Proceedings of the 47th Forum on the Geology of Industrial Minerals

Derivative Mapping of Potential Industrial Mineral Resources in Ohio

Mark E. Wolfe and Michael P. Angle Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey, Columbus, Ohio

To cite this article: Wolfe, M.E., and M.P. Angle, 2015, Derivative mapping of potential industrial mineral resources in Ohio, in Z. Lasemi, ed., Proceed- ings of the 47th Forum on the Geology of Industrial Minerals: Illinois State Geological Survey, Circular 587.

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Derivative Mapping of Potential Industrial Mineral Resources in Ohio

Mark E. Wolfe* and Michael P. Angle Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Survey, Columbus, Ohio

ABSTRACT INTRODUCTION 1986, 1987a,b,c). In the 1990s, Stith (1995a,b, 1996a,b) completed mapping The Ohio Department of Natural The combined value of all industrial for potential crushed-stone and sand- Resources (ODNR), Division of Geologi- minerals (limestone and dolomite, sand and-gravel resources in the Bellefon- cal Survey, has an ongoing program to and gravel, sandstone and conglomer- taine and Piqua 30 × 60-minute quad- create a new surficial geology map for a ate, clay and shale, salt, and peat) sold rangles. 30 × 60-minute (1:100,000-scale) quad- in Ohio in 2010 was more than US$864 rangle each year. Through 2010, the million, which represents an increase The expanding production of indus- ODNR–Division of Geological Survey in value of 97% since 1990 (Weisgarber trial minerals in Ohio is competing has mapped 19 of the 34 complete or 1991; Wolfe 2011). Industrial mineral with many other land uses in a state partial 30 × 60-minute quadrangles production increased steadily from with more than 11.5 million residents. that cover Ohio. The geologic maps 1990 until 2008, but the recession led Planning for sequential land use that contain polygons of three-dimensional to large declines in the production of includes development of industrial min- “stacks” that summarize the gross litho- most commodities; the lone exception eral resources in these growing areas is logic material followed by its thickness is the continually increasing produc- vital to the sustainability of urban and (divided by 10) for the entire stack of tion of salt since 1990 (+42%). Limestone suburban centers. Three-dimensional materials overlying the bedrock lithol- and dolomite production has declined surficial materials mapping is an indis- ogy. A mapped polygon may contain by 15.7% compared with 1990, and the pensable tool for informed land-use a labeled stack such as T5|SG3|T2|Ls, production of other industrial miner- planning. The Ohio Geological Survey which would indicate this sequence als has decreased more significantly: has mapped 19 of the 34 complete or contains approximately 50 ft (15.2 m) sand and gravel by 36%, sandstone and partial 30 × 60-minute quadrangles that of till, overlying 30 ft (9.1 m) of sand conglomerate by 34.5%, and clay and cover Ohio, including a large portion of and gravel, which overlies 20 ft (6.1 m) shale by 70%. Peat is produced in minor glaciated Ohio (Figure 1). These maps of till, above limestone bedrock. The amounts, and gypsum has not been were completed as part of the Ohio Geo- (stack) geologic maps are then imported produced in Ohio since 2002. Ohio is logical Survey’s participation in the U.S. into a geographic information system a national leader in industrial mineral Geological Survey-funded STATEMAP (GIS) geodatabase, which may be inte- production. In 2010, Ohio ranked fourth project within the National Cooperative grated with mineral industry databases in the United States, producing 5.1 mil- Geologic Mapping Program. The three- containing historical production data, lion metric tons (Mt) of salt and ranking dimensional, 30 × 60-minute surficial geologic units mined, geochemistry, fifth in the production of lime (1.1 Mt), geology maps can be used not only for physical properties, and transportation sixth in the production of crushed stone regional land-use planning, but also networks to produce derivative maps. (49.2 Mt) and aggregates (74.6 Mt), and for preliminary evaluation of industrial These derivative maps can then be used seventh in the production of clay and mineral availability in Ohio (Wolfe 2001) as a reconnaissance tool to help evalu- shale (0.8 Mt). and to create derivative maps that delin- ate the availability and suitability of eate areas with the potential for addi- The Ohio Department of Natural industrial mineral resource locations tional crushed-stone or sand-and-gravel Resources, Division of Geological throughout Ohio. Industrial minerals resources (Wolfe and Stith 2007; Wolfe et Survey, also known as the Ohio Geologi- mined in Ohio in 2010 had an estimated al. 2008; Pavey et al. 2011; Venteris et al. cal Survey, has researched the geology value of more than US$864 million. 2011; Figure 1). The industrial mineral derivative maps of industrial mineral deposits, includ- produced by the ODNR–Division of Geo- ing aggregates, for more than 170 years. logical Survey are a very useful first step Smith (1949) studied sand and gravel Glacial Geology in assessing potential locations for new deposits on a regional basis in northern The glacial deposits of Ohio are repre- industrial mineral facilities to support Ohio. County-scale sand and gravel sented by numerous glacial episodes. the growing industrial mineral needs of resource studies were completed for Early pre-Illinoian erratics have been the citizens of Ohio. nine counties in the 1980s (Hull 1980, found in isolated areas of the state. In 1984; Risser 1981, 1985, 1986; Struble

This article was previously presented at the 47th Forum on the Geology of Industrial Minerals, held May 15–17, 2011, in Champaign, Illinois. Page numbers shown are not final. *Corresponding author: [email protected].

Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 587 1 STATEMAP funded USEPA funded

Complete, available as PDF download Complete, not available

STATEMAP and USEPA funded In progress, not available

Complete, available as PDF download Complete, not available SG Potential sand-and-gravel resources derivative map complete MB Potential mineable-bedrock derivative map complete

Figure 1 Map highlighting the 30 × 60-minute quadrangles in Ohio in which three-dimen- sional surficial mapping has been completed or was in progress on September 26, 2011. Quadrangles in which potential sand-and-gravel or mineable-bedrock resources derivative maps have been produced are also depicted.

2 Circular 587 Illinois State Geological Survey a few places, highly weathered pre- Several other glacial features are com- DERIVATIVE THREE- Illinoian (formerly Kansan-age) till may monly found in the glaciated portions of be present below younger deposits. In Ohio. Kettle holes, depressions left when DIMENSIONAL SURFICIAL northeastern Ohio, discontinuous Illi- remnant ice masses melted, can range GEOLOGY MAPS noian tills that are coarse, sandy, and in size from an acre to several square Four primary aspects are depicted on a very low in carbonates are sometimes miles. Kettle holes are normally the sites surficial geology map: (1) major litholo- found beneath the extensive surficial of bogs, swamps, and lakes and may gies; (2) thicknesses (in feet); (3) lateral deposits of Wisconsinan age (White contain peat. Lacustrine or glacial lake extents; and (4) vertical sequences, 1982). Other Illinoian-age deposits or deposits are found throughout Ohio and shown by stack symbols. Each stack landforms consist of lacustrine, out- range from coarse sand to fine silts and represents a generalized cross sec- wash, moraines, or kame features along clays. Silt of windblown origin (loess) tion for that polygon. Thicknesses are the glacial margin east, south, or south- and up to 3.3 ft (1 m) thick is present in reported in feet as a factor of 10 and are east of the predominantly Wisconsinan- many places in northeastern Ohio. Three gross averages that can vary up to 50%, age deposits (Pavey et al. 1999). In much major and five minor strandlines or except (1) those followed by a minus of northeastern Ohio, a large portion beach ridges are present in the northern sign (−), which represents the maxi- of the Wisconsinan-age sediments are portion of the state. These ridges repre- mum thickness of a thinning trough- or ground or end moraines of primarily sent ancient beaches that formed when wedge-shaped sediment body, or (2) tills that consist of an unsorted mixture lake levels were as much as 197 ft (60 units in parentheses, which indicate of clay, silt, sand, pebbles, cobbles, and m) higher than current levels because discontinuous distribution of those boulders. In both the Mansfield and of damming to the north by the retreat- units. As an example, a mapped poly- Canton 30 × 60-minute quadrangles, ing Wisconsinan glacier (Forsyth 1959; gon may contain a labeled stack such as important aggregate resources are Pavey et al. 1999). T5|SG3|T2|Ls, which would indicate this located in Wisconsinan-age sand and sequence contains approximately 50 ft gravel deposits in the form of ice-contact Bedrock Geology (15.2 m) of till overlying 30 ft (9.1 m) of deposits (kames, kame terraces, and sand and gravel that overlies 20 ft (6.1 m) The bedrock geology of eastern Ohio eskers), valley trains, outwash plains, of till above limestone bedrock (Figure consists of alternating series of rock con- and terraces. Kames are water-laid 2). The maps are color-coded using the sisting of shale, siltstone, and sandstone deposits of sand and gravel (with minor uppermost surficial material. amounts of silt and clay) that form in with interbedded limestone, clay, and the crevasses near the leading edge coal. The bedrock of western Ohio is pre- Data were obtained from county soil and along the margins of a stagnant ice dominantly dolomitic limestones with maps that were modified by interpre- sheet. Kames are generally mound-like thin interbeds of silty shales. A thick tation of local geomorphic settings hills of low to moderate relief and are organic shale and siltstone sequence and from other sources, such as Ohio common in the northern portion of the overlain by siltstones and sandstones is Department of Natural Resources, state, particularly in southern Summit, transitional between the cyclical deposit Division of Water water-well logs, Ohio northern Stark, and central Portage of eastern Ohio and the carbonate- Department of Transportation test- Counties. Kame terraces are accumu- dominated deposits of western Ohio. A boring logs, theses, and published or lations of stratified drift laid down by structural feature, the Cincinnati Arch, unpublished geologic reports and maps. streams between a glacier and the side trends generally north–south in west- Total thicknesses were calculated from of a valley and left as a constructional ern Ohio and had a major influence on Ohio Geological Survey 7.5-minute, terrace after disappearance of the deposition in the Paleozoic. The bedrock open-file bedrock topography maps. glacier (Flint 1971, p. 209). Eskers are stratigraphic interval in the areas cov- Bedrock units were determined from deposited in ice tunnels or by streams ered by the aggregate resource deriva- Ohio Geological Survey open-file bed- flowing at the base of the ice sheet. tive maps includes the following (from rock geology maps. Eskers are present in Portage County youngest to oldest): - and Medina County in at least 10 areas age Allegheny and Pottsville Groups; Map units of primary interest for indus- (Hull 1980; Risser 1981). Outwash plains -age Logan and Cuyahoga trial mineral evaluation include the fol- consist of bed-load sand and gravel Formations; Mississippian-age Sun- lowing: SG, Wisconsinan-age interbed- deposited from meltwater streams flow- bury and Bedford Shales; -age ded sand and gravel commonly contain- ing away from a glacier. Valley trains are ; Devonian-age Ohio, ing thin, discontinuous layers of silt and long, narrow bodies of outwash closely Olentangy, Silica, and Antrim Shales; clay; IC, Wisconsinan-age ice-contact resembling kame terraces but extending Devonian-age Delaware and Columbus deposits composed of highly variable, completely across a valley. Valley trains Limestones; Devonian-age Detroit River poorly sorted sand and gravel deposited are deposited by meltwater and are typi- Group and ; - from stagnant ice as kame or esker land- cally proximal to the ice front. Kames, age Salina Group; and Silurian-age forms and commonly containing inclu- kame terraces, valley trains, eskers, and Tymochtee, Greenfield, and Lockport sions of silt, clay, and till; and S, Wis- outwash plains or terraces are found Dolomites (Shrake et al. 1998; Slucher et consinan-age sand containing minor in association and often grade into one al. 2006). amounts of gravel, silt, or organics. The another (Ford 1987).

Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 587 3 - eet 0 f kness om 30 to kness k eet in thic eet in thic f 45 f to k oc ypical stac el, wedge shaped, fr T om 15 av , bedr one alluvium, less than 10 till, ranges fr sand and gr limest T3 SG3- Ls a ), which represents the maximum thickness of a thinning trough- or of a thinning trough- thickness the maximum ), which represents – k eet thic el av 60 f one om 20 to sand and gr fr shale limest SG T4 Sh Ls eet 0 f ution ib om 20 to y distr r Cross section illustrating thickness and mapping conventions for a hypothetical stack-unit map in the Ohio Department stack-unit of Natural a hypothetical for and mapping conventions thickness section illustrating Cross te

wa alluvium till patch thinning fr w T (T) T2- a Figure 2 Figure lithologic units different having map-unit areas Solid-line boundaries separate SG-2 map series. Division of Geological Survey’s Resources, the same surface having map-unit areas boundaries separate Dashed-line not differ. or may lithologic units may underlying at the surface; averages gross and are of feet in tens are values Thickness lithologic units. underlying or different thicknesses different lithologic unit but sign ( a minus by (1) those followed 50%, except that can vary up to topogra surface Precise of those units. distribution discontinuous which indicate or (2) units in parentheses, sediment body, wedge-shaped Center. Geologic Records the division’s from maps available topographic can be determined from phy

4 majority of the sand-and-gravel produc- 2011). The largest kame complex in Ohio and contains more than 70% of the tion in the Cleveland South, Mansfield, extends from northern Summit County estimated resources of sand and gravel and Canton 30 × 60-minute quadrangles through west-central Portage County in the county. The ice-contact deposits is from these units (Figure 2). into southern Geauga and central Stark (eskers and kames) of Portage County Counties (White 1982; Pavey et al. 1999). are estimated to contain a minimum Bedrock map units of interest for the This large kame complex is thought to of 4.1 billion metric tons (bt) of sand evaluation of industrial mineral poten- have formed either when vast amounts and gravel (Hull 1980). Outwash valley tial, principally in areas of thin till of meltwater flowed in the interlobate train, outwash plain, and associated delineated on the Shaded Drift-Thickness area between the Killbuck sublobe and alluvial deposits are also important, Map of Ohio (Powers and Swinford the Grand River sublobe or as an end- with an estimated 1.5 bt of sand and 2004), are primarily economic-quality moraine gravel phase, created solely by gravel. Northwestern Portage County carbonate rock. The Marion and Findlay the action of the Grand River sublobe and northeastern Summit County have 30 × 60-minute quadrangles contain (Hull 1980). experienced steady growth since 1990, Silurian-age and Devonian-age lime- adding thousands of new residents and stone and dolomite units that supply Valley train and outwash plain deposits generating increased demand for aggre- aggregates or have other industrial and associated terraces are important gates. uses. These rock units are, in ascending sources of sand and gravel in the Mans- order, ; Greenfield field 30 × 60-minute quadrangle and More than 15 Mt of sand and gravel was Dolomite; ; Salina are secondary sources of aggregate in produced in the Mansfield Quadrangle Group undifferentiated; and the Detroit the Canton and Cleveland South 30 × from 1997 to 2010. Fifteen sand and River Group, Dundee Limestone, and 60-minute quadrangles (Pavey et al. gravel operations were active in 2010, . 2000, 2002, 2011; Venteris et al. 2008b). including four new operations since Alluvial terraces adjacent to these out- 2002. Potentially thick sand and gravel A geographic information system (GIS) wash deposits often contain commercial accumulations are associated with gla- was used to query the database for areas quantities of sand and gravel. Approxi- cial outwash along major drainages or in of thin till over bedrock for potential mately 30 sand and gravel operations highly variable ice-contact deposits that crushed stone resources (Marion and were active in glacial outwash and generally trend northwest–southeast in Findlay Quadrangles) or areas with related deposits in the quadrangles cited the northern portions of the map area less than 40 ft (12.2 m) of overburden above during 2010, providing several (Totten 1973). Preliminary results indi- overlying thick sand and gravel deposits million tons of aggregate for local con- cate that more than 3.5 bt of potential (Mansfield and Canton Quadrangles). struction and highway projects. Kame sand and gravel resources are located in The final derivative maps include bed- deposits or areas of outwash in buried the Mansfield Quadrangle (Wolfe et al. rock geology and drift-thickness inset valleys are potential future resources 2008). Organic deposits associated with maps that show historic and active as existing reserves are exhausted or sand and gravel were included in the mining locations. The inset maps can mining technology advances sufficiently resource estimate because of the possi- be used in conjunction with the deriva- to make these subsurface deposits eco- bility of recovering peat and aggregates tive map to delineate areas for more nomically attractive. in a single operation. detailed resource evaluation. After initially identifying areas of interest, The northern portion of the large kame the three-dimensional derivative maps complex associated with the Kent Bedrock Resources can be used to determine potential Moraine extends into southern Geauga Areas of thin drift [less than 40 ft (12.2 minable resources (Figure 3). Cross County. This complex has up to 66 ft (20 m) of till or other glacial deposits] in sections showing general deposits can m) of sand and gravel with 0 to 197 ft (0 the Findlay and Marion 30 × 60-minute be constructed and first-pass resource to 60 m) of till overburden across large quadrangles have the greatest poten- tonnages can be calculated. Land-use areas. Near Ohio Route 87, an area of tial for the development of industrial and zoning restrictions can be overlain sand and gravel 30 ft (9 m) thick may minerals, primarily aggregates (Wolfe on the derivative maps and analyzed. have potential as a sand and gravel and Stith 2007; Venteris et al. 2008a, General transportation networks, mined resource. Also nearby are thick sand and 2011). The northwest portion of the areas, and possible markets are included gravel deposits [greater than 148 ft (45 Findlay Quadrangle contains areas of on each derivative map and are factors m)] under thick till or lake deposits [20 thin drift overlying the Devonian-age in determining whether a more detailed to 263 ft (6 to 80 m)]. These would require , , evaluation is justified. significant exploration expenditures to and Dundee Limestone. Dolomite units accurately define the economic poten- in the Detroit River Group can be up tial, but because of expanding suburban Sand and Gravel Resources to 100 ft (30.5 m) thick and are used as populations, they may be economically aggregates. The Dundee Limestone is Kames and kame terraces are the most feasible in the future. generally a high-calcium limestone and important sources of commercial sand is used to produce cement in Pauld- A major portion of the largest kame and gravel deposits in the Cleveland ing County. The Silica Formation shale complex in Ohio extends from south- South and Canton 30 × 60-minute layers are also used in the cement quadrangles (Wolfe 2001; Pavey et al. western to north-central Portage County

Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 587 5 0 0

10–50 ft 0 ft <10 ft 51–100 ft 0–10 ft 10–20 ft 101–150 ft 10–20 ft 20–30 ft 151–200 ft

201–400 ft 20–30 ft 30–40 ft 30–40 ft

Figure 3 Examples of portions of derivative 30 × 60-minute quadrangle surficial maps in Ohio that show areas with (A) sand-and-gravel resources and (B) potential mineable bedrock. Modified from Wolfe et al. (2008) and Wolfe and Stith (2007).

6 Circular 587 Illinois State Geological Survey industry. The remainder of the Find- culated. The derivative maps are digital Division of Geological Survey, Map lay Quadrangle and the entire Marion GIS products that can easily be revised SG-1, 1:500,000 (1 inch equals about Quadrangle contain thin-drift areas when additional information is added to 8 miles). underlain by Silurian and Devonian car- the database. These maps are a general bonates, Lockport Dolomite, Tymochtee guide for exploration or zoning of poten- Pavey, R.R., G.A. Schumacher, G.E. Dolomite, , Salina tial crushed-stone and sand-and-gravel Larsen, E.M. Swinford, and K.E. Group, and the Columbus and Dela- resources in the mapped quadrangles. Vorbau, 2000, Surficial geology of ware Limestones. The Delaware is nor- A more detailed geologic and engineer- the Cleveland South 30 × 60-minute mally mined in conjunction with the ing investigation should be completed quadrangle: Columbus, Ohio Depart- Columbus, with a combined thickness before decisions are made regarding the ment of Natural Resources, Division of 120 ft (36.6 m), but thins northward. mining suitability of a specific site. of Geological Survey, Map SG-2 CLE, The underlying Salina Group can be 1:100,000. up to 300 ft (91.4 m) thick but contains REFERENCES Pavey, R.R., G.A. Schumacher, G.E. intervals of shale and evaporites. The Larsen, E.M. Swinford, and K.E. Tymochtee, Greenfield, and Lockport Flint, R.F., 1971, Glacial and quaternary Vorbau, 2002, Surficial geology of the Dolomites may have a combined thick- geology: New York, John Wiley and Canton 30 × 60-minute quadrangle: ness of more than 200 ft (61 m) and are Sons, 892 p. Columbus, Ohio Department of Natu- generally very good aggregates. Ford, J.P., 1987, Glacial and surficial ral Resources, Division of Geological The 2010 production of limestone and geology of Cuyahoga County, Ohio: Survey, Map SG-2 CAN, 1:100,000. dolomite from quarries located in Columbus, Ohio Department of Natu- Powers, D.M., and E.M. Swinford, 2004, the Findlay and Marion Quadrangles ral Resources, Division of Geologi- Shaded drift-thickness of Ohio: Ohio exceeded 16 Mt, representing nearly 35% cal Survey, Report of Investigations Department of Natural Resources, of the carbonates produced in the state. No. 134, 29 p., color map, 1:62,500 (1 Division of Geological Survey, Map The majority of the limestone and dolo- inch equals about 1 mile). [Reprinted SG-3, 1:500,000. mite produced was used as aggregate; 1998.] minor amounts were used as fluxstone, Risser, M.L., 1981, Sand and gravel extenders and fillers, and agricultural Forsyth, J.L., 1959, The beach ridges of resources of Medina County: Colum- limestone. Shale units were not mined northern Ohio: Columbus, Ohio Geo- bus, Ohio Department of Natural in the Findlay and Marion Quadrangles logical Survey, Information Circular Resources, Division of Geological in 2010 but may have potential in the 25, 10 p. Survey, Report of Investigations No. cement, ceramic, or sanitary landfill Hull, D.N., 1980, Sand and gravel 119, map with text, 1:62,500 (1 inch industries. Additional detailed mapping resources of Portage County, Ohio: equals about 1 mile). may determine detrimental conditions, Columbus, Ohio Department of Natu- such as karst development; shale, chert, Risser, M.L., 1985, Sand and gravel ral Resources, Division of Geological resources of Ashtabula County, Ohio: or evaporite interbeds; reefal structures; Survey, Report of Investigations No. faulting; or their combination, that Columbus, Ohio Department of Natu- 114, map with text, 1:62,500 (1 inch ral Resources, Division of Geological would affect the economic viability of equals about 1 mile). the bedrock resource. Survey, Report of Investigations No. Hull, D.N., 1984, Sand and gravel 128, map, 1:62,500 (1 inch equals resources of Trumbull County, Ohio: about 1 mile). DISCUSSION Columbus, Ohio Department of Natu- Risser, M.L., 1986, Sand and gravel The industrial mineral derivative maps ral Resources, Division of Geological resources of Columbiana County, created by the Ohio Geological Survey Survey, Report of Investigations No. Ohio: Columbus, Ohio Department can be used as a quick-look reconnais- 125, map with text, 1:62,500 (1 inch of Natural Resources, Division of sance tool to help evaluate the avail- equals about 1 mile). Geological Survey, Report of Investi- ability of potentially mineable industrial Pavey, R.R., D.J. Aden, G.E. Larsen, M.P. gations No. 131, map, 1:62,500 (1 inch mineral resources. Aggregates represent equals about 1 mile). 90% of the volume of asphalt, concrete, Angle, and M.E. Wolfe, 2011, Poten- and road base needed for highway and tial sand and gravel resources of the Shrake, D.L., E.M. Swinford, G.A. building construction. Areas within the Canton 30 × 60-minute quadrangle: Schumacher, G.E. Larsen, and E.R. Marion, Findlay, Mansfield, and Canton Columbus, Ohio Department of Natu- Slucher, 1998, A compendium to 30 × 60-minute quadrangles were delin- ral Resources, Division of Geological accompany Division of Geological eated to show potential future aggregate Survey, Map SG-2a CAN, 1:100,000. Survey open-file bedrock geology resources; in addition, areas with little Pavey, R.R., R.P. Goldthwait, C.S. Brock- maps: Columbus, Ohio Department to no potential for aggregate resources man, D.N. Hull, E.M. Swinford, and of Natural Resources, Division of were delineated. Generalized cross sec- R.G., Van Horn, 1999, Quaternary Geological Survey, Open-File Report tions can be constructed and rough esti- geology of Ohio: Columbus, Ohio 98-1, 8 p. [Updated 2011.] mates of original resources can be cal- Department of Natural Resources,

Illinois State Geological Survey Circular 587 7 Slucher, E.R., E.M. Swinford, G.E. Struble, R.A., 1987a, Sand and gravel field 30 × 60-minute quadrangle: Larsen, G.A. Schumacher, D.L. resources of Champaign County, Columbus, Ohio Department of Natu- Shrake, C.L. Rice, M.R. Caudill, and Ohio: Columbus, Ohio Department ral Resources, Division of Geological R.G. Rea, 2006, Bedrock geologic map of Natural Resources, Division of Survey, Map SG-2a MAN, 1:100,000. of Ohio: Columbus, Ohio Depart- Geological Survey, Report of Investi- ment of Natural Resources, Division gations No. 136, map, 1:62,500 (1 inch Weisgarber, S.L., 1991, 1990 Report on of Geological Survey, Map BG-1, equals about 1 mile). Ohio mineral industries: Colum- 1:500,000. bus, Ohio Department of Natural Struble, R.A., 1987b, Sand and gravel Resources, Division of Geological Smith, W.H., 1949, Sand and gravel resources of Clark County, Ohio: Survey, 142 p. resources in northern Ohio: Colum- Columbus, Ohio Department of Natu- bus, Ohio Department of Natural ral Resources, Division of Geological White, G.W., 1982, Glacial geology of Resources, Division of Geological Survey, Report of Investigations No. northeastern Ohio: Columbus, Ohio Survey, Report of Investigations No. 137, map with text, 1:62,500 (1 inch Department of Natural Resources, 6, 24 p. equals about 1 mile). Division of Geological Survey, Bul- letin 68, 75 p. Stith, D.A., 1995a, Potential crushed Struble, R.A., 1987c, Sand and gravel stone resources of the Bellefontaine resources of Montgomery County, Wolfe, M.E., 2001, The Cleveland South 30 × 60-minute quadrangle: Colum- Ohio: Columbus, Ohio Department 30 × 60 minute quadrangle surficial- bus, Ohio Department of Natural of Natural Resources, Division of geology map—Its use for preliminary Resources, Division of Geological Geological Survey, Report of Investi- evaluation of industrial mineral Survey, Open-File Map 302, 1:100,000. gations No. 135, map, 1:62,500 (1 inch availability [abstract]: 37th Forum on equals about 1 mile). the Geology of Industrial Minerals, Stith, D.A., 1995b, Potential sand and Victoria, British Columbia, Canada, gravel resources of the Bellefontaine Totten, S.M., 1973, Glacial geology of May 22–25, 2001, program with 30 × 60-minute quadrangle: Colum- Richland County, Ohio: Colum- extended abstracts, p. 273–274. bus, Ohio Department of Natural bus, Ohio Department of Natural Resources, Division of Geological Resources, Division of Geological Wolfe, M.E., 2011, 2010 Report on Ohio Survey, Open-File Map 303, 1:100,000. Survey, Report of Investigations No. mineral industries—An annual sum- 88, 55 p., color map, 1:62,500 (1 inch mary of the state’s economic geology: Stith, D.A., 1996a, Potential crushed equals about 1 mile). Columbus, Ohio Department of Natu- stone resources of the Piqua 30 × ral Resources, Division of Geological 60-minute quadrangle: Colum- Venteris, E.R., D.L. Shrake, G.E. Larsen, Survey. bus, Ohio Department of Natural M.P. Angle, and R.R. Pavey, 2008a, Resources, Division of Geological Surficial geology of the Findlay 30 Wolfe, M.E., and D.A. Stith, 2007, Poten- Survey, Open-File Map 305, 1:100,000. × 60-minute quadrangle: Colum- tial crushed stone resources of the bus, Ohio Department of Natural Marion, Ohio, 30 × 60-minute quad- Stith, D.A., 1996b, Potential sand and Resources, Division of Geological rangle [abstract]: 43rd Forum on gravel resources of the Piqua 30 Survey, Map SG-2 Findlay, 1:100,000. the Geology of Industrial Minerals, × 60-minute quadrangle: Colum- Boulder, Colorado, May 20–25, 2007, bus, Ohio Department of Natural Venteris, E.R., D.L. Shrake, G.E. Larsen, program with abstracts, p. 35. Resources, Division of Geological M.P. Angle, R.R. Pavey, and M.E. Survey, Open-File Map 306, 1:100,000. Wolfe, 2011, Potential for mineable Wolfe, M.E., E.R. Venteris, D.L. Shrake, bedrock in the Findlay 30 × 60-minute G.E. Larsen, G.A. Schumacher, and Struble, R.A., 1986, Sand and gravel quadrangle: Columbus, Ohio Depart- R.R. Pavey, 2008, Potential sand and resources of Butler County, Ohio: ment of Natural Resources, Division gravel resources of the Mansfield, Columbus, Ohio Department of Natu- of Geological Survey, Map SG-2d FIN, Ohio 30 × 60-minute quadrangle ral Resources, Division of Geological 1:100,000. [abstract]: 44th Forum on the Geology Survey, Report of Investigations No. of Industrial Minerals, Midwest City, 130, map, 1:62,500 (1 inch equals Venteris, E.R., D.L. Shrake, G.E. Larsen, Oklahoma, May 11–16, 2008, program about 1 mile). R.R. Pavey, and G.A. Schumacher, with abstracts, p. 37. 2008b, Surficial geology of the Mans-

8 Circular 587 Illinois State Geological Survey