DOCSLIB.ORG

Yemen, a Possible Strategic Stage for the Rivalry Between Saudi Arabia and Iran Since 2015

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Yemen, a Possible Strategic Stage for the Rivalry Between Saudi Arabia and Iran Since 2015 Anastasie Danset Yemen, a possible strategic stage for the rivalry between Saudi Arabia and Iran since 2015 By Anastasie Odile Camille Danset 2149419 – 501654 November 2020 Supervisors: Dr. Ivo Hernandez Dr. Shawn Donnelly Programme: European Studies, Master of Science Comparative Public Governance, Master of Arts Institution: University of Twente, Faculty of Behavioural, Management and Social Sciences, The Netherlands Westfälische-Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Department of Political Science, Germany P a g e 1 | 52 Anastasie Danset Abstract: The rivalry between Saudi Arabia and Iran is not recent. Symptoms of this disparity appeared in 1979, after the Iranian Islamic Revolution, and have developed over time. Whereas, before both states were allies, their relationship progressively moved into a conflictual one. They are today competing through a religious scope to become the regional power. The aim of the thesis is to analyse if the war in Yemen represent a strategic arena for Saudi Arabia and Iran's competition, and if their actions in Yemen since 2015 have developed the conflict into a proxy warfare. By following the offensive realism and security dilemma theory of the International Relations field, this thesis is examining if this rivalry has any consequences on ongoing war in Yemen. Keys words: Saudi Arabia, Iran, Yemen, Realism, Regional Power, Shiite, Sunni, Security Dilemma, Balance of Power P a g e 2 | 52 Anastasie Danset Table of content: I. Introduction ............................................................................................................................... 4 1.1. Research Question ..................................................................................................................... 6 1.2. Hypotheses ................................................................................................................................ 6 1.3. Structure and methodology........................................................................................................ 7 1.4. Subject of research and relevance of the topic ........................................................................... 9 II. Theoretical Framework: Realism and Balance of power ........................................................ 10 2.1. Offensive Realism and Security Dilemma theory .................................................................... 10 2.2. Balance of Power .................................................................................................................. 13 III. The concept of regional power in the Middle East: Iran and Saudi Arabia as regional power 14 3.1. Understanding the concept of ‘regional power’ ................................................................. 14 3.2. Riyadh and Tehran’s relationship ....................................................................................... 17 3.3. Iran and Saudi Arabia as potential Regional Powers ........................................................... 20 3.3.1. Hard power .................................................................................................................... 20 3.3.2 Soft Power ....................................................................................................................... 22 3.4. Sunni VS Shia – Becoming a Regional Leader by being ideologically dominant ................... 25 IV. The concept of Proxy war .......................................................................................... 29 4.1. Proxy Warfare: the conflicts of the future ...................................................................... 29 4.2. Example of Proxy Warfare ............................................................................................. 31 V. Yemen a Proxy warfare? A ground of confrontation .................................................. 32 5.1. The War in Yemen...................................................................................................... 32 5.2. How Yemen can jeopordise and profit Riyadh’s security .................................................... 35 5.3. Yemen’s strategic value for Iran ................................................................................. 36 5.4. Yemen, a proxy warfare? ........................................................................................... 37 VI. Conclusion ........................................................................................................ 38 VII. Literature ......................................................................................................... 40 VIII. Appendix..................................................................................................... 51 P a g e 3 | 52 Anastasie Danset I. Introduction ‘The worst humanitarian crisis of recent history’ (UN, 2017). This is how the War in Yemen has been described by the United Nations in 20191 (UN, 2019). In 2015, the Saudi-led coalition2 started a military operation that developed into a complicated war. The heavy external interventions by the Saudi-led coalition and the fact that they are controlling and restricting naval and airs import of essential goods and aids for the population is disastrous and the first victims are the civilians (Human Rights Watch, 2017; Austin, 2019). The supply of energy is also limited, thus, there is not enough generators for the hospitals and to pump water from homes (Human Rights Watch, 2018). Since the beginning of the war, more than 10.000 civilians have died, 3.1 million have been displaced, famine and disease as cholera are hitting the population (Grumet, 2019). The UN is estimating that 80% of the Yemenis would need assistance (UN, 2019). Despite multiple attempts by the international community and the United Nations to negotiate a cease-fire3, the war remains ongoing until today (Sharp, 2020). A local conflict had already emerged before, however, the well-known war of Yemen started in 2015, when Saudi Arabia’s military forces, with eight other Sunni Arab states4, (the so-called Saudi-led coalition), bombed the North of Yemen targeting Shiites rebels and their allies (BBC, 2020; Gambrell, 2015). Nonetheless, a few months before this attack, a local conflict had already started. The national political instability of the country created an internal discord that resulted in a civil war (Mitreski, 2015). The origin of the conflict was a local tension between the Houthis and the central government. The Houthis are a northern Islamic political group following Zaidism5, a sect from the Shia branch of Islam, and are often referred to as the ‘Shiites Rebels’ (Michael, 2015). The Yemeni’s central government at this time was led by President Abdrabbuh Mansur Hadi, who was leading the country 1 Stephen O’Brien the U.N. Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs and Emergency Relief Coordinator pronounced these words in the U.N. Security Council in New York after visiting Yemen on March 10, 2017 (UN, 2017) 2 The United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Sudan, Egypt, Jordan and Morocco are Sunni Arab countries and are part of the Saudi-led coalition (Gambrell, 2015). 3 The Stockholm Agreement is the first agreement achieved between President Hadi and the Houthis on 13 December, 2018., This accord has been promoted by the United Nations, by the Resolution 2451 (OSESGY, 2019) and has been signed in Stockholm after a series of failed negotiations. This agreement did not result in a peaceful end of the war, but it was the first agreement that improved the humanitarian situation in the country (OSESGY, 2019 & Lackner, 2020). 4 The Saudi-led coalition 5 Shia Islam represents 10% of all Muslims, is one of the two main branches of Islam with Sunnis Islam. Shia Muslims are in the majority in Iraq, Iran, Bahrain and Yemen (BBC, 2016). P a g e 4 | 52 Anastasie Danset through the Sunni6 Branch of Islam. When Hadi was president, he had developed close ties with the Saudi government (Mitreski, 2015). This close relationship was based on religious interests since, Saudi Arabia is considered as the centre of the Middle East, and of Sunni Islam. Before 2015, tensions between the government and the Houthis were already present, the Houthis distrusted the government’s behaviour toward Saudi Arabia and were demanding recognition and rights for its group (Mitreski, 2015). Due to the lack of dialogue between the two parts, the Houthis started to take control of the North of Yemen in 2014. Once the Houthis managed to take over the capital, Sanaa, the civil war has turned into a regionalised war (Salisbury, 2015). Because the Shiite group managed to take control of the political institutions in the capital, the threat was ubiquitous for the Hadi government and the neighbour states. This event generates a coalition of nine Arabs states led by Saudi Arabia and this group started to launch air strikes against the Houthis in March 2015 (Baron, 2019; BBC, 2020; Juneau, 2016; Salisbury, 2015).The official explanations of these attacks were to re-instore the Hadi government, recognised by the international community as being the official one of Yemen (Buys & Garwood-Gowers, 2019). However, there are other explanations behind the actions of Saudi Arabia in Yemen. Besides the official reason for the Saudi-led coalition to attack Yemen, different reports and authors argue that Saudi Arabia had more personal reasons for the attack (Stenslie, 2015; Ponížilová, 2016; Beck, 2020; Clausen, 2015; the Independent, 2018). Saudi Arabia has had “a continuing interest and involvement in Yemen”
Load more

Recommended publications
  • King Faisal Assassinated
    o.i> (Ejmttrrttrut iatlg (Sampita Serving Storrs Since 1896 VOL. LXXVIII NO. 102 STORRS, CONNECTICUT WEDNESDAY. MARCH 26. 1975 5 CENTS OFF CAMPUS King Faisal assassinated BEIRUT- (UPI) Saudi Khalid underwent heart surgery sacred cities of Mecca and monarch was wounded and Washington said the 31-year-old Arabi's King Faisal, spiritual in Cleveland, Ohio, three years Medina. hospitalized. Then. a .issassin was son of King Faisal's leader of the world's 600 million ago. t c a r - c h o k c d .innounccr half brother. Prince Musaid. The nephew walked the Moslems and master of the Faisal was killed while holding broadcast the news that Faisal Mideast's largest oil fields, was court in his Palace to mark the length of the hall apparently had died. Immediately all radio They said in 1966 he studied assassinated Tuesday as he sat on mniversary of the birth of intended to greet the seated King stations switched to readings of English at San Francisco State a golden chair in the mirrored Prophet Mohammed the with the customary kiss on both the Koran and thousands of College, and the following year hall of his palace by a deranged founder of the Islamic religion checks. Instead, he pulled a Saudis. (Tying and spreading he enrolled in a course in member of his own family. whose 600 million followers revolver from beneath his their arms in Uriel, surged into mechanical engineering at the Faisal, 68, died of wounds revered Faisal as their spiritual flowing robe and fired. the streets of Riyadh.
    [Show full text]
  • Saudi Arabia Under King Faisal
    SAUDI ARABIA UNDER KING FAISAL ABSTRACT || T^EsIs SubiviiTTEd FOR TIIE DEqREE of ' * ISLAMIC STUDIES ' ^ O^ilal Ahmad OZuttp UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF DR. ABDUL ALI READER DEPARTMENT OF ISLAMIC STUDIES ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 1997 /•, •^iX ,:Q. ABSTRACT It is a well-known fact of history that ever since the assassination of capital Uthman in 656 A.D. the Political importance of Central Arabia, the cradle of Islam , including its two holiest cities Mecca and Medina, paled into in insignificance. The fourth Rashidi Calif 'Ali bin Abi Talib had already left Medina and made Kufa in Iraq his new capital not only because it was the main base of his power, but also because the weight of the far-flung expanding Islamic Empire had shifted its centre of gravity to the north. From that time onwards even Mecca and Medina came into the news only once annually on the occasion of the Haj. It was for similar reasons that the 'Umayyads 661-750 A.D. ruled form Damascus in Syria, while the Abbasids (750- 1258 A.D ) made Baghdad in Iraq their capital. However , after a long gap of inertia, Central Arabia again came into the limelight of the Muslim world with the rise of the Wahhabi movement launched jointly by the religious reformer Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab and his ally Muhammad bin saud, a chieftain of the town of Dar'iyah situated between *Uyayana and Riyadh in the fertile Wadi Hanifa. There can be no denying the fact that the early rulers of the Saudi family succeeded in bringing about political stability in strife-torn Central Arabia by fusing together the numerous war-like Bedouin tribes and the settled communities into a political entity under the banner of standard, Unitarian Islam as revived and preached by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab.
    [Show full text]
  • Us Military Assistance to Saudi Arabia, 1942-1964
    DANCE OF SWORDS: U.S. MILITARY ASSISTANCE TO SAUDI ARABIA, 1942-1964 DISSERTATION Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University By Bruce R. Nardulli, M.A. * * * * * The Ohio State University 2002 Dissertation Committee: Approved by Professor Allan R. Millett, Adviser Professor Peter L. Hahn _______________________ Adviser Professor David Stebenne History Graduate Program UMI Number: 3081949 ________________________________________________________ UMI Microform 3081949 Copyright 2003 by ProQuest Information and Learning Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. ____________________________________________________________ ProQuest Information and Learning Company 300 North Zeeb Road PO Box 1346 Ann Arbor, MI 48106-1346 ABSTRACT The United States and Saudi Arabia have a long and complex history of security relations. These relations evolved under conditions in which both countries understood and valued the need for cooperation, but also were aware of its limits and the dangers of too close a partnership. U.S. security dealings with Saudi Arabia are an extreme, perhaps unique, case of how security ties unfolded under conditions in which sensitivities to those ties were always a central —oftentimes dominating—consideration. This was especially true in the most delicate area of military assistance. Distinct patterns of behavior by the two countries emerged as a result, patterns that continue to this day. This dissertation examines the first twenty years of the U.S.-Saudi military assistance relationship. It seeks to identify the principal factors responsible for how and why the military assistance process evolved as it did, focusing on the objectives and constraints of both U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Chapter (PDF)
    x ISRAEL WEST BANK IRAQ Jerusalem Amman Eup GAZA hrates IRAN Basra JORDAN Shiraz KUWAIT Al Jauf Kuwait Cairo Sinai P e Bandar Abbas r s i a Tunb Islands n G u OMAN l f Abu Musa Dammam Manama Ras Al-Khaimah N QATAR Ajman il Sharjah e Buraydah Dubai BAHRAIN Doha Abu Dhabi Muscat EGYPT Riyadh UNITED Medina ARAB EMIRATES R e Aswan d SAUDI ARABIA S e a N A Jeddah Mecca M O SUDAN Port Sudan 0 miles 250 Indian Abha Ocean 0 km 400 YEMEN Map of the Arab Gulf States 1. Muslim pilgrims circumambulate (tawaf ) the sacred Kaaba during sunrise after fajr prayer in Mecca, Saudi Arabia. 2. President Nixon and Mrs Nixon welcome King Faisal of Saudi Arabia on a visit to the United States in May 1971. 3. Henry Kissinger (left), the US Secretary of State, meets the Shah of Iran (right) in Zurich in early 1975. 4. Sheik Yamani talks about oil and the Palestinian problem during a press conference in Saudi Arabia in July 1979. 5. Crowds of Iranian protestors demonstrate in support of exiled Ayatollah Sayyid Ruhollah Khomeini in 1978, the year prior to the revolution. 6. Iraqi leader Saddam Hussein addresses members of his armed forces shortly before the invasion of Iran in September 1980. 7. Saudi Arabian soldiers prepare to load into armoured personnel carriers during clean-up operations following the Battle of Khafji, 2 February 1991. The Battle of Khafji was the first major ground engagement of the 1991 Gulf war. 8. Palestinian women demonstrate with Palestinian and Iraqi flags and portraits of Yasser Arafat and Saddam Hussein in the West Bank during the Kuwait crisis of 1990–91.
    [Show full text]
  • UNESCO Condemns Killing of Journalists Assassinated Journalists in Yemen
    UNESCO Condemns Killing of Journalists Assassinated Journalists in Yemen Omar Ezzi Mohammad Radio engineer Ali Aish Mohammad Youssef Jamaie Abdullah Musib Security guards (Yemeni) Employees of radio station Al-Maraweah Killed on 16 September 2018 UNESCO Statement Ahmed al-Hamzi (Yemeni) Journalist Killed on 30 August 2018 in Yemen UNESCO Statement Anwar al-Rakan (Yemenit) Journalist Killed in Yemen on 2 June 2018 [UNESCO Statement] Abdullah Al Qadry (Yemenit) News photographer and camera operator Killed on 13 April 2018 [UNESCO Statement] Mohammad al-Qasadi (Yemenit) Photographer Killed on 22 January 2018 [UNESCO Statement] Sa’ad Al-Nadhari (Yemeni) Photojournalist Killed on 26 May 2017 in Yemen [UNESCO Statement] Wael Al-Absi (Yemeni) Photojournalist Killed on 26 May 2017 in Yemen [UNESCO Statement] 1 UNESCO Condemns Killing of Journalists Assassinated Journalists in Yemen Taqi Al-Din Al-Huthaifi (Yemeni) Photojournalist Killed on 26 May 2017 in Yemen [UNESCO Statement] Mohammed al-Absi (Yemeni) Led investigative reports in Yemen for several news outlets Killed on 20 December 2016 in Yemen [UNESCO Statement] Awab Al-Zubairi (Yemeni) Photographer for Taiz News Network Killed on 18 November 2016 in Yemen [UNESCO Statement] Mubarak Al-Abadi (Yemeni) Contributor to Al Jazeera television and Suhail TV Killed on 5 August 2016 in Yemen [UNESCO Statement] Abdulkarim Al-Jerbani (Yemeni) Photographer and reporter for several media in Yemen Killed on 22 July 2016 in Yemen [UNESCO Statement] Abdullah Azizan (Yemeni) Correspondent for the online
    [Show full text]
  • Rivalry in the Middle East: the History of Saudi-Iranian Relations and Its Implications on American Foreign Policy
    BearWorks MSU Graduate Theses Summer 2017 Rivalry in the Middle East: The History of Saudi-Iranian Relations and its Implications on American Foreign Policy Derika Weddington Missouri State University, [email protected] As with any intellectual project, the content and views expressed in this thesis may be considered objectionable by some readers. However, this student-scholar’s work has been judged to have academic value by the student’s thesis committee members trained in the discipline. The content and views expressed in this thesis are those of the student-scholar and are not endorsed by Missouri State University, its Graduate College, or its employees. Follow this and additional works at: https://bearworks.missouristate.edu/theses Part of the Defense and Security Studies Commons, International Relations Commons, and the Near and Middle Eastern Studies Commons Recommended Citation Weddington, Derika, "Rivalry in the Middle East: The History of Saudi-Iranian Relations and its Implications on American Foreign Policy" (2017). MSU Graduate Theses. 3129. https://bearworks.missouristate.edu/theses/3129 This article or document was made available through BearWorks, the institutional repository of Missouri State University. The work contained in it may be protected by copyright and require permission of the copyright holder for reuse or redistribution. For more information, please contact [email protected]. RIVALRY IN THE MIDDLE EAST: THE HISTORY OF SAUDI-IRANIAN RELATIONS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS ON AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY A Masters Thesis Presented to The Graduate College of Missouri State University TEMPLATE In Partial Fulfillment Of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Science, Defense and Strategic Studies By Derika Weddington August 2017 RIVALARY IN THE MIDDLE EAST: THE HISTORY OF SAUDI-IRANIAN RELATIONS AND ITS IMPLICATIONS ON AMERICAN FOREIGN POLICY Defense and Strategic Studies Missouri State University, August 2017 Master of Science Derika Weddington ABSTRACT The history of Saudi-Iranian relations has been fraught.
    [Show full text]
  • Lumsden, George Quincy.Toc.Pdf
    The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project AMBASSADOR GEORGE QUINCEY LUMSDEN Interviewed by: Charles Stuart Kennedy Initial interview date: January 11, 2000 Copyright 2006 A ST TABLE OF CONTENTS Background Born and raised in New Jersey Princeton University% Georgetown University US Navy Entered the Foreign Service in 1957 Educational Exchange Program Officer, New -ork .ity 1957-1959 State Department, FS0% German language studies 1959 01mir, Turkey% .onsular Officer 1959-1921 Environment 3arriage Government Bonn, Germany% Economic Officer 1922-1925 Export .ontrol President 6ennedy visit Junior .ircle of Bonn Diplomats Amman, Jordan% .hief of .onsular Section7Political Officer 1925-1927 Damascus anti-Assad demonstration 0mmigration visas US military assistance Environment Palestinians asser and Arab call for Arab Unity Arab-0srael 1927 war Riots Black September 6ing Hussein US Arab70srael Policy 1 Beirut, Lebanon, FS0% Arabic language studies 1927-1929 Environment Saudi students at American University of Beirut Ethnic and religious groups Palestinian refugees asser Arabic language program 6uwait% Economic Officer 1929-1972 Wealth Oil Production eutral 1one division Relations Education Environment Gulf Oil .ompany 0ran 0raq threat 6uwaitis Palestinians Egyptians British Border issues State Department% Desk Officer for 6uwait, Bahrain, Qatar 1972-1975 And United Arab Emirates Paris, France% Economic Officer 1975-1979 0nternational Petroleum Agency Oil .risis 0ranian Revolution France>s world role
    [Show full text]
  • Saudi Aramco: National Flagship with Global Responsibilities
    THE JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY RICE UNIVERSITY SAUDI ARAMCO: NATIONAL FLAGSHIP WITH GLOBAL RESPONSIBILITIES BY AMY MYERS JAFFE JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY JAREER ELASS JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY PREPARED IN CONJUNCTION WITH AN ENERGY STUDY SPONSORED BY THE JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY AND JAPAN PETROLEUM ENERGY CENTER RICE UNIVERSITY – MARCH 2007 THIS PAPER WAS WRITTEN BY A RESEARCHER (OR RESEARCHERS) WHO PARTICIPATED IN THE JOINT BAKER INSTITUTE/JAPAN PETROLEUM ENERGY CENTER POLICY REPORT, THE CHANGING ROLE OF NATIONAL OIL COMPANIES IN INTERNATIONAL ENERGY MARKETS. WHEREVER FEASIBLE, THIS PAPER HAS BEEN REVIEWED BY OUTSIDE EXPERTS BEFORE RELEASE. HOWEVER, THE RESEARCH AND THE VIEWS EXPRESSED WITHIN ARE THOSE OF THE INDIVIDUAL RESEARCHER(S) AND DO NOT NECESSARILY REPRESENT THE VIEWS OF THE JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY NOR THOSE OF THE JAPAN PETROLEUM ENERGY CENTER. © 2007 BY THE JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY OF RICE UNIVERSITY THIS MATERIAL MAY BE QUOTED OR REPRODUCED WITHOUT PRIOR PERMISSION, PROVIDED APPROPRIATE CREDIT IS GIVEN TO THE AUTHOR AND THE JAMES A. BAKER III INSTITUTE FOR PUBLIC POLICY ABOUT THE POLICY REPORT THE CHANGING ROLE OF NATIONAL OIL COMPANIES IN INTERNATIONAL ENERGY MARKETS Of world proven oil reserves of 1,148 billion barrels, approximately 77% of these resources are under the control of national oil companies (NOCs) with no equity participation by foreign, international oil companies. The Western international oil companies now control less than 10% of the world’s oil and gas resource base.
    [Show full text]
  • English).” Wash- Achieving Results Against the Odds
    Public Disclosure Authorized Public Disclosure Authorized Building for Peace Reconstruction for Security, Public Disclosure Authorized Equity, and Sustainable Peace in MENA Public Disclosure Authorized Building for Peace Reconstruction for Security, Equity, and Sustainable Peace in MENA © 2020 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development/The World Bank 1818 H Street NW Washington DC 20433 Telephone: 202-473-1000 Internet: www.worldbank.org This work is a product of the staff of The World Bank with external contributions. The findings, interpre- tations, and conclusions expressed in this work do not necessarily reflect the views of The World Bank, its Board of Executive Directors, or the governments they represent. The World Bank does not guarantee the accuracy of the data included in this work. The boundaries, colors, denominations, and other information shown on any map in this work do not imply any judgment on the part of The World Bank concerning the legal status of any territory or the endorsement or acceptance of such boundaries. Rights and Permissions The material in this work is subject to copyright. Because the World Bank encourages dissemination of its knowledge, this work may be reproduced, in whole or in part, for noncommercial purposes as long as full attribution to this work is given. Any queries on rights and licenses, including subsidiary rights, should be addressed to: World Bank Publications, The World Bank Group, 1818 H Street NW, Washington, DC 20433, USA; Fax: 202-522-2625; E-mail: [email protected]. The cover image is one of the 100 artworks produced by 500 Lebanese and Syrian children, who worked together for the art exhibition “Butterfly: Promoting Peace through the Arts” in Beirut, Lebanon, and Washington, DC, during October–December 2017.
    [Show full text]
  • May 15, 2012 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2687 Koreans
    May 15, 2012 CONGRESSIONAL RECORD — HOUSE H2687 Koreans. I even had the privilege to work EXPRESSING SENSE OF HOUSE RE- (2) has characterized Iran as the ‘‘most ac- closely with the late Congressman Solarz, who GARDING IMPORTANCE OF PRE- tive state sponsor of terrorism’’; was Chairman of the East Asian and Pacific VENTING IRAN FROM ACQUIRING Whereas Iran has provided weapons, train- Affairs, the same subcommittee of which I am A NUCLEAR WEAPONS CAPA- ing, funding, and direction to terrorist the Ranking Member today. I am grateful for BILITY groups, including Hamas, Hezbollah, and Shi- ite militias in Iraq that are responsible for his leadership and understanding of the Asia Ms. ROS-LEHTINEN. Mr. Speaker, I the murders of hundreds of American forces Pacific region. move to suspend the rules and agree to and innocent civilians; Just as Ambassador Lilley and Congress- the resolution (H. Res. 568) expressing Whereas, on July 28, 2011, the Department man Solarz worked hard to protect the human the sense of the House of Representa- of the Treasury charged that the Govern- rights of the North Korean people, we must re- tives regarding the importance of pre- ment of Iran had forged a ‘‘secret deal’’ with main vigilant in helping the people of North venting the Government of Iran from al Qaeda to facilitate the movement of al Korea who struggle daily to escape the op- acquiring a nuclear weapons capa- Qaeda fighters and funding through Iranian pression and tyranny of the North Korean re- bility, as amended. territory; gime. The Clerk read the title of the resolu- Whereas in October 2011, senior leaders of Iran’s Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps Again, I thank Chairwoman ROS-LEHTINEN tion.
    [Show full text]
  • Guide to Material at the LBJ Library Pertaining to the Middle East
    LYNDON BAINES JOHNSON L I B R A R Y & M U S E U M www.lbjlibrary.org January 1993 (updated June 2011) CO 1-6 MATERIAL AT THE LBJ LIBRARY PERTAINING TO THE MIDDLE EAST (including Aden, Bahrain, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Palestine, Quatar, Saudi Arabia, South Arabia, Syria, United Arab Republic, and Yemen) INTRODUCTION This guide lists the principal files at the Johnson Library that contain material on the Middle East, but it is by no means exhaustive. While most of the collections listed in the guide have been processed and are available for research, some files may not yet be available. Researchers should consult the Library’s finding aids to locate additional material and to determine whether specific files are available for research. Lending copies of finding aids are available by mail, and some finding aids are on the Library’s web site (http://www.lbjlibrary.org/). Researchers interested in this topic should also consult the Foreign Relations of the United States. This multi-volume series published by the Office of the Historian of the Department of State presents the official documentary historical record of major foreign policy decisions and diplomatic activity of the United States Government. The volumes are available online at the Department of State web site (http://history.state.gov/historicaldocuments/johnson). NATIONAL SECURITY FILE (NSF) This file was the working file of President Johnson's special assistants for national security affairs, McGeorge Bundy and Walt W. Rostow. Documents in the file originated in the offices of Bundy and Rostow and their staffs, in the various executive departments and agencies, especially those having to do with foreign affairs and national defense, and in diplomatic and military posts around the world.
    [Show full text]
  • Download Thesis
    This electronic thesis or dissertation has been downloaded from the King’s Research Portal at https://kclpure.kcl.ac.uk/portal/ Saudi Arabia-Iran relations 1929-2013 Al Saud, Turki Bin Khaled Bin Saad Bin Abdulaziz Awarding institution: King's College London The copyright of this thesis rests with the author and no quotation from it or information derived from it may be published without proper acknowledgement. END USER LICENCE AGREEMENT Unless another licence is stated on the immediately following page this work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work Under the following conditions: Attribution: You must attribute the work in the manner specified by the author (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). Non Commercial: You may not use this work for commercial purposes. No Derivative Works - You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work. Any of these conditions can be waived if you receive permission from the author. Your fair dealings and other rights are in no way affected by the above. Take down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 04. Oct. 2021 A Historical Study of Saudi Arabia – Iran Relations and Regional Order 1929–2014 by Turki bin Khaled al-Saud A Thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctorate of Philosophy Middle Eastern and Mediterranean Studies Programme King’s College University of London 2015 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I feel very fortunate to have met many great people, who have turned this long, challenging, and sometimes difficult journey into a wonderful and rewarding experience; many of whom I hope will continue to be lifelong friends.
    [Show full text]