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DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN NORTHWESTERN NEW SPAIN: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE PIMERIA ALTA AND BAJA CALIFORNIA MISSIONS Item Type text; Thesis-Reproduction (electronic) Authors Jackson, Robert H. (Robert Howard) Publisher The University of Arizona. Rights Copyright © is held by the author. Digital access to this material is made possible by the University Libraries, University of Arizona. Further transmission, reproduction or presentation (such as public display or performance) of protected items is prohibited except with permission of the author. Download date 05/10/2021 18:07:22 Link to Item http://hdl.handle.net/10150/291969 INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. 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Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 1319459 JACKSON, ROBERT HOWARD DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN NORTHWESTERN NEW SPAIN: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE PIMERIA ALTA AND BAJA CALIFORNIA MISSIONS The University of Arizona M.A. 1982 University Microfilms International 300 N. Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, MI 48106 PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark V . 1. Glossy photographs or pages 2. Colored illustrations, paper or print 3. Photographs with dark background 4. Illustrations are poor copy 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of page 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages. 8. Print exceeds margin requirements 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct print 11. Page(s) lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. Page(s) seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows. 13. Two pages numbered . Text follows. 14. Curling and wrinkled pages 15. Other University Microfilms International DEMOGRAPHIC AND SOCIAL CHANGE IN NORTHWESTERN NEW SPAIN: A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF THE PIMERIA ALTA AND BAJA CALIFORNIA MISSIONS by Robert Howard Jackson A Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of the DEPARTMENT OF HISTORY In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS In the Graduate College THE UNIVERSITY OF ARIZONA 198 2 STATEMENT BY AUTHOR This thesis has been submitted in partial fulfillment of re­ quirements for an advanced degree at The University of Arizona and is deposited in the University Library to be made available to borrowers under rules of the Library. Brief quotations from this thesis are allowable without special permission, provided that accurate acknowledgment of source is made. Requests for permission for extended quotation from or reproduction of this manuscript in whole or in part may be granted by the head of the major department or the Dean of the Graduate College when in his judgment the proposed use of the material is in the interests of scholarship. In all other instances, however, permission must be obtained from the author. Si gned: ^ ^ Q j fV- APPROVAL BY THESIS DIRECTOR Thiythesis has be&ji approved on the date shown below: Mui/da jT MacLeoc Date Professor of HistorJ PREFACE To deal with the unique conditions of the northern frontier of New Spain and the problem of pacifying and colonizing the vast area, the Spanish Crown turned to the Church. Through the Patronato Real the Crown could name priests to positions in the New World, and in essence financed Church activities. Following Las Casas' experiment of peaceful conquest of hostile Indians in Verapaz, Guatamala, mendicant and Jesuit missionaries took up the task of settling, converting and assimi­ lating the Indians living in northern New Spain in villages modeled on Spanish towns. The Crown, for its part, financed the missionaries in the hope of conquering the north for as little expenditure of scarce resources as possible. From the point of view of the Crown, then, the mission as an institution served the dual purpose of controlling potentially hostile Indian groups and preparing the Indians for life in Spanish society as productive taxpaying citizens. The process of congregating Indian populations into compact settlements in order to facilitate control and assimilation had its negative side effects. Newly introduced Euro-Asiatic diseases to which the Indians had no immunities or cures, and literally died by the thousands was one such effect. The net result in many frontier areas was the near extinction of missionized Indians within some 100 - 150 years of the opening of the missions. This present study iii iv examines the process of Indian depopulation and its causes in two • mission groupings in northwestern New Spain, the Pimeria Alta region of Northern Sonora and Baja California. At this point I would like to thank a number of people who facilitated the writing of my thesis. Dr. Donna Guy and Dr. Charles Polzer read and commented on the first draft of the thesis. Dr. Bernard Fontana and Dr. Kieran McCarty kindly provided me with copies of documents used in the project. And finally Dr. Murdo J. MacLeod, who directed my masters program, listened to my ideas as I developed them, and made many suggestions and corrections to the drafts of the thesis which improved it. To all of these people I owe a debt of gratitude. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page List of Tables vii List of Maps ix 1. Introduction 1 2. The Pimeria Alta and Baja California: The Land and Peoples 4 3. Historical Background: Jesuit Missions In Northwestern New Spain 19 4. The Process of Conversion and Depopulation 27 Indian Conversion in Baja California 48 Process of Indian Depopulation in the Pimeria Alta 56 Indian Depopulation in Baja California 64 5. Causes of Indian Depopulation 72 Apache Raiding 75 Disease and Depopulation 78 Impact of Syphilis 96 Demographic Patterns 98 Miscegenation and Acculturation in the Pimeria Alta 103 6. Patterns of Civilian Settlement in the Pimeria Alta and Baja California 109 Mining Camps Ill Ranching and Farming Communities 129 Presidios as Centers of Settlement 138 v vi TABLE OF CONTENTS-Continued Page Settlement in the Missions 146 Pimeria Alta Settler Population c. 1821 158 7. Conclusion 161 Appendices 168 References 196 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1.2 Baptisms of Apaches at Selected Pimeria Alta Missions . 13 1.2 Baptisms of Nijoras at Selected Missions 16 2.1 Kino Missions in the Pimeria Alta 29 2.2 Population of the Soamca Pueblos de Visita in 1735 ... 36 2.3 Population of the Soamca Pueblos de Visita in 1743 ... 36 2.4 Gentile Baptisms at Selected Pimeria Alta Missions, 1768-1796 48 2.5 Baptisms From Foundation and Population at Selected Baja California Missions In 1744 66 2.6 Aboriginal Population and Percentage of Population Decline at Selected Baja California Missions 67 3.1 Burials by Month at Selected Baja California Missions in 1748 and 1749 85 3.2 Burials Recorded by Month in 1748 and 1749 at Selected PimerTa Alta Missions 85 3.3 Burials Recorded by Month in 1764 at Selected Pimeria Alta Missions 87 3.4 ShortJlerm Population Decline at Selected Pimeria Alta Missions, 1761-1766 88 3.5 Burials by Month at Selected Baja California Missions in 1781 and 1782 90 3.6 Burials by Month at Sleeted Pimeria Alta Missions in 1781 91 3.7 Burials Recorded by Month in 1816 and 1817 at Selected Sonora Missions 93 3.8 Natal and Gentile Baptisms at Selected PimerTa Alta Missions 100 vii viii LIST OF TABLES—Continued Page 3.9 Marriages at Selected Pimeria Alta Missions 105 3.10 Mixed Marriages at Selected Pimeria Alta Missions, 1796 and 1801 106 4.1 The Population of Settlers in the Real de Santa Ana in Selected Years 127 4.2 Population of the Magdalena River Communities by Identified Ethnic Group in 1801 132 4.3 Settler Population of the San Ignacio District 1801-1820 .133 4.4 Settler Population of the Pimeria Alta Presidios In Selected Years 141 4.5 Agricultural Production in the Pimeria'Alta Missions in Fanegas, 1818-1820 151 4.6 Non-Indian Population of the Missions North of Loreto in Selected Years 153 4.7 Estimated Settler and Indian Population In the PimerTa Alta, 1820-1822 159 LIST OF MAPS Map Page Northwestern New Spain 21 Pimeria Alta Missions c.

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