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Participatory Assessment of Multiple Socio-Economic Drivers and Climate Stresses Leading to Differentiated Vulnerabilities in the Hindu Kush Himalaya HI-AWARE Working Paper 24 HI A ARE Himalayan Adaptation, Water and Resilience Research Participatory Assessment of Multiple Socio-economic Drivers and Climate Stresses Leading to Differentiated Vulnerabilities in the Hindu Kush Himalaya Consortium members About HI-AWARE Working Papers This series is based on the work of the Himalayan Adaptation, Water and Resilience (HI-AWARE) consortium under the Collaborative Adaptation Research Initiative in Africa and Asia (CARIAA) with financial support from the UK Government’s Department for International Development and the International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada. CARIAA aims to build the resilience of vulnerable populations and their livelihoods in three climate change hot spots in Africa and Asia. The programme supports collaborative research to inform adaptation policy and practice. HI-AWARE aims to enhance the adaptive capacities and climate resilience of the poor and vulnerable women, men, and children living in the mountains and flood plains of the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra river basins. It seeks to do this through the development of robust evidence to inform people-centred and gender-inclusive climate change adaptation policies and practices for improving livelihoods. The HI-AWARE consortium is led by the International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD). The other consortium members are the Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies (BCAS), The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), the Climate Change, Alternative Energy, and Water Resources Institute of the Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (CAEWRI- PARC) and Wageningen Environmental Research (Alterra). For more details see www.hi-aware.org. Titles in this series are intended to share initial findings and lessons from research studies commissioned by HI-AWARE. Papers are intended to foster exchange and dialogue within science and policy circles concerned with climate change adaptation in vulnerability hotspots. As an interim output of the HI-AWARE consortium, they have only undergone an internal review process. Feedback is welcomed as a means to strengthen these works: some may later be revised for peer-reviewed publication. Authors Dwijen Mallick Email: [email protected] Tanzina Dilshad Email: [email protected] Zakia Naznin Email: [email protected] S.M. Tanvir Hassan Email: [email protected] Md. Abu Syed Email: [email protected] Chanda G. Goodrich Email: [email protected] Pranita B. Udas Email: [email protected] Anjal Prakash Email: [email protected] Muhammad Zubair Anwar Email: [email protected] Nusrat Habib Email: [email protected] Saqib Shakeel Abbasi Email: [email protected] Qaiser Khan Email: [email protected] Murad Ali Email: [email protected] Abdul Hayee Qureshi Email: [email protected] Saira Batool Email: [email protected] Suruchi Bhadwal Email: [email protected] Neha Khandekar Email: [email protected] Ganesh Gorti Email: [email protected] Govindan Mini Email: [email protected] Navarun Varma Email: [email protected] Ghanashyam Sharma Email: [email protected] Mahindra Luitel Email: [email protected] Kalzang Nyima Email: [email protected] Deepak Dorje Tamang Email: [email protected] Acknowledgements This work was carried out by the Himalayan Adaptation, Water and Resilience (HI-AWARE) consortium under the Collaborative Adaptation Research Initiative in Africa and Asia (CARIAA) with financial support from the UK Government’s Department for International Development and the International Development Research Centre, Ottawa, Canada. HI-AWARE Working Paper 24 Participatory Assessment of Multiple Socio-economic Drivers and Climate Stresses Leading to Differentiated Vulnerabilities in the Hindu Kush Himalaya Authors Dwijen Mallick1, Tanzina Dilshad1, Zakia Naznin1, S.M. Tanvir Hassan1, Md. Abu Syed1, Chanda G. Goodrich2, Pranita B. Udas2, Anjal Prakash2, Muhammad Zubair Anwar3, Nusrat Habib3, Saqib Shakeel Abbasi3, Qaiser Khan, Murad Ali3, Abdul Hayee Qureshi3, Saira Batool3, Suruchi Bhadwal4, Neha Khandekar4, Ganesh Gorti4, Govindan Mini4, Navarun Varma4, Ghanashyam Sharma5, Mahindra Luitel5, Kalzang Nyima5, Deepak Dorje Tamang6 Himalayan Adaptation, Water and Resilience (HI-AWARE) Research Kathmandu, Nepal, April 2019 1 Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies (BCAS) 2 International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development (ICIMOD) 3 Pakistan Agricultural Research Council (PARC) 4 The Energy and Resources Institute (TERI) 5 The Mountain Institute (TMI) 6 SEARCH Nepal Copyright © 2019 Himalayan Adaptation, Water and Resilience (HI-AWARE) Research This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial, No Derivatives 4.0 International License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/). Published by HI-AWARE Consortium Secretariat Himalayan Adaptation, Water and Resilience (HI-AWARE) Research c/o ICIMOD GPO Box 3226, Kathmandu, Nepal ISBN 978 9291 1566 10 (electronic) Production team Rachana Chettri (Editor) Debabrat Sukla (Communication officer, HI-AWARE) Mohd Abdul Fahad (Graphic designer) Photos: BCAS & HI-AWARE Disclaimer: The views expressed in this work are those of the creators and do not necessarily represent those of the UK Government’s Department for International Development, the International Development Research Centre, Canada or its Board of Governors. In addition, they are not necessarily attributable to ICIMOD and do not imply the expression of any opinion by ICIMOD concerning the legal status of any country, territory, city or area of its authority, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries, or the endorsement of any product. Creative Commons License This Working Paper is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License. Articles appearing in this publication may be freely quoted and reproduced provided that i) the source is acknowledged, ii) the material is not used for commercial purposes, and iii) any adaptations of the material are distributed under the same license. This publication is available in electronic form at www.hi-aware.org Citation: Mallick, D., Dilshad, T., Naznin, Z., Hassan, T. S.M., Md. Syed, A., Goodrich, C.G., Udas, B. P., Prakash, A., Anwar, M. Z., Habib, N., Abbasi, S. S., Khan, Q., Ali, M., Qureshi, A. H., Batool, S., Bhadwal, S., Khandekar, N., Gorti, G., Mini, G., Varma, N., Sharma, G., Luitel, M., Nyima, K., Tamang, D. D., (2019) Participatory assessment of multiple socio-economic drivers and climate stresses leading to differentiated vulnerabilites in the Hindu Kush Himalaya. HI-AWARE Working Paper 24. Kathmandu: HI-AWARE ii HI-AWARE Working Paper 24 Contents Executive Summary iv 1. Background and Introduction 1 1.1. Conceptual Framework: Multiple Drivers and Conditions of Vulnerability 1 1.2. Objectives of the Research 1 1.3. Research Methodology 2 1.4. Research Sites and the Communities 2 2. Geographical Conditions and Socio-economic Drivers 5 2.1. Locations and Geographical Features 5 2.2. Socio-economic Conditions 6 3. Climatic Variables and Extremes: Temperature and Precipitation 9 4. Community Perceptions about Socio-economic Drivers, Climate Stresses, and their Impacts on Key Livelihoods 13 4.1. Agriculture and Food Security 13 4.2. Rural Employment and Wage Earning 16 4.3. Fisheries 17 4.4. Housing and Infrastructure 17 4.5. Water, Health, and Sanitation 18 4.6. Energy 20 4.7. Tourism 21 5. Nature and Types of Vulnerability by Social Categories: Who are the Most Vulnerable? 23 5.1. Small and Marginal Farmers 24 5.2. Wage Earners 25 5.3. Fishing Community 25 5.4. Caste as a Social Driver of Differential Vulnerability 26 5.5. Human-Wildlife Conflict and Community Vulnerability 27 5.6. Sanjen Kharka in Gandaki Basin: A Case of Pasture Land Conflict in the High Mountains 27 5.7. Lives of Migrant Families and Char Dwellers 28 5.8. Greater Vulnerability of Women 28 5.9. Land Ownership and Vulnerability of Tea Picker in the Teesta Valley 29 6. Coping and Adaptation Practices 31 7. Conclusions 33 References 36 iii Acornyms and Abbreviations BCAS Bangladesh Centre for Advanced Studies BDT Bangladeshi Taka CBS Central Bureau of Statistics CIA Central Investigation Agency DDC District Development Committee FGDs Focused Group Discussions GOI Government of India GTI Gastrointestinal Infections HI-AWARE Himalayan Adaptation, Water and Resilience Research HKH Hindu Kush Himalaya ICIMOD International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development INR Indian Rupee IPCC Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change KIIs Key Informant's Interviews LGI Local Government Institution LPG Liquefied Petroleum Gas masl metres above sea level NGO Non-government Organisation NPC-GON National Planning Commission - Government of Nepal PAR Participatory Action and Reflection TAR Tibetan Autonomous Region TERI The Energy and Resources Institute THT Thamang Heritage Trail UJVN Uttarakhand jal Vidyut Nigam Limited USD United States Dollar WSMD Watershed Management Directorate iv HI-AWARE Working Paper 24 Executive Summary This synthesis report summarizes findings from a participatory assessment of socio-economic drivers, conditions, and climatic and environmental stresses leading to different levels of vulnerabilities in the Hindu Kush Himalayan (HKH) region. The study sites included high mountain, mid-hill, and downstream regions of the Indus, Upper Ganga, Gandaki, and Teesta– a tributary of the Brahmaputra River – basins. An integrated
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