Western Michigan University ScholarWorks at WMU Master's Theses Graduate College 12-1980 The 1973 Oil Embargo Arab Oil Diplomacy Amal Mustafa Shamma Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses Part of the International Law Commons, and the International Relations Commons Recommended Citation Shamma, Amal Mustafa, "The 1973 Oil Embargo Arab Oil Diplomacy" (1980). Master's Theses. 1930. https://scholarworks.wmich.edu/masters_theses/1930 This Masters Thesis-Open Access is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate College at ScholarWorks at WMU. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks at WMU. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE 1973 OIL EMBARGO ARAB OIL DIPLOMACY Amal Mustafa Shamma A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of The Graduate College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Department of Political Science Western Michigan University Kalamazoo, Michigan December, 1980 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. THE 1973 OIL EMBARGO ARAB OIL DIPLOMACY Araal Mustafa Shamma, M.A. Western Michigan University, 1980 1 The Arah oil producing countries, following years of a stalemate in the Arab-Israeli dispute,- decided to put their oil resource in the service of the Arab cause using it as an instrument of pressure against the West. Their objective was to induce a change in the Western world Middle East policy and to work toward achieving a lasting and peaceful solution for the Arab-Israeli problem. The purpose of this thesis is to show that the ap­ plication of Arab oil diplomacy has been effective into producing a more even handed policy in the area, and into breaking the deadlock in the search for peace. Chapter I deals with the backgrounds to. Middle East oil and the factors that led to the creation of OPEC.. Chapter II discusses OPEC in its early.years and then focuses on the early Arab oil diplomacy attempts. Chapter III examines the oil embargo of 1973. Chapter IV deals with the effect of the 1973 Arab oil embargo on the Western world and Japan. Chapter V examines the question of future embargoes and the possibility of American intervention in the area. Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS In writing this thesis, I wish to express my gratitude to Professors Larry Ziring, George Klein and Jack C. Plano for the encouragement and guidance they have extended to me. I am especially grateful to Dr. Larry Ziring for the time and advice he has given me during this time. I wish to take this opportunity to thank the Professors of the Political Science Department for their kindness and support which has made my stay at Western Michigan University a very special and privilged one. Amal Mustafa Shamma Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. INFORMATION TO USERS This was produced from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technological means to photograph and reproduce this document have been used, the quality is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help you understand markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1. The sign or “target” for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is “Missing Page(s)". 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TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS...................................... ii Chapter I. MIDDLE EAST OIL; THE CREATION OF OPEC...... 2 II. OPEC IN THE SIXTIES........................ 19 Early Attempts at Oil Diplomacy............ 28 The establishment of the state of Israel. 28 The 1956 Suez crisis.................... 36 The 1967 Arab-Israeli war...... ........ III. THE OIL WEAPON AND THE OCTOBER WAR......... 52 The Arab Oil Weapons Was it Legal......... 76 IV. IMPACT OF THE ARAB OIL EMBARGO............. 83 Japan During the Crisis.................... 83 The American Response...................... 86 The European Nations and Oil Diplomacy 93 V. CONCLUSION............................ -103 BIBLIOGRAPHY..........................................112 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. If one is to be anybody in the world oil business, one must have a footing in the Middle East. Jean Paul Getty 1 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 'CHAPTER I MIDDLE EAST OIL THE CREATION OF OPEC Oil is the most important source of energy availa­ ble in the world today. Without it the industrial econo­ mies of the developed as well as the developing nations will be highly jeopardized. It has become the vein of life that runs through almost every facet of the world in which we live today. The age of petroleum began when Edwin Drake, an A- merican, struck oil in the State of Pennsylvania in the year 1859* Following its discovery and until the turn of the century, it was mostly used in filling lamps and in some forms of heating. With the beginning of the 20th Century, the demand for oil began to increase dramatically. The automobile era had just begun. World War I was another development that drew attention to the tremendous importance of oil. "A drop of oil," said Clemenceau, "is worth a drop of blood. m1 The sharp increase in oil usage was specially evi­ dent in the U.S. In the post war years a whole new way of ^Anthony Sampson, The Seven Sisters (New Yorks The Viking Press, 1975)» p. 6CL 2 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. 3 life was formed based on cheap oil. The ability to have cars and to travel cheaply for every individual, abundant inexpensive electricity and cheap heating, all became part of turning the American dream into reality. By the year 1929, the U.S. was using petroleum for one third of its total energy consumption. Twenty years later that figure doubled. Today the U.S. uses one third of the world en*-. ergy to fulfil its needs.'*' Up until World War I, the United States was relying in meeting its energy needs on oil found inside the coun­ try; huge deposits were discovered from the second part of the 19th Century onward. Standard Oil was founded by John D. Rockefeller in 1870. By 1880, Rockefeller’s Stand­ ard came to dominate the domestic oil industry in the U.S. eliminating virtually all competition. Ruth Knowles writes of the influence of Rockefeller and his Standard: How Rockefeller achieved his monopoly makes astonishing reading in the light of present-day business ethics and laws. Secret rebates from railroads, extinc­ tion of one small company after another, intimidation, bribery, collusion, decep­ tion-even his apologists admit his use of all these weapons, and his critics accuse him of far worse. ^•Seeniappan Manoharan, The Oil Crisis: End of. an era (New Delhi: S. Chand and Co. Ltd., 197^)» p. 2 5 . ...... 2R.u.th .Sh.eId.on..K n o w l e s * . ..LThe Greatest Gamblers: The Epic of American Oil Exploration (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Co,, Inc., 1959)» p. l6« Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission. Rockefeller's monopoly was not centered on trying to control the oil fields, hut rather was evident in his attempts to control all other aspects connected with the in­ dustry. Thus he had a firm hold on pipelines, refining, transportation facilities, and the marketing of petroleum. By the beginning of this century, Rockefeller's ambitions turned into monopolizing the world market as well. Thus he ventured into Europe, Asia (oil for the lamps of China) and Latin America.'1' These ventures for global control were un­ dermined by challenges from some European oil companies particularly a joint firm known as Royal Dutch-Shell. The first World War was undoubtedly the main event that brought about the full realization of the great import­ ance of oil.