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List of Figures List of figures Figure 1 Huygens: sketch of 6 August 1679 Figure 2 Spherical aberration Figure 3 Cartesian oval. Figure 4 Huygens: focal distance of a bi-convex lens Figure 5 Huygens: punctum concursus Figure 6 Huygens: refraction at the anterior side of a bi-convex lens Figure 7 Huygens: refraction at the posterior side of a bi-convex lens. Figure 8 Huygens: focal distance of a bi-convex lens Figure 9 Huygens: extended image. Figure 10 Huygens: magnification by a convex lens. Figure 11 Huygens: four of the cases of magnification by telescopes. Figure 12 Huygens: analysis of Keplerian telescope with erector lens. Figure 13 Diagram for Keplerian telescope with erector lens. Figure 14 Kepler’s solution to the pinhole problem Figure 15 Kepler: focal distance of a plano-convex lens Figure 16 Kepler: image formation by a lens Figure 17 Della Porta: image of a near object Figure 18 Della Porta: image of distant object Figure 19 Della Porta: image by a telescope Figure 20 Barrow’s analysis of image formation in refraction. Figure 21 Huygens: observations of Saturn with the 12- and a 23-foot telescope. Figure 22 Huygens: beam to facilitate lens grinding. Figure 23 Daza’s scale Figure 24 Huygens’ eyepiece. Figure 25 Diagram for Huygens’ eyepiece. Figure 26 Huygens: spherical aberration of a plano-convex lens. Figure 27 Huygens: spherical aberration of a bi-convex lens Figure 28 Hudde’s calculation of spherical aberration Figure 29 Huygens: Galilean configuration in which spherical aberration is neutralized. Figure 30 Huygens: ‘Circle’ of aberration. Figure 31 Huygens: Aberration produced by a Keplerian configuration. Figure 32 Rendering of Huygens’ sketch of chromatic aberration. Figure 33 Huygens’ invention of 1669 Figure 34 Huygens’ crossed out EUREKA. Figure 35 Newton’s determination of chromatic aberration. Figure 36 The first stage of Kepler’s attack of refraction. Figure 37 The final stage of Kepler’s analysis of refraction Figure 38 Harriot’s measurements. Figure 39 Mydorge’s rule Figure 40 Descartes’ analysis of refraction Figure 41 Descartes’ analysis of reflection Figure 42 Barrow’s explanation of reflection. Figure 43 Barrow’s explanation of refraction. Figure 44 Huygens: sketch of refracted rays in Iceland crystal. Figure 45 Huygens: a refracted perpendicular caused by the composition of the crystal. Figure 46 Huygens: waves through Iceland crystal. Figure 47 Huygens: shape and main angles of the crystal. Figure 48 Bartholinus: double refraction. Figure 49 Bartholinus: refraction in two positions of the crystal. Figure 50 Bartholinus’ law of strange refraction. Figure 51 Huygens: rays in the principal section. Figure 52 Huygens: construction for strangely refracted rays in the principal section 266 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 53 Diagram of Huygens’ construction for strange refraction. Figure 54 Huygens’ alternative for Bartholinus’ law. Figure 55 Huygens: description of polarization. Figure 56 Ango’s explanation of refraction. Figure 57 The sine law in Tractatus. Figure 58 Huygens’ principle. Figure 59 Huygens: two rays refracted by a plane surface. Figure 60 Huygens: wave refracted by a plane surface forming a caustic. Figure 61 Huygens: wave refracted at the plane surface of a glass medium. Figure 62 Huygens: “Causam mirae refractionis in Crystallo Islandica”. Figure 63 Huygens: strange refraction of an arbitrary ray. Figure 64 Huygens: waves around a source of light Figure 65 Huygens’ principle. Figure 66 Huygens’ explanation of refraction. Figure 67 Huygens: refraction of the perpendicular. Figure 68 Huygens: orientation of spheroid in the crystal. Figure 69 Huygens: shape of the spheroidal wave. Figure 70 Construction of the refraction of an arbitrary ray in Traité de la Lumière. Figure 71 Hobbes’ rays. Figure 72 Hobbes: refraction. Figure 73 Hobbes’ derivation of the sine law. Figure 74 Refraction in Principia. Figure 75 The sine law in Opticks. Figure 76 Huygens: new measurement of strange refraction. Figure 77 Huygens’ EUPHKA of August 1679. Figure 78 Huygens: chromatic aberration of lenses. Bibliography References are made by author and short title. References to the twenty-two volumes of the Oeuvres Complètes are given by OC followed by the volume and page numbers, as in OC10, 153. References to the manuscripts, all of which belong to the collection Codices Hugeniorum housed at the University of Leiden, are given by manuscript number and folio, as in Hug2, 45v. Huygens is left out as author. I do not explicitly refer to all seventeenth-century works listed in the bibliography, but I have drawn upon these in general conclusions regarding optics in the seventeenth century. Acloque, Paul. ‘‘L’oculaire de Huygens, son invention et sa place dans l’instrumentation’’ In Huygens et la France, Pais, 27-29 mars 1979: table ronde du Centre national de la recherche scientifique, pp. 177-186. Paris: Vrin, 1981 Aguilón, Francois de. Opticorum libri sex juxta ac mathematica utiles. Antwerp, 1613 Albury, William R. ‘‘Halley and the ‘Traité de la lumière’ of Huygens: new light on Halley’s relationship with Newton’’ Isis 62 (1971): 445-468 Allen, Ph. ‘‘Problems connexted with the development of the telescope (1609-1687)’’ Isis 34 (1942): 302-311 Andriesse, C.D. Titan kan niet slapen. Een biografie van Christiaan Huygens, Amsterdam: Contact, 1993 Andriesse, C.D. “The melancholic genius” De Zeventiende Eeuw 12-1 (1996): 3-13 Ango, Pierre. L’Optique divisée en trois livres. Paris, 1682 Ariotti, Piero E. ‘‘Bonaventura Cavalieri, Marin Mersenne, and the reflecting telescope’’ Isis 66 (1975): 303-321 Aris, Daniel. ‘‘La découverte de la France par Christiaan Huygens (1655)’’ In Les récits de la voyage, edited by Jean-Marc Pastré, pp. 58-72. Paris: Nizet, 1986 Baarmann, J. ‘‘Abhandlung über das Licht von Ibn al-Haitam’’ Zeitschrift der Deutschen Morgenländischen Gesellschaft 36 (1882): 145-237 Bachelard, Suzanne. ‘‘L’influence de Huygens au XVIIIe et au XIXe siècles’’ In Huygens et la France, Pais, 27-29 mars 1979: table ronde du Centre national de la recherche scientifique, pp. 241-258. Paris: Vrin, 1981 Barchillon, Jacques. ‘‘Les frères Perrault a travers la correspondance de Christian Huygens’’ XVIIe siècle 56 (1962): 19-36 Barrow, Isaac. The usefulness of mathematical learning explained and demonstrated: being mathematical lectures read at the publick schools at the University of Cambridge. Translated by John Kirkby. (Reprint. London, 1970) London, 1734 Barrow, Isaac. Isaac Barrow's Optical Lectures (Lectiones XVIII). Translated by H.C. Fay. Edited by A.G. Bennet, London: the Worshipful Company of Spectacle Makers, 1987 Barth, Michael. ‘‘Huygens at work: annotations in his rediscovered personal copy of Hooke’s ‘Micrographia’’’ Annals of Science 52 (1995): 601-613 Bartholinus, Erasmus. Experiments on birefringent Icelandic crystal. Translated by Th. Archibald. Introduction by J. Buchwald and K. Pedersen, Copenhagen: The Danish Library of Science and Medicine, 1991 Beale, John. “Perspective Tubes & Telescopes”, copied by Nathaniel Higmore, British Museum Manuscript: Sloane 548 Bechler, Zev. ‘‘Newton’s search for a mechanistic model of colour dispersion: a suggested interpretation’’ Archive for History of Exact Sciences 11 (1973): 1-37 Bechler, Zev. ‘‘Newton’s 1672 optical controversies: a study in the gramma of scientific dissent’’ In The interaction between science and philosophy, edited by Y. Elkana, pp. 115-142. Atlantic Highlands: Humanities Press, 1974 268 BIBLIOGRAPHY Bechler, Zev. ‘‘‘A less agreeable matter’: the disagreeable case of Newton and achromatic dispersion’’ British Journal for the History of Science 8 (1975): 101-126 Bedini, Silvio A. ‘‘The optical workshop equipment of Giuseppe Campani’’ Journal of the history of medicine and allied sciences 16 (1961): 18-38 Bedini, Silvio A. ‘‘Lens making for Scientific Instrumentation in the Seventeenth Century’’ Applied Optics 5 (1966): 687-694 Bedini, Silvio A. ‘‘The makers of Galileo’s scientific instruments’’ In Science and instruments in seventeenth-century Italy, edited by Silvio A. Bedini, pp. 89-115. Aldershot: Variorum, 1967 Bedini, Silvio A. ‘‘The tube of long vision (the physical characteristics of the early 17th century telescope)’’ Physis 13 (1971): 147-204 Bedini, Silvio A., and Arthur G. Bennet. ‘‘‘A treatise on optics’ by Giovanni Christoforo Bolantio’’ Annals of Science 52 (1995): 103-126 Beeckman, Isaac. Journal tenu par Isaac Beeckman de 1604 a 1634. Avec une introduction et des notes par C. de Waard, 4 vols., Den Haag: Martinus Nijhoff, 1939-1953 Bell, A.E. Christian Huygens and the development of science in the seventeenth century, London: Edward Arnold & Co, 1947 Bennet, J.A. ‘‘Robert Hooke as mechanic and natural philosopher’’ Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London 25 (1980): 33-48 Bennet, J.A. The mathematical science of Christopher Wren, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1982 Bennet, J.A. ‘‘The mechanics’ philosophy and the mechanical philosophy’’ History of Science 24 (1986): 1-28 Berkel, Klaas van. ‘‘Enige opmerkingen over de aard van technische innovatie in de Republiek’’ Tijdschrift voor de Geschiedenis der Geneeskunde, Natuurkunde, Wiskunde en Techniek 30 (1980): 123-143 Berkel, Klaas van. Isaac Beeckman (1588-1637) en de mechanisering van het wereldbeeld, Amsterdam: Rodopi, 1983 Berkel, Klaas van. ‘‘From Simon Stevin to Robert Boyle: Reflections on the place of science in Dutch culture in the 17th century’’ In The exchange of ideas: Religion, scholarship and art in Anglo-Dutch relations in the 17th century, edited by Simon Groenveld, Michael Wintle (eds.), pp. 100-114. Zutphen: Walburg Instituut, 1994 Berkel, Klaas van. “De illusies van Martinus Hortensius” In Citaten uit het Boek der Natuur: Opstellen over Nederlandse Wetenschapsgeschiedenis, pp. 63-84. Amsterdam: Bert Bakker, 1998 Berkel, Klaas van. “The legacy of Stevin. A chronological narrative” in A history of science in the Netherlands: survey, themes and reference, edited by Klaas van Berkel, Albert van Helden, Lodewijk Palm, pp. 1-235. Leiden: Brill, 1999 Berkel, “Descartes’ debt to Beeckman: inspiration, cooperation, conflict” In Descartes’ Natural Philosophy, edited by Stephen Gaukroger, John Schuster, John Sutton, pp. 46-59. London: Routledge, 2000 Bernhardt, Jean.
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