 July 2017), Road Infrastructure Assessment: https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/170711_Infrastructure%20Dashboard.pdf.  UNHCR, Iraq Situation: UNHCR Flash Updates of July–Nov 2017: https://reliefweb.int/report/iraq.  UNITAR (27 Nov 2017), Damage assessment of Mosul: http://www.unitar.org/unosat/node/44/2738?utm_source=unosat-unitar&utm_medium=rss&utm_campaign=maps.  Vishwanath, T. et al. (World Bank Group, June 2015), Where Are Iraq’s Poor?: Mapping Poverty in Iraq: http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/889801468189231974/Where-are-Iraq-s-poor-mapping-poverty-in-Iraq.  World Bank (2016). Doing business 2017: Equal Opportunity for All – Iraq. http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/ 168391478509657720/Doing-business-2017-equal-opportunity-for-all-Iraq.  World Bank (2017), “The World Bank in Iraq: Overview,” updated 01 Apr 2017: http://www.worldbank.org/en/country/iraq/overview.  World Bank (03 Feb 2017), Iraq: Systematic Country Diagnostic (Report No. 112333–IQ). http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/542811487277729890/pdf/IRAQ-SCD-FINAL-cleared-02132017.pdf.

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116 LADP in Iraq – Nineveh PRP

ANNEX: PROJECTS IN DIFFERENT PHASES OF CONTRACTING AND IMPLEMENTATION

A.1 Livelihoods support projects

Location N Livelihoods support project Project status Mosul-East 1 Urban Environment re generated by CFW & WHH support grants m- Complete and received by end-user 2 Cash For Work for HRF 1 in Mosul-East m- Complete and received by end-user 3 Cash for work in Eastern Mosul (Hadba'a) Lot 1 l- Under implementation 4 Cash for work in Eastern Mosul (Hadba'a) Lot 2 l- Under implementation 5 Cash for work in Eastern Mosul (Hadba'a) Lot 3 l- Under implementation 6 Cash for work in Eastern Mosul (Zuhoor) Lot 1 l- Under implementation 7 Cash for work in Eastern Mosul (Zuhoor) Lot 2 l- Under implementation 8 Cash for work in Eastern Mosul (Zuhoor) Lot 3 l- Under implementation 9 Cash for work in Eastern Mosul (Zuhoor) Lot 4 l- Under implementation 10 Cash for work in Eastern Mosul (Zuhoor) Lot 5 l- Under implementation 11 Cash for work in Eastern Mosul (Salam) Lot 1 l- Under implementation 12 Cash for work in Eastern Mosul (Salam) Lot 2 l- Under implementation 13 Cash for work in Eastern Mosul (Salam) Lot 3 l- Under implementation 14 Cash for work in Eastern Mosul (Salam) Lot 4 l- Under implementation 15 Monitoring UNDP FFS Livelihoods Projects in Al-Mosul City l- Under implementation 16 Clean-Up Project /Nerkal district- Mosul City, Lot 1: Mohandesen, Nerkal, Zeraee, Nasir, Swes and Faisaliya g- Technical Evaluation complete 17 Clean-Up Project /Nerkal district- Mosul City , Lot 2:Khofran,Naby Yonis, Maliya, Mohamad A lFatih, Dhobat, Jazaer and Al-Numaniya e- Advertised 18 Clean-Up of Mosul University e- Advertised 19 Cleaning Up Project for Technical Collage And Technical Institute In Mosul e- Advertised Mosul-West 1 Clean-Up Project for General Hospital in Mosul-West j- Contracted/awarded 2 Clean-Up Project for Al Jadeda Cash For Work in Mosul-West g- Technical Evaluation complete 3 Clean Up project for Ninawa University (Cash for Work) f- Preliminary evaluation finished 4 Clean-Up project for Al Rabea Cash For Work (5 Lots) e- Advertised 5 Clean-Up of two neighborhoods “Al Jawsaq & Al Tayaran” (Lot 1) in Al Ghizlani Sector e- Advertised 6 Clean-Up of 3 neighborhoods “Danadan, Al Dawasa & Naby Sheet” (Lot 2) in Al Ghizlani Sector e- Advertised 7 Clean-Up of 2 neighborhoods “Al Okaidat & Bab Al Gadeed” (Lot 3) in Al Ghizlani Sector e- Advertised 8 Clean-Up Project for Old City Cash For Work in Mosul-West b- BoQ received from local authorities Nineveh 1 Clean-Up Project for Bartilla in Nineveh Plains i- Submitted to PRC (if needed) Plains 2 Clean-Up Project for Bashiqa in Nineveh Plains i- Submitted to PRC (if needed) 3 Clean-Up Project for Tilkaif in Nineveh Plains i- Submitted to PRC (if needed) 4 Construction Park Cash For Work in Hay Al Mishraq, Hammam Alali, Nineveh Plains b- BoQ received from local authorities Quyarra 1 Clean-Up Project For (CFW) m- Complete and received by end-user Rabia 1 Livelihoods Support for the most Vulnerable households in Rabia n- Paid/Contract closed Sinuni 1 Repair and Provide Spare Parts for Al-Jazeera Irrigation System l- Under implementation 2 Asset Replacement for Vulnerable Female Headed Households in Sinuni j- Contracted/awarded 3 Clean-Up Project in Sinuni f- Preliminary evaluation finished

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Location N Livelihoods support project Project status Sinjar 1 Clean-Up Project in Sinjar f- Preliminary evaluation finished 2 Livelihoods Support for Vulnerable Families in Sinuni and Sinjar m- Complete and received by end-user Total 38

A.2 Roads and bridges sector projects

Location N Roads and bridges sector project Project status Mosul-East 1 Consultant Services for Al Sukr Bridge over the Khosar River in Mosul-East l- Under implementation 2 Renovation of the Road in Mosul University in Mosul-East g- Technical Evaluation complete 3 Rehabilitation of Sayedatee Al Jamila Bridge Over the Khosar River in Mosul-East g- Technical Evaluation complete 4 Rehabilitation of roads in Al Ilaam Neighborhood and around area for both, Mosul-East e- Advertised 5 Rehabilitation of roads in Al Resheedya and Behesan Neighborhood and around area for both, Mosul-East e- Advertised 6 Rehabilitation of roads in Hay Al Arabia and Gathia Neighborhood and around area for both, Mosul-East e- Advertised 7 Rehabilitation of roads in Hay Al Samah and Kadraa Neighborhood and around area for both, Mosul-East e- Advertised 8 Rehabilitation of roads in Hay Al Kindi and Kafaat Neighborhood and around area for both, Mosul-East. e- Advertised 9 Prepositioning of Roads and Bridges Equipment_02 in Mosul-East b- BoQ received from local authorities 10 Rehabilitation of Al Sukr Bridge over the Khosar River in Mosul-East a- BoQ under development by local authorities Mosul-West 1 Emergency Restoration of Al Athbah Hospital Access Road in Mosul-West m- Complete and received by end-user 2 Repair of Athba Road (Stage II) Asphalting in Mosul-West j- Contracted/awarded Total 12

A.3 Electricity sector projects

Location N Electricity sector project Project status Mosul-East 1 Supply Electrical Transformers Materials to Nineveh Electricity Directorate, Mosul-East l- Under implementation 2 Supply and Install of 2 Mobile Sub-Station (25 MVA) for Nineveh, Mosul-East k- Site hand over to company 3 Installation Under Ground Cables (33 KV, 400 mm2) Connecting Sada/Baweza, Sukar & Hadba in Mosul-East j- Contracted/awarded 4 Supply Transformer Oil Nineveh in Mosul-East j- Contracted/awarded 5 Supply of Insulation Oil for Power transformers, Purification Machine and 100 kVA Generator g- Technical Evaluation complete 6 Rehabilitation of Bab Shams Substation (33/11 KV) in Mosul-East e- Advertised 7 Rehabilitation of Domez Secondary Electricity Sub Station (33/11 KVA) in Mosul-East e- Advertised 8 Rehabilitation of Hadbaa Apartment Substation (33/11 KV) in Mosul-East e- Advertised 9 Rehabilitation of Jameaa (Mosul University) Substation (33/11 KV) in Mosul-East e- Advertised 10 Rehabilitation of Sukar Substation (33/11 KV) in Mosul-East e- Advertised 11 Rehabilitation of Zuhor Substation (33/11 KV) in Mosul-East e- Advertised 12 Rehabilitation of Al Qubba Substation (33/11 KV) in Mosul-East e- Advertised 13 Renovation of Al Mujamah Sihy secondary electricity Sub Station (33/11) KVA e- Advertised

118 LADP in Iraq – Nineveh PRP

Location N Electricity sector project Project status 14 Renovation of 33/11 kV, 2*31.5 MVA Al Qudis area substation e- Advertised 15 Renovation of 33/11 kV, 2*31.5 MVA Baweza substationa e- Advertised 16 Renovation of 33/11 kV, 2*31.5 MVA ,Alarbajeya substation e- Advertised 17 Rehabilitation of Muthana Substation (33/11 KV) in Mosul-East e- Advertised 18 Renovation of AL Jazzar secondary electricity Sub Station (33/11) KVA e- Advertised 19 Renovation of 33/11 kV, 2*31.5 MVA Al Intisar substation e- Advertised 20 Renovation of 33/11 kV, 2*31.5 MVA Besan substation e- Advertised 21 Rehabilitation of Hadbaa Substation (33/11 KV) in Mosul-East e- Advertised 22 Rehabilitation of Sumer Substation (33/11 KV) in Mosul-East e- Advertised 23 Rehabilitation of Molawatha Aisar Mobile Substation (33/11 KV) in Mosul-East d- Program Manager sent to SC 24 Rehabilitation of Al Karama Substation (33/11 KV) in Mosul-East d- Program Manager sent to SC 25 Rehabilitation of Methaq Substation (33/11 KV) in Mosul-East d- Program Manager sent to SC 26 Renovation of 33/11 kV, 2*31.5 MVA Eskan (Shuqaq Khadra) substation d- Program Manager sent to SC 27 Rehabilitation of Eskan 11 Almwatnin Substation (33/11 KV) in Mosul-East d- Program Manager sent to SC 28 Supply Furniture to 13 Partially Damaged Sub Station d- Program Manager sent to SC 29 Rehabilitation of Engineers Building (400 KV) in Mosul-East b- BoQ received from local authorities 30 Prepositioning of Electrical equipment_01 in Mosul-East b- BoQ received from local authorities 31 Rehabilitation of Bab Ishtar Substation (33/11 KV) in Mosul-East b- BoQ received from local authorities 32 Rehabilitation of Adwia Substation (33/11 KV) in Mosul-East b- BoQ received from local authorities 33 Rehabilitation of Kokjely Substation (33/11 KV) in Mosul-East b- BoQ received from local authorities 34 Renovation of 33/11 kV, 2*31.5 MVA Almajmuaah substation b- BoQ received from local authorities 35 Factory Acceptance Tests & Trainings (FAT&TR) for 7 Sub Station (Bab Shams, Al Koba, Domez, Zuhor , Suker, Bob Al Sham, Jameaa) in Mosul-East b- BoQ received from local authorities 36 Testing Equipment for 7 Sub Station (Bab Shams, Al Koba, Domez, Zuhor , Suker, Bob Al Sham and Jameaa) in Mosul-East b- BoQ received from local authorities 37 Rehabilitation of Electricity Distribution Building a- BoQ under development by local authorities Mosul-West 1 Rehabilitation of Power Supply (33 KV) Over Head Line from Al Qubba WTP to West Bank New WTP in Mosul-West l- Under implementation 2 Construction of (33 KV) electrical line underground cable from Badoosh station to the New WTP e- Advertised Nineveh 1 Rehabilitation of Transmission Line Power Station (132 KV) in Hamdaniya, Nineveh Plains m- Complete and received by end-user Plains 2 Rehabilitation of Al Hamdaniyah Electricity Sub Station (33/11) KVA in Nineveh Plains i- Submitted to PRC (if needed) 3 Supply Furniture to Directorate of Electricity in Talkeef f- Preliminary evaluation finished 4 Supply Machinery To Electrical Distribution Directory Of Talkaif (Lot 1)in Nineveh Plains f- Preliminary evaluation finished 5 Installation of 132kv DC Twin Teal Transmission Line Between Substations (East Mosul 400KV - Intisar 132KV) f- Preliminary evaluation finished 6 Installation of 132kv DC Twin Teal Transmission Line Between Substations (East Mosul 400KV - Qaraqush 132KV) f- Preliminary evaluation finished 7 Installation of 132kv DC Twin Teal Transmission Line Between Substations (East Mosul 400KV - Tahrir 132KV) f- Preliminary evaluation finished 8 Rehabilitation of Hamdaniyah Power Station (internal) in Nineveh Plains e- Advertised 9 Renovation of the Partially Defected Talusquf Substations in Talusquf e- Advertised 10 Rehabilitation of Directorate of Electricity in Bashiqa, Nineveh Plains d- Program Manager sent to SC 11 Rehabilitation of Substation (33/11 KV) ( 2x31.5 MVA) in Bashiqa, Nineveh Plains b- BoQ received from local authorities 12 Supply Spare Parts for Substations (33/11 KV) in Bashiqa, Nineveh Plains b- BoQ received from local authorities 13 Supply Machinary To Electrical Substation in Hamdaniya, Nineveh Plains b- BoQ received from local authorities 14 Rehabilitation of Electricity Network in Bashiqa, Nineveh Plains a- BoQ under development by local authorities

119 LADP in Iraq – Nineveh PRP

Location N Electricity sector project Project status 15 Supply and Install of 2 Mobile Substation (33/11 KV) in Bashiqa, Nineveh Plains a- BoQ under development by local authorities 16 Rehabilitation of Teleskof (33/11) Transformer Station in Nineveh Plains a- BoQ under development by local authorities 17 Rehabilitation of Overhead Network (33 KV) feeding Bashiqa, Nineveh Plains a- BoQ under development by local authorities Quyarra 1 Supply Electrical Materils for Electricity Department in Quyarra l- Under implementation 2 Supply Mounted Cargo Truck With Haib Crane (10 Ton) for Al Quyarra Electrical Network in Quyarra l- Under implementation 3 Supply Cargo Truck With Basket Lift for Al Quyarra Electrical Network in Quyarra l- Under implementation 4 Supply Equipment for Qayara electrical Power Plant in Quyarra d- Program Manager sent to SC Rabia 1 Renovation of Rabia Sub-Station (33 & 11 KV) Breakers in Rabia l- Under implementation 2 Provision of additional works for the rehabilitation of Rabia Electrical sub-station l- Under implementation Sinjar 1 Supply 2 Mobile (1.5 MVA) Diesel Generators (11 KV) for Nineveh Electricity Directorate m- Complete and received by end-user 2 Rehabilitation of Cement Factory Substation in Sinjar b- BoQ received from local authorities Sinuni 1 Rehabilitation of Residential Office for Engineer to monitor the project in Sinuni n- Paid/Contract closed 2 Supply 3 Mobile (1.5 MVA) Diesel Generators (11 KV) for Nineveh Electricity Directorate, Mosul-East m- Complete and received by end-user 3 Supply Install of Mobile Sub-Station (45MVA 132/33 KV) in Sinuni l- Under implementation 4 Installation of (132KV) Transmission line Between Sinuni and Al-Awinat (45 Km) in Sinuni l- Under implementation 5 Supply (132KV) Transmission Line (45 km) between Tal-Awainat and Sinuni i- Submitted to PRC (if needed) Total 69

A.4 Water supply sector projects

Location N Water supply project Project status Mosul-East 1 Rehabilitation of Al Qusor Water Treatement Plant in Mosul-East l- Under implementation 2 Rehabilitation of Al Sahiron Water Treatment Plant in Mosul-East l- Under implementation 3 Supply Equipments and Materials to Nineveh Water Directorate (20 Water Trucks) in Mosul-East l- Under implementation 4 Prepositioning of Water Sector Equipments_02 in Mosul-East j- Contracted/awarded 5 Supplying Five Mobile Water Compact Units (50m3/hr) in Mosul-East j- Contracted/awarded 6 Rehabilitation of Al Zuhur Water Treatment Plant in Mosul-East i- Submitted to PRC (if needed) 7 Rehabilitation of Al Qubba Water Treatement Plant in Mosul-East i- Submitted to PRC (if needed) Mosul-West 1 Renting Required Machines & Vehicles for Mosul City Water Directorate Maintainance Department for fixing broken pipes in Mosul Water Network f- Preliminary evaluation finished 2 Renovation of Al Ghaslani Water Treatment Plant e- Advertised 3 Rehabilitation of Al Danedan Water Treatment Plant in Mosul-West d- Program Manager sent to SC 4 Renovation of New Right Bank WTP in Al Jadida Quarter d- Program Manager sent to SC 5 Provide Support to the Repair of Water Pipes in Mosul-West d- Program Manager sent to SC 6 Rehabilitation of Old Water Treatment Plant Al-Ayman Al-Qadeem / Al-Hawi in Mosul-West a- BoQ under development by local authorities Nineveh 1 Rehabilitation of Al Salamiya Water Treatement Plant in Nineveh Plains n- Paid/Contract closed Plains 2 Rehabilitation of Hama Alaleel Water Treatement Plant in Nineveh Plains k- Site hand over to company 3 Rehabilitation 9 Wells in Bashiqa and Bahzany, Nineveh Plains k- Site hand over to company 4 Rehabilitation of Water Resource directorate Building in Talkaif g- Technical Evaluation complete 5 Rehabilitation of Khwja Khalil Water Treatment Plant in Tilkaif, Nineveh Plains f- Preliminary evaluation finished

120 LADP in Iraq – Nineveh PRP

6 Renovation of Al-Qasr Water Treatment Plant f- Preliminary evaluation finished 7 Rehabilitation of Tilkaif WTP e- Advertised 8 Rehabilitation of Batnaya Pump Station in Nineveh Plains a- BoQ under development by local authorities Quyarra 1 Rehabilitation of Haj Ali Qaraj Water Treatement Plant in Quyarra n- Paid/Contract closed 2 Rehabilitation of Quyarra Water Treatement Plant in Quyarra m- Complete and received by end-user 3 Rehabilitation of Al Faris Water Treatement Plant in Quyarra j- Contracted/awarded 4 Rehabilitation of Al Hud Water Treatment Plant in Quyarra b- BoQ received from local authorities 5 Rehabilitation of Alsirt Village Water Treatment Plant in Quyarra b- BoQ received from local authorities 6 Rehabilitation of Compact Unit in Water Treatment Plant in Quyarra a- BoQ under development by local authorities Rabia 1 Renovation of Rabia Water Directorate (Lot 3) j- Contracted/awarded Sinuni 1 Rehabilitation and Maintenance Works of 2 Bakhalif Water Wells Including Pump Station in Sinuni n- Paid/Contract closed 2 Rehabilitation and Maintenance Works of No.1 and No.7 Sherfaden Water Wells in Sinuni n- Paid/Contract closed Sinjar 1 Rehabilitation and Maintenance of Wells No1,2,3,4 in Rojhalat quarter, Sinjar l- Under implementation 2 Rehabilitation of Water Network in Sinjar b- BoQ received from local authorities Total 32

A.5 Wastewater management sector projects

Location N Wastewater management project Project status Mosul-East 1 Supply 10 Sewage Suction Tankers trucks and Equipment for Directorate of Sewage in Mosul-East e- Advertised 2 Rehabilitation of collapsed sewerage system in Hay Al Forqan in Front of Nineveh Municipalities Directorate (Lot 3) l- Under implementation 3 Rehabilitation of collapsed sewerage system in Hay Al Samah (Lot 4) l- Under implementation 4 Rehabilitation of collapsed sewerage system in Domiz two Sides (Lot 3) l- Under implementation 5 Rehabilitation of collapsed sewerage system in Al Waha Area Near Al Salam Hospital (Lot 3) l- Under implementation 6 Rehabilitation of collapsed sewerage system in Hay Almothana in Front of the Archaeology Hell (Lot 4) l- Under implementation 7 Rehabilitation of collapsed sewerage system in two Sides of Hay Alatiba Near Hay Alforqan (Lot 3) l- Under implementation 8 Rehabilitation of collapsed sewerage system in Sumer Tibia Near Qiba Mosque Intersection (Lot 3) l- Under implementation 9 Rehabilitation of collapsed sewerage system in Hay Sumer Alsahroon Street Near Water Pump (Lot 3) l- Under implementation 10 Rehabilitation of collapsed sewerage system in Domiz Near Alabid School Towards the Electricity Directorate (Lot 3) l- Under implementation 11 Rehabilitation of collapsed sewerage system in Different of Hay Almoharbeen (Lot 4) l- Under implementation 12 Rehabilitation of collapsed sewerage system in Alsiha Enterance, Domiz and Alsahroon (Lot 3) l- Under implementation 13 Rehabilitation of collapsed sewerage system in Hay Almeethaq in Front of Alhasa and Alramel yard (Lot 3) l- Under implementation 14 Rehabilitation of the Valleys (Lot 5) l- Under implementation 15 Rehabilitation of Culvert in East Region of Hay Alolamaa Enterance (Lot 4) l- Under implementation 16 Cleaning up of the network of rain water & sewage- on the left coast (Lot 5) l- Under implementation 17 Rehabilitation of collapsed sewerage system in Aldarkazliya Alkhosar Street Near Mohamed Aldora School (Lot 2) k- Site hand over to company 18 Rehabilitation of collapsed sewerage system in Almaliya Enterance (Lot 2) k- Site hand over to company 19 Rehabilitation of collapsed sewerage system in Hay Algamasa Near Shakir Aldelamy (Lot 2) k- Site hand over to company 20 Rehabilitation of collapsed sewerage system in Hay Almalya in End of Two Sides of Khadeeja Alkobra school (Lot 2) k- Site hand over to company 21 Rehabilitation of collapsed sewerage system in Entrance of Hay Althobat (Lot 2) k- Site hand over to company

121 LADP in Iraq – Nineveh PRP

Location N Wastewater management project Project status 22 Renovation of the Sewerage Pipe Network - Al-Rshedea,Clinic st(Lot 1) j- Contracted/awarded 23 Renovation of the sewerage pipe network - Al-Mhandiseen area-near Athaar (Lot 1) j- Contracted/awarded 24 Renovation of the sewerage pipe network - Al-Baladiat area-near Al-Ra'oof Mosque( Lot 1) j- Contracted/awarded 25 Rehabilitation of collapsed sewerage system in Alrashidya Bisan Interance Near Albdulrahman Mosque in Mosul-East (Lot 1) j- Contracted/awarded 26 Rehabilitation of collapsed sewerage system in Hay Alaraby Near Presidential Palaces in Mosul-East (Lot 1) j- Contracted/awarded 27 Rehabilitation of collapsed sewerage system in Hay Alaraby Al Khashab Mosque Street in Mosul-East (Lot 1) j- Contracted/awarded 28 Rehabilitation of collapsed sewerage system in Hay Alaraby Two Sides Near the Park in Mosul-East (Lot 1) j- Contracted/awarded 29 Rehabilitation of collapsed sewerage system in Hay Alsedeek in Twenty Street in Mosul-East (Lot 1) j- Contracted/awarded 30 Rehabilitation of collapsed sewerage system in Hay Alhadba Baweeza Street in Mosul-East (Lot 1) j- Contracted/awarded 31 Rehabilitation of collapsed sewerage system Alhadba Enterance Baweeza in Front of the Apartments in Mosul-East (Lot 1) j- Contracted/awarded Mosul-West 1 Renovation of the sewerage pipes network in Dawasah And Danadan Area in Al Ghizlani e- Advertised 2 Rehabilitation of Sewerage Pipes Network in Wadi Al Hajar Area (Lot 1) j- Contracted/awarded 3 Rehabilitation of Sewerage Pipes Network in Al Mansoor(Lot 1) j- Contracted/awarded 4 Rehabilitation of Sewerage Pipes Network in Al Smood Dur Al Sukar Area(Lot 1) j- Contracted/awarded 5 Rehabilitation of Box Culvert Near Aljaish Cafeteria in Mosul-West ( Lot 2) i- Submitted to PRC (if needed) 6 Rehabilitation of Box Culvert Wadi Al Hajar in Mosul-West ( Lot 2) i- Submitted to PRC (if needed) 7 Rehabilitation of Box Culvert Al Mansoor Near Inb Zaydoon school in Mosul-West (Lot 2) i- Submitted to PRC (if needed) 8 Dredging and Cleaning the Valleys in Mosul-West (Lot 2) i- Submitted to PRC (if needed) 9 Renovation of the sewerage pipes network in Nabi Sheet & Old Prison Area in Al Ghizlani e- Advertised 10 Renovation of the sewerage pipes network in Bab Al Jadeed Area in Al Ghizlani e- Advertised 11 Renovation of the sewerage pipes network in Al Klewat Area in Al Ghizlani e- Advertised 12 Renovation of the sewerage pipes network in A Kaeydat Area Al Mahata Street in Al Ghizlani e- Advertised 13 Rehabilitation of Ninevah Sewerage Directorate With Furniture in Mosul-West b- BoQ received from local authorities Total 44

A.6 Municipal projects (solid waste, municipal roads, municipal buildings, etc.)

Location N Municipality project Project status sub-sector Mosul-East 1 Procurement of 10 double Cabin Pick-up Vehicles in Mosul-East for Nineveh Governorate n- Paid/Contract closed equipment & machinery 2 Prepositioning of Municipal Equipment_01 Part 1 in Mosul-East l- Under implementation equipment & machinery 3 Prepositioning of Municipal Equipment_02 Part 2 in Mosul-East l- Under implementation equipment & machinery 4 Rehabilitation of Asphalt Factory Stone Crusher Machine in the Municipality Asphalt Factory in Mosul-East l- Under implementation equipment & machinery 5 Rehabilitation of the National Security Vetting Station in Hay Al Shurta in Mosul-East l- Under implementation governance 6 Rehabilitation Al Wahdaa Municipality Section in Mosul-East l- Under implementation governance 7 Rehabilitation of Al Salam Municipality Section in Mosul-East l- Under implementation governance 8 Construction of 3 Steel Gamalon Warehouse in Kokjely in Mosul-East j- Contracted/awarded equipment & machinery 9 Supply Furniture for National Security Vetting Station in Hay Al-Shurta, Mosul-East j- Contracted/awarded equipment & machinery 10 Rehabilitation of Municipaility Maintenance Factory j- Contracted/awarded governance 11 Rehabilitation Alhadbaa District Municipality Section in Mosul-East j- Contracted/awarded governance

122 LADP in Iraq – Nineveh PRP

Location N Municipality project Project status sub-sector 12 Rehabilitation of Alkhadraa Albaladi Municipality Section in Mosul-East j- Contracted/awarded governance 13 Rehabilitation Al Qadseiah District Municipality Section in Mosul-East j- Contracted/awarded governance 14 Renovation of Al Masarif Roundabout (with fountain) Mosul Nineveh Governorate in Mosul-East f- Preliminary evaluation finished streets 15 Renovation of Hamilat Al-Jirar Roundabout Mosul Nineveh Governorate in Mosul-East f- Preliminary evaluation finished streets 16 Renovation of Qebaa Roundabout Mosul Nineveh Governorate in Mosul-East f- Preliminary evaluation finished streets 17 Renovation of Tahir Zenawa Roundabout Mosul Nineveh Governorate in Mosul-East f- Preliminary evaluation finished streets 18 Renovation of Agriculture Directorate in Al Mohandisin e- Advertised governance 19 Rehabilitation of Eastern Mosul Municipality workshop in Mosul-East b- BoQ received from local authorities equipment & machinery 20 Rehabilitation of Laboratory Building for Materials Examination in Kokjaly in Mosul-East b- BoQ received from local authorities equipment & machinery 21 Rehabilitation of Municipality Store for Tires and Batteries in Mosul-East b- BoQ received from local authorities equipment & machinery 22 Rehabilitation of Alrasheedya District Municipality Section in Mosul-East b- BoQ received from local authorities governance 23 Rehabilitation Albaker Cycle (Cash for Work) in Mosul-East b- BoQ received from local authorities streets 24 Rehabilitation Garbage Dump Site in Kokjaly, Mosul-East b- BoQ received from local authorities solid waste 25 Rehabilitation Alzohoor Section Caravans Prefabs in Mosul-East b- BoQ received from local authorities equipment & machinery 26 Construction of Alnarkal District Sector Building in Mosul-East b- BoQ received from local authorities governance 27 Rehabilitation and Pavement Cracks and Holes in Alrashedya, Bisan and Region Nearby in Mosul-East b- BoQ received from local authorities streets 28 Construction of Roofs for Vegetables and Fruits Sellers in Hay Albaker in Mosul-East b- BoQ received from local authorities markets 29 Supply Municipality With Heavy Trucks and Machines in Mosul-East b- BoQ received from local authorities equipment & machinery 30 Supply Plastic Containers for the Nineveh Municipality Directorate in Mosul-East b- BoQ received from local authorities rubble 31 Supply Trash Bags for Nineveh Municipality Directorate in Mosul-East b- BoQ received from local authorities rubble 32 Rehabilation of the roads in Hay Alilaam in Mosul-East b- BoQ received from local authorities streets 33 Rehabilation of different streets of Hay Alkindi and Alkafaat 2 in Mosul-East b- BoQ received from local authorities streets 34 Rehabilation of different streets of Hay Alsamah, Alkhadraa Apartments in Mosul-East b- BoQ received from local authorities streets 35 Rehabilation of different streets of Hay Alarabi, Alqadhya, and their surrounding Areas in Mosul-East b- BoQ received from local authorities streets Mosul-West 1 Rehabilitation of Al-Yarmook 1 police station e- Advertised governance 2 Rehabilitation of Um al-Rabaen police station e- Advertised governance 3 Rehabilitation of al-Rabee police station e- Advertised governance 4 Rehabilitation of Al-Yarmook 2 police station b- BoQ received from local authorities governance 5 Rehabilitation of West-Mosul Police HQ a- BoQ under development by local authorities governance 6 Rehabilitation of al-Hadbaa police station a- BoQ under development by local authorities governance 7 Rehabilitation of Nabi-Narjees police station a- BoQ under development by local authorities governance 8 Rehabilitation of Jamhuri hospital police station a- BoQ under development by local authorities governance Nineveh 1 Rehabilitation The Building Located On The Land Number (60/156 m 154) Mar Qaryaqoos Bashmooni Christian Areas l- Under implementation market/shops Plains in Hamadaniya, Nineveh Plains 2 Rehabilitation of 31 Shops and Buildings for Karmless in Hamdaniyah, Nineveh Plains l- Under implementation market/shops 3 Rehabilitation of Vegetable Market in Hamdaniyah, Nineveh Plains j- Contracted/awarded market/shops 4 Rehabilitation of Booth Number 14 Located in Front of Alnaqlyat Garage and Rehabilitation of Building Located in the j- Contracted/awarded market/shops Land Number 1656m in Qaraqosh, Nineveh Plains 5 Rehabilitation of Building located in the Land Number 1,656m in Qaraqosh, Nineveh Plains j- Contracted/awarded market/shops 6 Construction of Machinery Garage Fence in Hamam Alaleel Directorate, Nineveh Plains j- Contracted/awarded equipment & machinery 7 Rehabilitation of the New Moderate Shops in Bashiqa, Nineveh Plains g- Technical Evaluation complete market/shops

123 LADP in Iraq – Nineveh PRP

Location N Municipality project Project status sub-sector 8 Renovation of Municipality Council Building in Telkaif in Nineveh Plains g- Technical Evaluation complete governance 9 Restoration of Bashiqa Parks ( Public employees Club Park, Al Rabea Park , Raas Al Aien Park and Bahzani Park) f- Preliminary evaluation finished governance 10 Supply Machineries to Bashiqa Municipalities Directorate (Lot 2) f- Preliminary evaluation finished equipment & machinery 11 Rehabilitation of Municipal Garage in Telkef f- Preliminary evaluation finished equipment & machinery 12 Renovation of Talkeef Mayor Building f- Preliminary evaluation finished governance 13 Supply Furniture to the Talkeef (Tel Kayf) Mayor’s Building f- Preliminary evaluation finished governance 14 Supply Machinery to Hamdaniya Municipalities Directorate (Lot 3) in Nineveh Plains f- Preliminary evaluation finished governance 15 Renovation of Bartellah Agriculture Building (Lot 1) f- Preliminary evaluation finished governance 16 Renovation of Bashiqa Municipality building (Lot 2) f- Preliminary evaluation finished governance 17 Casting Concrete Roads in Hamdaniyah and Karamless, Nineveh Plains e- Advertised streets 18 Renovation of Agriculture building in Hamman Al Alil e- Advertised governance 19 Renovation of Agriculture building in Telkaif e- Advertised governance 20 Supply Furniture to Agriculture building in Telkaif e- Advertised governance 21 Construction Canopy for Machines Maintenance Workshop in Bartela, Nineveh Plains b- BoQ received from local authorities equipment & machinery 22 Rehabilitation of Bartela Mayor Building in Nineveh Plains b- BoQ received from local authorities governance 23 Rehabilitation of Bashiqa Mayors Building in Nineveh Plains b- BoQ received from local authorities governance 24 Rehabilitation of Mayors Building in Telesqof, Nineveh Plains b- BoQ received from local authorities governance 25 Rehabilitation of Mayor Council in Bashiqa, Nineveh Plains b- BoQ received from local authorities governance 26 Supply Municipality Workshop and Yard in Tilkaif, Nineveh Plains b- BoQ received from local authorities equipment & machinery 27 Rehabilitation of Storage House in Bashiqa, Nineveh Plains b- BoQ received from local authorities equipment & machinery 28 Rehabilitation of Agriculture Department Building in Bashiqa, Nineveh Plains b- BoQ received from local authorities governance 29 Construction of a light Structure (3m x 7m) and Steel Roof of Generator at Shaikhan Court in Nineveh Plains b- BoQ received from local authorities governance 30 Rehabilitation of Hamdaniya Municipality Park Cash For Work in Nineveh Plains b- BoQ received from local authorities solid waste Quyarra 1 Construction of Steel Gamalon Warehouse in Quyarra m- Complete and received by end-user equipment & machinery 2 Supply Municipal Equipment in Quyarra l- Under implementation machinery related 3 Renovation of Directorate of Agriculture in Quyarra f- Preliminary evaluation finished governance 4 Rehabilitation of Nationality and Civil Status Department Building in Quyarra e- Advertised governance 5 Renovation of Municipality Council Building in Sub - district Quyarra - Outside Mosul & Supply of Furniture d- Program Manager sent to SC governance 6 Supply Furniture to Nationality and Civil Status building in Quyarra d- Program Manager sent to SC governance 7 Supply Furniture to Directorate of Agriculture in Quyarra d- Program Manager sent to SC governance 8 Rehabilitation of Municipality Park in Quyarra b- BoQ received from local authorities solid waste 9 Clean-Up Project for the Valley in Quyarra (CfW) b- BoQ received from local authorities solid waste Rabia 1 Supply Municipal Equipment in Rabia l- Under implementation equipment & machinery 2 Renovation Rabia Municipality District Building (Lot 1) l- Under implementation governance 3 Renovation of Rabia Council Building (Lot 2) l- Under implementation governance 4 Rahabilitation of Al Jazeera Agricultural Irrigation Scheme in Rabia l- Under implementation water 5 Rehabilitation of Rabiaa Agricultural Building (Lot 2) f- Preliminary evaluation finished governance 6 Supply Furniture to Rabiaa Agricultural Building d- Program Manager sent to SC governance 7 Rehabilitation of City Hall in Rabia b- BoQ received from local authorities governance Sinjar 1 Supply Municipal Equipment in Sinjar l- Under implementation equipment & machinery Sinuni 1 Supply 3 Water Browsers in Sinuni m- Complete and received by end-user water

124 LADP in Iraq – Nineveh PRP

Location N Municipality project Project status sub-sector 2 Supply Municipal Equipment in Sinuni l- Under implementation equipment & machinery Total 92

A.7 Health sector projects

Location N Health sector project Project status Mosul-East 1 Prepositioning of Health Equipment and Supplies_01 in Mosul-East l- Under implementation 2 Prepositioning Medical Equipment in Mosul-East l- Under implementation 3 Rehabilitation of Al Khansa Teaching hospital elevator 1 in Mosul-East l- Under implementation 4 Rehabilitation of Al Jazayir PHC in Mosul-East l- Under implementation 5 Rehabilitation of Al Noor PHC in Mosul-East l- Under implementation 6 Rehabilitation of Al Karama PHC in Mosul-East l- Under implementation 7 Rehabilitation of Al Aqsaa PHC in Mosul-East l- Under implementation 8 Supply Medical Equipment for Al-Samah PHC in Mosul-East l- Under implementation 9 Supply Medical Equipment for kokjali PHC in Mosul-East l- Under implementation 10 Procurement of 20 Ambulances for Al-Mosul (Pre-positioned Batch) in Mosul-East j- Contracted/awarded 11 Consultancy Desgin Services for Al Khans’a and Ibn Atheer Hospital in Mosul-East j- Contracted/awarded 12 Rehabilitation of Al-Jameaa PHC in Mosul-East j- Contracted/awarded 13 Rehabilitation of Yarimja PHC in Mosul-East j- Contracted/awarded 1 Rehabilitation of Al Arabi PHC in Mosul-East g- Technical Evaluation complete 4 Rehabilitation of Al Qadisiya PHC in Mosul-East g- Technical Evaluation complete 15 Supply Medical to Alkhansa Hospital in Mosul-East f- Preliminary evaluation finished 16 Rehabilitation of Al-Khansa Teaching Hospital Phase 3 in Mosul-East d- Program Manager sent to SC 17 Rehabilitation of Al Khansa Teaching hospital elevator 2 in Mosul-East d- Program Manager sent to SC 18 Rehabilitation of Ibn Atheer Hospital in Mosul-East d- Program Manager sent to SC 19 Supply Medical Equipment for 16 PHCs in Mosul-East d- Program Manager sent to SC 20 Supply Furniture for 16 PHCs in Mosul-East d- Program Manager sent to SC 21 Prepositioning of Health Equipment and Supplies_02 in Mosul-East b- BoQ received from local authorities 22 Supply of Medical Equipment for Ninewa in Mosul-East b- BoQ received from local authorities 23 Rehabilitation Al Azhra PHC in Mosul-East b- BoQ received from local authorities 24 Rehabilitation of Al Shafa Hospital Phase 1 in Mosul-East b- BoQ received from local authorities 25 Rehabilitation of Al Shafa Hospital Phase 2 in Mosul-East b- BoQ received from local authorities 26 Rehabilitation of Al Sharqi PHC in Mosul-East b- BoQ received from local authorities 27 Rehabilitation of Al Zuhur PHC in Mosul-East b- BoQ received from local authorities 28 Rehabilitation of Al Zahraa PHC in Mosul-East b- BoQ received from local authorities 29 Supply Garbage Treatment Station for Hospitals 20 pcs in Mosul-East b- BoQ received from local authorities 30 Supply Infant Incubators (150 pcs) in Mosul-East b- BoQ received from local authorities 31 Supply Oxygen Producing Facility for Medical Institutions in Mosul-East b- BoQ received from local authorities 32 Supply Ultra Sound Devices (50 pcs) in Mosul-East b- BoQ received from local authorities

125 LADP in Iraq – Nineveh PRP

Location N Health sector project Project status 33 Supply Medical Refrigerator (300 pcs) in Mosul-East b- BoQ received from local authorities 34 Supply X Ray and CR Devices (50 pcs) in Mosul-East b- BoQ received from local authorities 35 Supply Operation Room Lighting (100 pcs) in Mosul-East b- BoQ received from local authorities 36 Supply Eco Devices (25 pcs) in Mosul-East b- BoQ received from local authorities 37 Supply Kidney Dialysis Devices (40 pcs) in Mosul-East b- BoQ received from local authorities 38 Rehabilitation of Al Rashidiya PHC in Mosul-East a- BoQ under development by local authorities 39 Rehabilitation of Al Wahda PHC in Mosul-East a- BoQ under development by local authorities Mosul-West 1 Delivery of 3 Coaster Buses for West Mosul General Hospital staff in Mosul-West m- Complete and received by end-user 2 Pouring Concrete Inside the Al Athbah Hospital Courtyard in Mosul-West l- Under implementation 3 Rehabilitation of Saleh Al- Shabkhon PHC in Mosul-West g- Technical Evaluation complete 4 Rehabilitation of Al Mamoon PHC in Mosul-West g- Technical Evaluation complete 5 Rehabilitation of Sport Medical Center and General Health Laboratory in Mosul-West g- Technical Evaluation complete 6 Purchase and install of Mortuary Freezer and Purchase of Associated Body Bags in Mosul-West f- Preliminary evaluation finished 7 Rehabilitation of Al-Mansoor PHC in Mosul-West f- Preliminary evaluation finished 8 Supply Medical Equipment for Blood Bank for West-Mosul f- Preliminary evaluation finished 9 Renovation of Wahbia Shabkhun PHC In Al Yarmuk Quarter e- Advertised 10 Rehabilitation of General Hospital in Mosul-West a- BoQ under development by local authorities 11 Rehabilitation of Mosul al-Jadeda PHC in Mosul-West a- BoQ under development by local authorities Nineveh 1 Rehabilitation of Hamdaniyah Hospital (Phase 1) in Nineveh Plains l- Under implementation Plains 2 Supply Medical Equipment for Hamdaniya Hospital in Nineveh Plains l- Under implementation 3 Rehabilitation of Hamdaniya PHC in Nineveh Plains l- Under implementation 4 Rehabilitation of Karamless PHC in Hamdaniya, Nineveh Plains l- Under implementation 5 Rehabilitation of Al Qasr PHC in Hamdaniya, Nineveh Plains l- Under implementation 6 Rehabilitation of Bertela PHC in Nineveh Plains l- Under implementation 7 Rehabilitation of Al Mufaqiya PHC in Hamdaniya, Nineveh Plains l- Under implementation 8 Rehabilitation of Bashiqa PHC l- Under implementation 9 Rehabilitation of Hamdaniya Health Department in Nineveh Plains j- Contracted/awarded 10 Rehabilitation of Baghdida PHC in Hamdaniya, Nineveh Plains j- Contracted/awarded 11 Supply Furniture for Ninawah PHCs (Ali Rash, Manarah Shabak, Hamdaniyah, Bashiqa, Sinjar district and Provision of Furniture's for Sherqat g- Technical Evaluation complete Municipality Offices) in Mosul-East 12 Rehabilitation of Ali Rash PHC in Hamdaniya, Nineveh Plains g- Technical Evaluation complete 13 Rehabilitation of Manarah Al Shabak PHC in Hamdaniya, Nineveh Plains g- Technical Evaluation complete 14 Rehabilitation of Telesqof main PHC in Telkef, Nineveh Plains f- Preliminary evaluation finished 15 Supply Medical Equipment for Hamdaniyah District PHCs in Nineveh Plains f- Preliminary evaluation finished 16 Supply Medical Equipment for Bashiqa District PHCs in Nineveh Plains f- Preliminary evaluation finished 17 Supply Medical Equipment for Sinjar District PHCs in Nineveh Plains f- Preliminary evaluation finished 18 Supply Medical Equipment for the Main PHC in Bashiqa, Nineveh Plains f- Preliminary evaluation finished 19 Supply Medical Equipments for 8 PHCs in Hamadaniya District, Nineveh Plains f- Preliminary evaluation finished 20 Renovation of Battnaya Sub-Health Centre in Nineveh Plains f- Preliminary evaluation finished 21 Rehabilitation of the Main PHC in Bazawaya, Nineveh Plains b- BoQ received from local authorities

126 LADP in Iraq – Nineveh PRP

Location N Health sector project Project status 22 Supply Furniture for Bashiqa PHC in Nineveh Plains b- BoQ received from local authorities 23 Supply Furniture for 8 PHCs in Hamadaniya District and Head department, Nineveh Plains b- BoQ received from local authorities 24 Rehabiliattion of Hamdaniyah Hospital (Phase 2) in Nineveh Plains b- BoQ received from local authorities 25 Rehabilitation of Aski Mousl PHC in Telkef, Nineveh Plains a- BoQ under development by local authorities Quyarra 1 Supply Medical Equipment for Quyarra PHCs in Quyarra m- Complete and received by end-user 2 Rehabilitation of Al Quyarra General Hospital in Quyarra d- Program Manager sent to SC 3 Supply Medical Equipment for Quyarra Hospital b- BoQ received from local authorities 4 Rehabilitation of Alhud PHC in Quyarra a- BoQ under development by local authorities 5 Rehabilitation of Al Shuraa Main PHC in Quyarra a- BoQ under development by local authorities 6 Rehabilitation of Amam Gharbi Main PHC in Quyarra a- BoQ under development by local authorities 7 Rehabilitation of Al Shaheed Main PHC in Quyarra a- BoQ under development by local authorities 8 Rehabilitation of Al Haaj Ali Main PHC in Quyarra a- BoQ under development by local authorities 9 Rehabilitation of Hood Main PHC in Quyarra a- BoQ under development by local authorities 10 Rehabilitation of Tel Shaeer Main PHC in Quyarra a- BoQ under development by local authorities 11 Rehabilitation of Achahla Sub PHC in Quyarra a- BoQ under development by local authorities 12 Rehabilitation of Asafaia Sub PHC in Quyarra a- BoQ under development by local authorities 13 Rehabilitation of Naseer Telol Sub PHC in Quyarra a- BoQ under development by local authorities 14 Rehabilitation of Al Safina Sub PHC in Quyarra a- BoQ under development by local authorities 15 Rehabilitation of Asheraat Sub PHC in Quyarra a- BoQ under development by local authorities 16 Rehabilitation of Al Maquk Sub PHC in Quyarra a- BoQ under development by local authorities 17 Rehabilitation of Al Zawiya Sub PHC in Quyarra a- BoQ under development by local authorities 18 Rehabilitation of Hood Fuqani Sub PHC in Quyarra a- BoQ under development by local authorities 19 Rehabilitation of Derbaas Sub PHC in Quyarra a- BoQ under development by local authorities 20 Rehabilitation of Nanaah Sub PHC in Quyarra a- BoQ under development by local authorities 21 Rehabilitation of CharNaf Al Gharbi Sub PHC in Quyarra a- BoQ under development by local authorities 22 Rehabilitation of Gaada PHC in Quyarra a- BoQ under development by local authorities Sinjar 1 Renovation of Main PHC in Sinjar n- Paid/Contract closed 2 Supply Medcial Equipment for Main PHC in Sinjar m- Complete and received by end-user 3 Supply Medical Equipment for Sinjar PHC in Sinjar b- BoQ received from local authorities 4 Supply Furniture for Main PHC in Sinjar b- BoQ received from local authorities Sinuni 1 Rehabilitation of Sinuni Hospital n- Paid/Contract closed 2 Supply Medical Equipments for Sinuni Hospital m- Complete and received by end-user 3 Supply Medical Equipment (through GPU) in Sinuni l- Under implementation Total 105

A.8 Education sector projects

Location N Education sector project Project status Mosul-East 1 Supply Equipment to Mosul Educational Directorate in Mosul-East n- Paid/Contract closed

127 LADP in Iraq – Nineveh PRP

Location N Education sector project Project status 2 Rehabilitation of Al Kofa school for Boys Phase 1 in Al Zahraa District, Mosul-East m- Complete and received by end-user 3 Rehabilitation of Al Qaqaa Bin Amro school for Boys Phase 1 in Al Zahraa District, Mosul-East m- Complete and received by end-user 4 Rehabilitation of Al Zuhor Night school for Boys Phase 1 in Al Zuhor District, Mosul-East m- Complete and received by end-user 5 Rehabilitation of Al Zuhor for Boys School Phase 1 in Al Zuhor District, Mosul-East m- Complete and received by end-user 6 Rehabilitation of Sama Al Hadbaa School for Girls in Phase 1 Al Samah District, Mosul-East m- Complete and received by end-user 7 Rehabilitation of Kokjely For Boys School Phase 1 in Kokjely District, Mosul-East m- Complete and received by end-user 8 Rehabilitation of Kokjely For Girls School Phase 1 in Kokjely District, Mosul-East m- Complete and received by end-user 9 Transportation of School Chairs (PO) to Mosul-East m- Complete and received by end-user 10 Supply Seven of Generators for Mosul University for Boys and Girls in Mosul-East m- Complete and received by end-user 11 Supply a Generator 500 KVA to Mosul University m- Complete and received by end-user 12 Rehabilitation of Al kaka High School For Boys (12 Classes) Phase 2 in Mosul-East l- Under implementation 13 Rehabilitation of Al Zhor High School For Boys (12 Classes) Phase 2 in Mosul-East l- Under implementation 14 Rehabilitation of Al Zhor Night School For Boys (12 Classes) Phase 2 in Mosul-East l- Under implementation 15 Rehabilitation of Kokgely School For Boys (12 Classes) Phase 2 in Mosul-East l- Under implementation 16 Rehabilitation of Kokgely School For Girls (Classes 6) Phase 2 in Mosul-East l- Under implementation 17 Rehabilitation of Omer Bin Abd Alazez School for Boys in Al Suker, Mosul-East k- Site hand over to company 18 Rehabilitation of Alhurya School for Boys in Al Suker, Mosul-East k- Site hand over to company 19 Rehabilitation of Al Nuaman Bin Almunther School for Boys in Al Suker, Mosul-East k- Site hand over to company 20 Rehabilitation of Musaab Bin Omaer School for Boys in Al Suker, Mosul-East k- Site hand over to company 21 Rehabilitation of Al Farahide Primary Schoolfor Boys in Al Falah, Mosul-East k- Site hand over to company 22 Rehabilitation of Al Batraa School for Girls in Al Falah, Mosul-East k- Site hand over to company 23 Rehabilitation of Tadmur for School Girls in Al Bareed, Mosul-East k- Site hand over to company 24 Rehabilitation of Al Shaqaeq School for Girls in Al Bareed, Mosul-East k- Site hand over to company 25 Rehabilitation of Al zuhhor School for Girls in Mosul-East k- Site hand over to company 26 Rehabilitation of Al Shoumoukh School for Boys in Al Zuhor, Mosul-East k- Site hand over to company 27 Rehabilitation of Al Shaafe School for Boys in Qadesiya, Mosul-East k- Site hand over to company 28 Rehabilitation of Al Ebdaa School for Boys in Al Kindey, Mosul-East k- Site hand over to company 29 Rehabilitation of Alamjad High School for Boys ( Lot 3) j- Contracted/awarded 30 Rehabilitation of Al Raya High School for Boys (Lot 4) j- Contracted/awarded 31 Supply of Generators for Mosul University for Boys and Girls in Mosul-East j- Contracted/awarded 32 Rehabilitation of Al Bawasil for Girls in Al Zahraa Area, Mosul-East i- Submitted to PRC (if needed) 33 Rehabilitation of Alfida school for Girls in Alfurqan Area Left Coast, Mosul-East i- Submitted to PRC (if needed) 34 Rehabilitation of Al Murug Primary School for Girls in Aldhubat Area Left Coast, Mosul-East i- Submitted to PRC (if needed) 35 Rehabilitation of Alqabas school for Boys and Girls in Almalea Area Left Coast, Mosul-East i- Submitted to PRC (if needed) 36 Rehabilitation of the Examinations Building for Boys and Girls in Aldhubat Area Left Coast, Mosul-East i- Submitted to PRC (if needed) 37 Rehabilitation of Al Khadija Kubra Schools for Girls, Al Malia Area, Mosul-East i- Submitted to PRC (if needed) 38 Rehabilitation of Teacher’s Institute for Boys in Al Narkal Area, Mosul-East i- Submitted to PRC (if needed) 38 Rehabilitation of Testing Center Primary School for Boys and Girls in Al zwbat Area, Mosul-East i- Submitted to PRC (if needed) 40 Rehabilitation of Abdullah Bin Abbas Boys School in Mosul-East g- Technical Evaluation complete 41 Rehabilitation of Zainb High school for Girls in Mosul-East g- Technical Evaluation complete

128 LADP in Iraq – Nineveh PRP

Location N Education sector project Project status 42 Rehabilitation of Abdul Rahman Al Gafaki Preparatory School for Boys in Mosul-East g- Technical Evaluation complete 43 Rehabilitation of Asala Girls School in Mosul-East f- Preliminary evaluation finished 44 Rehabilitation of Al Diaa Al Taqwa High School for Boys in Mosul-East f- Preliminary evaluation finished 45 Rehabilitation of Al Furatin Preparatory School for Girls in Mosul-East f- Preliminary evaluation finished 46 Rehabilitation of Al Sherif Al Rady School for Boys in Mosul-East f- Preliminary evaluation finished 47 Rehabilitation of Al Kifah School for Boys in Mosul-East f- Preliminary evaluation finished 48 Rehabilitation of Al Dhawahi School for Boys in Mosul-East f- Preliminary evaluation finished 49 Rehabilitation of Al Hurea School for Boys in Mosul-East f- Preliminary evaluation finished 50 Rehabilitation of Al Nomania School for Boys in Mosul-East f- Preliminary evaluation finished 51 Rehabilitation of Nainawa School for Boys in Mosul-East f- Preliminary evaluation finished 52 Rehabilitation of Dar Salam School for Boys in Mosul-East f- Preliminary evaluation finished 53 Rehabilitation of Qortoba School for Girls in Mosul-East f- Preliminary evaluation finished 54 Rehabilitation of Open Educational School in Mosul-East f- Preliminary evaluation finished 55 Supply Furnishing of Women Education Building for Girls (Sport Hall Building) in Mosul-East f- Preliminary evaluation finished 56 Renovation of Al Majd Secondary School For Boys -Al Sha Area f- Preliminary evaluation finished 57 Renovation of Jaafar Bn Abi Talib Secondary School For Boys -Al Arabi Area f- Preliminary evaluation finished 58 Renovation of Al Nainawa Industrial High School -Al Arabi Area f- Preliminary evaluation finished 59 Renovation of Saad Bin Abi Waqas Secondary School -Al Swmar Area f- Preliminary evaluation finished 60 Renovation of Sanaa Secondary Schools For Girls in Al Arabi Area f- Preliminary evaluation finished 61 Renovation of Warehouse of Education Directorate in Al karama f- Preliminary evaluation finished 62 Rehabilitation of Assem Ben Thabet School for Boys in Mosul-East e- Advertised 63 Rehabilitation of Rukaya Medium for girls in Mosul-East e- Advertised 64 Rehabilitation of Somar Secondary School for Girls in Mosul-East e- Advertised 65 Rehabilitation of Faw Preparatory Girls School in Mosul-East e- Advertised 66 Rehabilitation of Womens' Education Building for Girls in Mosul University, Mosul-East e- Advertised 67 Rehabilitation of Education Directorate and Education of Engineering Building e- Advertised 68 Rehabilitation of Alintfadha School in Alamen Area ( Al Zuhor Sector) e- Advertised 69 Rehabilitation of Abn Albitar School in Alamen Area ( Al Zuhor Sector) e- Advertised 70 Rehabilitation of Almrbad School in Alzhraa Area ( Al Zuhor Sector) e- Advertised 71 Rehabilitation of AlWarkaa School in AlQudis 2 Area ( Al Zuhor Sector) e- Advertised 72 Rehabilitation of Zahrat Almadaen School in Almalea Area ( Al Zuhor Sector) e- Advertised 73 Renovation of Al Balsam Kindergarten e- Advertised 74 Renovation of Al Basma Kindergarten e- Advertised 75 Renovation of Al Mafakher School e- Advertised 76 Renovation of Al Moharibeen School e- Advertised 77 Renovation of Al Hadbaa Apartments Boys School e- Advertised 78 Renovation of Commercial Degla High School - Mosul Sub-District e- Advertised 79 Renovation of Fatima Al - Zahra Secondary School for Girls e- Advertised 80 Renovation of Women's Dormitory at Mosul University in Al Hadba Complex e- Advertised 81 Rehabilitation of Water line for Technical Institute & for College of Engineering Technology d- Program Manager sent to SC

129 LADP in Iraq – Nineveh PRP

Location N Education sector project Project status Mosul-West 1 Rehabilitation of Amina Bint Wahab School in Mosul-West i- Submitted to PRC (if needed) 2 Rehabilitation of Omar Ibn Al Khattab High School in Mosul-West i- Submitted to PRC (if needed) 3 Rehabilitation of Hittin Secondary School for Boys in Mosul-West i- Submitted to PRC (if needed) 4 Rehabilitation of Shatt El Arab School For Girls in Mosul-West i- Submitted to PRC (if needed) 5 Rehabilitation of Tariq Ibn Ziyad Intermediate School in Mosul-West i- Submitted to PRC (if needed) 6 Rehabilitation of Al Shohadaa Girls School in Mosul-West i- Submitted to PRC (if needed) 7 Rehabilitation of Masry Al Rasoul School for Boys in Mosul-West i- Submitted to PRC (if needed) 8 Rehabilitation of Salah Aldin School for Boys in Mosul-West b- BoQ received from local authorities 9 Rehabilitation of Alzubeer Bin Alaoam Primary School for Girls in Mosul-West b- BoQ received from local authorities 10 Rehabilitation of Alamal Primary School for Boys in Mosul-West b- BoQ received from local authorities 11 Rehabilitation of Al Jmhorea Secondary School for Boys in Mosul-West b- BoQ received from local authorities 12 Rehabilitation of Al Kothr Primary School for Boys in Mosul-West b- BoQ received from local authorities 13 Rehabilitation of Al Abada Bin Al Samt School for Boys in Mosul-West b- BoQ received from local authorities 14 Rehabilitation of Al Shafae Primary School for Boys in Mosul-West b- BoQ received from local authorities 15 Rehabilitation of Al Kahtanea School for Boys in Mosul-West b- BoQ received from local authorities 16 Rehabilitation of Al Quds School for Girls in Mosul-West b- BoQ received from local authorities 17 Rehabilitation of Al Mamon School for Girls in Mosul-West b- BoQ received from local authorities 18 Rehabilitation of Al Adrecee Secondary School for Boys in Mosul-West b- BoQ received from local authorities 19 Rehabilitation of Al Resala School for Girls in Mosul-West b- BoQ received from local authorities Nineveh 1 Rehabilitation of Akbeba School in Nimrud, Nineveh Plains k- Site hand over to company Plains 2 Rehabilitation of Al Shahed Sobhea School in Nimrud, Nineveh Plains k- Site hand over to company 3 Rehabilitation of Al Shahed Abd Al Hamed School in Nimrud, Nineveh Plains k- Site hand over to company 4 Rehabilitation of Al Yagor For Boys School in Nimrud, Nineveh Plains k- Site hand over to company 5 Rehabilitation of Al Yagor For Girls School in Nimrud, Nineveh Plains k- Site hand over to company 6 Rehabilitation of Said Hamad High School in Nimrud, Nineveh Plains k- Site hand over to company 7 Rehabilitation of Said Hamad School in Nimrud, Nineveh Plains k- Site hand over to company 8 Rehabilitation of Snedeg School in Nimrud, Nineveh Plains k- Site hand over to company 9 Rehabilitation of Tal Akob For Boys School in Nimrud, Nineveh Plains k- Site hand over to company 10 Rehabilitation of Tal Akob For Girls School in Nimrud, Nineveh Plains k- Site hand over to company 11 Rehabilitation of Al Abbas School in Nimrud, Nineveh Plains k- Site hand over to company 12 Rehabilitation of Al Adlah School in Nimrud, Nineveh Plains k- Site hand over to company 13 Rehabilitation of Al Kharta School in Nimrud, Nineveh Plains k- Site hand over to company 14 Rehabilitation of Al Nayfa School in Nimrud, Nineveh Plains k- Site hand over to company 15 Rehabilitation of Al Nomania School in Nimrud, Nineveh Plains k- Site hand over to company 16 Rehabilitation of Al Razaqiya School in Nimrud, Nineveh Plains k- Site hand over to company 17 Rehabilitation of Al Salamiya For Boys School in Nimrud, Nineveh Plains k- Site hand over to company 18 Rehabilitation of Al Salamiya High School in Nimrud, Nineveh Plains k- Site hand over to company 19 Rehabilitation of Al Tawfeqiya School in Nimrud, Nineveh Plains k- Site hand over to company 20 Rehabilitation of Al Thibyania School in Nimrud, Nineveh Plains k- Site hand over to company 21 Rehabilitation of Al Sada School for Boys in Tilkaif, Nineveh Plains j- Contracted/awarded

130 LADP in Iraq – Nineveh PRP

Location N Education sector project Project status 22 Rehabilitation of Bawezah School for Boys in Tilkaif, Nineveh Plains j- Contracted/awarded 23 Rehabilitation of Alsada 1 School for Boys in Tilkaif Alsada Sub, Nineveh Plains j- Contracted/awarded 24 Rehabilitation of Bawezah High School for boys in Tilkaif, Nineveh Plains j- Contracted/awarded 25 Rehabilitation of Tilkaif 3 School for Boys in Tilkaif, Nineveh Plains j- Contracted/awarded 26 Rehabilitation of Tilkaif 2 School for Boys in Tilkaif, Nineveh Plains j- Contracted/awarded 27 Rehabilitation of Tilkaif 2 School for Girls in Tilkaif, Nineveh Plains j- Contracted/awarded 28 Rehabilitation of Tilkaif Kindergarten for Children in Tilkaif, Nineveh Plains j- Contracted/awarded 29 Rehbailitation of Rasen Primary Mixed school in Nineveh Plains j- Contracted/awarded 30 Rehabilitation of Qarqoush Kindergarten in Nineveh Plains j- Contracted/awarded 31 Rehabilitation of Al Taglobia School for boys in Nineveh Plains j- Contracted/awarded 32 Rehabilitation of Ashur Banibal Al Rayania School for Boys in Nineveh Plains j- Contracted/awarded 33 Rehabilitation of Al Mutamayizin and Al Mutamizat School in Nineveh Plains j- Contracted/awarded 34 Rehabilitation of Al Rafidan Secondary School for Girls in Nineveh Plains j- Contracted/awarded 35 Rehabilitation of Ashor Panepal School for Boys and Girls in Nineveh Plains j- Contracted/awarded 36 Rehabilitation of Ashur High School for Boys in Nineveh Plains j- Contracted/awarded 37 Rehabilitation of Qaraqush 2 Kindergarten in Nineveh Plains j- Contracted/awarded 38 Rehabilitation of Mareem Al Adhraa High School in Nineveh Plains j- Contracted/awarded 39 Rehabilitation of Qaraqush High School for Boys in Nineveh Plains j- Contracted/awarded 40 Rehabilitation of Sanharib Industrial High school for Girls in Nineveh Plains j- Contracted/awarded 41 Rehabilitation of Store for Education Directorate Hamdanyiah in Nineveh Plains j- Contracted/awarded 42 Supply Furniture for Qarqoush Secondary School for Girls in Nineveh Plains g- Technical Evaluation complete 43 Supply Furniture for Qarqoush Secondary School for boys in Nineveh Plains g- Technical Evaluation complete 44 Supply Furniture for Rasen Primary Mixed School in Nineveh Plains g- Technical Evaluation complete 45 Supply Furniture for Al-Zawra Primary Mixed School in Nineveh Plains g- Technical Evaluation complete 46 Supply Furniture for Qaraqoush Kindergarten in Nineveh Plains g- Technical Evaluation complete 47 Supply Furniture for Al Taglobia School for Boys in Nineveh Plains g- Technical Evaluation complete 48 Supply Furniture for Ashur Banibal Al Rayania School for Boys in Nineveh Plains g- Technical Evaluation complete 49 Supply Furniture for Al Moalem School for Boys in Nineveh Plains g- Technical Evaluation complete 50 Supply Furniture for Al Mutamayizin and Al Mutamizat school in Nineveh Plains g- Technical Evaluation complete 51 Supply Furniture for Al Rafidan Secondary School for Girls in Nineveh Plains g- Technical Evaluation complete 52 Supply Furniture for Ashor Panepal School for Boys and Girls in Nineveh Plains g- Technical Evaluation complete 53 Supply Furniture for Bagdeda Intermediat school for Boys in Nineveh Plains g- Technical Evaluation complete 54 Supply Furniture for Ashur High School for Boys in Nineveh Plains g- Technical Evaluation complete 55 Supply Furniture for Qaraqush 2 Kindergarten in Nineveh Plains g- Technical Evaluation complete 56 Supply Furniture for Mareem Al Adhraa High School in Nineveh Plains g- Technical Evaluation complete 57 Supply Furniture for Najd Primary School for Boys in Nineveh Plains g- Technical Evaluation complete 58 Supply Furniture for Qaraqush High School for Boys in Nineveh Plains g- Technical Evaluation complete 59 Supply Furniture for Sanharib Industrial High School for Girls in Nineveh Plains g- Technical Evaluation complete 60 Supply Furniture for Store of Education Directorate in Hamdanyiah, Nineveh Plains g- Technical Evaluation complete 61 Supply Furniture for Ur School for Boys in Nineveh Plains g- Technical Evaluation complete

131 LADP in Iraq – Nineveh PRP

Location N Education sector project Project status 62 Renovation of Directorate of Education in Talkaif g- Technical Evaluation complete 63 Renovation of Store of Education in Tilkaif. e- Advertised 64 Renovation of Barima Primary School For Boys in Bashiqa e- Advertised 65 Renovation of Barima Primary School For Girls in Bashiqa e- Advertised 66 Renovation of Bazwayay High school for boys 12 class + 6 additional in Bashiqa d- Program Manager sent to SC 67 Renovation of Bazwayay School for girls 12 class + 6 additional in Bashiqaa d- Program Manager sent to SC 68 Renovation of Topzawa School For boys 6class+ 6 additional class in Bashiqa d- Program Manager sent to SC 69 Supply Furniture to Barima Primary School For Boys in Bashiqa d- Program Manager sent to SC 70 Supply Furniture to Furniture for Barima Primary School For Girls in Bashiqa d- Program Manager sent to SC 71 Rehabilitation of Baqof Primary School for Boys in Nineveh Plains a- BoQ under development by local authorities 72 Rehabilitation of Baqof Primary School for Girls in Nineveh Plains a- BoQ under development by local authorities Quyarra 1 Renovation of Al Quyarra Secondary School for Girls 1 in Quyarra n- Paid/Contract closed 2 Renovation of Abdala Bin Rwaha Primary School for Boys in Quyarra n- Paid/Contract closed 3 Rehabilitation of Arkoba Eastern School for Boys in Quyarra l- Under implementation 4 Rehabilitation of Arkoba Eastern School for Girls in Quyarra l- Under implementation 5 Rehabilitation of Arkoba Western High School for Boys in Quyarra l- Under implementation 6 Rehabilitation of Arkoba Western School for Boys in Quyarra l- Under implementation 7 Rehabilitation of Arkoba Western School for Girls in Quyarra l- Under implementation 8 Rehabilitation of ArkobaJadaa School for Boys in Quyarra l- Under implementation 9 Rehabilitation of Alahud Fawqani School for Boys in Quyarra l- Under implementation 10 Rehabilitation of Alahud FawqaniHigh School for Boys in Quyarra l- Under implementation 11 Rehabilitation of Alahud High School for Boys in Quyarra l- Under implementation 12 Rehabilitation of Alahud First Primary School in Quyarra l- Under implementation 13 Rehabilitation of Alahud Second Primary school in Quyarra l- Under implementation 14 Rehabilitation of Ezhilalh High School for Boys in Quyarra l- Under implementation 15 Rehabilitation of Ezhilalh School for Girls in Quyarra l- Under implementation 16 Rehabilitation of Ezhilalh School for Boys in Quyarra l- Under implementation 17 Rehabilitation of Imam Western High school for Boys in Quyarra l- Under implementation 18 Rehabilitation of Imam Western School for Girls in Quyarra l- Under implementation 19 Rehabilitation of Abu Bakr Siddiq School for Boys in Quyarra l- Under implementation 20 Rehabilitation of Ndaa Al Quds School for Boys in Quyarra l- Under implementation 21 Rehabilitation of First Remaneh School for Boys in Quyarra l- Under implementation 22 Rehabilitation of AL Zoyaa High School for Boys in Quyarra l- Under implementation 23 Rehabilitation of Al Wafa New School for boys in Quyarra l- Under implementation 24 Rehabilitation of Al Zoyeh Primary School for Boys in Quyarra l- Under implementation 25 Rehabilitation of Ajehalah High School for Boys in Quyarra l- Under implementation 26 Rehabilitation of Al Mesk Mixed School in Quyarra l- Under implementation 227 Rehabilitation of Kurdish Mixed School in Quyarra l- Under implementation 28 Supply and Install Equipment and Office Furniture for Arkoba Eastern School for Girls l- Under implementation 29 Supply and Install Equipment and Office Furniture for Ezhilalh School for Girls Ezhilalh School for Girls l- Under implementation

132 LADP in Iraq – Nineveh PRP

Location N Education sector project Project status 30 Supply and Install Equipment and Office Furniture for Arkoba Western School for Girls l- Under implementation 31 Supply and Install Equipment and Office Furniture for Imam Western School for Girls l- Under implementation 32 Supply and Install Equipment and Office Furniture for Ndaa Al Quds School for Boys l- Under implementation 33 Supply and Install Equipment and Office Furniture for Alhweij Mixed School l- Under implementation 34 Supply and Install Equipment Imam Western high school for Boys l- Under implementation 35 Supply and Install Equipment and Office Furniture for Al Mesk Mixed School l- Under implementation 36 Supply and Install Equipment and Office Furniture for Hamidia Eastern primary school for Boys l- Under implementation 37 Supply and Install Equipment and Office Furniture for Alahud Fawqani School for Boys l- Under implementation 38 Supply and Install Equipment and Office Furniture for AL wafa new school for boys l- Under implementation 39 Supply and Install Equipment and Office Furniture for Alahud first Primary School l- Under implementation 40 Supply and Install Equipment and Office Furniture for Alahud second primary school l- Under implementation 41 Supply and Install Equipment and Office Furniture for Alahud Fawqani High School for Boys l- Under implementation 42 Supply and Install Equipment and Office Furniture for Alahud High School For Boys l- Under implementation Rabia 1 Rehabilitation Educational Store in Rabia g- Technical Evaluation complete 2 Rehabilitation of Rabia High School For Boys in Rabia g- Technical Evaluation complete 3 Rehabilitation of Rabia Intermediate School for Boys in Rabia g- Technical Evaluation complete 4 Rehabilitation of Abo Hagera School Outside Rabia g- Technical Evaluation complete 5 Rehabilitation of Al Bazona School Outside Rabia g- Technical Evaluation complete 6 Rehabilitation of Al Ramoo School Outside Rabia g- Technical Evaluation complete 7 Rehabilitation of Al seha Al Asrya School Outside Rabia g- Technical Evaluation complete 8 Rehabilitation of Kran School Outside Rabia g- Technical Evaluation complete 9 Rehabilitation of Mshirfa School Outside Rabia g- Technical Evaluation complete 10 Rehabilitation of Tal Talab School Outside Rabia g- Technical Evaluation complete 11 Supply Furniture for Abo Hagera School Outside Rabia g- Technical Evaluation complete 12 Supply Furniture for Al Bazona School Outside Rabia g- Technical Evaluation complete 13 Supply Furniture for Rabia Mixed School in Rabia g- Technical Evaluation complete 14 Supply Furniture for Al Ramoo School Outside Rabia g- Technical Evaluation complete 15 Supply Furniture for Rabia High school For Boys in Rabia g- Technical Evaluation complete Sinjar 1 Renovation of Sinjar Educational Directory Building in Sinjar n- Paid/Contract closed 2 Rehabilitation of Alomya school for boys d- Program Manager sent to SC 3 Rehabilitation of Alqithara school for girls d- Program Manager sent to SC 4 Rehabilitation of Alreihan secondary school d- Program Manager sent to SC 5 Rehabilitation of Alsamah secondary school d- Program Manager sent to SC 6 Rehabilitation of Eyath Bin Ghanm school d- Program Manager sent to SC 7 Rehabilitation of Sinjar high school for boys (night school) d- Program Manager sent to SC 8 Rehabilitation of Kindergarden Sinjar d- Program Manager sent to SC 9 Rehabilitation of Muhammad Bin Qasim school d- Program Manager sent to SC 10 Rehabilitation of Sinjar 1 for boys d- Program Manager sent to SC 11 Rehabilitation of Sinjar high school for girls d- Program Manager sent to SC 12 Rehabilitation of Sinjar secondary school for girls d- Program Manager sent to SC

133 LADP in Iraq – Nineveh PRP

Location N Education sector project Project status 13 Rehabilitation of Sinjar Teachers Institute d- Program Manager sent to SC Sinuni 1 Renovation of Sinuni High School for boys in Sinuni n- Paid/Contract closed 2 Renovation of Beirut High School for boys in Sinuni n- Paid/Contract closed 3 Renovation of Qurtuba 2 Primary School for boys in Sinuni n- Paid/Contract closed 4 Renovation of Iraq 2 Secondary School for boys in Sinuni n- Paid/Contract closed 5 Renovation of Beirut 1 Primary School in Sinuni n- Paid/Contract closed 6 Renovation of Anduls Secondary School for boys in Sinuni n- Paid/Contract closed 7 Renovation of Al Tamem 4 Primary School in Sinuni n- Paid/Contract closed 8 Rehabilitation of Al Moj School in Sinuni i- Submitted to PRC (if needed) 9 Rehabilitation of Hiten Secondary School in Sinuni i- Submitted to PRC (if needed) 10 Rehabilitation of Rabia Mixed School in Sinuni i- Submitted to PRC (if needed) 11 Supply Furniture for Al Moj School in Sinuni f- Preliminary evaluation finished 12 Supply Furniture for Hiten Secondary in Sinuni f- Preliminary evaluation finished Total 254

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