Land-Based Airpower in Third World Crises

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Land-Based Airpower in Third World Crises DISCLAIMER This study represents the views of the author and does not necessarily reflect the official opinion of the Air University Center for Aerospace Doctrine, Research, and Education (CADRE) or the Department of the Air Force . This publication has been reviewed by security and policy review authorities and is cleared for public release . This document is the property of the United States government and is not to be reproduced in whole or in part without permission of the commander, CADRE, Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama. ISBN 1-58566-000-0 ii Library ofCongress Cataloging in Publication Data Mets, David R. Land-Based Air Power in ThirdWorld Crises . "July 1986." Includes index. 1. Air power. 2. Developing countries-Strategic aspects . 3. Military history, Modern-20th century . 1. Title. UG630.M378 1986 358.4'03 86-7896 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK Jl2 -memoZ1y. Of CCa 2taiuz. -Novnan -fzo -mattz CU4:-Sogq 1954-1981 THIS PAGE INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK CONTENTS Chapter Page DISCLAIMER . ii FOREWORD . xi ABOUT THE AUTHOR . xiii PREFACE. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . xvii 1 POLITICAL OBJECTIVES ANDMILITARY POWER: SOME RELATIONSHIPS . 1 Crisis Defined . .. 2 Categories and Characteristics of Military Force . 2 Land-Based Air Power Capabilities. 3 Options in Selecting Land-Based Air Power. 5 Notes . .. .. 9 2 THE THIRD WORLD ANDTHEUNITED STATES: PROBLEMS, ASSUMPTIONS, AND OUTLOOKS . .. 11 Problems and Assumptions . .. .. 12 Blind Alleys . .. .. .. .. 13 Crises and Violence . .. .. 16 Interdependence . .. .. .. .. .. 16 Diffusing Advanced Arms to Less-Developed Countries (LDCs) . .. .. 20 Utility of Military Power . .. .. 27 Notes . .. .. .. .. .. 31 3 THEMAYAGUEZ INCIDENT: SIMPLE CRISIS . 35 Scenario. .. .. .. 35 Genesis of Crisis . .. .. 37 Land-Based Air Power in the Region . .. 39 Gathering Information and Setting Objectives . .. 41 Vii Page Chapter Formulating Options . 41 Selecting the Best Option. 43 Implementation . 46 Landings at Koh Tang . 46 Retaking the Mayaguez . 49 Bombing the Mainland . 50 Land-Based Air Power and Crisis Resolution . 51 Notes . 59 4 THE BAY OF PIGS INCIDENT: INTERMEDIATE CRISIS . 65 Developing Options . 65 Doctrine and the Bay of Pigs Plan . 66 Strategy Making . 67 Order of Battle . 71 Implementation . 71 Political Impacts on the Air Plan . 73 D-1 . 73 D-day . 74 . D+ 1 . 79 D + 2 . 81 Notes . 85 5 THE YOM KIPPUR WAR: COMPLEX CRISIS . 89 Genesis of the Crisis . 89 The Arabs Attack . 96 Reversing the Tide on the Golan . 98 Superpower Information Gathering . 99 Superpower Concerns and Incipient Crisis. 99 Soviet Concerns . .- . 99 American Concerns . 100 ' Conditions for Cease-fire . .. .... 102 Growing Superpower Tensions . :. 103 . US Air Power . ... .. : . 105 The Crossing to "Africa .. ... 108 Kosygin's Emergency Mission to-Cairo . .: : .. ... 109 Cease-fire . : .. 110 World Crisis . : . 113 Notes . 117 6 CRISES IN SUB-SAHARAN AFRICA .. ... .. .. ... 121 The Congo Crisis, 1960-63 . 121 Dragon Rouge: The Stanleyville Crisis, 1964 . ... 125 Shaba I, 1977 . :. ... 130 Viii Page _Chapter Shaba II, 1978 . 133 Notes . 137 7 CONCLUSIONS: LIMITATIONS AND CAPABILITIES OF AIR POWER IN THIRD WORLD CRISES . 139 Characteristics and Capabilities . 139 Utility and Limitations . ..
Recommended publications
  • Lajes Works with Lakenheath and Mildenhall for Barrier Certification
    www.lajes.af.mil Vol. 16, No. 1 • January 7, 2011 Lajes Field, Azores, Portugal Force Protection Lajes works with Lakenheath and Mildenhall for barrier certification Current FPCON: Alpha Threat Level: Low "6-5... IN THE FIGHT!" FY 2011 295 One of the two F-15s from Royal Air Force Lakenheath catches the south runway safety barrier as part of SORTIES the annual barrier certification test at Lajes Field, Azores, Dec. 29. (Photo by Guido Melo) By Staff Sgt. Olufemi Owolabi hydraulic leak causes it to lose brakes,” said Maj. Robert 5,170 65th Air Base Wing Public Affairs Sweeney, 65th Operations Support Squadron’s director LODGED of operations. “If an airport does not have an arresting The holiday break didn't hinder the Lajes mission as system, then a waiver is usually required to use it.” two F-15 Strike Eagles visited the base to conduct an After the test was conducted, officials here deemed annual barrier certification test on the flightline here the operation successful because it went smoothly and 6.82 million Dec. 29. there was no incident. Some of the officials that helped gallons The F-15s, originally from Royal Air Force Lakenheath, monitor the barrier certification were members of the 65th FUEL ISSUED United Kingdom, helped conduct the certification while OSS and 65th Civil Engineer Squadron’s fire department. Lajes deployed the Barrier Arrestor Kit, a standard The officials were able to determine if the tape of the emergency aircraft arresting system designed to stop barrier needed repair. According to the 65th CES’ fire high-speed aircraft on the runway.
    [Show full text]
  • How the Luftwaffe Lost the Battle of Britain British Courage and Capability Might Not Have Been Enough to Win; German Mistakes Were Also Key
    How the Luftwaffe Lost the Battle of Britain British courage and capability might not have been enough to win; German mistakes were also key. By John T. Correll n July 1940, the situation looked “We shall fight on the beaches, we shall can do more than delay the result.” Gen. dire for Great Britain. It had taken fight on the landing grounds, we shall Maxime Weygand, commander in chief Germany less than two months to fight in the fields and in the streets, we of French military forces until France’s invade and conquer most of Western shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender, predicted, “In three weeks, IEurope. The fast-moving German Army, surrender.” England will have her neck wrung like supported by panzers and Stuka dive Not everyone agreed with Churchill. a chicken.” bombers, overwhelmed the Netherlands Appeasement and defeatism were rife in Thus it was that the events of July 10 and Belgium in a matter of days. France, the British Foreign Office. The Foreign through Oct. 31—known to history as the which had 114 divisions and outnumbered Secretary, Lord Halifax, believed that Battle of Britain—came as a surprise to the Germany in tanks and artillery, held out a Britain had lost already. To Churchill’s prophets of doom. Britain won. The RAF little longer but surrendered on June 22. fury, the undersecretary of state for for- proved to be a better combat force than Britain was fortunate to have extracted its eign affairs, Richard A. “Rab” Butler, told the Luftwaffe in almost every respect.
    [Show full text]
  • ENGLISH, FRENCH N &Pjg,TSH LETTER DATED 12 JUNE 1979
    Distr, GENERAL S/l3388 12 June 1979 ENGLISH ORIGINAL: ENGLISH, FRENCH n &pJg,TSH LETTER DATED 12 JUNE 1979 FROM THE SECRETARY-GEMERALTO GOVERNMENTS OF ALI; STATES MXMBERSOF THE UNITED NATIONS AND !IP;BERS OF THE SPECIALIZED AGENCIES, CONTAINING A FURTHER APPEAL FOR VOLUNTARY CONTRIBUTIONS FOR THE FINANCING OF THE: UNITED I\JATIONS PEACE-KEEPING FORCE IN CYPRUS I should be most grateful if you would bring to the urgent attention of your Government this further appeal which I am addressing to all States Members of the U~nited Nations or members of specialized agencies in order to obtain additional voluntary contributions for the United Nations Peace-keeping Force in Cyprus (LJNFIcYP). The importance of UNFICYP has been emphasized time and again by the Security Council, and the stationing of the Force in the island has been repeatedly extended by it. In its resolution 443 (1978) l-/ of 14 December 1978, the Council, noting my report of 1 December, decided to extend the stationing of the Force in Cyp~rus for a further period ending 15 June 1979 and requested me to continue my mission of good offices. I have reported to the Council that the continued presence of UNFICYP remains indispensable and that, in helping to maintain calm in the island, LWFICYP also facilitates the continued search for d peaceful settlement. In pursuance of the mission of good offices entrusted to me by the Security Council, I visited Nicosia on 18 and 19 May for the high-level meeting in the course of vhich a ten-point agreement for the resumption of the intercommunal talks was worked out by the leaders of the two communities, under my personal auspices.
    [Show full text]
  • King Faisal Assassinated
    o.i> (Ejmttrrttrut iatlg (Sampita Serving Storrs Since 1896 VOL. LXXVIII NO. 102 STORRS, CONNECTICUT WEDNESDAY. MARCH 26. 1975 5 CENTS OFF CAMPUS King Faisal assassinated BEIRUT- (UPI) Saudi Khalid underwent heart surgery sacred cities of Mecca and monarch was wounded and Washington said the 31-year-old Arabi's King Faisal, spiritual in Cleveland, Ohio, three years Medina. hospitalized. Then. a .issassin was son of King Faisal's leader of the world's 600 million ago. t c a r - c h o k c d .innounccr half brother. Prince Musaid. The nephew walked the Moslems and master of the Faisal was killed while holding broadcast the news that Faisal Mideast's largest oil fields, was court in his Palace to mark the length of the hall apparently had died. Immediately all radio They said in 1966 he studied assassinated Tuesday as he sat on mniversary of the birth of intended to greet the seated King stations switched to readings of English at San Francisco State a golden chair in the mirrored Prophet Mohammed the with the customary kiss on both the Koran and thousands of College, and the following year hall of his palace by a deranged founder of the Islamic religion checks. Instead, he pulled a Saudis. (Tying and spreading he enrolled in a course in member of his own family. whose 600 million followers revolver from beneath his their arms in Uriel, surged into mechanical engineering at the Faisal, 68, died of wounds revered Faisal as their spiritual flowing robe and fired. the streets of Riyadh.
    [Show full text]
  • An American Perspective on the War of 1812 by Donald Hickey
    An American Perspective on the War of 1812 By Donald Hickey The War of 1812 is probably our most obscure conflict. Although Navy’s practice of removing seamen from American merchant regulars of Great Britain. Similarly, the naval victories on the War of Independence”–they could point to few concrete gains– a great deal has been written about the war, the average American vessels. In contemporary parlance, the war was fought for northern lakes and the high seas and the success of privateers certainly none in the peace treaty–to sustain this claim. is only vaguely aware of why we fought or who the enemy was. “Free Trade and Sailors’ Rights.” These issues seem arcane around the globe demonstrated that, given the right odds, the Even those who know something about the contest are likely to today. Moreover, the only way that the United States to strike nation’s armed ships matched up well against even the vaunted It is this lack of success that may best explain why the war is so remember only a few dramatic moments, such as the writing of at Great Britain was by attacking Canada, and that made it and seemingly invincible Mistress of the Seas. little remembered. Americans have characteristically judged “The Star-Spangled Banner,” the burning of the nation’s capital, look like a war of territorial aggression. Even today Canadians their wars on the basis of their success. The best-known wars– or the Battle of New Orleans. are likely to see the war in this light, and who can blame them? The war also produced its share of heroes–people whose reputations the Revolution, the Civil War, and World War II–were all A war fought to secure maritime rights by invading Canada were enhanced by military or government service.
    [Show full text]
  • Earthquakes in the United States, April-June 1979
    GEOLOGICAL SURVEY CIRCULAR 836-B Earthquakes in the United States, April-June 1979 Earthquakes in the United States, April-June 1979 By C. W. Stover, P. Hubiak, J. H. Minsch, and W. J. Person G E 0 L 0 G I CAL 5 U R V E Y CIRCULAR 8 3 6- B· 1980 United States Department of the Interior CECIL D. ANDRUS, Secretary Geological Survey H. William Menard, Director Free on application to Branch of Distribution, U.S. Geological Survey, 1200 South Eods Street,Arlington, VA 22202 CONTENTS Page Introduction................................................................. Bl Discussion of tables.~····················································~·· 4 Modified Mercalli Intensity Scale of 1931.................................... 5 Acknowledgments..... • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • . • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 34 References cited ••••••••••••••••.••••• -....................................... 34 ILLUSTRATIONS Page FIGURE 1. "Earthquake Report" form.......................................... B2 2. Map showing standard time zones of the conterminous United States. 5 3. Map showing standard time zones·of Alaska and Hawaii.............. 6 4. Map of earthquake epicenters in the conterminous United States for April-June 1979................................................... 7 5. Map of earthquake epicenters in Alaska for April-June 1979........ 8 6. Map of earthquake epicenters in Hawaii for April-June 1979........ 9 7. Isoseismal map for the central California earthquake of 28 April 1979.............................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 1 the Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs
    The Association for Diplomatic Studies and Training Foreign Affairs Oral History Project L. MICHAEL RIVES Interviewed by: Charles Stuart Kennedy Initial interview date: July 25, 1995 Copyright 1998 ADST TABLE OF CONTENTS Background Born in New York City - Raised in New Jersey Princeton University U.S. Marines, ,orld ,ar II .ntered the Foreign Service -19 1901 Frankfurt, 2ermany - Refugee Relief 1901-1901 Bonn, 2ermany 1901-1902 Hanoi, 4ietnam - Political Officer 1902-1903 4ice Consul - visa officer and political reporter 4iet Minh - siege environment French military 4ientiane, 6aos 1903-1900 Officer in charge - contacts Royal family The French Communists CIA activity 2uatemala City, 2uatemala - Political officer 1900-1907 6ocal culture and society United Fruit Co. Paris, France 1907-1981 Ambassador:s aide De 2aulle takes over Ambassador Armour:s relations with Dulles and .isenhower McCarthy era 1 State Department - Director for Central African countries 1981-1983 "Soapy" ,illiams and Africa policy U.S. interests Soviet influence Brazzaville, Congo - DCM and Chargé 1983-1988 Bad relations - Soviet and Chinese influence .mbassy closed Bujumbura, Burundi - Chargé 1988-1988 Arab attacks on U.S. .mbassy (Six day warA Hutu and Tutsis Buiet Soviet and Chinese presence State Department - Senior Seminar 1988-1989 Toured U.S. Phnom Penh, Cambodia - Chargé 1989-1971 Sihanouk - U.S. attitude toward U.S. bombings American .agle episode - U.S. arms Coup against Sihanouk U.S. incursion - 1971 4ietnamese activities in Cambodia ixon Doctrine Ballooning embassy 2eneral Haig visit 4ice President Agnew visit 6on Nol Secret Service operations State Department - Chief, African Affairs I R 1971-1972 State Department - 6aos and Cambodian Affairs 1972-197C "Mayaguez incident" Henry Dissinger Djakarta, Indonesia - Deputy Chief of Mission 1970-1978 Human Rights issue Congressional visit Diplomat in Residence, Rollins College 1978-1979 Montreal, Canada - Consul 2eneral 2 Separatist sentiment Retirement and reflection INTERVIEW Q: Today is July 25, 1995.
    [Show full text]
  • Saudi Arabia Under King Faisal
    SAUDI ARABIA UNDER KING FAISAL ABSTRACT || T^EsIs SubiviiTTEd FOR TIIE DEqREE of ' * ISLAMIC STUDIES ' ^ O^ilal Ahmad OZuttp UNDER THE SUPERVISION OF DR. ABDUL ALI READER DEPARTMENT OF ISLAMIC STUDIES ALIGARH MUSLIM UNIVERSITY ALIGARH (INDIA) 1997 /•, •^iX ,:Q. ABSTRACT It is a well-known fact of history that ever since the assassination of capital Uthman in 656 A.D. the Political importance of Central Arabia, the cradle of Islam , including its two holiest cities Mecca and Medina, paled into in insignificance. The fourth Rashidi Calif 'Ali bin Abi Talib had already left Medina and made Kufa in Iraq his new capital not only because it was the main base of his power, but also because the weight of the far-flung expanding Islamic Empire had shifted its centre of gravity to the north. From that time onwards even Mecca and Medina came into the news only once annually on the occasion of the Haj. It was for similar reasons that the 'Umayyads 661-750 A.D. ruled form Damascus in Syria, while the Abbasids (750- 1258 A.D ) made Baghdad in Iraq their capital. However , after a long gap of inertia, Central Arabia again came into the limelight of the Muslim world with the rise of the Wahhabi movement launched jointly by the religious reformer Muhammad ibn Abd al Wahhab and his ally Muhammad bin saud, a chieftain of the town of Dar'iyah situated between *Uyayana and Riyadh in the fertile Wadi Hanifa. There can be no denying the fact that the early rulers of the Saudi family succeeded in bringing about political stability in strife-torn Central Arabia by fusing together the numerous war-like Bedouin tribes and the settled communities into a political entity under the banner of standard, Unitarian Islam as revived and preached by Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab.
    [Show full text]
  • Postwar Thailand: Indochinese Domino Or Chinese Checker?
    SOUTHEAST ASIA SERIES Vol. XXIII No. 5 (Thailand) POSTWAR THAILAND: INDOCHINESE DOMINO OR CHINESE CHECKER? by Brewster Grace October 1975 The American withdrawal from Indochina left ruling junta, many more are active in the political Thailand disoriented, exposed, and compromised. wings and able to obstruct and undermine civilian For decades, hardline, corrupt, anticommunist Thai government. Inevitably, new Thai foreign policy military generals had been building their political initiatives in postwar Southeast Asia will be powers and financial fortunes from the American accompanied at home by far more public debate and war effort and Thailand's communist phobia. outcry, and the opposition's barely concealed efforts Suddenly, in April 1975, Asia's image of an at sabotage. American umbrella was gone-crushed in the massive retreat from Saigon to Guam to Camp The second salient fact of Thai political life is the Pendleton-and Thailand found itself on the losing continued but substantially reduced American team. presence, influence, and political will. It was, after all, only two years ago that Thailand reached secret A logical choice for Thai officials in April seemed understandings and agreements with American clear enough: make new friends with former generals and ambassadors. Yet, in spite of postwar enemies and expect little from former friends. The United States pronouncements of a new posture Thais are finding, however, that making friends is toward Asia and asserted intentions of gearing its almost as difficult as fighting enemies, especially involvement to Thailand's invitation and desires, when the potential new friends, the Vietnamese, the long legacy of American paternalism as well as have been Thailand's enemy on many occasions important American strategic and economic through many centuries.
    [Show full text]
  • The Search for a Negotiated Settlement of the Vietnam War
    INDOCHINA RESEARCH MONOGRAPH Ji/t INSTITUTE OF EAST ASIAN STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA • BERKELEY The Search for a Negotiated Settlement of the Vietnam War ALLAN E. GOODMAN INSTITUTE OF EAST ASIAN STUDIES UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA, BERKELEY The Institute of East Asian Studies was established at the University of Califor nia, Berkeley, in the fall of 1978 to promote research and teaching on the cultures and societies of China, Japan, and Korea. It amalgamates the following research and instructional centers and programs: Center for Chinese Studies, Center for Japanese Studies, Center for Korean Studies, Group in Asian Studies, East Asia National Resource Center, and Indochina Studies Project. INSTITUTE OF EAST ASIAN STUDIES Director: Robert A. Scalapino Associate Director: John C. Jamieson Assistant Director: Ernest J. Notar Executive Committee: Joyce K. Kallgren Herbert P. Phillips John C. Jamieson Irwin Scheiner Michael C. Rogers Chalmers Johnson Robert Bellah Frederic Wakeman, Jr. CENTER FOR CHINESE STUDIES Chair: Joyce K. Kallgren CENTER FOR JAPANESE STUDIES Chair: Irwin Scheiner CENTER FOR KOREAN STUDIES Chair: Michael C. Rogers GROUP IN ASIAN STUDIES Chair: Lowell Dittmer EAST ASIA NATIONAL RESOURCE CENTER Director: John C. Jamieson INDOCHINA STUDIES PROJECT Director: Douglas Pike The Search for a Negotiated Settlement of the Vietnam War A publication of the Institute of East Asian Studies University of California Berkeley, California 94720 The Indochina Monograph series is the newest of the several publications series sponsored by the Institute of East Asian Studies in conjunction with its constituent units. The others include the China Research Monograph series, whose first title appeared in 1967, the Korea Research Monograph series, the Japan Research Monograph series, and the Research Papers and Policy Studies series.
    [Show full text]
  • The 1973 Oil Embargo Arab Oil Diplomacy
    Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 12-1980 The 1973 Oil Embargo Arab Oil Diplomacy Amal Mustafa Shamma Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the International Law Commons, and the International Relations Commons Recommended Citation Shamma, Amal Mustafa, "The 1973 Oil Embargo Arab Oil Diplomacy" (1980). Master's Theses. 1930. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/1930 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE 1973 OIL EMBARGO ARAB OIL DIPLOMACY Amal Mustafa Shamma A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Department of Political Science Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan December, 1980 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. THE 1973 OIL EMBARGO ARAB OIL DIPLOMACY Araal Mustafa Shamma, M.A. Western Michigan University, 1980 1 The Arah oil producing countries, following years of a stalemate in the Arab-Israeli dispute,- decided to put their oil resource in the service of the Arab cause using it as an instrument of pressure against the West. Their objective was to induce a change in the Western world Middle East policy and to work toward achieving a lasting and peaceful solution for the Arab-Israeli problem. The purpose of this thesis is to show that the ap­ plication of Arab oil diplomacy has been effective into producing a more even handed policy in the area, and into breaking the deadlock in the search for peace.
    [Show full text]
  • War of 1812 Brief History by Susan L
    War of 1812 Brief History By Susan L. Conklin, Genesee County Historian In 1811 while Canada supplied reinforcements to the Niagara River area, the United States made no comparable effort to strengthen its undermanned Fort Niagara. However, in 1809 Joseph Ellicott, Resident-Agent for the Holland Land Company, had built a temporary arsenal in Batavia and Daniel D. Tompkins, the Governor of New York State, agreed to supply weapons to improve the defense west of the Genesee River. In 1812 Western New York was composed of five counties; in the south, Allegany, Chautauqua, Cattaraugus and in the north Genesee (which included all of Orleans, Wyoming and the western sections of Livingston and Monroe) and Niagara (which included Erie). On June 18, 1812 the United States Congress declared war on Great Britain. The causes of the war included trade tensions, British support for Indian raids and U.S. territory expansion. The news of this declaration caused great concern and dread among the settlers of Western New York. All able-bodied men were summoned to fight and join the militia, leaving only a few behind to manage the crops. Seneca warriors from the Tonawanda Reservation also volunteered and provided support to the local militia. For a year and a half there had been fighting along the Niagara River and in the later part of 1813 both sides of the river were controlled by the American troops. On December 10, 1813 General George McClure, who had been left in charge of the garrison at Fort George, on the Canadian side, attacked the Canadian Village of Newark (renamed Niagara) which was located one mile north of the fort.
    [Show full text]