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A History of the Islamic Society of North America (1979–2008)

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A History of the Islamic Society of North America (1979–2008) NAVIGATING IDENTITY THROUGH PHILANTHROPY: A HISTORY OF THE ISLAMIC SOCIETY OF NORTH AMERICA (1979–2008) Shariq Ahmed Siddiqui Submitted to the faculty of the University Graduate School in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Philosophy in the Lilly Family School of Philanthropy, Indiana University November 2014 Accepted by the Graduate Faculty of Indiana University, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. ________________________________________________ David M. Craig, Ph.D., Committee Chair ________________________________________________ Dwight L. Burlingame, Ph.D. Doctoral Committee ________________________________________________ Edward E. Curtis IV, D.Litt. et Phil. July 30, 2014 ________________________________________________ Abdulkader Sinno, Ph.D. ii © 2014 Shariq Ahmed Siddiqui iii DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to my wife, Sobia Khan, whose love, encouragement, support, and patience were instrumental in its completion. I also dedicate this dissertation to my children, Fatima, Amal, Safaa, and Zaki; who sacrificed a great deal of fatherly time as I completed this dissertation. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to thank my dissertation chair, David Craig, for his guidance, support, mentorship, and friendship in helping me complete this dissertation. Working with a Ph.D. student who is not a traditional student, works many jobs, is incredibly civically engaged, and is a father of four could not have been easy. At many points leading up to the completion of this dissertation, I was willing to throw in the towel. David Craig is a huge reason for my staying the course and getting the work done. I also would like to thank my dissertation committee: Dwight Burlingame, Edward Curtis, and Abdulkader Sinno for their contributions in helping me achieve this goal. Since 1998, Dwight Burlingame has played an instrumental role in my identity as a philanthropic studies scholar. He has been a constant guide and mentor. Edward Curtis provided me the framework to understand my own Muslim-American religious identity. I knew I was a Muslim American, and I knew I wanted to study Muslim Americans. Edward provide me with the necessary direction, framework, and knowledge to embark on this self-discovery. Finally, Abdulkader Sinno was instrumental in ensuring that I did not throw in the towel. Every time I came close, he was ready to jump in and guide me back to the path. Both David and Abdulkader showed great generosity in reading multiple drafts of a huge work in progress. I would also like to thank Greg Witkowski and Les Lenkowsky in their roles as directors of graduate studies. Helping me navigate Indiana University graduate studies was never easy considering my long tenure in the program. I also appreciate the support shown to me by Gene Tempel and other members of the Lilly Family School of Philanthropy. My cohort and friend Rich Klopp served as a therapist on a regular basis. v I also want to thank the ISNA leaders and staff who generously provided me the time to review materials and documents. I particularly want to thank the secretaries general who were generous with their time and thoughts before, during, and after our oral histories. I want to recognize the leadership, volunteers, and staff of ISNA. While this dissertation at times examines their actions with a critical eye, it does not diminish my gratitude or admiration of their service as a Muslim American. Being able to call upon the research and advice of the best scholars in philanthropic studies and Islam in America to answer key questions or analyze key situations was a tremendous asset. These staff, leaders, and volunteers have had to make decisions in the hot seat through a very turbulent time in Islam in America. Their service to our faith and country has made our nation a better place. My children (Fatima, Amal, Safaa, and Zaki) sacrificed a great deal as I sought to complete the program. The post-dissertation paradigm in the Khan-Siddiqui household is anticipated with both great pleasure and a bit of dread. With my work on the dissertation having been such a big part of their lives, they do not know what to expect now. The encouragement of my parents and siblings helped me believe that I could achieve this goal, and I would be lost without their words of support and love. I especially want to thank my soul mate and wife, Sobia Khan. Living with me and my schedule is not easy even in normal circumstances. However, she made the commitment to guide our family through these uncertain and difficult times. Her critique grounded me. Her support and encouragement kept me going. Her unwillingness to accept anything less than a completed dissertation pushed me on. Her love centered me. A dissertation is a unique journey that relies upon many people. I have named a vi few in these pages. There are too many that remain not named. I am thankful for the generosity that many have shown me in completion of this dissertation. Ultimately, I thank Allah (God) who has provided me with all that is good in my life, including this dissertation. All that is good in the next few pages come from Him and those companions he provided me for this journey. All that is lacking comes from me. vii Shariq Ahmed Siddiqui NAVIGATING IDENTITY THROUGH PHILANTHROPY: A HISTORY OF THE ISLAMIC SOCIETY OF NORTH AMERICA (1979–2008) This dissertation analyzes the development of the Islamic Society of North America (ISNA), a Muslim-American religious association, from the Iranian Revolution to the inauguration of our nation’s first African-American president. This case study of ISNA, the largest Muslim-American organization in North America, examines the organization’s institution-building and governance as a way to illustrate Muslim-American civic and religious participation. Using nonprofit research and theory related to issues of diversity, legitimacy, power, and nonprofit governance and management, I challenge misconceptions about ISNA and dispel a number of myths about Muslim Americans and their institutions. In addition, I investigate the experiences of Muslim-Americans as they attempted to translate faith into practice within the framework of the American religious and civic experience. I arrive at three main conclusions. First, because of their incredible diversity, Muslim-Americans are largely cultural pluralists. They draw from each other and our national culture to develop their religious identity and values. Second, a nonprofit association that embraces the values of a liberal democracy by establishing itself as an open organization will include members that may damage the organization’s reputation. I argue that ISNA’s values should be assessed in light of its programs and actions rather than the views of a small portion of its membership. Reviewing the organization’s actions and programs helps us discover a religious association that is centered on American civic and religious values. Third, viii ISNA’s leaders were unable to balance their desire for an open, consensus-based organization with a strong nonprofit management power structure. Effective nonprofit associations need their boards, volunteers and staff to have well-defined roles and authority. ISNA’s leaders failed to adopt such a management and governance structure because of their suspicion of an empowered chief executive officer. David M. Craig, Ph.D., Committee Chair ix TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter One — Charting a Course ......................................................................................1 Central Argument.................................................................................................................2 Founding Groups of ISNA ...................................................................................................5 Research Methods and Sources .........................................................................................21 Literature Review...............................................................................................................23 Conclusion .........................................................................................................................50 Chapter Two — Balancing Legitimacy and Idealism — Identity through Patchwork and Consensus (1979–991) ................................................................................................52 Setting the Stage ................................................................................................................54 ISNA Becomes a Religious Nonprofit ...............................................................................57 ISNA and the Challenges of Diversity...............................................................................67 ISNA’s Quest for Legitimacy ............................................................................................77 Dynamics of Power ............................................................................................................94 Failure of Idealism and Fiduciary Governance- Budgetary Crisis ....................................98 Conclusion .......................................................................................................................103 Chapter Three — Centralizing Innovation: Legitimacy through Effectiveness (1990–2001) .....................................................................................................................106 Setting the Stage ..............................................................................................................108
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