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Attitudes to Water in South Asia Chatham House Report Gareth Price Et Al Chatham House Report Gareth Price et al. Attitudes to Water in South Asia Chatham House Report Gareth Price et al. June 2014 Attitudes to Water in South Asia Chatham House has been the home of the Royal Institute of International Affairs for more than ninety years. Our mission is to be a world-leading source of independent analysis, informed debate and influential ideas on how to build a prosperous and secure world for all. The Royal Institute of International Affairs All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical including Chatham House photocopying, recording or any information storage or retrieval system, without 10 St James’s Square the prior written permission of the copyright holder. Please direct all enquiries London SW1Y 4LE to the publishers. T: +44 (0) 20 7957 5700 F: + 44 (0) 20 7957 5710 ISBN 978 1 78413 012 1 www.chathamhouse.org A catalogue record for this title is available from the British Library. Charity Registration No. 208223 Cover image © Richard I’Anson/Lonely Planet Images/Getty Images © The Royal Institute of International Affairs, 2014 Typeset by Soapbox, www.soapbox.co.uk Chatham House, the Royal Institute of International Affairs, does not express opinions of its own. The opinions expressed in this publication are the Printed by Vinset Advertising, New Delhi, India responsibility of the authors. ii | Chatham House Contents About the Authors iv Acknowledgments v Acronyms and Abbreviations vi Executive Summary and Recommendations vii 1 Introduction 1 2 Background 7 3 Attitudes Towards Water Management 13 4 Attitudes Towards Transboundary Water 21 5 Afghanistan 30 6 Bangladesh 43 7 India 57 8 Nepal 71 9 Pakistan 85 Appendix 1: Methodology 92 Appendix 2: Interviews 94 Appendix 3: Successful Approaches to Water Management – 97 Implications for Transboundary Water Chatham House | iii About the Authors Gareth Price is a Senior Research Fellow at Chatham House working on South Asia. His interests include the domestic politics and economics of the countries in the region, and their international relations. Before joining Chatham House he worked at the Economist Intelligence Unit and a political risk consultancy, Control Risks Group, covering South Asia. Contributing authors • Rafay Alam is an environmental lawyer, Lahore. • Sarah Hasan is a Junior Fellow, Observer Research Foundation, India. • Fahd Humayun is a Project Manager, Jinnah Institute, Pakistan. • Mohammad Humayun Kabir is the Senior Research Director, Bangladesh Enterprise Institute. • Chandni Singh Karki is a beed, Nepal Economic Forum. • Sonali Mittra was until recently a Junior Fellow, Observer Research Foundation. • Tasmia Saad is a Research Associate, Bangladesh Enterprise Institute. • Mehr Saleem is a lawyer and political analyst, Lahore. • Samir Saran is a Senior Research Fellow and Vice- President, Observer Research Foundation. • Pragya Ratna Shakya is a beed, Nepal Economic Forum. • Christopher Snow is the European Representative, Peace, Training and Research Organization, Afghanistan. • Shayasta Tuladhar is a beed, Nepal Economic Forum. iv | Chatham House Acknowledgments This report is the outcome of a project exploring attitudes The country chapters were written by Christopher Snow towards domestic water management and transboundary (Afghanistan); Mohammad Humayun Kabir and Tasmia water issues in five countries – Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Saad (Bangladesh); Sonali Mittra, Sarah Hasan and Samir India, Nepal and Pakistan. Chatham House worked with Saran (India); Shayasta Tuladhar, Pragya Ratna Shakya and five partner organizations: the Peace Training and Research Chandni Singh Karki (Nepal); and Rafay Alam, Mehr Saleem Organization in Afghanistan, the Bangladesh Enterprise and Fahd Humayun (Pakistan). Institute, the Observer Research Foundation in India, the Chatham House would like to thank the Department for Nepal Economic Forum and the Jinnah Institute in Pakistan, International Development for its generous financial support and the six institutes together determined the key questions for this project and for the comments on draft versions of to explore across the region. this report from staff across South Asia. Special thanks In particular, the project drew on the expertise and to Izabella Koziell and Tom George for their support and involvement of Christopher Snow, Humayun Kabir, Samir engagement with the project. We thank Joanne Maher and Saran, Sujeev Shakya and Rafay Alam. The interviews were Margaret May for editorial assistance and Autumn Forecast carried out by Dr Abduallah, Anas Kakar, Christopher Snow for her design work. Finally, we would like to thank all and Mirwais (Afghanistan); Sabreena Ahmed, Ashish Banik, those people across the five countries who gave their time Afsana Kawsar, Tasmia Saad and Faiz Sobhan (Bangladesh); to be interviewed. This report draws on their opinions and Sarah Hasan and Sonali Mittra (India); Abhishek Pradhan, insights. Pragya Ratna Shakya Anup Subedi and Shayasta Tuladhar (Nepal); and Asma Yaqoob Fahd Humayun (Pakistan). Chatham House | v Acronyms and Abbreviations Afghanistan India CDC Community Development Council IWT Indus Waters Treaty NEPA National Environmental Protection Agency NRLP National River Linking Project NPP National Priority Programme Nepal NSP National Solidarity Programme DWIDP Department of Water Induced Disaster SCWAM Supreme Council for Water Affairs Prevention Management LDC Least developed country WASH Water, sanitation and hygiene MoWR Ministry of Water Resources Bangladesh Pakistan BIWTA Bangladesh Inland Water Transport Authority DDMA District Disaster Management Authority BUET Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology IRSA Indus River System Authority BWDB Bangladesh Water Development Board IWT Indus Waters Treaty CEGIS Center for Environmental and Geographic KWSB Karachi Water and Sewerage Board Information Services NDMA National Disaster Management Authority (D)WASA Dhaka Water Supply and Sewerage Authority WAPDA Water and Power Development Authority E-flow environmental flow WASA Water and Sanitation Agency GBM Ganges-Brahmaputra-Meghna IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature IWFM Institute of Water and Flood Management JRC Joint Rivers Commission NRLP [India’s] National River Linking Project NWMP National Water Management Plan NWP National Water Policy vi | Chatham House Executive Summary and Recommendations Discussion about water in South Asia – in particular the groundwater for irrigation is seen as unsustainable. In Nepal shared rivers of the region – is vociferous, antagonistic and and Pakistan, the relationship between water and energy is increasingly associated with national security. Renewable seen through the prism of unfulfilled hydro-power potential, water resources in the region have fallen dramatically while in Bangladesh the focus is on infrastructure in India on a per capita basis since the 1960s. India hit the ‘water – the Farraka barrage in particular – and the consequent stress’ mark around a decade ago, Pakistan slightly reduction in water flows to its downstream neighbour. earlier. Groundwater is fast depleting in India, Pakistan and Bangladesh, and there are few feasible options for WaterFigure Usage B: Water by Sector usage by sector (%) increasing supply. Management and governance of water have not adapted to the escalating pressures of demography. Bangladesh 9.5 With the population of South Asia projected to rise by 32 per cent in three decades – from 1.68 billion in 2010 to 2.22 billion in 2040 – the outlook under current trends is for 87.8 10.0 greater competition over water between agriculture, urban 2.2 centres and industry, and between countries which share 247 rivers. India FFigurealling perA: Falling capita perwater capita availability water availability Afghanistan India Pakistan 90.4 7.4 Bangladesh Nepal Definition of water stress 2.2 630 25,000 Nepal 20,000 ear) 15,000 98.2 3 1.5 0.3 10,000 359 5,000 (actual) (m /person/y Pakistan tal renewable water resources per capita 0 To 1962 1967 1972 1977 1982 1987 1992 1997 2002 2007 2012 94.0 5.3 Source FAO, Aquastat. 0.7 1096 This report explores attitudes in five South Asian countries: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, Nepal and Pakistan. It lays Agriculture Household Industry Annual water withdrawal per inhabitant (m3 ) out the evidence based on almost 500 interviews conducted in 2013 as part of a Chatham House project by five local Source: UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), Aquastat. institutes with a range of water experts, policy-makers Note: Figures for consumption data vary widely. Data on extraction from groundwater are scant. The comparative figures for Bangladesh, India, Nepal and decision-makers from NGOs and the private sector. It and Pakistan are sourced from the FAO for 2008. According to the Indian focuses on two river systems: the Ganges-Brahmaputra- Ministry of Water Resources, agriculture accounts for roughly 80% of overall Meghna and the Indus-Kabul basins. All the countries face water consumption with domestic consumption using 13% and industry just 7%. The FAO does not publish comparative figures for Afghanistan, but its figures similar challenges relating to these rivers. For instance, both for 1998 suggest that more than 98% of water is used in agriculture. basins are reliant on the summer monsoon as well as some upstream mountain snowmelt, leading to concerns about The balance of blame between local mismanagement seasonal supply, flooding and
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