List of figures

Figure 1 Huygens: sketch of 6 August 1679 Figure 2 Spherical aberration Figure 3 Cartesian oval. Figure 4 Huygens: focal distance of a bi-convex lens Figure 5 Huygens: punctum concursus Figure 6 Huygens: refraction at the anterior side of a bi-convex lens Figure 7 Huygens: refraction at the posterior side of a bi-convex lens. Figure 8 Huygens: focal distance of a bi-convex lens Figure 9 Huygens: extended image. Figure 10 Huygens: magnification by a convex lens. Figure 11 Huygens: four of the cases of magnification by telescopes. Figure 12 Huygens: analysis of Keplerian telescope with erector lens. Figure 13 Diagram for Keplerian telescope with erector lens. Figure 14 Kepler’s solution to the pinhole problem Figure 15 Kepler: focal distance of a plano-convex lens Figure 16 Kepler: image formation by a lens Figure 17 Della Porta: image of a near object Figure 18 Della Porta: image of distant object Figure 19 Della Porta: image by a telescope Figure 20 Barrow’s analysis of image formation in refraction. Figure 21 Huygens: observations of Saturn with the 12- and a 23-foot telescope. Figure 22 Huygens: beam to facilitate lens grinding. Figure 23 Daza’s scale Figure 24 Huygens’ eyepiece. Figure 25 Diagram for Huygens’ eyepiece. Figure 26 Huygens: spherical aberration of a plano-convex lens. Figure 27 Huygens: spherical aberration of a bi-convex lens Figure 28 Hudde’s calculation of spherical aberration Figure 29 Huygens: Galilean configuration in which spherical aberration is neutralized. Figure 30 Huygens: ‘Circle’ of aberration. Figure 31 Huygens: Aberration produced by a Keplerian configuration. Figure 32 Rendering of Huygens’ sketch of chromatic aberration. Figure 33 Huygens’ invention of 1669 Figure 34 Huygens’ crossed out EUREKA. Figure 35 Newton’s determination of chromatic aberration. Figure 36 The first stage of Kepler’s attack of refraction. Figure 37 The final stage of Kepler’s analysis of refraction Figure 38 Harriot’s measurements. Figure 39 Mydorge’s rule Figure 40 Descartes’ analysis of refraction Figure 41 Descartes’ analysis of reflection Figure 42 Barrow’s explanation of reflection. Figure 43 Barrow’s explanation of refraction. Figure 44 Huygens: sketch of refracted rays in Iceland crystal. Figure 45 Huygens: a refracted perpendicular caused by the composition of the crystal. Figure 46 Huygens: waves through Iceland crystal. Figure 47 Huygens: shape and main angles of the crystal. Figure 48 Bartholinus: double refraction. Figure 49 Bartholinus: refraction in two positions of the crystal. Figure 50 Bartholinus’ law of strange refraction. Figure 51 Huygens: rays in the principal section. Figure 52 Huygens: construction for strangely refracted rays in the principal section 266 LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 53 Diagram of Huygens’ construction for strange refraction. Figure 54 Huygens’ alternative for Bartholinus’ law. Figure 55 Huygens: description of polarization. Figure 56 Ango’s explanation of refraction. Figure 57 The sine law in Tractatus. Figure 58 Huygens’ principle. Figure 59 Huygens: two rays refracted by a plane surface. Figure 60 Huygens: wave refracted by a plane surface forming a caustic. Figure 61 Huygens: wave refracted at the plane surface of a glass medium. Figure 62 Huygens: “Causam mirae refractionis in Crystallo Islandica”. Figure 63 Huygens: strange refraction of an arbitrary ray. Figure 64 Huygens: waves around a source of light Figure 65 Huygens’ principle. Figure 66 Huygens’ explanation of refraction. Figure 67 Huygens: refraction of the perpendicular. Figure 68 Huygens: orientation of spheroid in the crystal. Figure 69 Huygens: shape of the spheroidal wave. Figure 70 Construction of the refraction of an arbitrary ray in Traité de la Lumière. Figure 71 Hobbes’ rays. Figure 72 Hobbes: refraction. Figure 73 Hobbes’ derivation of the sine law. Figure 74 Refraction in Principia. Figure 75 The sine law in Opticks. Figure 76 Huygens: new measurement of strange refraction. Figure 77 Huygens’ EUPHKA of August 1679. Figure 78 Huygens: chromatic aberration of lenses. Bibliography

References are made by author and short title. References to the twenty-two volumes of the Oeuvres Complètes are given by OC followed by the volume and page numbers, as in OC10, 153. References to the manuscripts, all of which belong to the collection Codices Hugeniorum housed at the University of Leiden, are given by manuscript number and folio, as in Hug2, 45v. Huygens is left out as author. I do not explicitly refer to all seventeenth-century works listed in the bibliography, but I have drawn upon these in general conclusions regarding optics in the seventeenth century.

Acloque, Paul. ‘‘L’oculaire de Huygens, son invention et sa place dans l’instrumentation’’ In Huygens et la France, Pais, 27-29 mars 1979: table ronde du Centre national de la recherche scientifique, pp. 177-186. Paris: Vrin, 1981 Aguilón, Francois de. Opticorum libri sex juxta ac mathematica utiles. Antwerp, 1613 Albury, William R. ‘‘Halley and the ‘Traité de la lumière’ of Huygens: new light on Halley’s relationship with Newton’’ Isis 62 (1971): 445-468 Allen, Ph. ‘‘Problems connexted with the development of the telescope (1609-1687)’’ Isis 34 (1942): 302-311 Andriesse, C.D. Titan kan niet slapen. Een biografie van Christiaan Huygens, Amsterdam: Contact, 1993 Andriesse, C.D. “The melancholic genius” De Zeventiende Eeuw 12-1 (1996): 3-13 Ango, Pierre. L’Optique divisée en trois livres. Paris, 1682 Ariotti, Piero E. ‘‘Bonaventura Cavalieri, Marin Mersenne, and the reflecting telescope’’ Isis 66 (1975): 303-321 Aris, Daniel. ‘‘La découverte de la France par Christiaan Huygens (1655)’’ In Les récits de la voyage, edited by Jean-Marc Pastré, pp. 58-72. Paris: Nizet, 1986 Baarmann, J. ‘‘Abhandlung über das Licht von Ibn al-Haitam’’ Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 36 (1882): 145-237 Bachelard, Suzanne. ‘‘L’influence de Huygens au XVIIIe et au XIXe siècles’’ In Huygens et la France, Pais, 27-29 mars 1979: table ronde du Centre national de la recherche scientifique, pp. 241-258. Paris: Vrin, 1981 Barchillon, Jacques. ‘‘Les frères Perrault a travers la correspondance de Christian Huygens’’ XVIIe siècle 56 (1962): 19-36 Barrow, Isaac. The usefulness of mathematical learning explained and demonstrated: being mathematical lectures read at the publick schools at the University of Cambridge. Translated by John Kirkby. (Reprint. London, 1970) London, 1734 Barrow, Isaac. Isaac Barrow's Optical Lectures (Lectiones XVIII). Translated by H.C. Fay. Edited by A.G. Bennet, London: the Worshipful Company of Spectacle Makers, 1987 Barth, Michael. ‘‘Huygens at work: annotations in his rediscovered personal copy of Hooke’s ‘Micrographia’’’ Annals of Science 52 (1995): 601-613 Bartholinus, Erasmus. Experiments on birefringent Icelandic crystal. Translated by Th. Archibald. Introduction by J. Buchwald and K. Pedersen, Copenhagen: The Danish Library of Science and Medicine, 1991 Beale, John. “Perspective Tubes & Telescopes”, copied by Nathaniel Higmore, British Museum Manuscript: Sloane 548 Bechler, Zev. ‘‘Newton’s search for a mechanistic model of colour dispersion: a suggested interpretation’’ Archive for History of Exact Sciences 11 (1973): 1-37 Bechler, Zev. ‘‘Newton’s 1672 optical controversies: a study in the gramma of scientific dissent’’ In The interaction between science and philosophy, edited by Y. Elkana, pp. 115-142. Atlantic Highlands: Humanities Press, 1974 268 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Bechler, Zev. ‘‘‘A less agreeable matter’: the disagreeable case of Newton and achromatic dispersion’’ British Journal for the History of Science 8 (1975): 101-126 Bedini, Silvio A. ‘‘The optical workshop equipment of Giuseppe Campani’’ Journal of the history of medicine and allied sciences 16 (1961): 18-38 Bedini, Silvio A. ‘‘Lens making for Scientific Instrumentation in the Seventeenth Century’’ Applied Optics 5 (1966): 687-694 Bedini, Silvio A. ‘‘The makers of Galileo’s scientific instruments’’ In Science and instruments in seventeenth-century Italy, edited by Silvio A. Bedini, pp. 89-115. Aldershot: Variorum, 1967 Bedini, Silvio A. ‘‘The tube of long vision (the physical characteristics of the early 17th century telescope)’’ Physis 13 (1971): 147-204 Bedini, Silvio A., and Arthur G. Bennet. ‘‘‘A treatise on optics’ by Giovanni Christoforo Bolantio’’ Annals of Science 52 (1995): 103-126 Beeckman, Isaac. Journal tenu par Isaac Beeckman de 1604 a 1634. Avec une introduction et des notes par C. de Waard, 4 vols., Den Haag: Martinus Nijhoff, 1939-1953 Bell, A.E. Christian Huygens and the development of science in the seventeenth century, London: Edward Arnold & Co, 1947 Bennet, J.A. ‘‘Robert Hooke as mechanic and natural philosopher’’ Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 25 (1980): 33-48 Bennet, J.A. The mathematical science of Christopher Wren, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982 Bennet, J.A. ‘‘The mechanics’ philosophy and the mechanical philosophy’’ History of Science 24 (1986): 1-28 Berkel, Klaas van. ‘‘Enige opmerkingen over de aard van technische innovatie in de Republiek’’ Tijdschrift voor de Geschiedenis der Geneeskunde, Natuurkunde, Wiskunde en Techniek 30 (1980): 123-143 Berkel, Klaas van. Isaac Beeckman (1588-1637) en de mechanisering van het wereldbeeld, Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1983 Berkel, Klaas van. ‘‘From Simon Stevin to Robert Boyle: Reflections on the place of science in Dutch culture in the 17th century’’ In The exchange of ideas: Religion, scholarship and art in Anglo-Dutch relations in the 17th century, edited by Simon Groenveld, Michael Wintle (eds.), pp. 100-114. Zutphen: Walburg Instituut, 1994 Berkel, Klaas van. “De illusies van Martinus Hortensius” In Citaten uit het Boek der Natuur: Opstellen over Nederlandse Wetenschapsgeschiedenis, pp. 63-84. Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1998 Berkel, Klaas van. “The legacy of Stevin. A chronological narrative” in A history of science in the Netherlands: survey, themes and reference, edited by Klaas van Berkel, Albert van Helden, Lodewijk Palm, pp. 1-235. Leiden: Brill, 1999 Berkel, “Descartes’ debt to Beeckman: inspiration, cooperation, conflict” In Descartes’ Natural Philosophy, edited by Stephen Gaukroger, John Schuster, John Sutton, pp. 46-59. London: Routledge, 2000 Bernhardt, Jean. ‘‘Hobbes et le mouvement de la lumière’’ Revue d’Histoire des Sciences 30 (1977): 3-24 Bernhardt, Jean. ‘‘La polémique de Hobbes contre la ‘Dioptrique’ de Descartes dans le ‘Tractatus opticus ii’ (1644)’’ Revue internationale de philosophie 33 (1979): 432-442 Biagioli, Mario. ‘‘The social status of Italian mathematicians, 1450-1600’’ History of Science 27 (1989): 41-95 Biagioli, Mario. Galileo, Courtier. The practice of science in the culture of absolutism, Chicago: the University of Chicago Press, 1993 Blay, Michel. ‘‘Un exemple d’explication mécaniste au XVIIe siècle: l’unité des théories hookiennes de la couleur’’ Revue d’Histoire des Sciences 34 (1981): 97-121 Blay, Michel. ‘‘Recherches sur les travaux de dioptrique et de catoptrique de Jean Picard a l’Académie Royale des Science’’ In Picard et les debuts de l’astronomie de précision au XVIIe siècle, edited by Guy Picolet, pp. 329-344. Paris: CNRS, 1986 BIBLIOGRAPHY 269

Boas Hall, Marie. ‘‘Oldenburg, the ‘Philosophical Transactions’, and technology’’ In The uses of science in the age of Newton, edited by John G. Burke, pp. 21-47. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983 Bos, Henk J.M. ‘‘Huygens, Christiaan (Vol 6)’’ In Dictionary of scientific biography, edited by C.C. Gillispie, pp. 597-613. New York: Scribner’s, 1973 Bos, Henk J.M. ‘‘Huygens and mathematics’’ In Studies on Christiaan Huygens. Invited papers form the Symposium on the Life and Work of Chrisitiaan Huygens, Amsterdam, 22-25 August 1979, edited by H.J.M. Bos et al, pp. 126-146. Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger, 1980 Bos, Henk J.M. ‘‘Christiaan Huygens - a biographical sketch’’ In Studies on Christiaan Huygens. Invited papers form the Symposium on the Life and Work of Chrisitiaan Huygens, Amsterdam, 22- 25 August 1979, edited by H.J.M. Bos et al, pp. 7-18. Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger, 1980 Boudon, Pierre. Traite de l’usage des lunettes, et pieces curieuses qui dependent de cet art. Castres, 1682 Boudri, J. Christiaan. Het mechanische van de mechanica. Het krachtbegrip tussen metafysica en mechanica van Newton tot Lagrange, Delft: Eburon, 1994 Boyer, Carl B. The rainbow. From myth to mathematics, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1987 Breuker, Ph. H. ‘‘Learboeken op de akademy en de Latynske skoallen yn Fryslan (1585-1685). Mei in list fan biblioteekkatalogi en -ynventarissen fan Frjentsjerter heechleararen ut dy jierren’’ In Universiteit te Franeker 1585-1811. Bijdragen tot de geschiedenis van de Friese hogeschool., edited by G.Th. Jensma, F.R.H. Smit, F. Westra, pp. 438-451. Leeuwarden: Fryske Akademy, 1985 Briggs, Robin. ‘‘The Académie Royale des Sciences and the pursuit of utility’’ Past and Present 131 (1991): 38-88 Broekhoven, R. van. ‘‘De kleurentheorie van Christiaan Huygens’’ Scientiarum Historia 12 (1970): 143-158 Brown, Harcourt. Scientific organizations in seventeenth-century France (1620-1680) (History of Science Society Publications New Series V), Baltimore: The Williams & Wilkins Company, 1934 Brown, Harold I. ‘‘Galileo on the telescope and the eye’’ Journal for the History of Ideas 46 (1985): 487-501 Bruins, E.M. “Problema Alhaseni at the tercentenary of Huygens’ solution” Centaurus 13 (1969): 269-277 Brundell, Barry. Pierre Gassendi. From Aristotelianism to a new natural philosophy, Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1987 Bryden, D.J., and D.L. Simms. ‘‘Archimedes and the opticians of London’’ Bulletin of the Scientific Instrument Society 35 (1992): 1-32 Buchdahl, Gerd. Metaphysics and the philosophy of science. The classical origins Descartes to Kant, Oxford: Basil Blackwell, 1969 Buchdahl, Gerd. ‘‘Methodological aspects of Kepler’s theory of refraction’’ Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 3 (1972): 265-298 Buchwald, Jed Z. ‘‘Experimental investigations of double refraction from Huygens to Malus’’ Archive for History of Exact Sciences 21 (1980): 311-373 Buchwald, Jed Z. The rise of the wave theory of light. Optical theory and experiment in the early nineteenth century, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1989 Burch, Christopher. ‘‘Huygens’ pulse models as a bridge between phenomena and Huygens’ mechanical foundations’’ Janus 68 (1981): 53-64 Cantor, Geoffrey N. ‘‘The reception of the wave theory of light in Britain: A case study illustrating the role of methodology in scientific debate’’ Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences 6 (1975): 109-132 Cantor, Geoffrey N. Optics after Newton. Theories of light in Britain and Ireland, 1704-1840, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1983 Cantor, Geoffrey N. ‘‘Physical optics’’ In Companion to the history of modern science, edited by R.C. Olby, G.N. Cantor, J.R.R. Christie, M. Hodge, pp. 627-638. London: Routledge, 1990 Cavalieri, Bonaventura. Exercitationes Geometricae Sex. Bologna, 1647 Chambre, Marin Cureau de la. La Lumière. Paris, 1657 270 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Cherubin, d’Orleans. La Dioptrique oculair: ou la theoritique, la positive et la mechanique de l’oculaire dioptrique en toutes ses especes. Paris, 1671 Chorez, Danielle. Les admirables lunettes d’approche reduites en petit volume, avec leur vray usage et leurs utilitez preferables aux grandes et le moyen de les accomoder a l’endroit des deux yeux. Paris, 1625 Clarke, Desmond M. ‘‘Cartesian science in France, 1660-1700’’ In Philosophy: its history and historiography, edited by A.J. Holland. Dordrecht: Reidel, 1985 Clarke, Desmond M. Occult powers and hypotheses. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989 Clifton, Gloria C. ‘‘The Spectaclemakers’ Company and the origins of the optical instrument- making trade in London’’ In Making instruments count. Essays on historical scientific instruments presented to Gerard L’Estrange Turner, edited by R.G.W. Anderson, J. A. Bennet, W.F. Ryan, pp. 341-364. Aldershot: Variorum, 1993 Cohen, H.Floris. ‘‘Christiaan Huygens on conconance and the division of the octave’’ In Studies on Christiaan Huygens. Invited papers form the Symposium on the Life and Work of Chrisitiaan Huygens, Amsterdam, 22-25 August 1979, edited by H.J.M. Bos et al, pp. 271- 301. Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger, 1980 Cohen, H. Floris. Quantifying music. The science of music at the first stage of the scientific revolution, 1580- 1650, Dordrecht: Reidel, 1984 Cohen, H. Floris. The scientific revolution. A historiographical inquiry, Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1994 Cohen, H. Floris. Christiaan Huygens en de wetenschapsrevolutie van de 17de eeuw. (Mededeling van het Museum Boerhaave, nr. 267), Leiden: Museum Boerhaave, 1996 Cohen, I. Bernard. ‘‘Roemer and the first determination of the velocity of light (1676)’’ Isis 31 (1940): 327-379 Cohen, I. Bernard. The Newtonian revolution. With illustrations of the transformation of scientific ideas, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980 Cohen, I. Bernard, “The case of the missing author: the title page of Newton’s Opticks (1704), with notes on the title page of Huygens’s Traité de la Lumière” In Isaac Newton’s Natural Philosophy, edited by Jed Z. Buchwald and I. Bernard Cohen, pp. 15-46. Cambridge: MIT Press, 2000. Cohen, I. Bernard, and Richard S. Westfall. Newton: texts, backgrounds, commentaries. Selected and edited by I. Bernard Cohen and Richard S. Westfall, New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1995 Colie, Rosalie L. ‘‘Constantijn Huygens and the rationalist revolution’’ Tijdschrift voor Nederlandse Taal- en Letterkunde 73 (1955): 193-209 Comiers, Claude. La nature et présage des comètes: ouvrage mathematique, physique, chimique & historique; enrichi des Propheties des derniers siecles, et de la fabrique des grandes lunettes. Lyon, 1665 Costabel, Pierre. ‘‘Ignace-Gaston Pardies et la physique cartesienne’’ Recherches sur le XVIIeme siècle 1 (1976): 87-91 Costabel, Pierre. ‘‘La propagation de la lumière sans transport de matière de Descartes à Huygens’’ In Römer et la vitesse de la Lumière: table ronde du Centre national de la recherche scientifique, Paris, 16 et 17 juin 1976, pp. 83-91. Paris: Vrin, 1978 Costabel, Pierre. ‘‘La refraction de la lumière et la Dioptrique de Descartes’’ In Démarches originales de Descartes savant, edited by Pierre Costabel, pp. 63-76. Paris: Vrin, 1982 Court, Thomas H., and Moritz von Rohr. ‘‘A history of the development of the telescope from about 1675 to 1830 based on documents in the Court Collection (third paper on the Court Collection)’’ Transactions of the Optical Society 30 (1928): 207-260 Crombie, A.C. ‘‘The mechanistic hypothesis and the scientific study of vision’’ In Science, optics and music in medieval and early modern thought, edited by A.C. Crombie, pp. 175-284. London: Hambledon Press, 1967 Cunningham, Andrew. ‘‘How the ‘Principia’ got its name: or, taking natural philosophy seriously’’ History of Science 29 (1991): 377-392 Daumas, Maurice. ‘‘Rapports entre sciences et techniques: étude générale du point de vue de l’histoire des sciences et des techniques’’ Revue de Synthése (historique) 25 (1962): 15-37 BIBLIOGRAPHY 271

Daumas, Maurice. Scientific Instruments of the Seventeenth and Eighteenth Centuries and their Makers. Translated and edited by Dr. Mary Holbrook, London: B.T. Batsford, 1972 Daxecker, Franz. ‘‘Christoph Scheiner’s eye studies’’ Documenta Ophthalmologica (1992): 27-35 Daza de Valdez, Benito. El libro del Lic. Benito Daza de Valdez Uso de los Antojos y comentarios a proposito del mismo. Por Manuel Marquez, Madrid: Cosano, 1923 Dear, Peter. ‘‘Jesuit mathematical science and the reconstitution of experience in the early seventeenth century’’ Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 18 (1987): 133-175 Dear, Peter. Discipline & Experience. The Mathematical Way in the Scientific Revolution, Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1995 Dear, Peter. ‘‘Mersenne’s suggestion: Cartesian meditation and the mathematical model of knowledge in the seventeenth century’’ In Descartes and his contemporaries. Meditations, objections and replies, edited by Roger Ariew and Marjorie Grene, pp. 44-62. Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1995 Debus, Alan G. Man and nature in the Renaissance, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978 Densmore, Dana. Newton’s ‘Principia’: the central argument. Translation, notes, and expanded proofs. Dana Densmore. Translations and diagrams by William H. Donahue, Santa Fe: Green Lion Press, 1995 Des Chene, Dennis. Physiologia: Natural philosophy in late Aristotelian and Cartesian thought, Ithaca: Cornell University Press, 1996 Descartes, René. Oeuvres de Descartes. Edited by Charles Adam and Paul Tannery, Paris: Vrin, 1897 Descartes, René. Règles utiles et claires pour la direction de l’esprit et la recherche de la vérité. Transl. Jean-Luc Marion, Den Haag: Martinus Nijhoff, 1977 Descartes, René. Le Monde, ou Traité de la Lumierè. Translation and introduction by Michael Sean Mahoney, New York: Abaris Books, 1979 Descartes, René. Principles of philosophy. Translated, with explanatory notes, by Valentine Rodger Miller and Reese P. Miller, Dordrecht: D. Reidel Publishing Company, 1983 Dijksterhuis, E.J. Christiaan Huygens (bij de voltooiing van zijn oeuvres complètes), Haarlem: De erven F.Bohn, 1951 Dijksterhuis, E.J. The mechanization of the world picture, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1961 Dijksterhuis, E.J. ‘‘De mechanisering van het wereldbeeld’’ In Clio’s stiefkind, edited by K. van Berkel, pp. 169-192. Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1990 Dijksterhuis, Fokko J. ‘‘Huygens’s ‘Dioptrica’’’ De zeventiende eeuw 12 (1996): 117-126 Dijksterhuis, Fokko J. “Titan en Christiaan. Huygens in werk en leven” Gewina 23 (2000): 56- 68 Dijksterhuis, Fokko J. “Huygens’ efforts to make science useful for technology” In Proceedings of the XXth International Congress of History of Science (Liège, 20-26 July 1997) Volume XIV - History of Modern Physics, edited by Helge Kragh, Geert Vanpaemel and Pierre Marage, pp 57-63. Turnhout: Brepols Publishers, 2002 Dijksterhuis, Fokko J. “Once Snel breaks down. From geometrical to physical optics in the seventeenth century” Annals of Science 61 (2004): 165-185 Dominis, Marcantonio de. De radiis visus et lucis in vitris perspectivis et iride tractatus. Venice, 1611 Drake, Stillman. Discoveries and opinions of Galileo. Translated with an introduction and notes by Stillman Drake, Garden City: Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1957 Drake, Stillman. The unsung journalist and the origins of the telescope, Los Angeles: Zeitlin & Verbrugge, 1976 Dugas, René. ‘‘Sur le cartésianisme de Huygens’’ Revue d’Histoire des Sciences 7 (1954): 22-33 Dupré, Sven. De Optica van Galileo Galilei. Interactie tussen kunst en wetenschap (Verhandelingen van de Koninklijke Vlaamse Academie van België voor Wetenschap en kunsten. Nieuwe reeks; nr. 5) Brussel: Paleis der Academiën, 2001 Dupré, Sven Galileo, the Telescope and the Science of Optics in the Sixteenth Century. A Case Study of Instrumental Practice in Art and Science. Gent: Unpublished PhD Thesis, Ghent University, 2002 Eagles, Christina M. ‘‘David Gregory and Newtonian science’’ British Journal for the History of Science 10 (1977): 216-225 272 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Eamon, William. ‘‘Technology as magic in the late Middle Ages and the Renaissance’’ Janus 71 (1984): 171-212 Eamon, William. Science and the secrets of nature. Books of secrets in medieval and early modern culture, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1994 Eastwood, Bruce S. ‘‘Uses of geometry in Medieval optics’’ In Astronomy and Optics from Pliny to Descartes. Texts, Diagrams and Conceptual Structures, edited by Bruce S. Eastwoord, pp. 51-55. London: Variorum Reprints, 1989 Eastwood, Bruce S. ‘‘Medieval empericism: the case of Grosseteste’s optics’’ In Astronomy and Optics from Pliny to Descartes. Texts, Diagrams and Conceptual Structures, edited by Bruce S. Eastwoord, pp. 308-321. London: Variorum Reprints, 1989 Eastwood, Bruce S. ‘‘Grosseteste’s ‘quantitative’ law of refraction: a chapter in the history of non-experimental science’’ In Astronomy and Optics from Pliny to Descartes. Texts, Diagrams and Conceptual Structures, edited by Bruce S. Eastwoord, London: Variorum Reprints, 1989 Elzinga, Aant. On a research program in early modern physics (Studies in the theory of science, editor Hakan Toernebohm), Goeteborg: Akademifoerlaget, 1972 Elzinga, Aant. ‘‘Christiaan Huygens’ theory of research’’ Janus 67 (1980) Eschinardi, Francesco. Centuria Problematum Opticorum in qua praecipuae difficultates Catoptricae et Dioptricae demonstravive solvuntur seu Dialogi Optici Pars Altera. Rome, 1666 Eschinardi, Francesco. Dialogus Opticus, in quo aliquibus quaesitis compendiose respondetur. Rome, 1666 Fabri, Honore. Synopsis optica. Lyon, 1667 Feingold, M. The mathematicians’ apprenticeship. Science, univerities and society in England, 1560-1640, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984 Ferguson, Eugene S. Engineering and the mind’s eye, Cambridge: MIT Press, 1993 Flamsteed, John. The Gresham lectures of John Flamsteed. Edited and introduced by Eric G. Forbes, London: Mansell Information Publishing, 1975 Fodera Serio, Giorgia, with Luigi Indorato and Pietro Nastasi. ‘‘Light, colors, and rainbow in Giovan Battista Hodierna (1597-1660)’’ Annali dell’Istituto e museo di storia della scienza di Firenze 8 (1983): 59-75 Fournier, Marian. ‘‘Huygens’ microscopical observations’’ Janus 68 (1981): 199-209 Fournier, Marian. ‘‘Huygens’ designs for a simple microscope’’ Annals of Science 46 (1989): 575- 596 Frangenberg, Thomas. ‘‘Perspectivist aristotelianism: three case-studies of cinquecento visual theory’’ Journal of the Warburg and Courtauld Institutes 54 (1991): 137-158 Gabbey, Alan. ‘‘Huygens and mechanics’’ In Studies on Christiaan Huygens. Invited papers form the Symposium on the Life and Work of Chrisitiaan Huygens, Amsterdam, 22-25 August 1979, edited by H.J.M. Bos et al, pp. 166-199. Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger, 1980 Gainer, Michael K. ‘‘Construction of a 17th century telescope: An experiment in the history of astronomy’’ Physics Teacher 19 (1981): 22-25 Galilei, Galileo. Sidereus Nuncius or the sidereal messenger. Translated with introduction, conclusion, and notes by Albert van Helden, Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1989 Garber, Daniel. Descartes’ metaphysical physics, Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1992 Gaukroger, Stephen. Descartes: an intellectual biography, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995 Gaythorpe, S.B. ‘‘A Galilean telescope made about 1640, by William Gascoigne, inventor of the filar micrometer’’ Journal of the British Astronomical Association 39 (1929): 238-241 Gent, Rob H. van, and Anne C. van Helden. Een vernuftig geleerde. De technische vondsten van Christiaan Huygens (Mededeling / Museum Boerhaave; 263), Leiden: Museum Boerhaave, 1995 Goercke, Ernst. ‘‘Der Schliff asphärischer Linsen nach Angaben des Rheita’’ Technikgeschichte 58 (1991): 179-187 Graindorge de la Londe, André de. De Natura Ignis, Lucis, et Colorum, Dissertatio. Caen, 1664 Grant, Edward. A source book in medieval science, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1974 Greeff, R. ‘‘C.A. Manzinis: L’occhiale all’occhio’’ Zeitschrift für ophthalmologische Optik (1917): 36- 39 BIBLIOGRAPHY 273

Gregory, David. Dr. Gregory’s Elements of Catoptrics and Dioptrics. Translated by W. Browne, London, 1715 Gregory, David. Catoptricae et dioptricae. Elements of Catoptrics and Dioptrics. To which is added, a method of finding the foci of all Specula as well as Lens's universally, ... with an introduction shewing the discoveries made by Catoptrics and Dioptrics. London, 1715 Gregory, James. Optica promota, seu abdita radiorum reflexorum & refractorum mysteria, geometrice enucleata. London, 1663 Grillot, Solange. ‘‘Picard observateur’’ In Picard et les debuts de l’astronomie de précision au XVIIe siècle, edited by Guy Picolet, pp. 143-156. Paris: CNRS, 1986 Hahn, Roger. The anatomy of a scientific institution. The Paris Academy of Sciences, 1666-1803, Berkeley: University of California Press, 1971 Hakfoort, Casper. ‘‘Newton’s ‘Opticks’ and the incomplete revolution’’ In Newton's scientific and philosophical legacy, edited by P.B. Schreurer and G. Debrock, pp. 99-112. Kluwer academic publishers, 1988 Hakfoort, Casper. Optics in the age of Euler. Conceptions of the nature of light, 1700-1795, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995 Hall, A. Rupert. ‘‘The scholar and the craftsman in the Scientific Revolution’’ In Critical problems in the history of science, edited by Marshall Clagett, pp. 3-23. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1969 Hall, A. Rupert. ‘‘Sir Isaac Newton’s Note-book 1661-1665’’ Cambridge Historical Journal 9 (1948): 239-250 Hall, A. Rupert. ‘‘Two unpublished lectures of Robert Hooke’’ Isis 42 (1951): 219-230 Hall, A. Rupert. ‘‘Further optical experiments of Isaac Newton’’ Annals of Science 11 (1955): 27- 43 Hall, A. Rupert ‘‘On knowing and knowing how to ...’’ In History of Technology, pp. 91-103, 1978 Hall, A. Rupert. ‘‘Summary of the Symposium’’ In Studies on Christiaan Huygens. Invited papers form the Symposium on the Life and Work of Chrisitiaan Huygens, Amsterdam, 22-25 August 1979, edited by H.J.M. Bos et al, pp. 302-313. Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger, 1980 Hall, A. Rupert. ‘‘Gunnery, science, and the Royal Society’’ In The uses of science in the age of Newton, edited by John G. Burke, pp. 111-141. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983 Hall, A. Rupert. ‘‘Beyond the fringe: diffraction as seen by Grimaldi, Fabri, Hooke and Newton’’ Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 44 (1990): 13-23 Hall, A. Rupert. All was light. An introduction to Newton’s ‘Opticks’, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1993 Halley, Edmond. “An instance of the excellence of the modern algebra”, Philosophical Transactions 17 (1693): 960-969 Harting, Paul. Das Mikroskop. Theorie, Gebrauch, Geschichte und gegenwärtiger Zustand desselben, Braunschweig: Friedrich Vieweg und Sohn, 1866 Harting, Paul. Christiaan Huygens, in zijn leven en werken geschetst, Groningen: Gebrs. Hoitsema, 1868 Hartsoeker, Nicolaas. Essay de dioptrique. Paris, 1694 Hashimoto, Takehiko. ‘‘Huygens, dioptrics, and the improvement of the telescope’’ Historia scientiarum 37 (1989): 51-90 Hatfield, Gary. ‘‘First philosophy and natural philosophy in Descartes’’ In Philosophy: its history and historiography, edited by A.J. Holland, pp. 149-164. Dordrecht: Reidel, 1985 Hatfield, Gary. ‘‘Science, certainty, and Descartes’’ PSA 2 (1988): 249-262 Heilbron, J.L. ‘‘A mathematicians’ mutiny, with morals’’ In World changes. Thomas Kuhn and the nature of science, edited by Paul Horwich, pp. 81-129. Cambridge: MIT Press, 1993 Heinekamp, Albert. ‘‘Christiaan Huygens vu par Leibniz’’ In Huygens et la France, Pais, 27-29 mars 1979: table ronde du Centre national de la recherche scientifique, pp. 99-114. Paris: Vrin, 1981 Helden, Albert van. ‘‘Christopher Wren’s ‘De Corpore Saturni’’’ Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 23 (1968): 213-229 274 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Helden, Albert van. ‘‘Eustachio Divini versus Christiaan Huygens: a reappraisal’’ Physis 12 (1970): 36-50 Helden, Albert van. ‘‘The telescope in the seventeenth century’’ Isis 65 (1974): 38-58 Helden, Albert van. ‘‘The ‘astronomical telescope’ 1611-1650’’ Annali dell’Istituto e museo di storia della scienza di Firenze 1 (1976): 13-36 Helden, Albert van. The invention of the telescope. (Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. Volume 6, part 4). Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1977 Helden, Albert van. ‘‘The development of compound eyepieces, 1640-1670’’ Journal for the history of astronomy 8 (1977): 26-37 Helden, Albert van. ‘‘Huygens and the astronomers’’ In Studies on Christiaan Huygens. Invited papers form the Symposium on the Life and Work of Chrisitiaan Huygens, Amsterdam, 22-25 August 1979, edited by H.J.M. Bos et al, pp. 147-165. Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger, 1980 Helden, Albert van. ‘‘Roemer’s speed of light’’ Journal for the history of astronomy 14 (1983): 137- 141 Helden, Albert van. ‘‘The birth of the modern scientific instrument, 1550-1700’’ In The uses of science in the age of Newton, edited by John G. Burke, pp. 49-84. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983 Helden, Albert van. ‘‘Galileo and the telescope’’ In Novita Celesti (Annali dell’Istituto e museo di storia della scienza di Firenze), edited by P. Galuzzi., pp. 149-158. Firenze: Istituto e museo etc., 1983 Helden, Albert van. Measuring the universe. Cosmic dimensions from Aristarchus to Halley, Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1985 Helden, Albert van. ‘‘The telescope and astronomical dimensions’’ In Planetary astronomy from the Renaissance to the rise of astrophysics. Part A: Tycho Brahe to Newton, edited by René Taton, Curtis Wilson, pp. 81-118. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989 Helden, Albert van, and Mary Winkler. ‘‘Representing the heavens: Galileo and visual astronomy’’ Isis 83 (1992): 195-217 Helden, Albert van. ‘‘Telescopes and authority from Galileo to Cassini’’ Osiris (1994): 9-29 Helden, Albert van. ‘‘Contrasting careers in astronomy: Huygens and Cassini’’ De Zeventiende Eeuw 12-1 (1994): 96-105 Helden, Anne C. van, and Rob H. van Gent. The Huygens collection (Mededeling / Museum Boerhaave; 264), Leiden: Museum Boerhaave, 1995 Helden, Anne C. van, and Rob H. van Gent. “The lens production by Christiaan and Constantijn Huygens” Annals of Science 56 (1999): 69-79 Hentschel, Klaus. “Das Brechungsgesetz in der Fassung von Snellius. Rekonstruktion seines Entdeckungspfades und eine Übersetzung seines lateinischen Manuskriptes sowie ergänzender Dokumente” Archive for History of Exact Sciences 55 (2001): 297-344 Hérigone, Pierre. Cursus mathematicus, nova methodo demonstratus per notas reales et universales. (tomus quintus ac ultimus). Paris, 1637 Hess, Heinz-Jürgen. ‘‘Bücher aus dem Besitz von Christiaan Huygens in der niedersächsischen Landesbibliothek’’ Studia Leibnitiana 12 (1980): 1-51 Hevelius, Johannes. Selenographia: sive lunae descriptio. Gdansk, 1647 Hire, Philippe de la. Divers ouvrages de Mathématique et de Physique. Par Messieurs de l’Académie Royale des Sciences. Paris, 1693 Hirschfield, John Milton. The Académie Royale des Sciences 1666-1683, New York: Arno Press, 1981 Hobbes, Thomas. Thomas White’s ‘De Mundo’ examined. The Latin translated by Harold Whitmore Jones, London: Bradford University Press, 1976 Hofmann, Joseph Ehrenfried. Frans van Schooten der jüngere, Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner Verlag, 1962 Hooke, Robert. Micrographia: or some physiological descriptions of minute bodies made by magnifying glasses with observations and inquiries thereupon. London, 1665 Hooykaas, R. Experientia ac Ratione: Huygens tussen Descartes en Newton (Mededeling / Museum Boerhaave; 201), Leiden: Museum Boerhaave, 1979 BIBLIOGRAPHY 275

Horstmann, Frank. “Hobbes und das Sinusgesetz der Refraktion” Annals of Science 57 (2000): 415-440 Hortensius, Martinus. Oratio de Oculo. Amsterdam, 1635 Houghton, Walter E. ‘‘The history of trades: its relation to 17th-century thought as seen by Bacon, Petty, Evelyn and Boyle’’ Journal for the History of Ideas 2 (1941): 33-60 Huygens, Christiaan. Traité de la Lumière. Où sont expliquées les causes de ce qui luy arrive dans la reflexion, & dans la refraction. Et particulierement dans l’etrange refraction du cristal d’Islande, par C.H.D.Z., avec un discours de la cause de la pesanteur. Leyden, 1690 Huygens, Christiaan. Christiani Hugenii Opuscula Postuma, quae continent dioptricam : commentarios de vitris figurandis : dissertationem de corona & parheliis : tractatum de motu, de vi centrifuga : descriptionem automati planetarii. Leiden, 1703 Huygens, Christiaan. Christiani Hugenii Opera Reliqua (Edid. G.J. ’s Gravesande). Amsterdam, 1728 Huygens, Christiaan. Oeuvres Complètes de Christiaan Huygens. Publiées par la Société Hollandaise des Sciences, 22 vols, Den Haag: Martinus Nijhoff, 1888-1950 Huygens, Christiaan. Le cycle harmonique (Rotterdam 1691). Novus cyclus harmonicus (Leiden 1724). With Dutch and English translations by Rudolf Rasch, Utrecht: The Diaphason Press, 1986 Huygens, Christiaan. The pendulum clock or geometrical demonstrations concerning the motion of pendula as applied to clocks, Translated by Richard J. Blackwell, introduced by H.J.M. Bos. Ames: Iowa State Univsersity Press, 1986 Huygens, Christiaan. Verhandeling over het licht. Vertaald door Dieuwke Eringa, voorzien van een artikel over leven en werk van Huygens door prof. Dr. H.J.M. Bos (Including a facsimile of the original), Utrecht: Epsilon Uitgaven, 1990 Huygens, Constantijn. De briefwisseling van Constantijn Huygens, (1608-1687). Published by J.A. Worp. 6 vols, The Hague: Martinus Nijhoff, 1911 Huygens, Constantijn. De jeugd van Constantijn Huygens door hemzelf beschreven. Uit het Latijn vertaald, toegelicht en met aanteekeningen voorzien door Dr. A.H. Kan, Rotterdam: Ad. Donker, 1971 Ilardi, Vincent. ‘‘Renaissance Florence: the Optical Capital of the World’’ Journal for European Economic History 22 (1993): 507-541 Keesing, Elisabeth. Constantijn en Christiaan. Verhaal van een vriendschap, Amsterdam: Em. Querido Uitgeverij b.v., 1983 Keil, Inge. ‘‘Technology transfer and scientific specialization: Johann Wiesel, optician of Augsburg, and the Hartlib circle’’ In Samuel Hartlib and universal reformation, edited by Mark Greengrass, pp. 268-278. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994 Keil, Inge. ‘‘Der Augsburger Optiker Johann Wiesel und seine Beziehungen zu Herzog August dem Jüngeren von Braunschweig-Lüneburg’’ In Augsburg in der frühen Neuzeit: Beitrage zu einem Forschungsprogram, edited by Jochen Brüning and Friedrich Niewöhner, pp. 158-169. Berlin: Akademie-Verlag, 1994 Keil, Inge. Augustanus opticus : Johann Wiesel (1583-1662) und 200 Jahre optisches Handwerk in Augsburg. Berlin: Akademie Verlag, 2000 Kepler, Johannes. Ad Vitellionem Paralipomena, quibus Astronomiae pars Optica traditur. Frankfurt, 1604 Kepler, Johannes. Dioptrice seu demonstratio eorum quae visui & visibilibus propter conspicilla non ita pridem inventa accidunt. Augsburg, 1611 Kepler, Johannes. Gesammelte Werke. Edited by Walther von Dyck and Max Caspar. 17 vols. to date, Munich: Beck, 1937 Kepler, Johannes. Kepler’s conversation with Galileo’s Sidereal Messenger. First complete translation, with an introduction and notes, by Edward Rosen, The sources of science, no.5. New York: Johnson Reprint Corporation, 1965 Képler, Jean. Dioptrique. Suivi de l’introduction pour le tube optique, de Charles Frisch. Traduit, avec des notes, par Jean Peyroux, Paris: A. Blanchard, 1990 Kepler, Johannes. Optics. Paralipomena to Witelo & Optical Part of Astronomy. Translated by William H. Donahue, Santa Fe: Green Lion Press, 2000 276 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Kernodle, George Riley. Perspective in the Renaissance Theatre. The pictorial sources and the development of scenic forms, Dissertation: Yale University, 1937 Klever, W.N.A. (with the cooperation of J. van Zuylen). ‘‘Insignis opticus. Spinoza in de geschiedenis van de optica’’ De zeventiende eeuw 6 (1990): 47-63 Knowles Middleton, W.E. ‘‘Science in Rome, 1675-1700, and the Accademia Fisicamatematica of Giovanni Giustino Ciampini’’ British Journal for the History of Science 8 (1975): 138-154 Koerbler, Juraj. ‘‘Thomas Harriot (1560-1621) fumeur de pipe, victime du cancer?’’ Sudhoffs Archiv (1952): 52-54 Korteweg, D.J. ‘‘Notes sur Constantijn Huygens considéré comme amateur des sciences exact, et sur ses relations avec Descartes’’ Archives Néerlandaises des sciences exactes et naturelles 22 (1888): 442-466 Korteweg, D.J. ‘‘Descartes et les manuscrits de Snellius d’après quelques documents nouveaux’’ Nieuw archief voor de wiskunde (2de serie) 3 (1898): 57-71 Kuhn, Thomas S. ‘‘Newton’s optical papers’’ In Isaac Newton’s papers and letters on Natural Philosophy and related documents, edited by I. Bernard Cohen, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1958 Lennox, James G. ‘‘Aristotle, Galileo, and ‘Mixed Sciences’’’ In Reinterpreting Galileo, edited by W.A. Wallace, pp. 29-51. Washington, 1986 Lenoble, Robert. ‘‘Roberval ‘éditeur’ de Mersenne et du P. Niceron’’ Revue d’Histoire des Sciences 10 (1957): 235-254 Leon, Tonia J. Sor Juana Ines de la Cruz’s ‘Primero Sueno’. A lyric expression of 17th century scientific thought, PhD, New York University, 1989 Leopold, J.H. ‘‘Christiaan Huygens and his instrument makers’’ In Studies on Christiaan Huygens. Invited papers form the Symposium on the Life and Work of Chrisitiaan Huygens, Amsterdam, 22- 25 August 1979, edited by H.J.M. Bos et al, pp. 221-233. Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger, 1980 Lindberg, David C. ‘‘The cause of refraction in medieval optics’’ British Journal for the History of Science 4 (1968): 23-38 Lindberg, David C. John Pecham and the science of optics, University of Wisconsin Press, 1970 Lindberg, David C. ‘‘A catalogue of Medieval and Renaissance optical manuscripts’’ Subsidia Mediaevalia 4 (1975): 3-142 Lindberg, David C. Theories of vision from Al-Kindi to Kepler, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1976 Lindberg, David C. ‘‘The science of optics’’ In Studies in the History of Medieval Optics. London: Variorum Reprints, 1978 Lindberg, David C. ‘‘Optics in 16th century Italy’’ In Novita Celesti (Annali dell’Istituto e museo di storia della scienza di Firenze), edited by P. Galuzzi., pp. 131-148. Firenze: Istituto e museo etc., 1983 Lindberg, David C. ‘‘Laying the foundations of geometrical optics: Maurolico, Kepler, and the Medieval tradition’’ In The discourse of light from the Middle Ages to the Enlightment: papers read at a Clark Library Seminar, 24 April 1982, edited by David C. Lindberg, Geoffrey Cantor, pp. 1-65. Los Angeles: William Andrews Clark Memorial Library, University of California, 1985 Lindberg, David C. ‘‘The genesis of Kepler’s theory of light: light metaphysics from Plotinus to Kepler’’ Osiris 2 (1986): 5-42 Lindberg, David C. ‘‘Continuity and discontinuity in the history of optics: Kepler and the medieval tradition’’ In History of Technology, pp. 431-448, 1987 Lindberg, David C. ‘‘Roger Bacon and the origins of Perspectiva in the West’’ In Mathematics and its applications to science and natural philosophy in the Middle Ages. Essays in honor of Marshall Clagett, edited by Edward Grant, pp. 249-267. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987 Lindberg, David C. ‘‘Kepler and the incorporeality of light’’ In Physics, Cosmology and Astronomy, 1300-1700, edited by S. Unguru, pp. 229-250. Kluwer Academic Publishers, 1991 Lohne, Johannes. ‘‘Thomas Harriot (1560-1621) The Tycho Brahe of optics. Preliminary notice’’ Centaurus 6 (1959): 113-121 BIBLIOGRAPHY 277

Lohne, Johannes. ‘‘Zur Geschichte des Brechungsgesetzes’’ Sudhoffs Archiv 47 (1963): 152-172 Lohne, Johannes. ‘‘Fermat, Newton, Leibniz und das anaklastische Problem’’ Nordisk Matematisk Tidskrift 14 (1966): 5-25 Lohne, Johannes. ‘‘Kepler und Harriot. Ihre Wege zum Brechungsgesetz’’ In Internationales Kepler-Symposium, Weil der Stadt (8. Bis 11. August 1971): Referate und Diskussionen, edited by Fritz Kraft, Karl Meyer, Bernhard Sticker, pp. 187-213. Hildesheim: Gerstenberg, 1973 Lohne, Johannes. ‘‘Nova experimenta crystalli islandici disdiaclastici’’ Centaurus 21 (1977): 106- 148 Looy, Herman van. ‘‘Chronologie et analyse des manuscrits mathématiques de Grégoire de Saint-Vincent (1584-1667)’’ Archivum Historicum Societatis Iesu 48 (1980): 279-303 Louyat, Henri. ‘‘Emmanuel Maignan (1601-1676), religieux Toulousain de l’Ordre des Minimes, mathmaticien, philosophe’’ Memoires de l’academie des sciences, inscriptions et belles- lettres de Toulouse 139 (1977): 127-148 Lux, David S. ‘‘Colbert’s plan for the ‘Grande Académie’: royal policy toward sicence, 1663- 1667’’ Seventeenth-Century French Studies 12 (1990): 177-188 Maanen, Jan A. van. ‘‘Chronology’’ In Studies on Christiaan Huygens. Invited papers form the Symposium on the Life and Work of Chrisitiaan Huygens, Amsterdam, 22-25 August 1979, edited by H.J.M. Bos et al, pp. 19-26. Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger, 1980 Maanen, Jan A. van. ‘‘Unknown manuscript material of Christiaan Huygens’’ Historia Mathematica 12 (1985): 60-65 Maddison, R.E.W. ‘‘Spread of the knowledge of Galileo’s work in England in the first half of the seventeenth century’’ In Atti del Symposium internazionale di storia, metodologia, logica e filosofia della scienza: Galileo nella storia e nella filosofia della scienza, edited by I. Bernard Cohen et al., Firenze: Vinci. Gruppo italiano di storia delle scienze, 1967 Maffioli, Cesare. Out of Galileo. The science of waters 1628-1718, Rotterdam: Erasmus Publishing, 1994 Mahoney, Michael Sean. The mathematical career of Pierre de Fermat 1601-1665, Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1973 Michael S. Mahoney, “The Determination of Time and of Longitude at Sea” In Studies on Christiaan Huygens. Invited papers form the Symposium on the Life and Work of Chrisitiaan Huygens, Amsterdam, 22-25 August 1979, edited by H.J.M. Bos et al, pp. 234-270. Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger, 1980 Mahoney, Michael S. ‘‘Barrow’s mathematics: between ancients and moderns’’ In Before Newton. The life and times of Isaac Barrow, edited by Mordechai Feingold, pp. 179-249. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990 Malet, Antoni. ‘‘Gregorie, Descartes, Kepler, and the law of refraction’’ Archives Internationales d’Histoire des Sciences 40 (1990): 278-304 Malet, Antoni. ‘‘Isaac Barrow on the mathematization of nature: theological voluntarism and the rise of geometrical optics’’ Journal for the History of Ideas 58 (1997): 265-287 Malet, Antoni. “Kepler and the telescope” Annals of Science 60 (2003): 107-136 Mancosu, Paolo. ‘‘Aristotelian logic and Euclidean mathematics: seventeenth-century developments of the ‘Quaestio de Certitudine Mathematicarum’’’ Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 23 (1992): 241-265 Mancosu, Paolo. Philosophy of mathematics and mathematical practice in the 17th century, New York: Oxford University Press, 1996 Mandosio, Jean-Marc. ‘‘Entre mathématiques et physique: Note sur les ‘sciences intermédiaires’ a la Renaissance’’ In Comprendre et maîtriser la nature au Moyen Age: Mélanges d’histoire des sciences offerts à Guy Beaujouan, edited by Chantal Connochie- Bourgne et al., pp. 115-138. Genève: Droz, 1994 Manzini, Conte Carlo Antonio. L’Occhiale all’Occhio, Dioptrica prattica. Bologna, 1660 Marius, Simon. ‘‘The ‘Mundus Jovialis’ of Simon Marius. Translated by A.O. Prickard (in four parts)’’ The Observatory 39 (1916): 367-503 278 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Mathey, Ignaz. ‘‘De betekenis van de natuur en de natuurwetenschappen voor Constantijn Huygens’’ In Constantijn Huygens: zijn plaats in geleerd Europa, edited by Hans Bots, pp. 334-459. Amsterdam: University Press, 1973 Maull, Nancy L. ‘‘Cartesian optics and the geometrization of nature’’ In Descartes: philosophy, mathematics and physics, edited by Stephen Gaukroger, pp. 23-40. Sussex: The Harvester Press, 1980 McClaughlin, Trevor. ‘‘Was there an emperical movement in mid-seventeenth century France? Experiments in Jacques Rohault’s ‘Traité de Physique’’’ Revue d’Histoire des Sciences 49 (1996): 459-481 McGuire, J.E., and Martin Tamny. Certain philosophical questions: Newton’s Trinity notebook, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983 McKeon, Robert M. ‘‘Les débuts de l’astronomie de précision. I. Histoire de la realisation du micrometre astronomique’’ Physis 13 (1971): 225-288 McKeon, Robert M. ‘‘Les débuts de l’astronomie de précision. II. Histoire de l’acquisition des instruments d’astronomie et de geodesie munis d’appareils de visee optique’’ Physis 14 (1972): 221-242 McKeon, Robert M. ‘‘Le renouvellement de l’astronomie de précision de Tycho Brahe a Jean Picard’’ In Picard et les debuts de l’astronomie de précision au XVIIe siècle, edited by Guy Picolet, pp. 119-131. Paris: CNRS, 1986 McKirahan, Richard D. ‘‘Aristotle’s subordinate sciences’’ British Journal for the History of Science 11 (1978): 197-220 McMullin, Ernan. ‘‘Conceptions of science in the Scientific Revolution’’ In Reappraissals of the Scientific Revolution, edited by David C. Lindberg and Robert S. Westman, pp. 27-92. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990 Mersenne, Marin. La Vérité des Sciences. Paris, 1625 Mersenne, Marin. Universae geometriae, mixtaque, synopsis et bini refractionum demonstratum tractatus. Paris, 1644 Mersenne, Marin. La correspondance du P. Marin Mersenne. Edited by P. Tannery and C. de Waard, Paris: Editions du CNRS, 1933 Meyer, Karl. Optische Lehre und Forschung im frühen 17. Jahrhundert, dargestellt vornehmlich an den Arbeiten des Joachim Jungius, Hamburg. Dissertation, Universität Hamburg, 1974 Meyer, Karl. ‘‘Perspectiva - Optica - Photica - Dioptrica. Bemerkungen zum Wandel des Gegenstandes in der Optik’’ In Disciplinae Novae. Zur Entstehung neuer Denk- und Arbeitsrichtungen in der Naturwissenschaft, edited by Christoph J. Scriba, pp. 65-74. Goettingen: Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht, 1979 Milhaud, Gaston. Descartes Savant, New York: Garland/Paris: Alcan 1921, 1987 Molland, George. ‘‘John Dumbleton and the status of geometrical optics’’ In Mathematics and the Medieval Ancestry of Physics, edited by George Molland, pp. 1-6 (VII). Aldershot: Variorum, 1995 Molyneux, William. Dioptrica Nova. A treatise of dioptricks, in two parts. London, 1692 Montucla, Jean-Etienne. Histoire des mathématiques. Paris, 1758 Moran, Bruce T. ‘‘Princes, machines and the valuation of precision in the 16th century’’ Sudhoffs Archiv 61 (1977): 209-228 Mouy, P. Le développement de la physique cartésienne 1646-1712, Paris: Vrin, 1934 Mulder, Henry. ‘‘Pure, mixed and applied mathematics. The changing perception of mathematics through history’’ Nieuw archief voor de wiskunde (4de serie) 8 (1990): 27-41 Mydorge, Claude. Prodromi catoptricorum et dioptricorum, sive conicorum operis ad abdita radii reflexi et refracti mysteria praevii et facem praeferentis libri IV priores. Paris, 1641 Naldoni, Maria Amalia. ‘‘Le ‘De Telescopio’ de Giovan Batista Della Porta’’ Scientia 79 (1946): 113-116 Newton, Isaac. The correspondence of Isaac Newton. Edited by H.W. Turnbull, J.F. Scott, A.Rupert Hall and Marie Boas Hall. 7 vols, Cambridge, 1957 Newton, Isaac. Unpublished scientific papers of Isaac Newton. A selection from the Portsmouth collection in the university library, Cambridge, Cambridge: At the University Press, 1962 BIBLIOGRAPHY 279

Newton, Isaac. The mathematical papers of Isaac Newton. Edited by D.T. Whiteside, with the assistance in publication of A. Prag. 8 vols, Cambridge, 1967 Newton, Isaac. Opticks or a treatise of the reflections, refractions, inflections & colours of light. Based on the fourth edition London 1730 (1979 extended edition), New York: Dover Publications, 1979 Newton, Isaac. The optical papers of Isaac Newton. Edited by Alan E. Shapiro. 1 vol to date, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1984 Newton, Isaac. The Principia. Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy. A new translation by I. Bernard Cohen, Anne Whitman; assisted by Julia Budenz; preceded by a guide to Newton’s Principia by I. Bernard Cohen. Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1999 Niceron, R.P. Jean-François. La perspective curieuse ou Magie artificielle des effets merveilleux: de l’optique, catoptrique, dioptrique. Paris, 1638 North, John. ‘‘Thomas Harriot and the first telescopic observations of sunspots’’ In Thomas Harriot. Renaissance scientist, edited by John W. Shirley, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1974 Ochs, Kathleen H. ‘‘The Royal Society of London’s history of trades programme: An early episode in applied science’’ Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 39 (1985): 129-158 Oldenburg, Henry. The Correspondence of Henry Oldenburg. Edited by A. Rupert Hall and Marie Boas Hall. 11 vols. to date, Madison:, 1965 Otto-Bernès, Anne-Catherine. ‘‘Van Gutschoven, Gérard’’ In Nouvelle biographie nationale. T.2, pp. 362-364. Bruxelles, 1990 Parkhurst, Charles. ‘‘Aguilonius’ optics and Rubens’ color’’ Nederlands Kunsthistorisch Jaarboek 12 (1961): 35-49 Pater, C. de. ‘‘Experimental physics’’ In Leiden University in the seventeenth century. An exchange of learning, edited by Lunsingh Scheurleer, Th.H &G.H.M. Posthumus Meyjes, pp. 309- 327. Universitaire Pers Leidne/E.J. Brill, 1975 Pedersen, Olaf. ‘‘Sagredo’s Optical Researches’’ Centaurus 13 (1968): 139-150 Petit, Pierre. De Ignis & Lucis Natura Exercitationes. Ad Is. Vossium. Paris, 1663 Petroski, Henry. Design paradigms. Case histories of error and judgment in engineering, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1994 Pflugk, A. v., and M. v. Rohr. ‘‘Beiträge zur Entwicklung der Kenntniss von der Brille’’ Zeitschrift für Augenheilkunde 40 (1918): 50-77 Picard, Jean. “Fragmens de dioptrique” in: Divers ouvrages de mathematique et de physique. Par messieurs de l’academie royale des sciences. Published by Philippe de la Hire, pp. 375-412. Paris, 1693 Picolet, Guy. ‘‘La correspondence de Jean Picard avec Johann Hevelius (1671-1679)’’ Revue d’Histoire des Sciences 31 (1978): 3-42 Picolet, Guy. ‘‘Recherches sur la biographie de Jean Picard avant 1666’’ In Picard et les debuts de l’astronomie de précision au XVIIe siècle, edited by Guy Picolet, pp. 13-83. Paris: CNRS, 1987 Plempius. Ophthalmographia sive Tractatio de oculo. Editio altera. Louvain, 1648 Ploeg, Willem. Constantijn Huygens en de natuurwetenschappen, Rotterdam: Nijgh & van Ditmar nv, 1934 Porta, G. della. De Refractione Optices parte. Libri novem. Naples, 1593 Porta, Giovan della. De Telescopio. Introduzione di Vasco Ronchi e Maria Naldoni, Firenze, 1962 Price, Derek J. ‘‘The Manufacture of Scientific Instruments from c 1500 to c 1700’’ In A history of technology. 8 vols., edited by Charles Singer et al., pp. 620-647. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1954-1984 Price, Derek de Solla. ‘‘Philosophical mechanism and mechanical philosophy. Some notes towards a philosophy of scientific instruments’’ Annali dell'Istituto e museo di storia della scienza di Firenze 5 (1980): 77-85 Prins, Jan. ‘‘Hobbes on light and vision’’ In The Cambridge companion to Hobbes, edited by Tom Sorrel, pp. 129-156. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996 280 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Rashed, Roshdi. ‘‘A pioneer in anaclastics. Ibn Sahl on burning mirrors and lenses’’ Isis 81 (1990): 464-491 Rheita, Anton Maria Schyrleus de. Oculus Enoch et Eliae. Antwerpen, 1645 Ribe, Neil M. ‘‘Cartesian optics and the mastery of nature’’ Isis 88 (1997): 42-61 Rigaud, Stephen Jordan. Correspondence of scientific men of the seventeenth century. 2 vols, Oxford, 1841 (Reprint. Hildesheim: Georg Olms, 1965) Righini Bonelli, M.L., and A. van Helden. ‘‘Divini and Campani: a forgotten chapter in the history of the Accademia del Cimento’’ Annali dell’Istituto e museo di storia della scienza di Firenze 6 (1981): 2-43 Risner, Friedrich. Optica Thesaurus. Alhazeni arabis libri septem, nunc primum editi … Item Vitellonis Thuringopoloni libri X. (Reprint with an introduction by David C. Lindberg. New York: Johnson, 1972) Basel, 1572 Rohr, Moritz von. ‘‘Ein Versuch zur Ermittelung der optischen Kenntnisse der Brillenhersteller um das Jahr 1600’’ Zeitschrift für ophthalmologische Optik 10 (1919): 1-8 Rohr, Moritz von. ‘‘Über eine alte Einteilung der Brechungsfehler’’ Zeitschrift für ophthalmologische Optik (1925): 36-38 Romein-Verschoor, A. ‘‘Christiaen Huygens, de ontdekker der waarschijnlijkheid’’ In Erflaters van onze beschaving, edited by J.Romein and A. Romein-Verschoor, pp. 397-422. Amsterdam, 1938 Rømer, Ole. “Demonstration touchant le mouvement de la Lumière trouvé par M. Roemer de l’Academie Royale des Sciences”, Journal des Scavans 7 (1676) Ronchi, Vasco. ‘‘En quoi consistait le ‘secret des lunettes’ de Torricelli?’’ Scientia 79 (1946): 23- 29 Ronchi, Vasco. ‘‘Du ‘De Refractione’ au ‘De Telescopio’ de G.B. Della Porta’’ Revue d’Histoire des Sciences 7 (1954): 34-59 Rosen, Edward. The naming of the telescope, New York: Schuman, 1947 Rosen, Edward. ‘‘The invention of eyeglasses. Part I’’ Journal of the history of medicine and allied sciences 11 (1956): 13-46 Rosen, Edward. ‘‘The invention of eyeglasses. Part II’’ Journal of the history of medicine and allied sciences 11 (1956): 183-218 Rossi, Paolo. Philosophy, technology and the arts in the early modern era, New York: Harper & Row, 1970 Ruestow, Edward G. The microscope and the Dutch Republic. The shaping of discovery, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1996 Sabra, A.I. ‘‘Explanation of optical reflection and refraction: Ibn al-Haytam, Descartes, Newton’’ In Proceedings of the 10th international congress of History of Science (Actes du xième congrès), edited by Henry Guerlac, President, pp. 551-554. Hermann, 1962 Sabra, A.I. Theories of light from Descartes to Newton, London: Oldbourne Book Co., 1967 Sabra, A.I. ‘‘The physical and the mathematical in Ibn al-Haytham’s theory of light and vision’’ In Optics, Astronomy and Logic. Studies in Arabic Science and Philosophy, edited by A.I. Sabra, pp. 1-20 (VII). Aldershot: Variorum, 1976 Scheiner, Christoph. Oculus hoc est fundamentum opticum in quo ex accurata oculi anatome, abstrusarum experientiarum sedula pervestigatione. Oeniponti, 1619 Scheiner, Christoph. Rosa Ursina. Bracciano, 1630 Schneider, Ivo. ‘‘Wie Huren und Betrüger - die Begegnung des jungen Descartes mit der Welt der Praktiker der Mathematik’’ Berichte zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte 20 (1997): 173-188 Schuh, Fred. ‘‘De eerste uitingen van het genie van Christiaan Huygens’’ Christiaan Huygens 7 (1928): 214-217 Schuster, John A. Descartes and the scientific revolution, 1618-1634: an interpretation, Princeton University, 1977 Schuster, John A. ‘‘Descartes’ mathesis universalis: 1619-1628’’ In Descartes: philosophy, mathematics and physics, edited by Stephen Gaukroger, pp. 41-96. Sussex: The Harvester Press, 1980 BIBLIOGRAPHY 281

Schuster, John A. ‘‘The scientific revolution’’ In Companion to the history of modern science, edited by R.C. Olby, G.N. Cantor, J.R.R. Christie, M. Hodge, pp. 217-242. London: Routledge, 1990 Schuster, John A. ‘‘Descartes agonistes: New tales of Cartesian natural philosophy’’ Perspectives on Science 3 (1995): 99-145 Schuster, John, A. “Descartes opticien. The construction of the law of refraction and the manufacture of its physical rationales, 1618-1629” In Descartes’ Natural Philosophy, edited by Stephen Gaukroger, John Schuster, John Sutton, pp. 258-312. London: Routledge, 2000 Sergescu, P. ‘‘La littérature mathématique dans la première période (1665-1701) du ‘Journal des Savants’’’ Archives Internationales d’Histoire des Sciences 1 (1947): 60-99 Shank, Michael H. “Galileo’s Day in Court” Journal of the History of Astronomy 25 (1994): 236- 243 Shapiro, Alan E. ‘‘Kinematic optics: a study of the wave theory of light in the seventeenth century’’ Archive for History of Exact Sciences 11 (1973): 134-266 Shapiro, Alan E. ‘‘Light, pressure, and rectilinear propagation: Descartes’ celestial optics and Newton's hydrostatics’’ Studies in History and Philosophy of Science 5 (1974): 239-296 Shapiro, Alan E. ‘‘Newton’s definition of a light ray and the diffusion theories of chromatic dispersion’’ Isis 66 (1975): 194-210 Shapiro, Alan E. ‘‘Newton’s ‘achromatic’ dispersion law: theoretical background and experimental evidence’’ Archive for History of Exact Sciences 21 (1979): 91-128 Shapiro, Alan E. ‘‘The evolving structure of Newton’s theory of white light and color’’ Isis 71 (1980): 211-235 Shapiro, Alan E. ‘‘Experiment and mathematics in Newton’s theory of color’’ Physics Today 37 (1984): 34-42 Shapiro, Alan E. ‘‘Huygens’ ‘Traité de la Lumière’ and Newton’s ‘Opticks’: pursuing and eschewing hypotheses’’ Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 43 (1989): 223-247 Shapiro, Alan E. ‘‘The ‘Optical Lectures’ and the foundations of the theory of optical imagery’’ In Before Newton. The life and times of Isaac Barrow, edited by Mordechai Feingold, pp. 105-178. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990 Shapiro, Alan E. Fits, Passions, and Paroxysms. Physics, method, and chemistry and Newton's theories of colored bodies and fits of easy reflection, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993 Shapiro, Alan E. ‘‘Artists’ colors and Newton’s colors’’ Isis 85 (1994): 600-630 Shapiro, Alan E. ‘‘The gradual acceptance of Newton’s theory of light and color, 1672-1727’’ Perspectives on Science 4 (1996): 59-140 Shea, W.R. ‘‘Descartes and the French artisan Jean Ferrier’’ Annali dell’Istituto e museo di storia della scienza di Firenze 7 (1982): 145-160 Shea, William R. The magic of numbers and motion. The scientific career of René Descartes, Canton: Science History Publications, USA, 1991 Simms, J. Gerald. William Molyneux of Dublin (1656-1698), Dublin: Irish Academic Press, 1982 Simms & D.J. Bryden, D.L. ‘‘Spectacles improved to perfection and approved of by the Royal Society’’ Annals of Science 50 (1993) Simpson, A.D.C. ‘‘Richard Reeve - the ‘English Campani’ - and the origins of the London telescope-making tradition’’ Vistas in Astronomy 28 (1985): 357-365 Sirtori, Girolamo. Telescopium: sive ars perficiendi illud Galilaei visorium instrumentum ad sydera. Frankfurt, 1618 Smith, A. Mark. ‘‘Getting the big picture in perspectivist optics’’ Isis 72 (1981): 568-589 Smith, A. Mark. ‘‘Saving the appearances of the appearances: the foundations of classical geometrical optics’’ Archive for History of Exact Sciences 24 (1981): 73-99 Smith, A. Mark. ‘‘Ptolemy’s search for a law of refraction: a case-study in the classical methodology of ‘saving the appearances’ and its limitations’’ Archive for History of Exact Sciences 26 (1982): 221-240 Smith, A. Mark. ‘‘Witelonis perspectivae liber quintus, book V of Witelo’s perspectiva’’ Studia Copernicana 23 (1983) 282 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Smith, A. Mark. Descartes’s theory of light and refraction: a discourse on method. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. Volume 77, part 3, Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1987 Smith, A. Mark. Ptolemy’s theory of perception: an english translation of the ‘Optics’ with introduction and commentary. Transactions of the American Philosophical Society. Volume 86, part 2, Philadelphia: American Philosophical Society, 1996 Smith, George E. Huygens’ empirical challenge to universal gravity, Unpublished lecture, Christiaan Huygens Congress, Leiden, 1995 Smith, Robert. A compleat system of opticks. In four books, viz. a popular, a mathematical, a mechanical, and a philosophical treatise. to which are added remarks upon the whole. Cambridge, 1738 Snel, Willebrord. Risneri Opticam. Cum annotationibus Willebrordi Snellii. Edited by J.A. Vollgraff, Gent: Plantijn, 1918 Southall, James P.C. ‘‘Some of Huygens’ contributions to dioptrics, with notes’’ Journal of the Optical Society of America and Review of Scientific Instruments 6 (1922): 461-475 Sparnaay, M.J. Adventures in vacuums, Amsterdam: North-Holland, 1992 Spinoza, Baruch de. ‘‘Briefwisseling. Vertaald uit het Latijn en uitgegeven naar de bronnen alsmede van een inleiding en van een verklarende en tekstkritische aantekekingen’’ In Werken van B. de Spinoza, edited by F. Akkerman et al, Amsterdam: Wereldbibliotheek, 1977 Spinoza, Baruch de. ‘‘Korte Geschriften. Bezorgd door F.Akkerman, H.G.Hubbeling, F.Mignini, M.J.Petry, N. en G.van Suchtelen’’ In Werken van B. de Spinoza, edited by F. Akkerman et al, Amsterdam: Wereldbibliotheek, 1982 Stiegler, Karl. ‘‘Das Problem der sphärischen Aberration und seine Lösung durch Isaac Newton. Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte der Theorie der optischen Instrumente’’ Technikgeschichte 44 (1977): 121-149 Straker, Stephen. ‘‘The eye made ‘other’: Durer, Kepler, and the mechanisation of light and vision’’ In Science, technology, and culture in historical perspective, edited by L.A. Knafla, M.S. Staum and T.H.E. Travers, pp. 7-25. The University of Calgary, Straker, Stephen Mory. Kepler’s optics: a study in the development of seventeenth-century natural philosophy, Thesis: Indiana University, 1971 Straker, Stephen. ‘‘Kepler, Tycho and the ‘optical part of astronomy’: the genesis of Kepler's theory of pinhole images’’ Archive for History of Exact Sciences 24 (1981): 267-293 Straker, Stephen. ‘‘What is the history of perception the history of?’’ In Religion, science and worldview. Essays in honor of Richard S. Westfall, edited by M. Osler and P. Farber, pp. 271-247. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1985 Stroud, Elaine Condouris. Thomas Hobbes’ A minute or first draught of the optiques: a critical edition, Dissertation, The University of Wisconsin, Madison, 1983 Stroup, A. ‘‘Christiaan Huygens and the development of the air-pump’’ Janus 68 (1981): 129- 158 Struik, Dirk Jan. Het land van Stevin en Huygens, Nijmegen: Socialistiese Uitgeverij Nijmegen, 19793 Tacquet, André. Opera mathematica. Antwerp, 1669 Tenenti, Alberto. ‘‘Claude Perrault et la pensee scientifique francaise dans la seconde moitie du XVIIe siecle’’ In Hommage a Lucien Febvre. éventail de l’histoire vivante, Paris: Librairie Armand Colin, 1953 Thewes, Alfons. Oculus Enoch. Ein Beitrag zur Entdeckungsgeschichte des Fernrohrs, 1983 Thoren, Victor E. The Lord of Uraniborg. A Biography of Tycho Brahe, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990 Turnbull, Herbert Westren. James Gregory Tercentenary Memorial Volume, London: G. Bell & Sons for the Royal Society of Edinbugh, 1939 Unguru, Sabetai. ‘‘Witelonis perspectivae liber primus, book I of Witelo’s perspectiva’’ Studia Copernicana 15 (1977) Unguru, Sabetai. ‘‘Witelonis perspectivae liber primus, book I of Witelo’s perspectiva (books II and III)’’ Studia Copernicana 28 (1991) BIBLIOGRAPHY 283

Uylenbroek, Petrus Johannus. ‘‘Oratio de fratribus christiano atque constantino hugenio, artis dioptricae cultoribus’’ Annales academici (neerlandici) 7 (1837): 7-48 Vanheste, Tomas. Copernicus is ziek. Een geschiedenis van het New-Agedenken over natuurwetenschap, Delft: Eburon, 1996 Vermij, Rienk. ‘‘De Nederlandse vriendenkring van E.W. von Tschirnhaus’’ Tijdschrift voor de Geschiedenis der Geneeskunde, Natuurkunde, Wiskunde en Techniek 11 (1988): 153-178 Vermij, Rienk. ‘‘Bijdrage tot de bio-bibliografie van Johannes Hudde’’ Gewina 18 (1995): 25-35 Vermij, Rienk, and Eisso Atzema. ‘‘‘Specilla circularia’: an unknown work by Johannes Hudde’’ Studia Leibnitiana 27 (1995): 104-121 Vollgraff, J.A. ‘‘Pierre de la Ramée (1515-1572) et Willebrord Snel van Royen (1580-1626)’’ Janus (1913): 595-625 Vollgraff, J.A. ‘‘Christiaan Huygens. Eenige citaten en beschouwingen naar aanleiding van den driehonderdsten gedenkdag zijner geboorte (14 april 1629)’’ Christiaan Huygens 7 (1928): 181-191 Vollgraff, J.A. ‘‘Snellius’ notes on the reflection and refraction of rays’’ Osiris 1 (1936): 718-725 Vollgraff, J.A. ‘‘Deux lettres de Christiaan Huygens’’ Archives Internationales d’Histoire des Sciences 4 (1953): 634-637 Vossius, Isaac. De Lucis Natura et proprietate. Amsterdam, 1662 Vossius, Isaac. Responsum ad Objecta Joh. De Bruyn Professoris Trajectini: et Petri Petiti Medici Parisiensis. The Hague, 1663 Waard, Cornelis de. De uitvinding der Verrekijkers. Een bijdrage tot de beschavingsgeschiedenis, ’s Gravenhage, 1906 Waard, Cornelis de. ‘‘Les objections de Pierre Petit contre le Discours et les Essais de Descartes’’ Revue de métaphysique et de morale 32 (1925): 53-89 Waard, Cornelis de. ‘‘Le manuscrit perdu de Snellius sur la réfraction’’ Janus 39 (1935): 51-73 Walker, Obadiah. Propositions concerning optic-glasses, with their natural reasons drawn from experiments. Oxford, 1679 Westfall, Richard S. ‘‘Isaac Newton’s coloured circles twixt two contiguous glasses’’ Archive for History of Exact Sciences 2 (1962): 181-196 Westfall, Richard S. “Huygens’s rings and Newton’s rings: periodicity and seventeenth century optics” Ratio 10 (1968): 64-77 Westfall, Richard S. ‘‘Uneasily fitful reflections on fits of easy transmission’’ In The ‘Annus Mirabilis’ of Sir Isaac Newton 1666-1669 (= the Texas Quarterly, 10-3, 1967), edited by Robert Palter, pp. 88-104. Cambridge MA: The M.I.T. Press, 1970 Westfall, Richard S. Force in Newton’s physics. The science of dynamics in the seventeenth century, London: Macdonald, 1971 Westfall, Richard S. The construction of modern science. Mechanisms and mechanics, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977 Westfall, Richard S. Never at rest. A biography of Isaac Newton, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1980 Westfall, Richard S. ‘‘Robert Hooke, mechanical technology, and scientific investigation’’ In The uses of science in the age of Newton, edited by John G. Burke, pp. 85-110. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1983 Westfall, Richard S. ‘‘Science and technology during the Scientific Revolution: an empirical approach’’ In Renaissance and Revolution. Humanists, scholars, craftsmen and natural philosophers in early modern Europe, edited by J. Field and F. James, pp. 63-72. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993 Westman, Robert S. ‘‘Huygens and the problem of Cartesianism’’ In Studies on Christiaan Huygens. Invited papers form the Symposium on the Life and Work of Chrisitiaan Huygens, Amsterdam, 22-25 August 1979, edited by H.J.M. Bos et al, pp. 83-103. Lisse: Swets & Zeitlinger, 1980 White, Lynn. Medieval Technology and Social Change, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1964 White, Lynn. ‘‘Pumps and Pendula: Galileo and Technology’’ In Medieval Religion and Technology: Collected Essays, pp. 121-132. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1966 284 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Winkler, Mary G., and Albert van Helden. ‘‘Johannes Hevelius and the visual language of astronomy’’ In Renaissance and Revolution. Humanists, scholars, craftsmen and natural philosophers in early modern Europe, edited by J. Field and F. James, pp. 97-116. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1993 Wroblewski, Andrzej. ‘‘‘De mora luminis’ A spectacle in two acts with a prologue and an epilogue’’ American Journal of Physics 53 (1985): 620-630 Yoder, Joella G. Unrolling Time. Christiaan Huygens and the mathematization of nature, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1988 Yoder, Joella G. ‘‘Christiaan Huygens’ great treasure’’ Tractrix 3 (1991): 1-13 Yoder, Joella G. ‘‘The archives of Christiaan Huygens and his editors’’ In Archives of the Scientific Revolution, edited by Michael Hunter, pp. 91-107. Woolbridge: The Boydell Press, 1998 Zahn, Johannes. Oculus artificialis teledioptricus. Herbipoli, 1685 Ziggelaar, August. ‘‘Aux origines de la théorie des vibrations harmoniques: le père Ignace Gaston Pardies (1636-1673)’’ Centaurus 11 (1966): 145-151 Ziggelaar, August. ‘‘Das Gymnasium der Jesuiten in Padua um 1590 in Verbindung mit dem Buche von Marcantonio de Dominis ‘De Radiis Visus et Lucis’, 1611’’ Archivum Historicum Societatis Iesu 49 (1980): 255-264 Ziggelaar, August. ‘‘The sine law of refraction derived from the principle of Fermat - prior to Fermat? The theses of Wilhelm Boelmans S.J. in 1634’’ Centaurus 24 (1980): 246-262 Ziggelaar, August. ‘‘How did the wave theory of light take shape in the mind of Christiaan Huygens?’’ Annals of Science 37 (1980): 179-187 Ziggelaar, August. ‘‘François de Aguilon S.J. (1567-1617) Scientist and architect’’ In Bibliotheca Instituti Historici S.I., Roma: Institutum Historicum S.I., 1983 Index

Académie Royale des Sciences 44, 49, 53, 209-211, 228-232, 234, 236-241, 244- 105, 107, 110, 157, 159, 160, 172, 247, 256, 260-262, 264 204, 205, 206, 207, 213, 215, 222, cause of refraction ...... 126-130, 187 224, 238, 239, 241, 261 Discours de la Methode (1637) ...... 24 Aguilón, François d’ (1567-1617) 35, 42, La Dioptrique (1637) 8, 11, 13-14, 16, 95 24, 36, 37, 38, 41, 49, 56, 62, 71, Alhacen, or Ibn al-Haytham (ca.965- 82, 109, 111, 125-128, 131-134, 1039) 27-28, 38, 83, 108, 112-116, 136, 155, 186, 188-189, 206, 213, 124, 131, 160, 211, 228 224, 231-232, 238 Andriesse, C...... 107 La Géométrie (1637)...... 11, 13-14, 41 Ango, Pierre (1640-1694) 110, 152, 153, Le Monde, ou Traité de la Lumière (1664) 195-196, 250 ...... 133, 187, 188, 224, 253 Auzout, Adrien (1622-1691) ...... 44, 157 lenses ...... 36-37 Bacon, Francis (1561-1626) ...99, 105, 247 Les Météores (1637)...... 13, 24, 193 Bacon, Roger (1214-1292)...... 27, 114 Principia Philosophiae (1644) 133, 187, Baillet, Adrien (1649-1706) . 237, 246, 247 242, 261 Barrow, Isaac (1630-1677) 38-41, 50, 95, Dijksterhuis, E.J...... 2, 6, 236 102, 108, 112, 125, 136, 138-140, 157, Divini, Eustachio (1610-1685) 53-54, 59, 189, 190, 192, 213, 220, 230, 232, 62 256, 257 with H. Fabri, Brevis Annotatio in cause of refraction ...... 137-138, 202, 211 Systema Saturnium (1660)...... 54 image formation...... 39 Domini, Marko Antonij (1560-1624) ....33 Lectiones XVIII (1669) 39, 82, 83, 136, Dupré, S...... 29, 35 139 Fatio de Duillier, Nicolas (1664-1753) Bartholinus, Erasmus (1625-1692)..... 111, ...... 223-224, 244, 250-251 135, 142-147, 149, 151, 153, 154, 155, Fermat, Pierre de (1601-1665) 135, 156, 168, 170, 171, 182, 205-210, 231, 260 162, 165, 167, 205 Beeckman, Isaac (1588-1637) ....42, 57, 58 Ferrier, Jean (fl. 1620-1640) ...... 36, 56 Berkel, K. van...... 157 Flamsteed, John (1646-1719) 45-50, 72, Bolantio, Giovanni Christophoro () ... 61- 256 62, 76 Fontana, Francesco (ca.1585-1656) 43, 59 Bos, H.J...... 3 Fresnel, Augustin (1788-1827)...... 42, 253 Boyle, Robert (1627-1691) .....94, 135, 228 Fullenius, Bernardus (1640-1707) ...... 221 Brahe, Tycho (1546-1601)... 26, 43, 44, 45 Galileï, Galileo (1564-1642) 9, 41, 53-55, Buchdahl, G...... 120 59, 63, 96, 97, 98, 117, 126, 135, 154, Buchwald, J.Z...... 146, 179, 196, 207, 230 202, 211, 233, 238, 240, 246-248, 252, Campani, Guiseppe (1635-1715)..... 59, 62 256, 257, 261-262, 264 Cassini, Gian Domenico (1625-1712) . 44- Discorsi e Dimostrazioni Matematiche 45, 107, 167 Intorno a Due Nuove Scienze (1638) Cavalieri, Bonaventura (ca.1598-1647).38, ...... 211, 242 135 Sidereus Nuncius (1610)...... 25, 35, 55 Cherubin d’Orleans (1613-1697)...... 62 Gascoigne, William (ca.1610-1644). 43, 47 Colbert, Jean-Baptiste (1619-1683)...... 53, Gassendi, Pierre (1592-1655)...... 228, 247 160-161, 204, 214 Gravesande, Willem Jacob ‘s (1688-1742) Daza de Valdez, Benito (1591-1634) .....61 ...... 251 Descartes, René (1596-1650) 2, 5-9, 15, Gregory, James (1638-1675) ..38, 125, 135 25, 36, 37, 40-42, 50, 55-57, 67, 71, Grimaldi, Francesco Maria (1618-1663) 72, 82, 94, 96, 101, 108-109, 112-113, ...... 135 116-117, 126-127, 129-136, 139-140, Grosseteste, Robert (ca.1170-1253).....114 146-147, 149, 151-156, 158, 170, 186- Gutschoven, Gerard van (1615-1668) 14- 189, 191, 193, 195-196, 198, 200, 205, 18, 57 Hakfoort, Casper ...... 9, 211, 252 286 INDEX

Hall, A.R...... 8 nature of gravity ...... 239, 244-245 Halley, Edmond (1656-1743)...40, 45, 250 Systema Saturnium (1659) 44, 50, 54, Harriot, Thomas (ca.1560-1621) 35, 123- 63, 105-106 124 Traité de la Lumière (1690) 2-4, 6, 9, 95, Harting, Pieter (1812-1885)...... 7 108, 112, 159, 160-162, 167-168, Hartsoeker, Nicolaas (1656-1725)...... 215 172, 176-179, 181-187, 192, 194- Hérigone, Pierre (-ca.1643) ...... 36 196, 202, 204-205, 207-211, 213- Hevelius, Johannes (1611-1689) 41, 43, 216, 220-225, 228, 230, 235-238, 45-46, 49, 62 240-242, 246-257, 261-262, 264 Hire, Philippe de la (1640-1718) ...... 222, Huygens, Constantijn jr. (1628-1697)...11, 246, 251 33, 53, 58, 63, 64, 77-80, 107, 214, Hobbes, Thomas (1588-1679) 37, 137, 223 189-192, 229, 230 Huygens, Constantijn sr. (1596-1687) ..11, cause of refraction ...... 190-191 56, 77, 88, 135, 214, 249, 264 Hooke, Robert (1635-1703) 43, 45, 78, Huygens, Lodewijk (1631-1699) 64, 80, 89, 91, 94, 110, 135, 160, 186, 189, 156 192-194, 209, 230, 233-234, 249-251 Kepler, Johannes (1571-1630)4-7, 12, 23, Hudde, Johannes (1628-1704) 11, 71-72, 27, 34, 36, 38, 40-43, 48, 50, 66-67, 102-103 104, 108, 112-113, 117, 120-125, 130- Huygens, Christiaan (1629-1695) 1, 2, 53, 131, 134, 140, 158, 183, 228-230, 232, 107, 135 244, 256, 260 ‘Adversaria ad Dioptricen’ (1665) 68, 70, Ad Vitellionem Paralipomena (1604) ..26- 72, 81, 83 31, 35, 38, 41, 47, 95, 113, 117- ‘De Aberratione Radiorum a Foco’ (1666) 119, 121, 124-125, 131, 229, 276 5, 72, 74-77, 83, 91-93, 95, 97, cause of refraction 118-122, 126, 131, 100-102, 105, 154, 216, 219, 221, 211 256, 258 Dioptrice (1611) 8, 15, 26, 30-33, 35-38, ‘De Ordine in Dioptricis nostris servando’ 40-41, 47, 49-50, 59, 62, 104, 121, (ca. 1692)...... 221-222 123, 134 ‘De Telescopiis’ (1680s)...... 220-221 Dissertatio cum Nuncio Sidereo (1610)..25 ‘mon Archimède’...... 10, 161, 259, 264 image formation...... 28-29 ‘Projet du Contenu de la Dioptrique’ lenses ...... 29-32 (1672) 108-109, 111-112, 135-136, Knorre, Martin (-1699) ...... 250 140, 152, 155-161, 181, 186, 214, Laplace, Pierre-Simon (1749-1827)...... 253 216, 219, 242 Leeuwenhoek, Antony van (1632-1723) ‘Tractatus de refractione et telescopiis’ ...... 161, 215, 219, 249 (1653) 4, 12, 15-20, 22-24, 30, 32, Leibniz, Gottfried Wilhelm (1646-1716) 41, 49-50, 53, 58, 63-68, 76, 82, ...... 9, 10, 194, 215, 223, 249-251, 262 93, 108-109, 153, 216, 220-221, Lipperhey, Hans (-1619)...... 25 256, 258 Maignan, Emanuel (1601-1676) ..189, 192 accelerated motion...... 95-100 Malus, Etienne Louis (1775-1812).... 252- Astroscopia Compendaria (1684) ...... 215 253 De Saturni Luna Observatio Nova (1656) Mariotte, Edme (ca.1620-1684) 92, 143, ...... 53 249, 251 Dioptrica 6, 8, 91-91, 95, 100-101, 104- Marius, Simon (1573-1624)...... 55 105, 112, 153, 220-221, 255-256, Maurolyco, Francesco (1494-1575)...... 30 263 Mersenne, Marin (1588-1648) 10, 57, 96- Discours de la Cause de la Pesanteur 98, 126, 189, 259 (1690)...... 223, 244, 250 Molyneux, William (1656-1698) 22, 41, Horologium Oscillatorium (1673) 53, 101, 47-48, 50, 72, 221 107-108, 160, 246, 252 Mydorge, Claude (1585-1647) 36, 56, impact...... 154 126-127, 134 Memorien aangaande het slijpen van glasen Newton, Isaac (1642-1727) 2, 5-7, 9, 38, tot verrekijckers (1703)...... 62 41, 46, 55, 67, 78, 83-91, 93-95, 97, music ...... 97-100 99, 103-104, 107-108, 131, 133, 135, INDEX 287

160, 195, 197-201, 203, 217, 223, 225- Roberval, Gilles Personne de (1602-1675) 228, 230-235, 237-238, 242-246, 250- ...... 107, 241, 244 253, 256-257, 260, 262, 264 Rømer, Ole Christensen (1644-1710).167, ‘New Theory about Light and Colors’ 172, 204-209, 213 (1672)...... 85-87, 89, 91, 94-95 Sabra, A.I. 7, 131-133, 198, 226, 236, 262 cause of refraction ...... 196, 198-199 Sagredo, Giovanfrancesco (1571-1620) 35 image formation...... 40 Sahl, ... Ibn (fl. 970-990) ...... 36 Lectiones Opticae (1670-1672) 40, 197- Scheiner, Christoph (1573-1650) 35, 41, 200, 227-228, 233, 235 57, 59 Opticks (1704) 196, 198, 200, 224, 231, Schooten, Frans van, jr. (1615-1660)... 11- 233, 235, 250, 252 15, 24, 51, 71 Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Geometria à Renato Des Cartes (1649 and Mathematica (1687) 196-198, 223, 1659-1661) ...... 13-14 231, 243-244, 246, 250 Schuster, J.A...... 131-134 Nulandt, Francois Guillaume Baron de () Shapiro, A.E. 2, 7, 125, 162, 166, 171, ...... 79-80, 82 200, 227 Oldenburg, Henry (ca.1618-1677) 45, 81- Sirtori, Girolamo (-1631)...... 62 88, 90, 95, 161, 197 Sluse, René-François de (1622-1685)....83, Papin, Denis (1647-ca.1712) ...... 250-251 160 Pardies, Ignace-Gaston (1636-1673).... 87- Smith, A.M...... 113 89, 91-92, 110-111, 140-141, 150-153, Smith, Robert (1689-1768)...... 252 155-159, 162, 165-166, 168, 176, 184, Snel, Willebrord (1580-1626).36, 124, 135 186, 189, 195-196, 201, 213, 242-243, Spinoza, Baruch (1632-1677)...... 71 250-251, 259-261 Stampioen, Jan Jansz. the younger (1610- Pecham, John (ca.1240-1292) ...... 27, 114 after 1689)...... 33, 37 Pedersen, K.M...... 146 Stevin, Simon (1548-1620) ...... 99 Petit, Pierre (-1677) ...... 44, 64, 157 Tacquet, André (1612-1660) .....15-18, 139 Picard, Jean (1620-1682) 44-45, 49-50, Volder, Burchardus de (1643-1709).....221 141, 256 Vossius, Isaac (1618-1689)...... 135, 156 ‘Fragmens de Dioptrique’ (1693)...... 49 Waard, C. de...... 57 Porta, Giambattista della (1535-1615) ..30, Westfall, R.S...... 105, 154, 241 33-35 Wiesel, Johann (1583-1662) 15, 43, 60, lenses...... 33 62, 64 Reeve, Richard (-1666)...... 64 Witelo (ca.1230-ca.1280) 27-29, 114, 116- Rheita, Anton Maria Schyrlaeus (1597- 117, 119, 121-124, 136 1660)...... 56-57 Witt, Johan de (1625-1672)...... 11, 160 Risner, Friedrich (-ca.1580) 27, 29, 115- Wren, Christopher (1632-1723).43, 45, 56 116, 124 Yoder, J.G...... 97 Ziggelaar, A...... 162 Archimedes

NEW STUDIES IN THE HISTORY AND PHILOSOPHY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

1. J.Z. Buchwald (ed.): Scientific Credibility and Technical Standards in 19th and Early 20th Century Germany and Britain. 1996 ISBN 0-7923-4241-0 2. K. Gavroglu (ed.): The Sciences in the European Periphery During the Enlightenment. 1999 ISBN 0-7923-5548-2; Pb 0-7923-6562-1 3. P. Galison and A. Roland (eds.): Atmospheric Flight in the Twentieth Century, 2000 ISBN 0-7923-6037-0; Pb 0-7923-6742-1 4. J.M. Steele: Observations and Predictions of Eclipse Times by Early Astronomers. 2000 ISBN 0-7923-6298-5 5. D-W. Kim: Leadership and Creativity. A History of the Cavendish Laboratory, 1871-1919. 2002 ISBN 1-4020-0475-3 6. M. Feingold: The New Science and Jesuit Science: Seventeenth Century Perspective. 2002 ISBN 1-4020-0848-1 7. F.L. Holmes, J. Renn, H-J. Rheinberger: Reworking the Bench. 2003 ISBN 1-4020-1039-7 8. J. Chabas,´ B.R. Goldstein: The Alfonsine Tables of Toledo. 2003 ISBN 1-4020-1572-0 9. F.J. Dijksterhuis: Lenses and Waves. Christiaan Huygens and the Mathematical Science of Optics in the Seventeenth Century. 2004 ISBN 1-4020-2697-8

KLUWER ACADEMIC PUBLISHERS – DORDRECHT/BOSTON/LONDON