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Analyse De Risque Phytosanitaire Ditylenchus Dipsaci Sur Luzerne Avis De L’Anses Rapport D’Expertise Collective

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Analyse De Risque Phytosanitaire Ditylenchus Dipsaci Sur Luzerne Avis De L’Anses Rapport D’Expertise Collective Analyse de risque phytosanitaire Ditylenchus dipsaci sur luzerne Avis de l’Anses Rapport d’expertise collective Avril 2013 Édition scientifique Analyse de risque phytosanitaire Ditylenchus dipsaci sur luzerne Avis de l’Anses Rapport d’expertise collective Avril 2013 Édition scientifique Avis de l’Anses Saisine n° « 2012-SA-0086 » Le directeur général Maisons-Alfort, le 16 avril 2013 AVIS de l’Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l’alimentation, de l’environnement et du travail relatif à « l’analyse de risque phytosanitaire Ditylenchus dipsaci sur luzerne » L’Anses met en œuvre une expertise scientifique indépendante et pluraliste. L’Anses contribue principalement à assurer la sécurité sanitaire dans les domaines de l’environnement, du travail et de l’alimentation et à évaluer les risques sanitaires qu’ils peuvent comporter. Elle contribue également à assurer d’une part la protection de la santé et du bien-être des animaux et de la santé des végétaux et d’autre part l’évaluation des propriétés nutritionnelles des aliments. Elle fournit aux autorités compétentes toutes les informations sur ces risques ainsi que l’expertise et l’appui scientifique technique nécessaires à l’élaboration des dispositions législatives et réglementaires et à la mise en œuvre des mesures de gestion du risque (article L.1313-1 du code de la santé publique). Ses avis sont rendus publics. L’Anses a été saisie le 15 mars 2012 par la Direction Générale de l’Alimentation du ministère en charge de l’agriculture d’une demande d’analyse de risque phytosanitaire (ARP) sur le nématode des tiges et bulbes (Ditylenchus dipsaci) sur luzerne (Medicago sativa). 1. CONTEXTE ET OBJET DE LA SAISINE ■ Contexte D. dipsaci est un organisme nuisible listé dans l’annexe IIA2 de la directive 2000/29/CE (organismes nuisibles, présents dans la communauté et importants pour toute la communauté, dont l’introduction et la dissémination doivent être interdites dans tous les États membres s’ils se trouvent sur certains végétaux ou produits végétaux). Des exigences sont prévues pour l’introduction et la circulation de végétaux ou de produits végétaux au sein de l’UE (annexes IV-I et IV-II de la Directive). Ainsi, pour pouvoir être introduites et circuler sur le territoire de l’UE, les semences de M. sativa doivent avoir fait l’objet d’une constatation officielle : - (a) qu’aucun symptôme de D. dipsaci n’a été observé sur le lieu de production depuis le début de la dernière période complète de végétation et qu’aucun D. dipsaci n’a été trouvé après un test en laboratoire sur un échantillon représentatif ou - (b) qu’une fumigation a été effectuée avant l’exportation (ou la commercialisation) Cette demande d’analyse de risque phytosanitaire (ARP) portant sur D. dipsaci sur luzerne fait suite au constat de la très forte diffusion de cet organisme nuisible sur le territoire Agence nationale de sécurité sanitaire de l’alimentation, de l’environnement et du travail, 27-31 av. du Général Leclerc, 94701 Maisons-Alfort Cedex - Téléphone : + 33 (0)1 49 77 13 50 - Télécopie : + 33 (0)1 49 77 26 26 - www.anses.fr 1 / 7 Avis de l’Anses Saisine n° « 2012-SA-0086 » national qui conduit à rendre extrêmement problématique la production de semences de luzerne exemptes de ce pathogène. À cela s’ajoute l’impossibilité de pouvoir traiter les lots de semences contaminés depuis le retrait de la seule solution de traitement disponible (bromure de méthyle) et la difficulté de détecter les parcelles contaminées par la recherche de symptômes sur les cultures en raison de la large diffusion de variétés résistantes qui pourraient être asymptomatiques. ■ Objet Il est demandé à l’Anses de réaliser une ARP sur le nématode des tiges et bulbes (D. dipsaci) sur luzerne (M. sativa). L’ARP consiste à évaluer, selon des normes internationales1, 2 , les preuves biologiques et autres données scientifiques ou économiques pour déterminer si un organisme nuisible doit être réglementé (ou déréglementé) et la nature des mesures phytosanitaires éventuelles à prendre à son égard. L’ARP s’attache à évaluer l'importance potentielle d'un organisme nuisible particulier pour une zone clairement définie. Elle peut être initiée pour une ou plusieurs raisons, les plus fréquentes étant : l’identification d'une filière, l’identification d’un organisme nuisible, l’examen ou la révision d'une politique. Dans le cadre de la présente saisine : - le couple organisme nuisible / filière est D. dipsaci / semences de M. sativa - la zone ARP est l’Union européenne - la raison de mener l’ARP est l’examen ou la révision d’une politique phytosanitaire. 2. ORGANISATION DE L’EXPERTISE ■ Organisation générale L’expertise a été réalisée dans le respect de la norme NF X 50-110 « Qualité en expertise – Prescriptions générales de compétence pour une expertise (Mai 2003) ». L’Anses a confié au CES « Risques biologiques pour la santé des végétaux » l’instruction de cette saisine. Ce dernier a mandaté le groupe de travail (GT) « Ditylenchus dipsaci sur luzerne» pour la réalisation des travaux d’expertise. Cette expertise est ainsi issue de collectifs d’experts aux compétences complémentaires. ■ Démarche de travail La conduite de l’expertise a suivi le processus d'analyse du risque phytosanitaire qui se subdivise en trois étapes interdépendantes : initiation, évaluation du risque phytosanitaire (catégorisation de l'organisme nuisible, évaluation de la probabilité d'introduction et de 1 Convention Internationale pour la Protection des Végétaux (2004) NIMP N°11 « Analyse du risque phytosanitaire pour les organismes de quarantaine, incluant l’analyse des risques pour l’environnement et des organismes vivants modifiés». 2 Organisation Européenne et Méditerranéenne pour la Protection des Plantes (2011) PM 5/3(5) « Lignes directrices pour l'analyse du risque phytosanitaire. Schéma d'aide à la décision pour l'Analyse du Risque Phytosanitaire pour les organismes de quarantaine » 2 / 7 Avis de l’Anses Saisine n° « 2012-SA-0086 » dissémination, évaluation des conséquences économiques potentielles), et gestion du risque phytosanitaire. 3. ANALYSE ET CONCLUSIONS DU CES Les éléments suivants sont repris du rapport d’expertise collective. ■ Analyse du CES L’organisme nuisible D. dipsaci est un nématode endoparasite migrateur nuisible sur une large gamme d’hôtes. Il s’attaque aux parties aériennes des plantes et est susceptible de se retrouver au niveau des tiges, des feuilles et également des inflorescences de ses hôtes. L’effet de D. dipsaci sur la luzerne consiste en un raccourcissement des entre-nœuds, entraînant un nanisme de la plante. La tige attaquée se nécrose. En cas de forte multiplication, la plante meurt. Les nématodes s’en échappent et envahissent les luzernes voisines, avec développement d’un foyer ou zone où la végétation est réduite. Distribution de l’organisme nuisible D. dipsaci est un nématode ubiquiste et cosmopolite qui a été signalé en Europe et régions méditerranéennes, Amérique du nord et du sud, Afrique du nord et australe, Asie et Océanie. D. dipsaci est connu en Europe depuis le 19ème siècle. Il y a été décrit dans l’ensemble des pays de l’Union Européenne, à l’exception du Luxembourg. D. dipsaci est ainsi largement répandu dans la zone ARP où il ne répond pas à la définition d’un organisme de quarantaine. Probabilité d’entrée dans la zone ARP À l’échelle européenne, sur luzerne, les semences importées et/ou circulant au sein de la zone ARP constituent la principale filière d’entrée du nématode dans des zones qui seraient exemptes. En l’absence de traitement curatif des semences par fumigation, l’entrée de D. dipsaci via les semences de luzerne est très probable, qui plus est en cas de faible niveau de contamination des lots de semences. Probabilité d’établissement dans la zone ARP D. dipsaci est susceptible de s’établir dans l’ensemble de la zone ARP. Étant donné la large répartition actuelle de D. dipsaci dans la zone ARP, le climat et la distribution des plantes hôtes, la probabilité d’établissement est jugée forte. 3 / 7 Avis de l’Anses Saisine n° « 2012-SA-0086 » Probabilité de dissémination dans la zone ARP Une fois entré et établi dans une zone, la dissémination de D. dipsaci est probable mais s’opérerait à une vitesse limitée, que ce soit par des moyens naturels (vitesse très faible) ou via une assistance humaine (vitesse faible). Cette évaluation exclut le transport à longue distance de semences, qui a été traité en tant que filière d’entrée du nématode dans la zone ARP. Ampleur des conséquences économiques La luzerne est cultivée en culture pure en Europe sur plus de deux millions d’hectares auxquels s’ajoutent les prairies temporaires formées d'association graminée-luzerne. La production de semences concerne près de quarante mille hectares. Les pertes engendrées par D. dipsaci sur luzerne se manifestent par une diminution des rendements bruts en fourrage. La présence du nématode dans les organes de multiplication que sont les semences cause également un préjudice commercial important du fait des risques qu'elle fait courir sur la culture suivante. L’impact observé de D. dipsaci en cultures fourragères se traduit par des pertes de rendements limitées à importantes selon les zones pédoclimatiques; susceptibles d’êtres acceptables en cas de culture de variétés résistantes. En cultures grainières, l’impact observé est lié au refus des lots de semences contaminés qui ne peuvent être commercialisés depuis le retrait du bromure de méthyle. Incertitudes D. dipsaci étant connu en Europe depuis plus d’un siècle, il existe des connaissances relatives à sa biologie, son épidémiologie, ou encore son importance agronomique dans la zone ARP. Ainsi, les incertitudes sont réduites dans le sens où, contrairement aux organismes nuisibles émergents, il ne s’avère pas forcément nécessaire d’extrapoler les données de la zone géographique d’origine pour pouvoir répondre aux questions de la norme OEPP.
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