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Comprehensive Mixed-Method Research on Child Labor in the Dried Fish Sector in Cox's Bazar

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Comprehensive Mixed-Method Research on Child Labor in the Dried Fish Sector in Cox's Bazar COMPREHENSIVE MIXED-METHOD RESEARCH ON CHILD LABOR IN THE DRIED FISH SECTOR IN COX’S BAZAR JUNE 15, 2020 Prepared by Sustainable Upliftment Initiative Trust (SUIT) for submission to the Child Labor Improvements in Bangladesh (CLIMB) Project Funding is provided by the United States Department of Labor under cooperative agreement number IL‐31478-17-75-K. One hundred percentage of the total costs of the project or program is financed with federal funds, for a total of 2.25 million dollars. This material does not necessarily reflect the views or policies of the United States Department of Labor, nor does mention of trade names, commercial products, or organizations imply endorsement by the United States Government. ISBN 978-1-7360029-1-9 © Winrock International TABLE OF CONTENTS ACRONYMS .................................................................................................................................... VII GLOSSARY ...................................................................................................................................... IX ACKNOWLEDGMENTS .................................................................................................................. X EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ................................................................................................................ XI I. INTRODUCTION AND STUDY CONTEXT .............................................................................. 1 A. AN OVERVIEW OF THE DRIED FISH SECTOR IN BANGLADESH ..................................................... 1 B. STUDY CONTEXT .......................................................................................................................... 2 II. PREVIOUS RESEARCH ............................................................................................................ 4 A. CHILD LABOR IN BANGLADESH ................................................................................................... 4 B. CHILD LABOR IN THE DRIED FISH SECTOR .................................................................................. 4 III. METHODOLOGY ..................................................................................................................... 5 A. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH ............................................................................................................ 6 1. RATIONALE ............................................................................................................................................ 6 2. SAMPLING METHODS FOR THE QUALITATIVE RESEARCH BY RESPONDENT CATEGORIES ................... 7 B. MAPPING STUDY INCLUDING SIZE ESTIMATION .......................................................................... 8 C. QUANTITATIVE SURVEY OF CHILD WORKERS ........................................................................... 10 1. DETERMINATION OF THE SAMPLE SIZE FOR THE STUDY ..................................................................... 10 2. SAMPLING STRATEGY .......................................................................................................................... 10 D. VALUE CHAIN ANALYSIS (VCA) ................................................................................................ 12 E. MEDIA LANDSCAPE STUDY ........................................................................................................ 12 F. DATA ANALYSIS ......................................................................................................................... 13 i 1. QUALITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................... 13 2. QUANTITATIVE DATA ANALYSIS ........................................................................................................ 14 G. ETHICAL ISSUES ........................................................................................................................ 14 H. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY ..................................................................................................... 14 IV. PROFILE OF THE DRIED FISH ESTABLISHMENTS AND THE WORKFORCE ............ 15 A. LOCATIONS OF THE DRIED FISH ESTABLISHMENTS IN COX’S BAZAR DISTRICT ........................ 15 B. INVOLVEMENT OF CHILD WORKERS IN THE VALUE CHAIN ....................................................... 16 C. COMPOSITION OF WORKERS IN THE DFES ................................................................................ 19 V. EMPIRICAL FINDINGS ON CHILDREN WORKING IN THE DFES ................................. 22 A. SOCIOECONOMIC AND DEMOGRAPHIC CHARACTERISTICS OF CHILD WORKERS ..................... 23 1. ETHNICITY ........................................................................................................................................... 23 2. MIGRANT STATUS ................................................................................................................................ 23 3. AGE STRUCTURE .................................................................................................................................. 24 4. SCHOOL ENROLLMENT AND EDUCATIONAL ATTAINMENT ................................................................. 24 B. WORKING CONDITIONS FOR CHILDREN .................................................................................... 27 1. NATURE OF WORK DONE BY CHILDREN ............................................................................................. 27 2. TYPES OF WORK DONE BY CHILDREN ................................................................................................. 32 3. REMUNERATIONS AND OTHER BENEFITS ............................................................................................ 33 C. LIVING CONDITIONS OF CHILDREN AT THE WORKPLACE ......................................................... 34 D. HARMFUL EFFECTS ON CHILDREN ............................................................................................ 37 1. HEALTH EFFECTS ................................................................................................................................. 37 2. ABUSE AT THE WORKPLACE ................................................................................................................ 42 3. SCHOOLING EFFECTS ........................................................................................................................... 46 E. CHILD WORKERS’ STATUS ACCORDING TO THE CLIMB DEFINITION OF CHILD LABOR .......... 49 VI. FAMILY STRATEGIES INVOLVING CHILD WORKERS AND THE DECISION TO WORK .............................................................................................................................................. 52 A. POVERTY AND INDEBTEDNESS ................................................................................................... 52 ii B. RELATIVE EASE IN GETTING A JOB IN DFES ............................................................................. 55 C. FAMILY PREFERENCES FOR JOBS IN DFES ................................................................................ 56 D. ABSENCE OF THE FATHER OR ANY OTHER EARNING MEMBERS IN THE FAMILY ...................... 57 E. UNAVAILABILITY OF SCHOOLS NEARBY AND EXTRA EDUCATIONAL EXPENSES ........................ 57 F. PARENTS’ DESIRE TO SEND CHILDREN BACK TO SCHOOL ......................................................... 58 VII. KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND VIEWS OF PARENTS AND OTHER KEY STAKEHOLDERS TOWARDS CHILD LABOR ........................................................................... 60 A. KNOWLEDGE ABOUT THE DEFINITION OF CHILDREN ................................................................ 60 B. AWARENESS ABOUT THE CHILD LABOR LAWS OF THE GOVERNMENT ...................................... 60 C. AWARENESS ABOUT COMPULSORY PRIMARY EDUCATION ........................................................ 61 D. KNOWLEDGE ABOUT HARMFUL EFFECTS ON CHILDREN WORKING IN DFES ........................... 61 E. STAKEHOLDER VIEWS ON THE WAYS TO IMPROVE CHILD WORKERS’ SITUATION IN DRIED FISH ESTABLISHMENTS .............................................................................................................................. 61 VIII. GRIEVANCE PROCEDURE: LEGAL FRAMEWORK AND THE REALITY .................. 62 IX. MEDIA LANDSCAPE OF CHILD LABOR IN DRIED FISH SECTOR ................................ 66 A. QUANTITATIVE RESULTS ........................................................................................................... 66 B. FINDINGS FROM KEY INFORMANT INTERVIEWS ........................................................................ 70 X. CONCLUSION.......................................................................................................................... 71 A. MAJOR FINDINGS ....................................................................................................................... 71 B. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY ...................................................................................................... 73 C. SCOPE FOR FURTHER RESEARCH ............................................................................................... 73 XI. POLICY RECOMMENDATIONS .......................................................................................... 74 XII. REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................ 76 iii XIII. ANNEXES .............................................................................................................................
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