II Fascismo E Gli Italiani in Canada Di Filippo Salvatore

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II Fascismo E Gli Italiani in Canada Di Filippo Salvatore II fascismo e gli italiani in Canada di Filippo Salvatore 1. Le scuse del Primo Ministro e "amnistia degli enemy aliens ita­ lo-canadesi L'll gennaio 1990 iI presidente del Congresso Nazionale degli Italo­ Canadesi aveva chiesto al governo federale di riconoscere che aveva com· messo un errore allorche il 10 giugno 1940 aveva decretato rarresto e Ia prigionia in campi d'internamento di circa settecento cittadini d'origine italiana accusati di costituire una minaccia per la sicurezza nazionale. II 4 novembre 1990 la richiesta e stata esaudita. L'allora Primo Mi· nistro federale Brian Mulroney ha dichiarato pubblicamente nel prende· re la parola ad una riunione del Congresso nei pressi di Toronto: In nome del governo e del popolo canadese presento Ie mie scuse, piene ed intere, ai nostri compagni canadesi d'origine italiana che hanno subito rorti du­ rante la seconda guerra mondiale1. Gli italo-canadesi hanno dovuto aspettare cinquant'anni prima di sentirsi dire che il loro arresto ed internamento come enemy aliens (stra­ nieri nemici) nei campi di Petawawa in Ontario e di Fredericton nel Nuovo Brunswick, in molti casi per oltre tre anni e senza nessuna pron 1 Sull'argomento si veda F. Salvatore, Una semplice qUesliol1e di giuslizia in «II Citta­ dino Canadese», 17 gennsio 1990, p. 3; Id., Perdol1o sl; giuslizia 110, ibidem, 7 novembre 1990, pp. 1-3; Editoriale, Ul1'ollra vliloria, in «Corriere Canadese», 7 novembre 1990; Ie!., Commul1ity leaders 10 ask for /il1ol1cial redress, 6 novembre 1990, pp. 1-3; Jean·Marie Ber­ trand, Les Italims salis/ails des excuses de Mulrol1ey, in «Le Journal de Montrea!», 6 no­ vembre 1990 p. 16; Julian Beltrame, UI1/air, illegal, abusit1e. PM apologizes 10 Italians /OT Irea!mel1! duril1g war, in «The Ottawa Citizem>, 5 novembre 1990, p. 1; Lucia Corbella e Bruce MacDonald, PM says sorry 10 Italial1 Cal1adial1s, in «The Ottawa Sum>, 5 novembre 1990, p. 1; Jullian Beltrame. PM apologizes 10 Iialiam for warllme inlemmenl, in «The Ga­ zelte»,5 novembre 1990; Jonathan Ferguson, Ilalial1s gel PM's apology for wartime inter,,(· menl, in «The Toronto Star», 5 novembre 1990; (Canadian Press), MulrOl1ey s'excuse po", les loriS causes aux Italiens, in «Le Devoir». 5 novembre 1990, p. 2; (Canadian Press/, Excuses publiques pour remprissollemml de 700 iloliem dllranl 10 gllt'rre, in «La Presse», 5 novembre 1990; Gene Alien, Mlllrol1ey apologizes 10 Ilalial1 internees. No /inal1cial deri pledged 10 viclims, in «The Globe and Mail», 5 novembre 1990, pp. 1-5. STORIA CONTEMPORANEA I a. XXVII, n. 5, ottobre 1996 833 Filippo Salvatore II 'ascismo e glli italiani in Canada . di colpevolezza, da parte della G.R.e. (Gendarmeria Reale del Canada), Scopo dei consoli e dei notabili era quel10 di stabilire un legame in­ la polizia federale, e stato «abusivo, ingiusto ed illegale». Le dichiarazio­ scindibile tra italianita e regime fascista. Lo stratagem rna riuscl e I'egui­ ni del premier Mulroney hanno eliminato a livello ufficiale l'onta collet­ voco tra fierezza della propria origine italiana e fascismo trionfo per cir­ tiva che marchiava l'etnia italo-canadese, una delle componenti demogra­ ca un decennio, dal 1925 al 1935. La firma del Concordato tra stato ita­ fiche principali del Paese al giorno d'oggi. liano e chiesa cattolica nel 1929 sand l'adesione quasi unanime dell'opi­ Gli italo-canadesi possono adesso dichiarare senza ombra di dubbio nione pubblica canadese nei confronti di Mussolini, in particolare nella che la loro fedelta aUa loro patria di adozione 0 di nascita non e mai stata parte francofona del paese, il cattolicissimo Quebec. sospetta. E se durante I'ultimo con£1itto mondiale si e dubitato del loro La luna di miele tra iI regime fascista e l'opinione pubbHca canadese attaccamento alia patria canadese, si e trattato di un grave errore, di abu­ duro fino al 1935. La guerra in Africa orientale e la conquista dell'Etio· so di potere da parte di politici, funzionari e poliziotti che hanno condot­ pia, presentata dalla stampa canadese di lingua inglese come una brutale to un procedimento illogico e illegale, basato su supposizioni e apparenze aggressione militare contro un paese incapace di difendersi, rna soprat­ pili che sui fatti 0 su prove irrefutabili. Gli enemy aliens d'origine italiana tutto il riavvicinamento con la Germania hitleriana e la firma del Patto non si sono mai sognati di formare una quinta colonna che doveva com­ d'Acciaio, costituirono il punto di rottura nel Canada inglese con il regi­ mettere atti di terrorismo e preparare il terreno per un'eventuale occupa­ me mussoliniano. Anche un numero crescente di italo-canadesi si rese zione militare del paese da parte delle forze dell' Asse. conto che, in caso di guerra, si sarebbe venuto a trovare in una situazio­ Eppure sospetto c'e stato e la sua origine va chiadta. E appunto 10 ne insostenibile e pericolosa, perche Ii si sarebbe potuti additare come scopo di questa scritto. gente pronta a tradire il paese nel quale vivevano 0 nel quale erano nati, La rice rca storiografica degli ultimi qulndici annF ha dimostrato che date Ie numerose manifestazioni pubbliche di appoggio al fascismo. i sospetti scaturirono in buona parte dall'ingerenza del consoli italiani Quello che era stato un semplice timore divenne reaita nel 1940. nella vita comunitaria, soprattutto a Montreal ed a Toronto, con fini Allo scoppio della guerra e soprattutto dopo la sorprendente sconfitta smaccatamente politici, come cerchero di spiegare in seguito. della Francia grazie alia «guerra lampo», il governo federale ed il Cana­ Furono i consoli che «fascistizzarono» in modo programmato l'attac­ da di lingua inglese non andarono per il sottile. Si dubito della fedelta al camento aHa terra d'origine della stragrande maggioranza degli italo-ca­ Canada dei cittadini di origine tedesca ed italiana contro cui furono nadesi. Per riuscirvi si servirono dei «prominenti»: dei dirigenti dell'Or­ spiccati numerosi mandati di arresto. E dopo Pearl Harbor, si fece 10 dine Fig\i d'Italia, dei giornalisti, degli uomini d'affari, dei pastori delle stesso alia comunita nipponica. Anzi nei suoi confronti il trattamento fu missioni protestanti ed in particolare dei padri serviti delle parrocchie ancora pili drastico e spietato. Anche nel caso degli italo-canadesi, data cattoliche, veri focolai d'indottrinamento ideologicoJ • la propaganda e l'isteria collettiva fino al 1942 Ie sorti della guerra sembravano dare Ie potenze dell' Asse vincenti -, non si pote 0 non si volle distinguere tra attaccamento aile proprie origini etniche e ripudio dell'ideologia fascista 0 nazista. II danno era stato fatto e divenne irrepa­ 2 efr. Roberto Perin, Conflits d'identite et d'aIMgeance. La propagande du canst/fat rabile. italten Ii Montrial dans les al1nt'eS 1930, in «Questions de Culture», II, 1982, PI'. 81-102; Sicche, quando il 10 giugno 1940 Mussolini dichiaro guerra alia Luigi Pautasso, La propaganda /asdsta in Canada alia vigilia della guerra d'Etiopia, in «Quaderni Canadesi», Toronto, marzo-aprite e maggio-agosto 1978; Luigi Bruti Liberati, Gran Bretagna, alla Francia ed al Canada, it govemo di Ottawa, per ra­ II Canada, t'Italia If! il Fascismo, Roma, Bonacd, 1984; Robert F. Harney, Dalla /rontiera gioni di sicurezza nazionale, invoco iI War Measures Act (legge sulle mi­ aile Little Italies. Gli italiani ill Canada 1800·1945, Roma, Bonacci, 1984; Kenneth sure in tempo di guerra) che permetteva I'arresto d'un sospetto senza Bagnell, Canadese. A portrait 0/ the Italian G/lladial/s, Toronto, Macmillan, 1989; Joseph fornire un preciso capo d'accusa, la sospensione cioe dell'habeas corpur, Anthony Ciccocelli, The InnoClloZIS Enemy Aliens: Italians in Canada during World War Two, M.A. Thesis, University of Western Ontario, 1977; L.G. Pennacchio, Fascism and cardine del codice legale britannico e canadese. Ibe World War: the impact on Toronto's Italians, M.A. Thesis, York University, 1989; Col senno di poi, appare evidente che gli italo-canadesi arrestati ed John E. Zucchi, Iialiam ilt Toronto. Developmenl 0/ a Naiionaildentity 1875-19.35, Mont­ internati non costituivano una minaccia, perche non s'erano mai sognati real, Kingston, McGill·Queens's University Press, 1988; Martin Robin, Shades 0/ Right. di tradire il Canada, la 10ro patria di adozione, ne di commettere atti di Nativist and Fascist Politics in Canada 1920·1940, Toronto, University of Toronto Press, 1992; Claude Painchaud e Richard Poulin, Les Italiens all Quebec, Hull, Editions Asticou, sabotaggio 0 di terrorismo, ne tantomeno di voler formare una quinta 1988; Filippo Salvatore, Le Fascisme et les Iialietls J Montreal. Une histoire orale, Mont. colonna. Numerosissimi furono anzi gli italo-canadesi che si arruolarono real-Toronto, Guernica, 1995. come volontari nell'esercito canadese, combattendo valorosamente so­ 3 Sull'argomento, efr. Ken Adachi, The Enemy That Never Was. A History 0/ the Ja­ prattutto sui fronte del Pacifico e tanti morirono nell'adempimento del panese Canadians, Toronto, McClelland & Stewart, 1991; Harry Broadfoot, Years 0/ Sor. row, Years o/Shame. The Story 0/ the Japanese Canadians in World War II, Don Mills, On­ proprio dovere di soldato. tario, PaperJacks, 1977. Interessantissimo e"nehe il romanzo autobiografico della scrittrice E proprio facendo appello al senno di poi che iI primo ministro Joy Kogawa, Obasan, Markham, Penguin Books of Canada, 1981. Brian Mulroney ha aderito alla richiesta rivoltag\i di concedere l'amnistia 834 835 Filippo Sa,vatore II fascismo e gilt ilaliani in Canada ed il perdono agli internati italo-canadesi. Giustizia dopo mezzo secolo e Lungi da me, tuttavia, la tentazione di voler dare un quadro troppo stata fatta. II perdono ottenuto acquista un significato simbolico: ristabi­ roseo della condizione sociale ed umana degli italo-canadesi. Come qual­ lisce la limpid a 1egittimita di appartenenza degli italo-canadesi alIa loro patria, il Canada.
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