DOCSLIB.ORG

Vitreous Enamel a Highly Effective Material Compound J.C

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Vitreous Enamel a Highly Effective Material Compound J.C VITREOUS ENAMEL A HIGHLY EFFECTIVE MATERIAL COMPOUND J.C. Wendel, Wendel Email, Dillenburg, Germany P. Hellmold, Univ. Clausthal-Zellerfeld, Germany Abstract Mixed alkali effect Vitreous enamel is presented to be a highly effective material compound with designable properties. In general One would expect a direct line between ionic an enamel is a special glass, with a thermal expansion rate conductivity and glass stoichiometry and would suggest precisely adapted to it’s substrate. It’ s a bulk solid that variations in conductivity are related to the presence quenched from the melt – exhibiting a glass transition of certain chemical entities in glass. temperature. This is a general difference to amorphous materials deposited by sputtering or evaporation. This paper concentrates on the electrical properties and the adherence on the substrate. ELECTRICAL PROPERTIES Most of the glasses are electrical insulators. The specific electrical resistance of insulating enamels at room temperature is approximately 10 12 Ωcm, which decreases to approximately 10 5 Ωcm at 400°C. Of course the isolating properties of the enamel depend of the thickness of the enamel layer. Especially for the dielectric strength this matters. The existence of semi conducting glasses is known since about forty years. They are used for photovoltaic application and xerography. These glasses show an electronic conductivity. It has been made good progress in understanding the mechanisms of ion and electron transport in glasses. Electronic conductivity is achieved when elements with more than one oxidation level (Fe, Mn in silicate boron- glasses, V in phosphate- glasses) are built in the glass [1]. In this case we find also Figure 1: Conductivity and Molar volume in the system a dependence from the oxygen partial pressure of the (Li 2O/K 2O)*2SiO 2 at 150°C [3]. smelt. But mixing of alkalis in enamel produces a pronounced minimum (4 orders of magnitude) in the conductivity. The effect is illustrated in the figure 1 for potassium- Effect of composition elements lithium-disilicate (conductivity vs. mole fraction). The Nernst-Einstein equation is giving a good Physical properties like the molar volume do show the description for the electrical conductivity: The diffusion expected additive relationship. rate is mainly determining the effect [2]. • Charge transport is mostly done by cations. • Alkali metal ions have the highest diffusion rates. • A glass free of network modifiers is having a low conductivity. • BaO, SrO, PbO, CaO and SiO 2 decrease the conductivity due to the effect of polarisation and the blocking of channels. • Na 2O, Li 2O, K 2O, Rb 2O and Cs 2O increase the conductivity approximately in the order of their appearance in the list (Na 2O most). • The mixing of alkali oxides has a considerable effect. Figure 2: Specific electric resistance by substitution of Cs 2O in the glass 0,15 (Cs,M) 2O*0,85 SiO 2 [4]. The effect is universal to all ion conducting glasses. Mechanistic model Each type of alkali modifies the network structure to its The cation mobility and the immobility of the anions own requirements : Li +-ions create for themselves smaller can be intuitively understood by Figure 4. The Warren sites than do K + ions. Therefore there can be no rapid Biscoe version of the structure of an alkali silicate glass “exchange of sites” between different alkali. Figure 2 reduced to two dimensions shows the cations placed in shows the same effect for the specific resistance for a “holes” inside the glass structure. Caesium glass replacing Caesium by other ions. The substitution of Cs 2O in the glass 0,15 (Cs,M) 2O*0,85 SiO 2 by different alkali oxides leads to a maximum for the electric resistance at a molar fraction of approximately 0,5 [4]. The effect of temperature In general the specific resistance decreases as the temperature increases, while the dielectric constant increases. The increase of the temperature doesn’t have much influence on the polarisability of the ions, but the mobility of the ions increases very much which has an influence on the dielectric constant too [5]. Figure 4: A schematic representation of the structure of an alkali silicate glass showing the possibilities of cationic motion [7]. The possibilities of localized and extended cationic motion within an anionic silicate framework is shown. The shape of the channels inside the silicate framework is largely predetermined by the partially broken (and usually modified) network. Frequency dependence and Dissipation factor The dielectric constant also depends from the applied frequency. This is easy to understand, as the cations may Figure 3: Temperature dependence of the specific electric only follow the applied electric field at lower frequencies. resistance [6]. Therefore the dielectric constant decreases with increasing frequency. The amount of energy consumed e.g. for the motion of the ions to build up an electrical Figure 3 shows the temperature dependence of the current corresponds to tan δ - the dissipation factor. Just specific electric resistance of different enamels: a PbO as the dielectric constant also the dissipation factor containing enamel free of alkali oxides (a), a conventional depends from the composition of the glass, temperature white line enamel (b), an enamel with a higher content of and frequency. Figure 5 is a schematic depiction of the alkali oxide (c) and an antimony enamel (d) [6]. We find theoretical addition of the different dissipation typical Arrhenius plots showing the extrinsic conductivity contributions [8]: Curve 1 describes the conduction due to vibration of the network and opening of channels losses. With decreasing temperature and increasing for the migration of the ions. In the case of water frequency the possibilities for the motion of the cations adsorption on the enamel surface a special surface becomes lower and the conduction losses decrease. Curve conductivity may be found due to the formation of 2 describes the relaxation losses: the ions may follow the hydroxyl ions. A higher conductivity on the surface may applied field only with jumps over a small potential be also due to the enrichment of alkali ions on the surface barrier – these losses appear mostly at low frequencies. At resulting from the process of smelting the enamel onto the higher frequencies may appear a resonance with the substrate. natural oscillation of the ions. Big ions (curve 3) have a slower natural oscillation therefore the resonance appears iron surface and an electrolytic corrosion which is mostly at lower frequencies. Finally the network may start to caused by a reduction of adhesive oxides (CoO or NiO) oscillate in larger areas, the result is a deformation which [10]. Figure 7 shows the thermodynamics for the most leads to the deformation losses (curve 4) which are probable reactions which lead to metallic Cobalt – the expected mainly at lower temperatures. The full line reactions for NiO are similar. The reactions are calculated results from the addition of all contributions. for wüstite (Fe 1-xO). The corresponding chemical reaction are pointed out simplified (FeO). It is obvious that the most probable reaction is the reduction by intermediate formed wüstite [11]. Figure 5: Schematic depiction of the variation of the dissipation factor with the frequency [8]. This theoretical approach doesn’t have a scale on the Figure 7: Free reaction enthalpies as a function of the axis of tan δ. To find a scale we compare with figure 6. temperature for CoO [11]. The presence of adhesive oxides is increasing very much the surface roughness of the iron. Dietzel explained the way of acting of the adhesive oxides and the surface roughening. Sometimes we find small particles of iron made by disproportion of wustite to magnetite and iron. These particles we find usually at the border iron/enamel. The cobalt film on the surface has a thickness of approx. 0,01 µm. The cathodic areas (without cobalt) are attacked selectively and so cavities are created. Figure 8 shows a schematic depiction of the galvanic process during enamelling of iron. Figure 6: The influence of the chemical composition on the dissipation factor at a frequency of 1 kHz [9]. At low frequencies the mobility of the alkali ions is significant. With a decreasing content of alkali or an increase of boron oxide or calcium oxide in the Na 2O*5SiO 2 Glass the dissipation factor is decreasing [9]. The increase due to aluminium oxide is explained by the expansion of the network forming larger cycle structures which support the alkali ions with larger channels to move [5]. Figure 8: Schematic depiction of the galvanic process ADHERENCE ON IRON SUBSTRATES [12]. A main point for the use of enamelled products is the On the other hand a good adhesive iron oxide layer is adherence of the enamel on it’s substrate. The enamel needed [13]. The main phases should be magnetite which does not stick like a film on the surface, instead of that a increases the adherence, hematite decreases the chemical reaction between the substrate and the enamel adherence. The thickness of the intermediate oxide layer occurs. So the adherence on iron substrates may be is important [11]. Figure 9 shows the phase diagram (first explained on the one hand by mechanical interlocking of kind) of the system Fe – Fe 2O3. The areas for the stability the materials. Important factors are the roughness of the of the three important iron oxides are shown. DEVELOPMENT OF NEW ENAMELS When a new enamel is designed various factors must be respected: The viscosity and the surface tension of the enamel must be corresponding to the working conditions of the enameller. The dilatation must be adapted to the substrate. The adherence must be moderated by a ground coat or adapted for a direct on enamel. The surface and the elasticity must be to the needs of the final user, just as the question if the enamel must be smooth, glossy or matt.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • CASE 6 Shelf 1 #1 Fancy Opaque Glass 1982.65 WATER Challinor Taylor and Paneled Flower Funds Provided PITCHER Co., Pittsburgh, PA, Pattern, No
    CASE 6 Shelf 1 #1 Fancy Opaque Glass 1982.65 WATER Challinor Taylor and Paneled Flower Funds provided PITCHER Co., Pittsburgh, PA, pattern, No. 23, by the Fifth patent June 1, 1886 pressed purple slag Annual Benefit opaque soda-lime Antiques Show glass Shelf 1 #2 Fancy Opaque Glass 1990.78 ELECTRIC New Martinsville Peachblow or Gift of Mrs. LIGHT Glass Mfg. Co., New Sunburst line, shaded Betty Woods SHADE Martinsville, WV, pink mold-blown Daniel about 1905-1910 glass with iridescent gold lining 1982.183AB BRIDE’S New Martinsville New Martinsville Gift of Mrs. BOWL ON Glass Mfg. Co., New Peachblow, pink Betty Woods STAND Martinsville, WV, shaded to white Daniel about 1905-1910 mold-blown glass, silver plated stand Shelf 1 #3 Opalescent and Iridescent 1981.138 BERRY Northwood Glass Diamond Funds provided BOWL Company, Indiana, Spearhead pattern, by Mr. Arthur B. PA, about 1900 deep blue shaded to Beaumont opalescent pressed glass 1990.109.1 TWO Dugan Glass Co., Diamond Museum 1990.109.2 MATCHING Indiana, PA, about Spearhead pattern, purchase INDIVIDUAL 1910 deep blue shaded to BERRY opalescent pressed BOWLS glass Shelf 1 #4 Opalescent and Iridescent 1000.164 DISH Dugan Glass Co., Peach opalescent Museum Indiana, PA, about pressed soda-lime purchase 1910-1914 glass with iridescent finish CASE 6 - Page 1 1989.72 BOWL Dugan Glass Co., Petals and Fans Museum Indiana, PA, about pattern on front with purchase 1910-1914 Jeweled Heart pattern on back, amethyst pressed soda-lime glass with deep iridescent finish 1994.39 PLATE Dugan Glass Co., Persian
    [Show full text]
  • The American Ceramic Society 25Th International Congress On
    The American Ceramic Society 25th International Congress on Glass (ICG 2019) ABSTRACT BOOK June 9–14, 2019 Boston, Massachusetts USA Introduction This volume contains abstracts for over 900 presentations during the 2019 Conference on International Commission on Glass Meeting (ICG 2019) in Boston, Massachusetts. The abstracts are reproduced as submitted by authors, a format that provides for longer, more detailed descriptions of papers. The American Ceramic Society accepts no responsibility for the content or quality of the abstract content. Abstracts are arranged by day, then by symposium and session title. An Author Index appears at the back of this book. The Meeting Guide contains locations of sessions with times, titles and authors of papers, but not presentation abstracts. How to Use the Abstract Book Refer to the Table of Contents to determine page numbers on which specific session abstracts begin. At the beginning of each session are headings that list session title, location and session chair. Starting times for presentations and paper numbers precede each paper title. The Author Index lists each author and the page number on which their abstract can be found. Copyright © 2019 The American Ceramic Society (www.ceramics.org). All rights reserved. MEETING REGULATIONS The American Ceramic Society is a nonprofit scientific organization that facilitates whether in print, electronic or other media, including The American Ceramic Society’s the exchange of knowledge meetings and publication of papers for future reference. website. By participating in the conference, you grant The American Ceramic Society The Society owns and retains full right to control its publications and its meetings.
    [Show full text]
  • Indoor Glass Cleaning Brochure
    Clean Windows and Glass Faster, Safer and with Less Chemicals Indoor Glass Cleaning A Complete Line For All Glass Cleaning Needs ungerglobal.com Safely and Efficiently Clean All Your Indoor Glass Cleaning professionals face two key challenges when cleaning indoor surfaces such as windows, mirrors and elevators: safety and efficiency. Current window and glass cleaning tools lead to time-consuming and dangerous issues, like re-arranging furniture and reaching high or unusually positioned windows. Unger’s line of indoor window and glass cleaning tools increase productivity and safety by eliminating time spent moving furniture or climbing ladders. Clean Windows The Award Winning Choice 25% Faster and use for Indoor Glass Cleaning The Unger Stingray Ultimate Indoor 39% Less Chemicals Cleaning Tool provides a variety of glass and * window cleaning options, while the multiple than traditional spray and cloth cleaning lightweight extension poles enable you to clean high access areas without the use of ladders! The cleaning solution is powered by 3M Scotchgard™ Protection, which reduces the need to clean glass as often over time and can clean up to 1600 sq. ft. of windows before replacement. SRKT8 Stingray® Indoor Cleaning Kit - Deluxe 10’ shown *Source: Market Research – Professional Window Cleaners. Germany/UK, 2015, SR Strategy Routes Stingray® Indoor glass and window cleaning with Maximum Refillable System The Unger Stingray Flexibility, with new Refillable Refillable System allows ™ you to use your preferred Bottles and QuikPads window cleaning solution while still gaining all the QuikPad™ eliminates the need for laundering safety, speed and cleaning benefits Stingray provides. The QuikPad™ provides even more flexibility, allowing you to clean Adapter Plate used without having to launder with QuikPad™ Refillable bottle allows pads.
    [Show full text]
  • Vitreous Enamel: Mycenæan Period Jewelry to First Period Chemistry
    Vitreous Enamel: Mycenæan Period Jewelry to First Period Chemistry Date : 17/10/2018 More durable than glass and just as beautiful, vitreous enamel, also known as porcelain enamel, offers a non-porous, glass-like finish created by fusing finely ground colored glass to a substrate through a firing process. Adding to its strength and durability, the substrate used is always a metal, whether precious or non-precious, for its stability and capacity to withstand the firing process. Origins It is unknown who first developed enamelling and when the process was first used, but the most historic enameled artifacts were discovered in Cyprus in the 1950s dating as far back as the 13th Century BC. Scientists have determined the set of six rings and an enameled golden scepter found belonged to the craftspeople of Mycenaean Greece. Enamelling Evolution Metalsmiths first used enamel to take the place of gems in their work, and this was the earliest example of “paste stones,” a common element in both precious and costume jewelry today. In © 2019 PolyVision. is the leading manufacturer of CeramicSteel surfaces for use in whiteboards, chalkboards and an array of architectural applications. Page 1 of 6 this technique, enamel is placed in channels set that have been soldered to the metal. Meaning “divided into cells,” Cloisonné refers to this earliest practiced enameling technique. Champlevé, or raised fields, differs from Cloisonné in the way the space for the enamel is created. Unlike Cloisonné, the Champlevé technique requires carving away the substrate instead of setting forms onto the metal base for the enamel to fill.
    [Show full text]
  • Ferro Container Glass Enamel Decoration Systems Overview
    Technical Information Container Glass Enamel Decoration Ferro: enhancing life through superior materials performance Headquartered in Mayfeld Heights, Ohio, USA, Ferro Corporation is a world leading producer of Performance Materials, with operations in 20 countries across Europe, Asia and the Americas. We apply core technologies in organic and Meeting the needs of the Color World calls for inorganic chemistry to develop leading market great foresight, fexibility and innovation … positions in a diverse range of industries. • Our global presence is a strong competitive Our mission is “to achieve market leadership advantage. Technical, marketing and management through a customer-focused and highly creative personnel are in continuous contact with customers organisation committed to delivering top quality in every major region. Multinational customers can products and outstanding services to customers be assured of standard products and consistent worldwide”. quality wherever they have operations. Our materials are used to add value to, and to • We co-ordinate our R&D activities globally and improve the performance of products in a variety use our international talent to ensure that product of end markets including building and renova- specifcations and performance are designed tion, home appliances, cookware, giftware and to satisfy the specifc requirements demanded by tableware, transportation, household furnishings, regional markets. leisure, electronics and industrial products. • Ferro views the world-wide concern for the en- We are among the world’s leading suppliers of vironment as an opportunity to develop improved ceramic glazes and colors, glass decoration, products and also to participate in chemical indus- speciality glasses and porcelain enamel coatings. try effor ts to address public concern.
    [Show full text]
  • 6-Stained Glass in Lancaster
    STAINED GLASS IN LANCASTER Lancaster Civic Society Leaflet 6 St Thomas, in Lancaster Priory by R.F. Ashmead of Abbott & Co (1966} The beauty of stained glass has been recognised since the Middle Ages and it is still popular. Lancaster had three notable stained-glass firms – Seward & Co, Shrigley & Hunt and Abbott & Co – which produced fine work from 1825 to 1996, relying on their artists and craftsmen. Their work The later nineteenth century was a good time for stained glass – new churches, hospitals, town halls, ocean liners, pubs and country houses – the firms’ work can be seen in all these. Shrigley and Hunt initially favoured a Pre-Raphaelite style, lighter in design and colour than its predecessors, strongly decorative, detailed, with realistic scenes and faces telling clear allegories and Biblical stories. Stronger colours were used in the 1880s. Their two main artists, Edward Holme Jewitt and Carl Almquist, had different styles, so widening the firm’s client base. They opened a studio in London to keep Almquist in the firm and to pick up on metropolitan shifts in taste. The firm also made decorative wall tiles. Abbott & Co followed these Late Victorian and Edwardian trends but also developed more modernist styles for interwar houses and in the 1960s. Both firms got contracts in association with the noted Lancaster architectural practice of Paley and Austin. Shrigley and Hunt used their London contacts to get work with Richard Norman Shaw and Alfred Waterhouse. Local magnates such as the Storeys and Williamsons of Lancaster and the brewing families of Boddington (Manchester) and Greenall (Warrington) also patronised them.
    [Show full text]
  • Glass Windows & Doors
    GLASS WINDOWS & DOORS Applicant must provide a completed application and the following items: Please indicate items submitted with a checkmark (√) 1. Permit application (check appropriate trade) completed and signed 2. Plans with name and address of designer a. New window or door opening 1. Floor plan with location and sizes of new openings 2. Typical wall section 3. Beam or header sizes over new openings 4. Bedroom emergency egress windows located 5. Emergency egress window size given per FBC 2014 5th Edition, Section 1029; FBC 2014 5th Edition Residential 310 and FBC 2014 5th Edition Existing 604 6. Location of electrical outlets and lights if installing new doors. 7. Elevation view of exterior walls with new doors or windows 8. Product Approvals a. Miami-Dade product approval report with referenced engineered plans. b. State of Florida/DCA product approval with Engineered plans c. Engineer’s signed/sealed plans and calculations for custom design. b. Replacing window or doors with same size material 1. Floor plan with location and sizes to be replaced 2. Bedroom emergency egress windows located 3. Emergency egress window size given per FBC 2014 5th Edition, Section 1029; FBC Residential 310 and FBC 2014 5th Edition Existing 604 4. Product Approvals (one of the following) a. Miami-Dade product approval report with referenced engineered plans b. State of Florida/DCA product approval with . Engineered plans c. Engineer’s signed/sealed plans and calculations for custom design. 3. Signed contract and copy of property appraisers structural valuation or other evidence of structure value 4. All project specific details must be identified on engineered plans including construction details of host structure, type and thickness of glazing, design pressures, anchor details, type of fasteners, etc.
    [Show full text]
  • Glass and Glass-Ceramics
    Chapter 3 Sintering and Microstructure of Ceramics 3.1. Sintering and microstructure of ceramics We saw in Chapter 1 that sintering is at the heart of ceramic processes. However, as sintering takes place only in the last of the three main stages of the process (powders o forming o heat treatments), one might be surprised to see that the place devoted to it in written works is much greater than that devoted to powder preparation and forming stages. This is perhaps because sintering involves scientific considerations more directly, whereas the other two stages often stress more technical observations M in the best possible meaning of the term, but with manufacturing secrets and industrial property aspects that are not compatible with the dissemination of knowledge. However, there is more: being the last of the three stages M even though it may be followed by various finishing treatments (rectification, decoration, deposit of surfacing coatings, etc.) M sintering often reveals defects caused during the preceding stages, which are generally optimized with respect to sintering, which perfects them M for example, the granularity of the powders directly impacts on the densification and grain growth, so therefore the success of the powder treatment is validated by the performances of the sintered part. Sintering allows the consolidation M the non-cohesive granular medium becomes a cohesive material M whilst organizing the microstructure (size and shape of the grains, rate and nature of the porosity, etc.). However, the microstructure determines to a large extent the performances of the material: all the more reason why sintering Chapter written by Philippe BOCH and Anne LERICHE.
    [Show full text]
  • Schott Zerodur
    SCHOTT LITHOTEC ZERODUR® ZERODUR® Zero thermal expansion glass ceramic 10152 e ba/kn/wo Printed in Germany Schott Lithotec Shapes and d ZERODUR® For many years ZERODUR® zero thermal The t expansion material has provided for reliable rods designs in precision optical applications. charg The homogeneity of the material properties Even of ZERODUR® enables opto-mechanical engineering solutions with long-term Shap mechanical and thermal stability. The easy- to-achieve optical figure and improved Disks microroughness have contributed to the success of this material. ZERODUR® is widely used as a mirror substrate material and for precision frames in current state-of-the-art microlithography equipment. Rods Specific structuring of the material allows superior stability of designs in ambitious dynamic environments, such as stages in wafer steppers and scanners. With its ability to match zero thermal Plate expansion very closely, ZERODUR® is one of the prime material candidates for substrates in lithography applications at Polis wavelengths around 13 nm (EUVL). Light Applications support from Schott Lithotec is available for material properties and specific customers designs of structured Reticle stage made of ZERODUR ® components. Mechanical P Crite Youn Poiss Knoo 8 inch Wafer Stage Dens made of ZERODUR ® SCHOTT LIT Thermal properties Mean coefficient of The most important and significant properties of the optical glass ceramic linear thermal expansion ZERODUR® are the extremely small coefficient of linear thermal expansion as well as the homogeneity of this coefficient throughout the entire piece. Individual pieces of ZERODUR® (discs, plates, rods) can be supplied with a mean coefficient of linear thermal expansion α in the temperature range 0°C to 50°C in three expansion classes as follows: Expansion class 0 0± 0.02·10-6/K Expansion class 1 0± 0.05·10-6/K Expansion class 2 0± 0.10·10-6/K Material up to Expansion class 2 will be supplied as a standard.
    [Show full text]
  • Corningware Classic Square Casseroles - Just White
    World Kitchen www.worldkitchen.co.uk CorningWare Classic Square Casseroles - Just White Corningware is the one dish that does it all. Uniquely versatile and extremely resilient to temperature changes, it can be put on the stove, in the microwave or the oven the minute it’s out of the fridge, saving you time and effort. •offers real convenience and versatility unmatched by conventional cookware •Amazingly versatile: use on stovetop, oven, broiler (without cover), refridgerator, freezer,microwave and is Dishwasher safe. •healthy cooking experience: non-porous glass-ceramic won’t absorb food odors or flavors or react with acid-based foods. Product Code : 3439 Product Code : 3440 Product Code : 3441 UPC Code : 6300100001249 UPC Code : 8888236021400 UPC Code : 8888236021448 Price : £ 11.99 Price : £ 16.35 Price : £ 18.45 Product Description : Product Description : Product Description : CorningWare Classic Square CorningWare Classic Square CorningWare Classic Square Petite Pan - 700ml Casserole 1L - 17.5cm x Casserole 1.5L - 17.5cm x 17.5cm x h 5cm 17.5cm x h 7.5cm Product Code : 3442 Product Code : 3443 Product Code : 3444 UPC Code : 8888236021196 UPC Code : 8888236015065 UPC Code : 8888236021417 Price : £ 21.15 Price : £ 25.25 Price : £ 34.60 Product Description : Product Description : Product Description : CorningWare Classic Square CorningWare Classic Square CorningWare Classic Square Casserole 2L - 21.5cm x Casserole 3L - 21.5cm x Casserole 5L- 26cm x 26cm 21.5cm x h 6.5cm 21.5cm x h 9.75cm x h 10.75cm World Kitchen www.worldkitchen.co.uk
    [Show full text]
  • Corning's Care and Safe Handling of Glassware Application Note
    Care and Safe Handling of Laboratory Glassware Care and Safe Handling of Laboratory Glassware CONTENTS Glass: The Invisible Container . 1 Glass Technical Data . 2 PYREX ® Glassware . 2 PYREXPLUS ® Glassware . 2 PYREX Low Actinic Glassware . 2 VYCOR ® Glassware . 2 Suggestions for Safe Use of PYREX Glassware . 3 Safely Using Chemicals . 3 Safely Handling Glassware . 3 Heating and Cooling . 4 Autoclaving . 4 Mixing and Stirring . 5 Using Stopcocks . 5 Joining and Separating Glass Apparatus . 5 Using Rubber Stoppers . 6 Vacuum Applications . 6 Suggestions for Safe Use of PYREXPLUS Glassware . 6 Exposure to Heat . 7 Exposure to Cold . 7 Exposure to Chemicals . 7 Exposure to Ultraviolet . 7 Exposure to Microwave . 7 Exposure to Vacuum . 7 Autoclaving . 7 Labeling and Marking . 8 Suggestions for Safe Use of Fritted Glassware . 8 Selecting Fritted Glassware . 8 Proper Care of Fritted Ware . 8 Suggestions for Safe Use of Volumetric Glassware . 9 Types of Volumetric Glassware . 9 Calibrated Glassware Markings . 9 Reading Volumetric Glassware . 9 Suggestions for Cleaning and Storing Glassware . 10 Safety Considerations . 10 Cleaning PYREX Glassware . 10 Cleaning PYREXPLUS Glassware . 12 Cleaning Cell Culture Glassware . 12 Rinsing, Drying and Storing Glassware . 13 Glass Terminology . 13 Care and Safe Handling of Laboratory Glassware GLASS: THE INVISIBLE MATERIAL Q PYREX glassware comes in a wide variety of laboratory shapes, sizes and degrees of accuracy — a design to meet From the 16th century to today, chemical researchers have used every experimental need. glass containers for a very basic reason: the glass container is transparent, almost invisible and so its contents and reactions While we feel PYREX laboratory glassware is the best all- within it are clearly visible.
    [Show full text]
  • Stronger-Than-Glass
    LIQ Fusion 7000 FBE™ . A Stronger System Than Glass! LIQ Fusion 7000 FBE™ technology is here! In bolted storage tanks, Tank Connection offers the next generation of unmatched coating performance. LIQ Fusion 7000 FBE™ is designed as the replacement for glass/porcelain enamel coatings. Once you compare the facts on each system, you will find that Tank Connection’s LIQ Fusion 7000 FBE™ coating system is a stronger system than glass: LIQ Fusion 7000 FBE™ – Lab Testing* Glass/Vitreous Enamel – Lab Testing* Bolted sidewall panel Excellent (with exception of panel edges Excellent protection and bolt holes) Poor, as shipped from the factory Edge protection Excellent, coated LIQ Fusion FBE™ (covered with mastic sealant in the field) Poor, as shipped from the factory Bolt holes Excellent, coated LIQ Fusion FBE™ (covered with mastic sealant in the field) 8-13 mils (must be verified due to high Coating Thickness 7-11 mils shop defect rate) 3-14 (depending on product 3-11 (depending on product pH and temperature) and temperature) Corrosion Resistance Excellent Excellent (ASTM B-117) Temperature 200º F water, Dry 300º F 140º F water, Dry N/A Tolerance LIQ Fusion FBE™ (advanced fusion Coating to substrate Glass /vitreous enamel technology bond technology) Flexibility Passes 1/8” mandrel test None (cannot be field repaired) Impact 160 in/lbs 4 in/lbs History New technology with 5-7 years testing Old technology with history of spalling Salt Spray Passes 7500 hours Passes 7500 hours Submerged structural components are Submerged structural components are Liquids coated with LIQ Fusion FBE™ galvanized Holiday Free Yes No Coating Required (due to uncoated edges and Cathodic protection Not required bolt holes) Sealant Mastic Mastic Panel Size ~ 5’ tall x 10’ long ~ 4.5’ tall x 9’ long Construction Type Horizontal RTP (rolled, tapered panel) Horizontal RTP (rolled, tapered panel) *Note: Production panels (not lab panels) were utilized for testing.
    [Show full text]