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nomalous compression of the magnetosphere and its effects in the radiation belts and ionosphere 1Alexie Dmitriev, 1A. V. Suvorova, 1J.-K. Chao, 2K.G. Ratovsky 1Institute of Space Science, National Central University, Chung-Li, Taiwan, 2Institute of Solar-Terrestrial Physics of Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Irkutsk, Russia [email protected] Session: 1a. Origin, evolutions, and Earth impact of coronal mass ejections Type of presentation: poster Key words: erupting filaments magnetosphere-ionosphere coupling radiation belts Extreme compression of the magnetosphere was found during magnetic storm on 21 January 2005, which was produced by a CME preceding very dense and fast plasma originated from a chromospheric erupted filament. From 1712 to 2400 UT, the dayside magnetosphere was continuously located inside geosynchronous orbit due to very high solar wind dynamic pressure (Pd). The compression was found to be extremely strong from 1846 to 2035 UT when Pd peaked up to almost 200 nPa such that the subsolar bow shock moved inside the geosynchronous orbit. The minimal size of the dayside magnetosphere was estimated to be less than 3 RE. Under the extreme compression, the outer magnetosphere at L > 5 was pushed inward such that particles from the radiation belts suffered fast radial transport toward the Earth at very low L-shells, accelerated and populated the forbidden zones at low latitudes. The polar cap expanded dramatically that allowed penetrating auroral precipitation and solar energetic particles to middle latitudes (<50°). Ionization by intense fluxes of quasitrapped and precipitating particles and electrodynamic process disturbed whole the ionosphere and resulted in development of a great positive ionospheric storm from equator to middle latitudes both on the day and night sides. -205 High-speed solar wind streams and positive dayside ionospheric storms Alexei Dmitriev Institute of Space Sciences, National Central University, Chung-Li, Taiwan dalex@jupiter.ss.ncu.edu.tw Session: 1b. Origin, evolution, and Earth impact of high speed streams Type of presentation: oral Key words: Ionospheric storms recurrent magnetic storms An analysis of case events and statistics of positive ionospheric storms was performed in the dayside region of the equatorial ionization anomaly during high- speed solar wind streams and related recurrent geomagnetic storms (RGSs). RGSs dominate in geomagnetic and ionospheric conditions on the declining phase and minimum of solar activity in 2004 to 2008. It is shown that total electron content (TEC) peaks on 3 to 4 day after the RGS onset, i.e. on the recovery phase, during high-intensity long-duration continuous auroral activity produced by high-speed solar wind streams. The response of positive ionospheric storms to solar, heliospheric and geomagnetic drivers reveals a prominent longitudinal variation. Most intense TEC enhancements were found in the longitudinal ranges from 90° to 180° and from – 180° to –120°. The highest correlations of the TEC enhancements exhibit a prominent annual asymmetry with maximum during the winter season. An analysis of electron content vertical profiles, derived from two independent methods using ionosondes and COSMIC/FORMOSAT-3 radio occultation, shows that in the maximum of RGS-related positive ionospheric storm, the F2 layer is thickening, NmF2 increases by ~50% and hmF2 elevates by a few tens of kilometers. We speculate that this dynamics might result from storm-time effects of thermospheric O/N2 enhancements and penetrating electric fields of interplanetary and magnetospheric origin. -206 The non-migrating tidal components from the wavenumber spectra of SABER/TIMED observations Li Xing, Wan WeiXing Institute of geology and geophysics Chinese academy of sciences Session: 3a. Geospace response to variability of the lower atmosphere Type of presentation: poster Key word: non-migrating tidal component SABER The longitudinal wavenumber spectra at the MLT altitudes (70-120 km) and in the latitude range between 50 were estimated from the temperature data observed by the SABER instrument on board the TIMED satellite during the interval from 2002 to 2008. From these wavenumber spectra we proposed a new approach to obtain the once a day resolution components of the diurnal and semi-diurnal non-migrating tides. The dominant component DE3 was then analyzed in detail to reveal its spatial and temporal variations. We found that the properties of the spatial distribution and the large time scale variation are similar to the previous works which used 2-months resolution data. These properties are that the DE3 component occurs mainly in the lower latitudes within 20 and peaks at the altitude of about 106 km; the tidal amplitude is larger during boreal summer and early autumn, smaller in spring and smallest in winter; the component is slightly stronger during the eastward wind phase of the quasi-biennial oscillation (QBO) than the westward phase. The higher- resolution data were used to retrieve the monthly deviations of the DE3 component which reveal the day-to-day variability of the tide. It is found that (1) the variability occurs mainly at the altitude range from 100 to 115km with two peaks respectively at 106 and 100 km; (2) it is stronger at the low-latitudes and peaks around the equator; (3) it is larger around solstitial months than equinox months; (4) It would not experience obvious inter-annual variation. -207 Comparative climatological study of large-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances over North America and China in 2011–2012 Feng Ding Institute of Geology and Geophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China [email protected] Session: 3a. Geospace response to variability of the lower atmosphere Type of presentation: poster Key word: Traveling ionospheric disturbance, GPS network This paper describes a comparative study of the climatology of large-scale traveling ionospheric disturbances (LSTIDs) over North America and China based on observations obtained in 2011–2012 using two GPS networks characterized by dense regional coverage. We identified a total of 390 LSTIDs in China and 363 events in North America. These can be categorized into three types, namely south, north-, and westward-propagating LSTIDs. The southward-moving LSTIDs over North America show similar diurnal and seasonal variations to those of geomagnetic disturbances, but the southward LSTIDs over China do not show such variations. The occurrence of southward-propagating LSTIDs over China increases at ~1–2 hours after the time of geomagnetic activity maximum; this increase lasts several hours until the geomagnetic activity minimum, which happens during the local evening. The southward-moving LSTIDs over North America show a weak semiannual variation, with two major peaks in March and October, while the southward-propagating LSTIDs over China show a major peak in January. Northward-propagating LSTIDs occur much less frequently than their southward-moving counterparts, and they are mainly observed in China. They mostly occur during geomagnetic activity maximum, indicating a possible relation with the degree of geomagnetic activity. Westward- traveling LSTIDs are seen in both regions during local sunrise and may be excited by the moving solar terminator. No relationship was found between these latter LSTIDs and the geomagnetic disturbances. The propagation direction of westward-moving events changed from northwestward during winter solstice to southwestward at summer solstice. This is consistent with the seasonal orientation of the solar terminator. -208 EUV imaging of the Earth’s magnetosheath: global hybrid simulation 1XiaoXin Zhang, 2Fei He, 3Xueyi Wang, 2Bo Chen 1National Center for Space Weather, China Meteorological Administration, Beijing, China, 2Changchun Institute of Optics, Fine Mechanics and Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Changchun, China, 3Physics Department, Auburn University, Auburn, Alabama,USA [email protected] Session: 1c. Origin, evolution, and Earth impact of energetic particles from solar, magnetospheric and galactic sources Type of presentation: poster Key word: EUV imaging Magnetosheath solar wind charge exchange Charge exchange between solar wind alpha particles and neutral hydrogens in the magnetosheath and magnetosphere produces a unique extreme ultraviolet emission at 30.4 nm. In order to understand the relationship between the dynamics of the magnetosheath and the 30.4 nm emissions by solar wind charge exchange (SWCX) in lunar perspective, the intensity distributions and the variations of such emission under different solar wind and interplanetary magnetic field (IMF) conditions are systematically investigated using a three-dimensional global hybrid simulation code. It is found from the simulations that the emission intensity and the intensity distribution patterns change dramatically with the conditions of solar wind and IMF. The maximum emission intensity by SWCX may change from several mR during quiet solar wind conditions to more than 1000 mR during disturbed conditions. The emission intensity increases with the solar wind speed, density, temperature, and the He2+/H+ density ratio in the solar wind. The emission intensity also increases when the IMF turns from northward to southward under the same solar wind conditions. As the increase of IMF magnitude, the intensities in dayside magnetosheath decrease while the intensities in the cusp region and in the nightside magnetosphere increase. The locations of the bow shock and magnetopause are also evident in these images. It is expected that this investigation provide us with an overall understanding on EUV emissions in the magnetosheath by SWCX and the 30.4 nm emission can potentially be used to remotely sense the global configuration of the magnetosheath in future. -209 A Study of CME-driven shocks with remote sensing data: recent results and prospects from future solar missions A. Bemporad INAF – Osservatorio Astrofisico di Torino, Pino Torinese (TO), Italy Session: 2c. Coronal, Interplanetary and Terrestrial radio bursts Type of contribution: oral Over the last 20 years, thanks to continuous monitoring of the Sun, space based observatories provided us with a new view of solar storms (or Coronal Mass Ejections - CMEs), the main drivers (together with solar wind and solar energetic particles – SEPs) of geomagnetic storms on our planet. The development of CMEs in the outer corona has been studied with remote sensing instruments like radio antennas, white light coronagraphs and UV/EUV spectrometers. In particular, UV spectra observed during solar eruptions allowed us to study for the first time their 3D expansion velocities, their thermal energies, the evolution of post-CME current sheets and small scale eruptions, and to characterize CME-driven shocks. At the same time, coronagraphic white light images and radio dynamic spectra provided not only an estimates of the CME kinetic energies, masses and densities, but (as more recently shown) can also be used to infer the velocity, geometry, and compression ratios of CME-driven shocks, together with an estimate of coronal magnetic fields crossed by the shock itself, whose measurements are usually quite challenging. This talk will be aimed at reviewing these results focusing on CME-driven shocks and discussing the new possibilities that will be offered by the Solar Orbiter mission, in coordination with other future missions/observatories. -210 Solar irradiance variability and the Earth's climate S.K. Solanki, K.L. Yeo, N.A. Krivova Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung Justus-von-Liebig-Weg 3 37077 Göttingen Germany [email protected] Session: 2a. Long-term solar variability (magnetism, total irradiance, and spectral irradiance) and its impact on geospace and Earth Type of contribution: oral There is growing evidence of the influence of solar irradiance on the Earth's climate through variability in the total flux and its spectral distribution. Both total and spectral solar irradiance have been monitored through a succession of space instrumentation since 1978, revealing correlations with solar activity. This led to the development of models aimed at reconstructing solar irradiance over the satellite era. Now, such models extend back in time over the past few centuries (that is, the telescope era) and even over the entire Holocene using various indicators of solar activity. The reconstructed solar irradiance forms an important input to climate models. While considerable progress has been made in the calibration and collation of the available body of direct observations, significant uncertainty hangs over the cycle-to-cycle variation and the wavelength-dependence of the amplitude of the variation over the solar cycle. These uncertainties impact the modelling of solar irradiance variability and its influence on the climate. Here, we present the results of recent efforts to resolve these open issues in our understanding of solar irradiance variability. -211 Severe Space Weather: Solar Wind Coupling and Radiation Belt Response Daniel N. Baker Laboratory for Atmospheric and Space Physics, University of Colorado Boulder, 3665 Discovery Drive, Boulder, CO 80309-7820; [email protected] Session: 1a. Origin, evolutions, and Earth impact of coronal mass ejections Type of contribution: oral Long-term observations from both operational and scientific spacecraft have shown quite conclusively that high-energy radiation belt particles can cause significant problems for Earth-orbiting satellites. A prevalent cause of operational anomalies is the phenomenon of deep-dielectric charging due to highly energetic electrons. However, moderate-energy electrons and very energetic ions (protons) can also cause disruptions, respectively, due to surface charging and single-event upsets. The NASA Radiation Belt Storm Probes (now renamed the Van Allen Probes) were designed to study the Earth’s radiation environment and, ultimately, to provide improved physical understanding and modeling capability for the radiation belt regions. The Relativistic Electron-Proton Telescope (REPT) instruments on the dual Van Allen Probes provide information about energetic electrons (E>1.5 MeV) and energetic protons (E>17 MeV). We show the REPT observations made since the 30 August 2012 launch of the Van Allen Probes spacecraft and we discuss how real- time and near real-time space weather beacon data from the mission can be used for better space situational awareness. In particular, we characterize various solar wind driving conditions and document directly the fascinating radiation belt responses. -212 Energetic Particles, Atmosphere and Regional Climate Annika Seppälä (1) and Bernd Funke (2) (1) Earth Observation, Finnish Meteorological Institute, Helsinki, Finland (2) Instituto de Astrofisica de Andalucia, CSIC, Granada, Spain Session: 1c. Origin, evolution, and Earth impact of energetic particles from solar, magnetospheric and galactic sources Type of contribution: oral This presentation we will give an introductory overview of the energetic particle precipitation (EPP) impact on the polar atmosphere and discuss the potential effects of EPP on regional winter climate. In addition to solar storms the nearly continuous precipitation of energetic particles from the magnetosphere affects ionisation levels in the polar atmosphere. In the atmosphere this ionisation peaks in the middle atmosphere (20-100 km), where it leads to enhanced production of NOx and HOx gases. These are gases, which participate in catalytic ozone destruction. Dynamical (e.g. temperature, winds) coupling mechanisms in the atmosphere can further provide coupling between space weather in the form of particle precipitation and the lower atmosphere and thus have indirect implications to polar climate: the analysis of meteorological data and atmospheric chemistry-climate model results has shown that during the winter season temperatures and winds from about 80 km altitude down to the surface show variability depending on the level of EPP. However, the characteristics of the energy spectrum and the precipitating fluxes of precipitating electrons are not known well enough for straightforward inclusion of this important particle precipitation process in atmospheric models. -213 Variability of the Sun and Its Impact on the ITM System Martin G. Mlynczak (NASA Langley Research Center) Manuel Lopez-Puertas (IAA, Granada) Linda Hunt (NASA Langley Research Center) The SABER Science Team Session: 2b. Origin of solar flares and their impact on Earth’s ionosphere/atmosphere Type of contribution: oral For nearly 13 years the TIMED and SORCE satellites have been observing key elements of the energy budget of the ionosphere-thermosphere-mesosphere (ITM) system. These datasets now provide an in-depth view of the natural variability of the atmosphere as forced by variation in the solar ultraviolet and in particle precipitation. We review these observations and examine time series of multiple parameters in the stratosphere, mesosphere, and thermosphere. Variability is evident on timescales ranging from days to the 11-year solar cycle. While there is in general a positive correlation between most parameters (e.g., temperature, atomic oxygen) and the 11- year solar cycle, other parameters (e.g., atomic hydrogen) exhibit strong anti- correlations with the 11-year cycle. There is also evidence for solar cycle influence in atmospheric tides. These measurements and results will be reviewed, as will our search for the first telltale signs of the progression to the next solar minimum that will be most readily evident in the radiative cooling of the thermosphere. -214 New Measurements of Solar flare spectra from SDO/EVE and their impact on planetary Ionosphere and Thermosphere systems. Phillip Chamberlin NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Solar Physics Laboratory, Greenbelt, MD, USA phillip.c.chamberlin@nasa.gov Session: 2b. Origin of solar flares and their impact on Earth’s ionosphere/atmosphere Type of contribution: oral SDO has now been observing the Sun for almost five years, and the continuous observations between all instruments has revealed new insights into Solar Eruptive Events. SDO’s EUV Variability Experiment (EVE) has had a profound impact on Space Weather and Aeronomy studies due to its high spectral resolution and nearly continuous coverage from two of its channels, providing full Extreme Ultraviolet (EUV) spectral and temporal coverage of solar flare irradiance changes for the first time. Not only does this improve our understand of the origin and evolution of solar flares, but also accurately measure how these solar irradiance drivers influence the atmosphere of Earth and other planets. -215 Energetic particles during solar flares Eduard Kontar Department of Physics & Astronomy, R615 Level 6, Kelvin Building Glasgow G12 8QQ, UK [email protected] Session: 1c. Origin, evolution, and Earth impact of energetic particles from solar, magnetospheric and galactic sources Type of contribution: oral During periods of sporadic solar activity, the Sun effectively converts magnetic energy into kinetic energy of accelerated particles in solar flares. Understanding particle propagation and acceleration is an important element of Space Weather. These energetic particles are particular well observed via bright microwave radio and hard X-ray emissions. In the talk, I will highlight recent success in X-ray observations with RHESSI. New observational results are surprising and demonstrate that we are still far from even a general scenario for flares. The physics of energetic electrons and comparison between models in the view of recent observations will be presented. -216 Survey of the 23rd and 24th solar cycle minor-to-moderate magnetic storm effects on ionosphere D. Buresova1, J. Lastovicka1, J. Chum1, M. Pezzopane 2, I.S. Batista3, E. Gularte4, and D. Novotna1 1Department of Aeronomy, Institute of Atmospheric Physics ASCR, Prague, Czech Republic 2Instituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Department of Geomagnetism, Aeronomy and Environmental Geophysics, Roma, Italy 3Nacional Institute for Space Research, Aeronomy Division, Sao Jose Campos, Brazil 4Faculty of Astronomy and Geophysics, University of La Plata, Argentina Session: 4. Workshop to analyze Sun-to-Earth MiniMax24 Events Type of contribution: poster The paper is focused on ionospheric reaction to occasional minor-to-moderate magnetic storms above selected ionospheric stations located across the Northern and Southern Hemisphere. Most of the storms analysed occurred under low or extremely low solar activity conditions of the 23rd and 24th solar cycles. We analysed variability of the F2 layer critical frequency foF2 and the F2 layer peak height hmF2 obtained for different latitudinal and longitudinal sectors of both hemispheres for within the entire period of selected magnetic storms. Observations were compared with the effects of strong magnetic storms and with the IRI2000 outputs when STORM model option is activated. Our analysis showed that the effects on the middle latitude ionosphere of weak-to-moderate CIR-related magnetic storms, which mostly occur around solar minimum period, could be comparable with the effects of strong magnetic storms. In general, both positive and negative deviations of foF2 and hmF2 have been observed independent on season and location. However positive effects on foF2 prevailed and were more significant. Observations of stormy ionosphere also showed large departures from the climatology within storm recovery phase, which are comparable with those usually observed during the storm main phase. The IRI STORM model gave no reliable corrections of foF2 for analysed events. ‐217 Evaluating the diffusive equilibrium models: Comparison with the IMAGE RPI field‐ aligned electron density measurements P. Ozhogin, 1, 2 P. Song, 1, 2 J. Tu, 1, 2 and B.W. Reinisch1, 3 1. Space Science Laboratory, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA. 2. Physics Department, University of Massachusetts Lowell, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA. 3. Lowell Digisonde International, LLC, Lowell, Massachusetts, USA. The diffusive equilibrium models that are widely used by the space physics community to describe the plasma densities in the plasmasphere are evaluated with field‐aligned electron density measurements from the radio plasma imager (RPI) instrument onboard the IMAGE satellite. The original mathematical form of the diffusive equilibrium model was based on the hydrostatic equilibrium along the magnetic field line with the centrifugal force and the field‐aligned electrostatic force as well as a large number of simplifying approximations. Six free parameters in the mathematical form have been conventionally determined from observations. We evaluate four sets of the parameters that have been reported in the literature. The evaluation is made according to the equatorial radial distance dependence, latitudinal dependence at a given radial distance, and the combined radial and latitudinal dependences. We find that the mathematical form given in the diffusive equilibrium model is intrinsically incompatible with the measurements unless another large number of free parameters are artificially introduced, which essentially changes the nature of a theoretical model to an empirical model.