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A Gender Sensitive Policy Framework for Disaster Management in Bangladesh

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A Gender Sensitive Policy Framework for Disaster Management in Bangladesh A Gender Sensitive Policy Framework for Disaster Management in Bangladesh SHAMMI AHMED THESIS SUBMITTED IN FULFILMENT OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY INSTITUTE FOR SUSTAINABLE INDUSTRIES AND LIVEABLE CITIES (ISILC) VICTORIA UNIVERSITY MELBOURNE, AUSTRALIA. MAY 1, 2019 Victoria University May 2019 DECLARATION “I, Shammi Ahmed, declare that the PhD thesis entitled “A Gender Sensitive Policy Framework for Disaster Management in Bangladesh” is no more than 100,000 words in length including quotes and exclusive of tables, figures, appendices, bibliography, references and footnotes. This thesis contains no material that has been submitted previously, in whole or in part, for the award of any other academic degree or diploma. Except where otherwise indicated, this thesis is my own work”. 02/05/2019 Signature Date ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I fondly remember my parents Mohiuddin Ahmed and Farida Begum, whose dream that I am fulfilling by completing this dissertation they have left this world but I can feel how happy they would have been to see me accomplish this academic feat. I am thankful to my husband, Siddique Abu Jafar Kafi, for being so patient and supportive during the entire period of my study. My children Shadman, Shehreen and, my husband Kafi believed in me and provided me with many insights. My siblings, Shahab, Sadia, Shaila, and Shabbir encouraged me to take on this challenging research project. I am indebted to all of them. There were many others who contributed directly and indirectly to accomplish this project. First and foremost, I would like to thank Associate Professor Shahnaz Naughton, who has made this thesis a reality through her excellent mentorship. It has been a privilege to be able to work with her. In addition to providing solid intellectual support throughout the conception and writing of this dissertation, she introduced me to various research methods and methodologies, all of which have buttressed the writing of this thesis. Despite her busy schedules Professor Naughton offered me ample time whenever I needed it. I am grateful for her support, guidance, and feedback during my fieldwork, which laid the foundation of this dissertation. My sincerest gratitude goes out to all my study participants from rural and urban areas. Without their valuable input my research would not have been possible. They shared the stories and struggles of their lives, and welcomed me in their midst as a friend, a gesture that greatly enhanced my experience and made research enjoyable. I am very thankful to all of them. Finally, this research made me realize how much development work still needed to be done to take my country to the next stage of progress. I hope my research will make humble contribution to the betterment of flood affected victims. I hope to continue my work. ABSTRACT Bangladesh has been hit by many catastrophic natural disasters where flooding has become a recurring phenomenon. Such flooding events have particularly severe consequences for relatively poor communities and within these communities’ women tend to be more vulnerable than men. Women’s development and gender issues have increasingly gained prominence and realization of importance (King and Mason 2001). It’s been recognized that empowerment of women is essential in addressing poverty and advancing development. The governments often are, however, shy on placing priority on women’s development and welfare. This particularly applies to times of crisis or disasters, where gender concerns are argued to be a luxury that can only be addressed after the more important matters (IFRC 2006). The socio-economic context in Bangladesh has created a situation where women’s status and roles in a patriarchal society puts them in more vulnerability during the natural disaster as women face particular challenges in fulfilling their traditional roles in regard to gathering food, water, fuel; childcare, livestock as well as pursue diverse sources of income to sustain their households. Several international scholars have noted that a lack of sensitivity to the needs of women has meant that disaster relief and recovery operations have sometimes made things worse for women in the wake of natural disasters. The research aim is twofold: First to investigate the challenges that women face during flooding events and the effectiveness of disaster relief and recovery work of government and non-government agencies and reflect on their disaster relief policies and its implications. Second, to investigate whether rural community women are disadvantaged compared to urban community women and address the gaps that may exists. The study focuses on the experiences of women living through natural disasters in two different flood- prone communities in Bangladesh; a remote rural community in Munshigonj and an urban community living in Tongi Area, within the vicinity of Dhaka. Predominantly, a qualitative methodology using case study approach was applied. Two modes of data were collected: a survey questionnaire that provided the details of economic conditions (agricultural activities) and demography of the two selected districts; individual face-to-face interviews and focus groups with rural and urban women that have been affected by the floods. In-depth face-to-face interviews were also conducted from the relief agencies as well as government employees and local district leaders. The findings of the study show that the rural-urban divide is less important than many have predicted and that other factors such as the duration of the flood—is more significant. For example, the study found that lack of money and other resources makes it extremely difficult for women to sustain their coping mechanisms for the duration of a major flooding and the exhaustion of their meagre resources makes it hard for them to rebuild their home and their livelihoods after the flood waters have subsided. This has implications for how and when disaster relief and recovery should be delivered, and the study draws on its case study findings to suggest ways in which government and non-government disaster relief and recovery work in Bangladesh should be made more gender-sensitive. The findings also showed that the number of agencies involved in disaster relief and recovery work in Bangladesh has multiplied in recent years and this makes it harder to ensure that consistent policies and practices are followed. Despite the participation of various organizations in disaster prevention, survival and recovery, there is absence of women sensitive policies that addresses women’s specific challenges. These findings not only have implications for Bangladesh but draws attention for international significance. Several future directions for research are developed based on the findings. TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ....................................................................................................................... 6 LIST OF FIGURES .............................................................................................................................. 10 LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................................... 11 LIST OF SYMBOLS AND ABBREVIATIONS ................................................................................. 13 ABBREVIATIONS .............................................................................................................................. 15 GLOSSARY OF TERMS .................................................................................................................... 16 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION .................................................................................................. 19 1.0 Research context ..........................................................................................................19 1.1 Disaster vulnerabilities in South Asia ............................................................................. 24 1.2 Flooding in Bangladesh ................................................................................................. 25 1.3 Flood Management strategies ........................................................................................ 27 1.4 Women as Victim of Flood vulnerabilities .................................................................... 28 1.5 Multiplication of agencies involved in disaster relief and recovery .............................. 29 1.6 Research gap and focus of the thesis ............................................................................. 30 1.7 Research aim, Objectives and Research Questions …………………………………………………..32 1.8 The Research method………………………………………………………….33 1.9 Contribution of the study ............................................................................................. 32 CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW....................................................................................... 35 2.0 Introduction .................................................................................................................35 2.1 The impacts of disasters on women ............................................................................... 35 2.1.1 Death and injury ....................................................................................36 2.1.2 Post-disaster migration ..........................................................................37 2.2 The impacts of disasters on poor communities .............................................................. 37 2.3 Shifting the focus to
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