Virginia is for History of America’s Beginnings “Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.” George Santayana, Spanish born philosopher, essayist, poet and novelist (1863‐1952) The Commonwealth of Virginia is an adventure in learning about America’s start and its military and political leadership, independence and constitutional foundation. This photo program provides an overview of some of the people and places that were vectors in determining the history of the United States. Jamestown It started on May 14th in Jamestowne /Jamestown settlement in 1607 when the Virginia Company settlers landed. King James I granted charters for two competing merchant companies in 1606—the Virginia Company of Plymouth and Virginia Company of London. The King desired England to create a settlement, find gold and silver and a water route to the Pacific Ocean. The London Company with 104 men and boys landed in Jamestown on three vessels. Africans, as freemen and indentured servants, arrived in August 1619. This was the first record of Africans and Europeans on American soil. FYI: In 1641 “Massachusetts became the first colony to legalize slavery under the Body of Liberties law.” (masshist.org) During the summer months, drinkable water and supplies were scarce. This led to disputes with the neighboring Indians. The Powhatan Indians attacked the settlement. A fort was required to stave off the Indians, and also Spanish. The landing in Jamestown was kept a secret to not give any advantage to the Spanish, who were also searching for the same riches and colonization. Later, more ships arrived, with women and children onboard. Under the leadership of Captain John Smith, his trading abilities with the Indians was successful. However, he was not popular with the early settlers. His “no work, no food” policy led to his departure from the island. An injury caused him to return to England in 1609. After he departed, the settlers, without sound leadership, fell into the “starving time” during the winter of 1609‐10. The population was decimated; it went from 500 to 60 and there were stories of cannibalism. More sieges with the Indians took place. In 1610, John Rolfe arrived with 150 settlers. He experimented with tobacco growing in 1612 and became a successful tobacco cultivator and exporter of tobacco. His marriage to Pocahontas, Algonquin chief Powhatan’s daughter, on April 5, 1614 created a period of peace with the Indians. Pocahontas converted to Christianity. She died in 1617 from a still unknown cause. Rolfe died in 1622 during or after his plantation was destroyed during an Indian attack. When it came to commerce, glassmaking and silkworm culture failed as did the mining of yellow ore that was sent back to England. The ore turned out to be iron pyrite (fool’s gold). However, tobacco became the region’s “gold.” On July 30, 1619, the first representative assembly in English North America took place in the Jamestown church. Things got worse after Chief Powhatan died. A massacre took place and even a rebellion among the colonists. Eventually, in 1699, the then capital of Virginia, Jamestown, shifted to Williamsburg.

Williamsburg Founded in 1632 as the Middle Plantation, located in the center of the Virginia Peninsula, the Middle Plantation became an important meeting place, especially after a fortress was built in 1633 to protect the colonists from the Virginia Indian attacks. It was also an interconnection between Jamestown and Chiskiack on the York River side of the Peninsula. Early Middle Plantation consisted of some houses, several mills, the stockade, a few shops and a church with a graveyard. What followed was more colonists. One of the reasons for further development was the fact that Middle Plantation was an ideal site in terms of water drainage, which meant fewer mosquitoes. Deep ravines also afforded more protection form the Indians. The College of William and Mary was founded in 1693. In 1699, Middle Plantation became Williamsburg, named after King William III of Great Britain, and became Virginia’s second capital. Governor Francis Nicholson, who planned Annapolis in 1696, also planned Williamsburg. It became a successful venture and its population doubled during “Publick Times” when the General Court was in session. It became a political center in the colonies. In 1926, John D. Rockefeller was responsible for Colonial Williamsburg and re‐creating the historic community. With over 170 acres, the park has become a tourist favorite. Bruton Parish, the Governor’s Palace, Powder Magazine, the Capitol and other original 18th century buildings exist on the streets of Colonial Williamsburg.

Charlottesville A city in Albemarle County, named after the second Earl of Albemarle who was governor of the Virginia Colony. Charlottesville was named after Princess Charlotte, who became queen after marrying King George III in 1761. Next to the Blue Ridge Mountains at the edge of the frontier to the west, much of Charlottesville’s land was once the land owned by Meriwether Lewis’ great‐great‐grandfather, Nicholas Meriwether II, and includes 15,000 acres, some of that comprising the city’s meets and bounds. Charlottesville became a city in 1888. Charlottesville’s area claims to fame‐‐three founding fathers were born in Albemarle and Orange Counties. James Madison Thomas Jefferson James Monroe

James Madison ‐ Montpelier James Madison was the Father of the Constitution, fourth President of the United States and a primary architect of the Bill of Rights. His life‐long home was Montpelier, located in Orange County. Montpelier is a 2,600‐acre property in the rolling hills of the Virginia Piedmont with a magnificent view of the Blue Ridge Mountains. Montpelier (previously called Mount Pleasant) had beginnings in 1723 when Madison’s grandfather Ambrose and brother‐in‐law received a patent (title) to nearly five thousand acres. Later, James’ father, oldest son Colonel James Madison, Sr. of Ambrose managed the plantation including slaves and expanded the operation. James was born on March 16, 1751 in Port Conway, Virginia. During the 1760s, a brick Georgian type home was built and was named “Montpelier” by his father. James and his wife, Dorothea “Dolley” Dandridge Payne Todd Madison expanded the house in 1797. Note, there are several sources regarding James Madison and his actions/thoughts on slavery below. The Madisons were known for having many, many visitors. The personal costs later were considered an economic burden. Dolley was known for intelligence, charm and hosting abilities. After serving in office, President Madison retired to Montpelier where he died on June 28, 1836. Dolley left Montpelier to live‐out her life in Washington DC. In his early years, Madison loved to read and attended good schools including the College of New Jersey (Princeton). He excelled and became Princeton’s first graduate student in many areas of study. His learning and those also of Washington and Franklin were noted in an interesting document entitled: “The Posthumous Career of James Madison as Lawyer.” Edwin S. Corwin wrote, “The Constitution of the United States was a layman’s document, not a lawyer’s contract. That cannot be stressed too often. Madison, most responsible for it, was not a lawyer—nor was Washington or Franklin, whose sense of the give and take of life had kept the Convention together.” (American Bar Association Journal, 1939, p.821)

Thomas Jefferson ‐ Monticello Farmer, gardener, architect, writer, scientist, inventor, statesman, lawyer, ambassador, author, politician, governor, federalist and President, Thomas Jefferson had a diverse and compelling social and political life. He was born on April 13, 1743 on his father’s plantation in Shadwell, Virginia. His famed home, Monticello, was part of a 5,000‐acre estate he received at age 14 when his father died. He wanted a home on a mountain. In 1768, Jefferson had 250 square feet of land cleared at the 868‐foot level of the mountain above his home site. Over a 40‐year period, Monticello would become the building we know today. It is a fascinating home with many of Jefferson’s interests in science within. A consummate reader, Jefferson attended the College of William and Mary at 17. He studied law under a prominent Virginia jurist for five years and was elected to the Virginia House of Burgesses. During his lifetime, he authored the Declaration of Independence, the Virginia Statute for Religious Freedom, founder of the University of Virginia in Charlottesville and was responsible for the purchase of the Louisiana Territory in 1803. Jefferson married Martha Wayles Skelton, a young widow, in 1772. They had six children; only two daughters survived to adulthood. As the age of 33, his wife Martha died after ten years of marriage. Jefferson inherited slaves from his father and father‐in‐law. Jefferson is recorded to have owned over 600 slaves during this lifetime. Eighty lived at Monticello and after his wife died, he fathered six children with a personal house slave named Sally Hemings. Jefferson freed only the Hemings slaves either before he died or in his will. His views of slavery were mixed, as our guide commented, Jefferson questioned the abilities of blacks, felt there was a gross injustice in the institution of slavery, but probably went also with economics of slavery and the times. He did write, “I tremble for my country when I reflect that God is just: that his Justice cannot sleep forever.” Jefferson died on July 4, 1826.

James Monroe ‐ Highland Born on April 28, 1758 in Westmoreland County, Virginia, James Monroe became our President (1817‐1825). He also served America for fifty years in a variety of roles including: Virginia infantry regiment; lawyer and member of the Virginia House of Delegates and Senator from Virginia; Ambassador to France, Governor of Virginia for four terms; negotiator in the Louisiana Territory Purchase; foreign minister to France, England and Spain; and Secretary of State and War. He was the only person to have served two cabinet positions simultaneously under President Madison. Monroe was born to Spence and Elizabeth Jones Monroe on a small tobacco plantation. He attended the Parson Campbell school and studied at the College of William and Mary. During his enlistment in the Continental Army, he crossed the Delaware with General George Washington in the December Battle of Brandywine. The famous painting of “Washington Crossing the Delaware” pictures young Monroe holding the flag behind General Washington. It was painted by a German born artist, Emanuel Leutze. Leutze’s parents had settled in Fredericksburg, Virginia and then Philadelphia. His painting debuted in Germany in 1850. Emanuel painted it to inspire Germans to be like the Americans during their Revolution. This was a period starting in 1848 that saw rebellion throughout Europe to the end of monarchial rule. According to the washingtonpost.com. one of his two versions were destroyed during a WWII bombing that housed the painting in the Bremen art museum. Fortunately, the other version was brought to the United States. The crossing mural can be seen in the US Capitol. Leutze settled in New York and died in 1868 at the age of 52 in Washington, DC. He was a famous historical artist. Monroe married Elizabeth Kortright in 1786. His wife died in 1830. They had three children. In 1799, the family purchased 3,500 acres and moved to Highland. Highland was relatively close to Jefferson’s Monticello home. Jefferson was Monroe’s teacher and they became close friends. Recent archaeological discoveries found that the Monroe house was larger than thought. He had plans to enlarge his home but was called into service by President Washington and sent as a minister to France. At the end of his second term, Monroe fell into debt and was forced to sell Highland. Monroe, like others during that period, had slaves. He owned 250 slaves during his lifetime, even though he called for the abolition of slavery. In highland.org a letter is noted where in 1829 he described slavery as “one of the evils still remaining, incident to our Colonial System.” “He advocated and worked for colonization and resettlement of newly freed black in Africa and Caribbean.”

George Washington – Mount Vernon George Washington was the son of a prosperous planter, raised in colonial Virginia, farmer, land surveyor, soldier in the French and Indian Wars, commander and chief of the Continental Army during the American Revolutionary War, one of the framers of the U.S. Constitution and first president of the United States. The death of his older stepbrother enabled George to inherit Mount Vernon, a large plantation on the Potomac. He began his military career shortly after at the age of 21. Washington married the widow Martha Dandridge Custis, who had four children by Daniel Parke Custis. She married Custis when she was 18 years old. Martha became a widow at the age of 25. Two of her children died in infancy. Her wealth included 100 dower slaves and an estate. She met young colonel Washington and married him on January 6, 1759. They returned to Mount Vernon where he was able to expand his property from 2,000 to 8,000 acres. During George’s military and political career, Martha managed the plantation and Custis estate. She also accompanied George during the battles to support him and the soldiers in the winter encampments. Mount Vernon included a flour mill, distillery, dock, five farms and carpentry‐blacksmith‐spinning shops. As the American revolution was growing against Great Britain, Washington left his agricultural enterprises and volunteered for the militia and represented Virginia in the Continental Congress. His victories during the Revolutionary War and especially at Yorktown in 1781 made him an unanimously elected president of the Constitutional Convention. His goals and aspirations for this new political self‐governed country were most fortunate for the United States because he could have been made King. George Washington was born on February 22, 1732 in National Monument, Virginia. His height was 6 feet, 3.5 inches. Martha Washington’s height was 5 foot. George died at Mount Vernon on December 14, 1799 from epiglottitis and hypovolemia shock (obstruction of trachea/windpipe and loss of blood or other fluids that is life‐threatening) at the age of 67. Martha became so grief‐stricken that she did not attend his funeral. In Washington’s will he ordered freedom of half of his slaves, while Martha’s freeing of the slaves had some contradictions. One source says she freed all the remaining slaves, others say only George’s slaves were freed, and she kept her dowered slaves. Sources also state that George inherited several slaves at age 11, when his father died. At the time of his death, 317 slaves lived at Mount Vernon. In 1802, Martha’s health failed and on May 22, 1802, America’s First Lady of Washington died and is entombed next to her husband at Mt. Vernon. Yorktown – The deciding battle After a six‐year struggle for independence, one battle in a small seaport decided the fate of the United States of America. That battle was Yorktown. The colonist military leader, General George Washington, was finding it difficult to get recruits and equip his troops. As noted in history.net, financing the war effort was no easy matter. “Scarcity of clothing and supplies contributed to the army’s tragic noncombat death toll. Modern historians estimate that eight times the number of Americans died of deprivation and disease in the Revolutionary War as died in combat.” Individuals such as Robert Morris, then Secretary of the Treasury, and funds received through Havana by the Spanish and French helped turn the table of helping to win the war. The means to furthering victory happened in August when the Comte de Rochambeau, commander of the French forces sent to aid the colonies, contacted Washington and said he was sailing for the Chesapeake Bay. Rochambeau’s aim was to trap the British General Charles Lord Cornwallis who was bivouacked in Yorktown, Virginia. The French knew that Washington had 6,000 men to fight at Yorktown. The French were pivotal in this battle. For more specifics of the battle itself, check the sources below. General Henry Clinton, commander in chief of the British forces in North America, was headquartered in New York and planned to send a fleet under Rear Admiral Samuel Hood’s command to reinforce Cornwallis at Yorktown and later another British fleet led by Rear Admiral Thomas Graves. This was thwarted when Rear Admiral de Grasse provided reinforcements and supplies to Rochambeau and fought the British to the point where in history.net the following was stated by the British who held a council of war. Graves and Hood concluded that given “the position of the enemy, the present condition of the British fleet…and the impracticability of giving any effectual succor to General Earl Cornwallis…it was resolved the British squadron…should proceed with all dispatch to New York.” The above actions of funding, support and fight, plus the siege at Yorktown did bring about the surrender of Yorktown on October 17, 1781. The National Park Service provides an excellent commentary to the siege and strategies of those who fought. “The financial assistance at Yorktown from Havana represented the most critical support provided by the Spanish and Latin Americans during the Revolutionary War, but it was far from the only assistance they rendered. From the Mexicans who mined the silver to supply Havana to the victorious Spanish and Latin American troops who defeated the British at Pensacola, many Latinos played an important though largely overlooked role in America’s successful bid for independence. It is a legacy that should not be forgotten.” (history.net) Arlington National Cemetery On a hill overlooking Washington, Arlington House was completed in 1817 by George Washington Parke Custis, a grandson of Martha Washington and father‐in‐law of Robert E. Lee. The Lees departed the residence in 1831 when they left for the South and never returned to join the cause, that being the Civil War. Federal forces seized the property for nonpayment of taxes in 1864 and designated a cemetery for Union soldiers. This became Arlington National Cemetery. After the Civil War, the cemetery was opened to Americans from other wars and conflicts. There are strict rules for in‐ ground burial (interment) They are:  “Any US military personnel killed while on active duty (KIA).  Any retired member of the Armed Services who is eligible to receive retirement benefits stemming from their service.  Any former member of the military separated from the Armed Services by physical disability prior to Oct. 1949 who served on active duty, and who would have been eligible for retirement benefits had such benefits existed when they separated from the service.  Any former Service member who was honorably discharged AND has been awarded any of the following: Medal of Honor, Distinguished Service Cross, Distinguished Service Medal, Silver Star, Purple Heart.  Anyone who has held elected office in the US government, provided they also served in the military and were discharged honorably. Also, any Supreme Court Justices, Cabinet Members, Trade Representatives, Attorneys General, Office of Management and Budget Directors, Social Security Commissioners, Drug Policy directors, CIA directors, Chairman of the FED, various deputy secretaries, and the ambassadors to NATO, the UN, and a handful of countries. All provided if they served on active duty.  Any former President of the United States.  A spouse or dependent child of any eligible veteran. Arlington National Cemetery also has a large columbarium, which houses cremated remains. The requirements for inurnment, as it is called, are much less stringent. Obviously, anyone who qualifies for burial can also be inurned in the columbarium, but essentially anyone who has served in the military, including the reserves, and has been honorably discharged can be inurned in the columbarium. All fees associated with either internment or inurnment, including the funeral costs, are paid by the Army, so there is no cost to a veteran.” Over 430,000 people are buried at Arlington National Cemetery today. There were 27 burials on the day we visited Arlington, including multiple wreath ceremonies at the Tomb of the Unknown Soldiers from American wars and conflicts. Opened 365 days a year, 8am‐7pm April‐September and 8am‐5pm October‐March. The flags at Arlington National Cemetery are flown at half‐staff from one‐half hour before the first funeral until a half‐hour after the last funeral of the day. A tour of Arlington, Tomb of the Unknowns (“Known But to God”), changing of the guard and the wreath ceremonies is well worth the visit to remember those who have served and given so much to America.

Other historical photo programs in Virginia USA include: Arlington National Cemetery Colonial Williamsburg Jamestown Yorktown James Madison’s Montpelier James Monroe’s Highland Thomas Jefferson’s Monticello George Washington’s Mount Vernon Sources: Guided Tours of at all sites; Virginia Travel Guide: Official publication of Virginia is for Lovers, virginia.org; “Colonial Williamsburg,” Edward Singer, Gallery Books, 1991; “George Washington’s Mount Vernon: Official Guidebook,” Mount Vernon Ladies Association; and “Montpelier Hospitality Cookbook: Recipes and Traditions from the home of James and Dolley Madison,” The Montpelier Foundation, 2010. Jamestown: https://historicjamestowne.org/history/history‐of‐jamestown/, https://www.nps.gov/jame/learn/historyculture/a‐short‐history‐of‐jamestown.htm, https://www.livescience.com/38595‐jamestown‐history.html, http://www.dailypress.com/features/history/jamestown/, http://archive.tobacco.org/History/Jamestown.html, http://www.masshist.org/teaching‐history/loc‐slavery/essay.php?entry_id=504, https://www.uhistory.com/pages/h519.html,https://www.cleveland.com/entertainment/index.ssf/2018/10/atlantic_citys_new_call_of_dut.html, and https://preservationvirginia.org/historic‐sites/historic‐jamestowne/. Williamsburg: https://www.williamsburgva.gov/i‐want‐to/learn‐more‐about/about‐williamsburg, https://www.guidetowilliamsburg.com/about‐ williamsburg/middle‐plantation/, http://www.history.org/foundation/cwhistory.cfm, https://www.visitwilliamsburg.com/, https://colonialghosts.com/history‐of‐ williamsburg/, http://hicks5thgrade.weebly.com/uploads/2/2/8/6/22868066/ch_9_reading_notes_key.pdf, https://worldstrides.com/blog/2017/11/7‐interesting‐ facts‐about‐colonial‐williamsburg/, http://www.jslid.com/502/va_history/williamsburg.html, and https://www.colonialwilliamsburg.com/historic‐area. Charlottesville: http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/schwartz/cville/cville.history.html, https://www.visitcharlottesville.org/about/history/, and https://www.roadsideamerica.com/tip/31500. James Madison‐Montpelier: https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/presidents/madison_montpelier.html, www.montpelier.org, https://savingplaces.org/places/montpelier?gclid=Cj0KCQjw6rXeBRD3ARIsAD9ni9DklrngJD6TUpjD78OElq‐ThuwcLO47twesIl2‐ ckLPV9rle5lVZHsaApJkEALw_wcB#.W84Y40tKhSE, http://www.history.org/foundation/journal/spring05/montpelier.cfm, https://www.montpelier.org/the‐story‐of‐ montpelier, https://www.montpelier.org/learn/the‐life‐of‐james‐madison, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/montpelier‐and‐the‐legacy‐of‐james‐madison‐ 85354581/, https://www.jstor.org/stable/25712520?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents, http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=4, https://www.history.com/topics/first‐ladies/dolley‐madison, https://www.whitehouse.gov/about‐the‐white‐house/first‐ladies/dolley‐payne‐todd‐madison/, http://www.americaslibrary.gov/aa/madison/aa_madison_dolley_1.html, https://www.nps.gov/people/dolley‐madison.htm, https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/slavery‐and‐the‐contradictions‐of‐james‐madison/2018/01/03/3368716e‐db88‐11e7‐b1a8‐ 62589434a581_story.html?noredirect=on&utm_term=.d592cd856596, https://study.com/academy/lesson/james‐madison‐slavery.html, http://www.jamesmadisonmuseum.org/slavery.html, https://slavery.princeton.edu/stories/james‐madison, https://www.washingtonian.com/2017/06/23/the‐ descendants‐of‐james‐madisons‐slaves‐are‐reviving‐their‐ancestors‐history/, and https://pres‐slaves.zohosites.com/james‐madison.html. Thomas Jefferson‐Monticello: https://www.monticello.org/site/jefferson/thomas‐jefferson‐brief‐biography, https://www.history.com/topics/us‐ presidents/thomas‐jefferson, https://www.whitehouse.gov/about‐the‐white‐house/presidents/thomas‐jefferson/, http://www.ushistory.org/declaration/signers/jefferson.html, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/the‐dark‐side‐of‐thomas‐jefferson‐35976004/, https://jeffersonpapers.princeton.edu/, https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/jefferson‐thomas, http://blog.acton.org/archives/101145‐6‐quotes‐ thomas‐jefferson‐on‐liberty‐and government.html?gclid=Cj0KCQjwjbveBRDVARIsAKxH7vm04i6MWa4SnsIBeAgkrkr3V3h2FWr7MB9rVhaQn0E1D4jBfNRGUgwaAl9LEALw_wcB, https://www.biography.com/people/thomas‐jefferson‐9353715, https://rotunda.upress.virginia.edu/founders/TSJN.html, https://www.monticello.org/sallyhemings/, https://www.biography.com/people/sally‐hemings‐9542356, and https://www.nytimes.com/2018/06/16/us/sally‐ hemings‐exhibit‐monticello.html. James Monroe‐Highland: https://highland.org/discover‐monroe/, https://www.history.com/topics/us‐presidents/james‐monroe, https://www.whitehouse.gov/about‐the‐white‐house/presidents/james‐monroe/, http://www.ushistory.org/valleyforge/served/monroe.html, https://millercenter.org/president/monroe/life‐before‐the‐presidency, https://history.state.gov/departmenthistory/people/monroe‐james, https://www.u‐s‐ history.com/pages/h513.html, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/12/24/how‐a‐painting‐of‐george‐washington‐crossing‐the‐delaware‐on‐ christmas‐went‐19th‐century‐viral/?utm_term=.6ad8489e63c5, https://millercenter.org/president/monroe/family‐life, https://www.history.com/news/major‐ discovery‐at‐james‐monroes‐historic‐virginia‐home, https://www.virginia.org/Listings/HistoricSites/JamesMonroesHighland/, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/education/wp/2016/04/28/at‐virginia‐home‐of‐president‐monroe‐a‐sizable‐revision‐of‐history/?utm_term=.75b403d51785 and https://highland.org/james‐monroe‐and‐slavery/. George Washington‐Mount Vernon: https://www.history.com/topics/us‐presidents/george‐washington, https://www.nps.gov/gewa/index.htm , https://www.whitehouse.gov/about‐the‐white‐house/presidents/george‐washington/, https://www.khanacademy.org/humanities/art‐americas/us‐art‐ 19c/romanticism‐us/a/leutze‐washington‐crossing‐the‐delaware, https://www.biography.com/people/george‐washington‐9524786 , https://www.webmd.com/a‐to‐ z‐guides/epiglottitis‐infection‐inflammation#1 , https://www.webmd.com/a‐to‐z‐guides/hypovolemic‐shock#1, https://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/george‐ washington‐the‐reluctant‐president‐49492/, https://history.army.mil/books/RevWar/ss/washington.htm, http://gwpapers.virginia.edu/, http://marthawashington.us/, http://www.history.org/almanack/people/bios/biomwash.cfm, https://www.whitehousehistory.org/bios/martha‐washington, http://www.firstladies.org/biographies/firstladies.aspx?biography=1http://www.ushistory.org/valleyforge/served/martha.html, http://gwpapers.virginia.edu/why‐ did‐martha‐washington‐free‐her‐husbands‐slaves‐early/, https://www.history.com/news/did‐george‐washington‐really‐free‐mount‐vernons‐slaves, and http://www.historynet.com/george‐washington. Yorktown: https://www.nps.gov/york/index.htm, https://www.history.com/this‐day‐in‐history/battle‐of‐yorktown‐begins, http://www.historynet.com/bankrolling‐the‐battle‐of‐yorktown.htm and http://www.historynet.com/bankrolling‐the‐battle‐of‐yorktown.htm. Arlington National Cemetery: https://www.arlingtoncemetery.mil/Explore/History/History‐of‐Arlington‐National‐Cemetery, https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/presidents/madison_montpelier.html, http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/, https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/national_cemeteries/virginia/arlington_national_cemetery.html, https://thehill.com/blogs/blog‐briefing‐room/389613‐arlington‐ national‐cemetery‐nearing‐capacity‐report, https://www.arlingtoncemetery.mil/Explore/History/History‐of‐Arlington‐National‐Cemetery, https://www.history.com/topics/landmarks/arlington‐national‐cemetery, https://freetoursbyfoot.com/burial‐requirements‐arlington‐national‐cemetery/, https://www.arlingtoncemetery.mil/Explore/Notable‐Graves/Prominent‐Military‐Figures/Oliver‐Wendell‐Holmes and http://www.arlingtoncemetery.net/history1.htm. acuri.net John R. Vincenti Virginia is for History of America’s Beginnings