Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-4, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

Assessment of the Impact and Management of Flood, Drought and River Bank Erosion: A Case Study of Char Land Peoples of Gangachara Upazila, ,

Shakibul Islam Lecturer, Department of Disaster Management, Begum Rokeya University, Rangpur, Bangladesh

Abstract: Bangladesh, due to its geo-physical for the improvement this community in terms of position and socio-economic context, is highly these events. prone to regular natural hazards and the impacts of climate change. Environmental impacts on Key Words: Climate change, Flood, Drought, agriculture damage a large quantity of crop River Bank Erosion, Adaptation, Vulnerability. production. The damages become severe in river side char areas, because these areas are very 1. INTRODUCTION vulnerable to flood and riverbank erosion during and very arid condition during dry Bangladesh experiences several natural hazards season. Riverine char lands, among other each year owing to its geological location, ecosystems of the country, are considered as topography, weather and climate. Recurrent hotspots for climatic hazards. An integrated flooding, drought, cyclones, river bank erosions, approach which combines traditional knowledge earthquakes, etc. are very common in this country with innovative strategies has been adopted to (Ali, 1996). Third world countries like Bangladesh address current vulnerability while building are the most frequent victims of natural disasters, adaptive capacity to face new and dynamic many of which have a major negative impact on the challenges. The process involves four inter-related society (Torry et al., 1979). Peoples of Bangladesh strategies: promotion of climate-resilient livelihood are directly or indirectly affected by natural strategies, disaster risk reduction strategies, extreme events. Climate change directly influences capacity development for local civil society, and natural hazards (especially flood and drought) advocacy and social mobilization with particular frequency (Mirza, 2007). Flood is a natural focus on gender. In Bangladesh, flood and river common disaster in our country and northern part bank erosion is a very common event and it has of Bangladesh is vulnerable for flooding. Teesta been occurred since 1988 and its process is still river runs alongside this region and meet with the going on. It is characterized with the climatic stress . In the monsoon season such as heavy rainfall impacting adversely on the households around the river are inundate and socioeconomic development of this area. The people face tremendous lifestyle for river flood and people of Noali Char, Kolkondo Char and Char heavy rainfall come from region. Noali Alambiditor depend on agriculture for their Char, Kolkondo Char and Char Alambiditor of livelihood. This study examines flood, drought and Gangachara upazila under Rangpur district is river bank erosion-induced multiple forms of located along side of Teesta river and here impacts which had been exposed to poor villagers. livelihood is very much dependent on the Teesta This report touches the women roles and explores river. the people’s indigenous survival techniques. The responsible constraints are weak socio-economic Agricultural activities are the key factor for socio- status, adverse climatic consequences, limited low economic condition of Bangladesh. Most of the effective indigenous managements which have been peoples in Bangladesh depend on agro-economy ignored by local leaders and goverenment. A whereas livelihood and life style base on it. Also, negative matter is that without organizational climatic variability and environmental stress on support the villagers run their management agricultural sector is responsible for drought, river procedures in own way. Hopefully this report will bank erosion and flood. The consequences of these be act as a supportive tool as showing hazards accelerate for getting immediate or recommendations to the planners and policy emergency economic and livelihood crisis. makers in formulating micro or macro level policy Northwestern part of Bangladesh, especially Noali Char, Kolkondo Char and Char Alambiditor of

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-4, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

Gangachara upazila is threatened by climatic stress potential safeguarding of their rights and cultural that leads to environmental imbalance condition. heritage (Begom, 2014). So for better realization on this a field study is very important. According to Burgess a field study is a Agriculture is dominant economic activity which is collection of data occurs outside of on experimental the driving force of the Bangladesh economy or lab setting. However, a field study is also called (Mustafi et al., 2008). It is increasingly becoming the collection of information outside of laboratory established in the economic literature that the or work place setting. Also the amount and development of a growing economy depends diversity of the collected data can be invaluable. critically on the development of the agricultural Hence, it is not applicable to the general public. sector (Andriesse et al., 2007 and World Bank, Noali Char, Kolkondo Char and Char Alambiditor 2008). For their survival they practice some coping of Gangachara upazila is located on the side of the strategies to withstand or overcome these natural Teesta River. The abrupt temperature of this area is extremes, especially in agricultural field. For rising and rainfall shortage due to climate change example, homestead gardening is an old practice governs to dryness of the land that cause to drought managed by the women of a family is well adapted impacts. The attitude of this study is to investigate to low soil moisture and high temperature (FAO, the farmer’s perception about agricultural pattern 2008). Local people often use their experience to and production. Most of the lands belong here are predict forthcoming disasters or hazards. plain and alluvial (80%) formed of siltation which is surrounded by rivers. Bangladesh is one of the 2. LITERATURE REVIEW most vulnerable countries to climate change in the world. The country was most at risk because of its The natural disaster and environmental degradation extreme levels of poverty, dependence on arising from the world wide climate change is the most critical and time befitting issue all over the agriculture and its government’s low capacity to adapt to predicted changes, which include a high world. A low lying country with more than 230 risk of drought and flooding. rivers and waterways, Bangladesh is widely regarded as being one of the most vulnerable Around the world, acceleration in population countries due to its disaster prone and odd growth and changes in land use patterns have geographic location, socio-eco-environmental increased human vulnerability to floods. Harmful condition and over population (Hamid, 2009). impacts of floods include direct mortality and Bangladesh is the part of world’s most dynamic morbidity and indirect displacement and hydrological system. Major rivers flowing in the widespread damage of crops, infrastructure and country are in old stage and due to heavy rainfall in property. Every year floods take thousands of lives, the country and in the catchments areas, high leave millions homeless and cause significant loss volume of floodwater flow during the monsoon to properties and infrastructures all over the world. period (Benson et al., 2002). The rivers are huge by global standards, and can inundate over 30% of the land mass at a time. In fact, the country is a tender landmass framed by Bangladesh is prone to serious and chronic three major rivers and fluid landscape. It is also a flooding. Even in an average year 18% of the developing country discharges with numerous landmass is inundated and previous floods have problems of over population, poverty, complex affected 75% of the country (as in 1988). 75% of socio-economic structure, frequent disasters, low the country is below 10m above sea level and 80% level industrial base, and resource constrains, lack is classified as floodplain as Bangladesh is of appropriate infrastructural and institutional facilities, dearth of trained manpower etc. (Hossain principally the delta region of South Asia’s great rivers. Bangladesh floods on a regular basis, recent et al., 2004). As the majority of the people live in notable and catastrophic floods have occurred in the countryside, their livelihoods are directly or 1988 (Ansary et al., 2013). indirectly dependent on the land (BBS, 2003). Therefore, flooding as well as drought jeopardizes Prevent river erosion and save from landlessness the lives and livelihoods of people. because of river erosion. Ensure people’s participation in the governance and development Flood and riverbank erosion are two of the major issues Local resource mobilization and capacity environmental disasters that the country experiences recurrently and an estimated one building process not adequate. Lack of people’s accesses to the health and other useful services of million people are displaced every year due to the service giving institutions in both public and riverbank erosion in the country (Elahi et al., private sector agencies. Low and neglected socio 1990). This adversity is further worsened when the economic condition of ethnic minorities and no devastating flood and riverbank erosion together intensified the process of pauperization in rural

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-4, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in areas in Bangladesh (Rahman et al., 1986; Karim suffering to a large number of people and damage 1990; Islam 1999a & 1999b and Jahangir 1979). to properties in Bangladesh.

Agriculture is the dominant land use in the country A report published by Action Aid on 19 April, covering about 59% of the total land mass. Rivers 1999 on the flood 1988 stated that 32 of 64 districts and other water bodies comprise about 9% of the were affected 1,00,000 square kilometers area total land area (GOB, 2008). Bangladesh has inundated which is about 66% of the country, 1050 always experienced some degree of flooding. people died, 30 million affected, 25 million left According to WHO 4 million people are affected homeless 26,000 livestock lost 5,75,000 hectors of every year due to flood and up to 5.6 million crops destroyed and 3 million tube wells damaged. people are physically exposed periodically and 15 coastal districts are cyclone prone (Azad, 2009). Char households are sensitive to seasonal Displacement due to flood and drought and erosion unemployment and are considered the most food along with inadequate facilities/supports during and insecure in Bangladesh (WFP, 2002). After after major disasters creates hardships and life- planting of Aman paddy, farmers face seasonal threatening problems to the population specially unemployment from September to November the poor, women and children. which is locally known as “Monga”. Monga can be prolonged and intensified due to the near annual In recent decades, Bangladesh has made bold preceding of floods and monsoon. strides towards development (PC, 2014). The country has achieved commendable success in Analyzing household data collected from 64 economic and social indicators. Not only that it is villages census plus survey, Shaha, 2008 concludes about to lift itself from the list of least developed that flood prone zones, especially island Chars, are nations, it’s recent progresses on a number of the worst off among different disaster prone areas indicators have surpassed its neighboring in terms of food shortages, the incidence of developing nations in South Asia. Analysts believe extreme poor, insufficient income, illiteracy, and a that Bangladesh will emerge as a middle income high concentration of wage laborers. The poor are country by 2021 – the 50th anniversary of its indeed more exposed to risks of flooding, but they independence. Now the development challenge is that they are therefore also more likely than the to maintain the strides and sustaining the wealthy to suffer when flooding strikes exposure to achievements. Over the past four decades, risk and the adaptive capacity to risk (Blackwood Bangladesh has been able to reduce disaster et al., 1994). mortality significantly. Yet exposure of its economy to disaster losses continues to grow given Food insecurity in the country especially in the the multiple and high frequent large-scale hazards; northern Bangladesh has been the talk of the topics and other factors such as higher economic growth, for a long time. This is also known as monga in this increase in assets and urbanization. part of the country. The impacts of climate change have been affecting the agriculture practice systems Char land areas irrespective of their geographic of the char regions specifically. Price hike of attachment to the mainland and distance from the essentials, seasonal food insecurity, increasing growth centers are particularly vulnerable to flood, price of agricultural inputs, climate related factors drought and river erosion (ISPAN, 2003). Islam et led to the food insecurity to a large part of al., 2014 confirm that although flooding and river population in Bangladesh who are mainly the rural erosion in Bangladesh always generates poor farmers. Different governments at many crisis socioeconomic and health related hazards and periods have been faced with the challenges to environmental and infrastructural damage. ensure food security for the poor people of the According to World Bank between 1991 and 2000 country. Diverse inefficiencies within the systems about 93 major disasters were recorded in have led to the failure of the range of measures that Bangladesh (World Bank, 2008). have been adopted at various times for creating defense for the people against the crisis. Food crisis World Risk Index ranked the world's counties on and price escalation hits the poor and the flood prone in 2011. In this rank, among 173 vulnerable the hardest, as a large percentage of countries, Bangladesh was ranked as the sixth most their income, in fact, is spent on food (Saifullah N. flood prone country in the world and second most M., 2010). flood prone country in Asia with exposure of 27% (World Risk Index, 2011). It is also evident from Agrawala et al (2003) used a subjective ranking several studies (Nasreen, 1998; DMB, 2008 and system to identify key vulnerabilities Bangladesh Kumbetoglu et al., 2010) that floods are the most faces from climate change based on circulation significant natural hazard causing immense models and previous studies1of the country. The

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-4, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

authors assessed agriculture as having a medium located in 25’ 51” N 89’ 13” E. [ “certainty of impact” risk, low-medium “timing of impact” risk, low-medium “severity of impact” risk and high “importance of resource” risk based on the studies identified on Bangladeshi agriculture and their relative assessment of the other risk areas (Huq et al, 1990; Islam et al, 1999). Interestingly, agriculture ranked last behind water resources, coastal resources and human health. Agrawala et al discounted the impact of climate change on agriculture because some of the possible beneficial and adverse effects of climate change on crop yield may offset each other: A higher frequency of extreme, potentially crop damaging weather events could be offset by higher crop yields with modestly warmer temperatures. Migration phenomenon occupies a significant part of human history that started since the dawn of civilization in search of food, shelter or civilizing living condition. Though, either forced or Otherwise, human migration is the most significant consequence of climate change of today and coming decades (Brown, 2008). Islam et al.,

Fig 1: Location map of study area Gangachara). 2011 indicted on paper that climate change and its adverse impact let migration of char area people. Approximately 500,000 people were displaced when the Bhola Island was permanently inundated by the floods of 2005 (Saifuzzaman et al., 2008).

Riverbank erosion is the gradual (series of small changes) removal of rock (hard and solid materials) materials from the riverbanks and bed (Roy et al., 2007). Riverbank erosion and accretion in the different floodplain are common and natural processes (IIsPANE, 1992). “Charland’’ is the Bengali term, its English meaning is “Riverine Island”. Mid-channel Island is that periodically emerges from the river bed as a result of accretion. The Riverine Islands of Bangladesh can be divided into five sub areas such as the Jamuna, the , the Padma, the upper Meghna and Fig 2: Satellite map shows the sampling plots. the lower . The old Brahmaputra 3.2 Research Methods and Teesta also constitute some riverine island Research is a logical and systematic search for new area again riverine islands are areas of new and useful information on a particular topic. land formed through the continual process of Various procedures, mathematical or statistical erosion and deposition in the major rivers and terms that are used in research are known as coastal areas. The whole of the riverine island research methods. Research methods are all the is unstable and prone to annual flooding (Kabir, terms that a researcher uses in a research study. 2006). Methods must be planned, biasness free, neutral in value and obviously scientific. Methods include 3. METHODOLOGY theoretical procedures, experimental studies, numerical schemes, statistical approaches, etc. 3.1 Location of the Study Area Research methods help us collect samples, data and The visited study area was the Teesta river bank of find a solution to a problem. Both quantitative and Noali Char, Kolkondo Char and Char Alambiditor qualitative information were collected from the adjacent to Gangachara Upazila of Rangpur local peoples of Noali Char, Kolkondo Char and District, Bangladesh. The total area is occupied Char Alambiditor by a predetermined Gangachara Upazila about 209.61 sq. km. The area questionnaire. The secondary data were collected from different websites. These primary and

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-4, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in secondary data were used to analyze. The map of categorized the age of the respondents into two the study area is made using ArcView GIS 3.2 n. groups, i.e. age of 50 or lesser and age of peoples Besides them Microsoft Word 2003, 2007 and more than 50 years. 31% represents the former 2010, Microsoft Excel 2010, Paint are used to group while later one counted 69% of all process data into necessary information. A tabular respondents (Fig 4.1). All of the respondents were form of this research method is given below: male and married. This is because the selective survey of aged peoples to have better experienced people’s perception.

Area selection While querying respondents’ origin 31% (Fig 4.1) of all respondents were found migrated to the study area while rests were locals of the study area. The Data Collection reason behind their migration came out river bank erosion. Some respondents said that the houses they are currently living in are 6th or 7th as river destroyed their home they move further again and again. Primary Source Secondary Source Based on household size or family members families are categorized as nuclear or conjugal families and joint or extended families. A conjugal Data Analysis family includes only the husband, the wife, and

unmarried children who are not of age (Caruso et al., 2013). This type of family normally contains 2 Data Process or 3 or 5 members. Joint family system is an extended family arrangement prevalent throughout the Indian subcontinent, particularly in and Final report Bangladesh, consisting of many generations living in the same home, all bound by the common relationship (Talwar, 2014). But for more detailed comparison this study categorized the families Presentation based on group members into three, i.e. small (4 or lesser), medium (5 members) and large (6 or more member) (Fig 4.1). In the survey it was found, small families have more frequency of monthly Fig 3: Flow chart of research method. income of less than 2000 BDT while as large families earn a healthy income to drive their 4.0 Result families. However it is not negligible that the large 4.1 Socio-demographic Characteristics the family is the more cost it has. Monthly income of the families is shown in Fig 4.1. People’s vulnerability to disasters or their unhygienic lifestyle is highly influenced by their Occupation socio-demographic characteristics. To observe demographic information, respondents were asked 100 some questions about their name, age, sex, family members, monthly income and occupation and so 80 on. The finding None s of the survey about respondents’ 60 socio-demographic characteristics are presented Agriculture below. 40

Percentage Business Age is one of the influencing demographic 20 characters of any population. To gather knowledge Job 0 about weather and climate and its change over time it is obvious that elderly people were of most Primary Secondary priority. But their sharing capacity found to be poorer than the matured group who comparatively are slightly less experienced. Therefore, primary target of the interviewers was to ask questions to the middle aged mature grouped peoples. We have

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-4, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

housing census 2013 Rangpur had a literacy rate of Age Variation 48.5% in 2011 compared to an increase from 41.9% in 2001 (BBS, 2011). Literacy rate of the ≤ 50 study area was found 40% which is far worse than 31% the Rangpur region. 42% people found who can sign, 26%, 4%, 7% and 5% are the numbers of >50 primary, SSC, HSC and higher education 69% respectively (Fig 4.1). This is the results very poor monthly income of the families mentioned earlier

[ in the study.

Educational Status With very low to low educational qualification 60 occupational status of the region is also poor. Only one found as a service holder or engaged with any 40 NGO. More than 70% respondents are dependent on Agriculture. Very few amounts of respondents 20 are businessmen or service holders. While very few respondents are engaged with some additional 0 Illiterate Can sign Primary SSC HSC Graduated works as their secondary occupation. only

Percentages of respondents of Percentages 4.2 Drought Scenario Categories

4.2.1 Local peoples’ perception Origin Respondents were asked about drought situations Migra in the study area. Respondents apprised interviewer ted that drought scenarios are now a day’s more 31% frequent than the past. This is due to the lack of Local precipitation and high rate of evaporation in the dry 69% season. Most of the respondents felt that present period of drought is longer in extend than the past

[ ones. Unstable weather situation has been reported as the causes of the situation. Some aged people even said that precipitation is not less in amount Monthly income comparison of compared to past but the uncertainty of and different families (in BDT) untimed precipitation results in agricultural 30 droughts here. However the drought situation is not 20 very severe but is of moderate intensity thus <2000 interrupting agricultural activities and threatening 10 2000-5000 the food security of the entire country. Normally 0 from late October to March is being considered as Small Medium Large 5000-7000 the drought periods by the native peoples of the (≤4) (5) (≥6) >7000 study area. Family type

Percentage of families Percentage of families 4.2.2 Drought Consequences

Impacts of drought are very severe for a region Fig 4.1: Different diagrams show the which is more than 85% dependent on agriculture. demographic characteristics of respondents. Drought does immense damage to crop production Most of the families are driven by the income of and one of the main limiting factors in the field of only one wage earner thus indicating poor monthly agriculture. Being agriculture based country, income. But around 42% families found run by 2 or Bangladesh is struggling to be able to adapt to the more livelihood earners including women of their changing climate, along with the challenges of a families. These are the scenarios of large or joint growing population and sustaining food security. families and their monthly income is of some good The effects of climate change on the agricultural numbers. sector are tremendous. Both positive and negative effects have occurred, but the negative effects are Literacy rate of Bangladesh is around 51.8% in dominated in the agricultural sector of Bangladesh 2011. According to Bangladesh population and (Rosenzweig et al., 2014; Abedin et al., 2013). The

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-4, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in study found out that 92% of the respondents suffer losses. This happens as a result of generation to from loss in production of agricultural outputs (Fig generation manipulation, adjustment and applying 4.2). This leads them to poorer socio-economic of new agricultural practices depends upon local situation and worsens lifestyles (Fig 4.1). Farmers climate as well as overall natural conditions. Hence bear more cost for irrigating through the wells or the more practice on agriculture the more other ways of irrigations in their agricultural field. indigenous knowledge has increased (Roy, 2009). The major Boro paddy rice producing areas of These are the adaptive skills of their long time Bangladesh are the northwestern and southwestern experience (Thrupp, 1987). Moreover, modern regions where drought affects 1.2 million hectares agricultural technologies also merge with their of cultivated Boro paddy area during the dry season practices. Local people try to react to climate (Abdullah et al., 2015).The Ministry of Agriculture change impacts in their own creative ways, (MoA) of Bangladesh (2013) reported that drawing on traditional knowledge to find solutions moderate to very severe drought-prone areas seem as inevitable measures to cope with the accounted for about 56.9% of the country’s total impending changes to climate change (Jan et al., net cultivated area in 2012. The drought in the 2007). Their management activities are illustrated 1990s in northwestern Bangladesh led to a shortfall in Fig 4.3.

of 3.5 million tons of rice (Karim et al., 2011). Fig [ 4.2 illustrates respondents’ opinions about the Drought Management damages of drought. The inner circle represents positive replies and the outer circle represents Old pond negative replies. 81% farmers cost extra money for excavation irrigation purpose. 65% peoples land gets barren by 13% Water saving crops the impacts of drought. 18% 16% 19% new reservior Drought Impacts 15% 13% Changed cropping 18% 23% Bud, burgeon pattern and fruit 15% 19% Rainwater damage 18% 13% Harvesting 35% 38% Production loss 65% Inner circle: YES Outer circle:NO 62% Extra irrigation 92% cost Fig 4.3: Respondents perceptions are showed in percentage in the diagram about their management 81% 19% strategies against drought. 8% Inner circle: YES Outer circle: NO 4.3 Floods Situation 4 .3.1 Local Peoples’ Flood Concept Fig 4.2: Respondents perception about the impacts Bangladesh is a flood plain country with an area of of drought are shown in percentages about 147,570 sq. km; 6.7% of which consist of rivers and island water bodies (Ahmed, 2001). 4.2.3 Drought Management Procedures Taken Flood is a common phenomenon in Bangladesh. in the Study Area More than 8o% of the land is floodplain. Because of frequent floods, Bangladesh is projected as the Drought management or adaptation with drought sixth most flood-prone country in the world with adaption of new technology is very important (UNDP 2004). Riverine char lands, among other for better output. Respondents were asked how ecosystems of the country, are considered as they cope with drought. According to respondents’ hotspots for climatic hazards (Mondal, 2007). The perception, coupled with aggressive attitude of livelihood pattern of those people is more complex climatic variables and their discontinuation, and so much different from others. Recurrent numbers of threats affect agriculture. Natural flooding, drought, cyclones, riverbank erosions, calamities also gear up with more constraints to earthquakes etc. are very common in this country engaging farmers of the study area. However, long (Ali, 1996) but flood is the mostly occurred time journey with these phenomena and pragmatic incidence among them (Few et al. 2004). experiences many of indigenous knowledge were Bangladesh is prone to flooding due to being unlocked and emerged to maintain agricultural situated on the and its many

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-4, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in distributaries flowing into the Bay of . Peoples of the study area suffer from several flood Coastal flooding, combined with the bursting of borne problems. Crop damage is the mostly river bank is common, and severely affects the damaged site of flood devastation. Around 90% landscape and society of Bangladesh (Brammer, farmers crop get damaged by floods each year. 1990). 80% of Bangladesh is floodplain and it has Water borne diseases like malaria, diarrhea, an extensive coastline rendering the nation very respiratory infections etc. are very common during much at risk of periodic widespread damage fllods.70% families experience one or more family (Alam, 2012). members get ill during flooding as they live unhygienic lifestyles. Other problems are sanitation According to the respondents floods are more and cooking problems, quality damage of frequent now, 81% respondents said that. 52% agricultural outputs, livelihood and transportation people said that floods of present may be greater in problems which are illustrated in Fig 4.5. intensity but it lasts shorter period of time. Main flood types are river floods and monsoon floods here. Few has reported that when India opens the Impacts of Flood gate of Tipaimukh Barrage can cause flash floods here. Teesta adjacent areas experience those types Trasnsportation of flash floods sometimes. Fig 4.4 illustrates the people’s perception about flood conditions of the Livilihood study area. No Sanitation &… comm Local perception about flood Water bourne… ents 90 Quality… No 80 81 85 85 70 73 60 Crop damage 50 58 40 30 0 102030405060708090100 42 Yes Percentage 20 27 19 Percenatges 10 15 15 No 0 Fig 4.5: Bar diagram showing respondents reply about impacts of flood.

4.3.3 Flood Management Initiatives through Local Way To reduce the impact of flood some adaptation Fig 4.4: Column diagram shows percentage of local measures must be taken. Farmers of the study area perception about flood situation. union also take some measures. During the survey some adaptation techniques have been marked out 4.3.2 Assessment of Overall Flood Impact which are applied in the agricultural field. Homestead gardening is practiced in every house to Floods are thought to be responsible for damaging support food quantity as additional food. More than socio economic condition along with health issues. 80% people use short time crops variety to avoid However the damages of flood are very severe in the clash with floods. Same amount of people uses northern part of the country. Mostly it damages embankments as prevention to the losses of agricultural sectors that are the main income source impending floods. Raising farm land, floating of villagers. People become workless due to lack of agriculture, mulching, changed cropping pattern are working source. As a result they suffer from also being practiced frequently in the study area hunger, malnutrition. Residence, road, sanitation (Fig 4.6). goes under flood water. Besides flood damage environment, destroy biodiversity, damage aesthetic view of nature and act as source of different kinds of vector. Women and disadvantaged people suffer more in flooding. Some particular vulnerabilities and problems interrupt women’s mitigation efforts and adaptation capacities in disaster risk reduction (Adger et al., 1999).

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-4, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

Flood Management 100

80

60

40 Yes Percentage 20 No

0 Fig 4.7: Risk of Teesta adjacent houses to ongoing river bank erosion of Teesta River.

4.4.3 Measures taken to Treat River Bank

Fig 4.6: Flood management methods of the Erosion respondents. River bank erosion management is costly. Without 4.4 River Bank Erosion financial support from the govt. or other NGOs one 4.4.1 River Bank Erosion Scenario in the Study cannot do much against river bank erosion. There is Area very little help from outside as said by the respondents. They manage some fund community The mighty Teesta River is a blessing to the Teesta wise and use blockages in the river to prevent adjacent peoples especially in agricultural purpose. erosion, especially in the places where the river It provides water for irrigation, keeps water table shifts to other direction from its straight way. Fig higher in the region, makes land fertile with 4.8 depicts the percentage of respondents in sediments. But it’s a curse when comes to the choosing methods of preventing river bank erosion. disasters such as floods and river bank erosion. Teesta river bank erosion rate is much higher than River Bank Erosion management some other rivers in Bangladesh. It takes barren lands, char lands, agricultural lands with crops, houses, schools, markets etc. in it. 4% Community blockage The devastation of Teesta River continues all the 12% or barrage system yearlong. But it is in its peak in the season of 32% Tree plantation . Heavy rainfall makes it wider, can reach program to the locality. During rainy season Teesta river can Effort of govt. or NGO cause bank erosion up to more than a kilometer according to the respondents. Fig 4.7 shows the 52% risk of river bank erosion to vulnerable adjacent Indigenous practice houses.

4.5.2 Effects on Study Area Posed by River Bank Erosion Fig 4.8: Respondents response against riverbank Impact of Teesta river bank erosion is beyond erosion recoverable. One can recover the loss of other Poor people often use their indigenous knowledge disasters like flood and drought but once the river to prevent it. They put some bamboos with their takes something in it cannot be recoverable. People branches in the river side to lessen the speed of the become shelter less and if a land with crops goes in water so that the bank is somewhat prevented from the river then one can be in very critical economic erosion (Fig 4.9). situation.

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-4, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in

cabbage, Chili, cauliflower, gourd, bean, eggplant, cucumber, tomato, carrot, radish etc. rather than cultivating the traditional crops (The New Nation, 2016). This change in crop practice is due to the climatic change. Temperature and its intensity have been increased day by day. Temperature fluctuation with long lasting alteration is directly made a linkage with another climatic variable which may appear unbearable and unexpected events (Rakib et al., 2013). For example, Ethiopia’s agricultural activities are adversely affected with long term

Fig 4.9: Local methods of preventing river bank climatic variation (Admassie et al, 2008). erosion. 4.5 Severity of the hazards Agricultural Information Though the severity of climatic events are not Land Triple Crop 32% constant but place like the Char situated just near Use Double Crop 56% Mono Crop 12% the bank of Teesta river is highly vulnerable to Soil Alluvium flood and river bank erosion. Majority of type 32% Sandy 52% respondents place their interest in severe flood and Topo Others 16% river bank erosion intensity. Medium and sever graph High 24% flood occur in every year in this part of Bangladesh y Medium 44% due to the different types of causes. Based on the Low 32% respondents opinion analysis 44% severe and 56% Farm Contract 24% er Sharecropping normal flood occur in this area (Fig 4.10). type 20% Owner 56% Severity of climatic events 0 20 40 60

75 60 Fig 4.11: Bar diagram shows agricultural 56 60 information of the surveyed respondents. 44 44 Severe 45 36 Normal According to the questionnaire survey 76% of the 24 30 20 16 Low all respondents cultivate their own lands of which 15 20% also cultivates sharing others land. 24% were 0 found who cultivates only others land by taking 0 lease. Most of their land topography falls in the Flood Drought River bank respondents' percentsge percentsge respondents' erosion category of medium lands. 24% and 32% are low and high lands. Most of the farmers land is less fertile sandy land. Their land use pattern is Fig 4.10: Severity of flood, drought and river dominated by double cropped cultivation (56%) bank erosion in the study area. followed by triple cropped (32%) and mono 60% of total respondents mentioned low intense of cropped (12%) (Fig 4.11).Their major crops that drought but the interesting matter is that more are being cultivated are presented in the Table 1. people tend the severe drought rather than normal 4.6.2 Irrigation Systems incidence (Fig 4.10). The farmers irrigated their land with the ground 4.6 Overview on Agricultural Practice System water. Rainfall is not effective for irrigation in char 4.6.1 Agricultural Information lands. For yielding ground water they use shallow machines. But they face problem in those land The study area is an out and out agriculture based which has no drainage system. The soil is sandy so union. Its economy is driven by the output it it absorbs much of water. For this reason drainage receives from the agriculture. However, climate system is not effective in these fields. To continue change and disasters like drought, flood and river crops’ growth, farmers have to irrigate their land bank erosion is influencing their agricultural about two/three times in a week that is more practices. There is a noticeable change in crop expensive for them. Sometimes people use shallow practices compared to previous in the char areas of machine (Fig 4.12) for yielding water from the northern Bangladesh. The farmers are growing

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Imperial Journal of Interdisciplinary Research (IJIR) Vol-3, Issue-4, 2017 ISSN: 2454-1362, http://www.onlinejournal.in river and people watering the pumpkin plant by carrying water by buckets.

Fig 4.12: Irrigation system of the area 4.6.3 Cropping System in the Study Area

Like other common cultivated crops throughout the country, char areas have distinct cropping variations based on char areas’ criteria. The major cultivated crops were found as some varieties of rice, jute, potato, nut, maize, pumpkin and tobacco. The noteworthy varieties of rice are Bina-7, Aush, Skim (ACI-2, BR-3 and BR-8) and Aman (Sarna, Guti-Sarna, Sarna-29, Sarna-52, BR-11 and ). Fig 4.13 shows some crop field of the study area.

The rate of crop production largely hampers due to adverse impact of climate change and sudden Fig 4.13: Agricultural Practices declining of production output occurs owing to its long-term existence. A similar result was shown as Table 1: Crops of the study area and production unexpectedly by Rakib et al., (2013) accordance rate in metric ton per hectare area of land with local farmers’ perception. After all, some of crops production rate is fighting against and Crops Production rate New Extinct fortunately rate becomes positive due to (mT/hectare) Crops crops excessively using high yielding variety, inorganic Tobacco fertilizer, pesticides and innovation of modern 1.35 Corn Kaun technology (Rakib et al., 2013). According to the Aman Sweet farmer’s perception, climatic variable and its long 3.45 Nuts Potato lasting change influenced the crop production ratio IRRI 4.95 Mustard Barley while it is declined unexpectedly. This is really a Corn 10 tougher challenge to livelihood pattern of such Mustard 1.6 farmers (Mengistu, 2011). Potato 2.35 Nuts 2.2 Jute 4.5 Wheat 4.95 Pumpkin Grows in huge number Sweet Grows in huge Potato number Rabi Grows very crops well in the char lands

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4.7 Women Contribution

In these Noali Char, Kolkondo Char and Char Case 1; Issue name: Women role in flood. Alambiditor, women play role parallel with their A case of Komola khatun who participates in partners in agricultural sector and management of flood management activities. She is (55) a dangerous situation. They contribute in different villager of Char Noali expressed her perception parts of disaster preparedness and mitigation on female role during flood. She is now elderly approaches. They merge more family income and aged person having not proper function of exploit more activities in family matter. Early flood physical hard working. She shared her past roles preparedness such as daily savings of food, money in flood management. She told, “After getting and other essential tools are managed mainly by early symptoms of upcoming flood I normally them. Aftermath flood incidence they clean their start to save daily rice, pulse and other dry food. habitat and try to get back the situation normal. Sometimes I kept muri (Puffed rice), khoi Ahmed et al., 2012 describe women activities as a (parched rice) and gur (molasses) in pot hanging crucial involvement in agriculture and disaster. In on the roof or sometime under the soil. My drought period they collect water from far away husband also used to save money. During flood reservoir and for that they may get sufferings but period, we positively response to emergency only for family they do this. Often they participate flood situation. After that I clean up my house to excavate of old water holding reservoir. In and try to get back to normal circumstances as drought period it is hard to active in farming land. soon as possible.” She also noted that almost Women willingly engage with their men. Intense every women in their village come forward to flood occurrence in this area is a signal of probable like these situations. She also interested in erosion of river bank. They remove their utensils homestead gardening. Reviewing kamala’s case a from danger zone. More similar, supporting help partial figure of preparation on flood during evacuation activities are found within the management can be an advisory guideline and women community. Community blockage and example to poor peoples of Char area in barrage system, tree plantation programs are Bangladesh especially for women. facilitated by the female workers for early river bank erosion measures. However, women perform a long range of activities in order to cope and adapt with a climate change induced and other forms of disasters (Dankleman, 2010).Women draw upon Case 2; Issue name: Women role in drought. their own store; procure food and process; draw A case of Md. Mominul Islam who feels about upon own assets; adjust their own consumption women contribution during drought. pattern; draw upon various aquatic food and draw Md. Mominul Islam (27) a villager of Char Noali upon social network (Dankleman, 2010). expressed his perception on female role during drought. He told about his wife Rehana and also 4.8 Aid mentioned other women during survey conversation. To cope with the disasters and develop socio- “Rehana maintained water in dry period while economic condition farmers need external and water was so short. She went with other women internal aid. The people only get some internal aid to next char or bajar (market) tube well for safe sometimes that is not sufficient. Some NGOs like drinking water bound with many troubles. I have the BRAC help those providing seed, fertilizers, some agricultural land opposite to the river. She sanitation and sometimes provide cow, help in brought food and water for me and when I took homestead garden, and sometimes provide training rest she used to continue my farming activities. It for selected person developing their livelihood was all possible to have good understanding pattern. The govt. supports the people by giving between us.” relief, building embankments etc. Islam also mentioned that women of his char often help men to build embankment and excavation of old and loaded water reservoirs. They also provide poly bags in char land to their male workers. Reviewing Islam’s case a partial figure of good understanding of husband-wife relationship and women role during drought can be an advisory guideline and example to poor peoples of Char area in Bangladesh especially for women.

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5. Conclusion and recommendation situation but also other vulnerable Char Flood and drought are ultimate consequence of Dweller's during flood season. climate change. River bank erosion resulted from  We have to increase the practice of homestead flood and displacement of soil. These dangerous food production programs that increase the phenomena bring serious burden at the Char production and consumption of animal and Noali’s fundamental issues. Monsoon rainfall and plant foods, employ women, provide income flash flood from India are major factors for flood for the household, improve market access, and and river bank erosion occurring in this area. Also reduce the risk of crop and livestock loss to the control on water flow by them leads drought. flooding and erosion should be included in The dwellers have long been surviving with poor strategies to improve household food security, socio-economic status. And such type of nutrition and livelihoods in the chars.  We have to cultivate drought tolerant crops. devastating event let not develop their community  GO/NGOs should provide training to disaster promotions. After continuous hitting of these risk reduction and social development climatic events with their greater impacts on activities. livelihood, agriculture, transportation along with  We have to create a common arena for this food insecurity, the people of the study area village to share, complain or response to any become bored. case, issue or their need.  We must increase the effective collaboration The ultimate impacts let not improve their status among villagers, Govt., NGOs and local rather keep pressuring to survive. Enormous leaders. damage of crops, flood borne diseases, loss of land  We should develop and introduce academic and shelter due to erosion knock out their social calendar adjustment with agriculture and development. Nonetheless they still struggle with disaster incidence. these adverse consequences. The villagers have long been with these situations that help to fight  We should take “one house one farm project” again and again against challenges to these to stable their livelihood. impacts. Raising farming land, build up  Govt. should start various benefited projects embankment to protect flood water, Mulching i.e. insurance of crop, money deposit and loan method, change of cropping pattern and alternative systems to affected peoples. homestead gardening are noteworthy flood  Govt. should encourage peoples to make farm, management initiatives especially for their nursery, poultry or fisheries cultures. agriculture the main source of their livelihood.  Govt. should improve transportation and Moreover they adapt drought effects using their communication facilities to uphold peoples indigenous applications like as water saving agricultural products and other issues. varieties, cropping pattern change and excavation  GO/NGOs should train to handicraft to women of old pond. Both men and women participate to empowerment. these efforts and also handle the river bank erosion  Govt. should facilitate the SDG and MDG managements such as community blockage system programs in this area. and tree plantation programs.  Govt. should maintain regular relief and humanitarian supports. Justifying the field study and from the findings of  Long-term policies and strategies should be the paper, some recommendations are given in the taken to cope up with the impacts taking below: into account the social and institutional adjustment measures.  Safer places are needed for relocation of Besides above mentioned recommendations the community people in safer areas during flood important matter is that the fairness of Govt., period. NGOs and local officers is greatly considerable to  Strong house are needed to build with a high proper allocation and implementation of foregoing plinth level for reducing inundation. Shelters programs. required for people, animals and agricultural inputs/products.  Local awareness about climate change should References be enhanced for generation of local people knowledge. Abdullah S. M. and Rahman M., (2015). “Initiating  We have to provide not only safe, reasonable rain water harvest technology for climate change and fair credit and insurance which will not induced drought resilient agriculture: scopes and confined with credit group of respectable in challenges in Bangladesh,” Journal of Agriculture

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