Naval Stores Review and JOURNAL of TRADE
Total Page:16
File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb
Load more
Recommended publications
-
Tar and Turpentine
ECONOMICHISTORY Tar and Turpentine BY BETTY JOYCE NASH Tarheels extract the South’s first industry turdy, towering, and fire-resistant longleaf pine trees covered 90 million coastal acres in colonial times, Sstretching some 150,000 square miles from Norfolk, Va., to Florida, and west along the Gulf Coast to Texas. Four hundred years later, a scant 3 percent of what was known as “the great piney woods” remains. The trees’ abundance grew the Southeast’s first major industry, one that served the world’s biggest fleet, the British Navy, with the naval stores essential to shipbuilding and maintenance. The pines yielded gum resin, rosin, pitch, tar, and turpentine. On oceangoing ships, pitch and tar Wilmington, N.C., was a hub for the naval stores industry. caulked seams, plugged leaks, and preserved ropes and This photograph depicts barrels at the Worth and Worth rosin yard and landing in 1873. rigging so they wouldn’t rot in the salty air. Nations depended on these goods. “Without them, and barrels in 1698. To stimulate naval stores production, in 1704 without access to the forests from which they came, a Britain offered the colonies an incentive, known as a bounty. nation’s military and commercial fleets were useless and its Parliament’s “Act for Encouraging the Importation of Naval ambitions fruitless,” author Lawrence Earley notes in his Stores from America” helped defray the eight-pounds- book Looking for Longleaf: The Rise and Fall of an American per-ton shipping cost at a rate of four pounds a ton on tar Forest. and pitch and three pounds on rosin and turpentine. -
Microscopic Study on the Composites of Wood and Polypropylene*1
「森林総合研究所研究報告」(Bulletin of FFPRI),Vol. 1, No. 1 (No.382), 115-122, March, 2002 論 文(Original Article) Microscopic Study on the Composites of Wood and Polypropylene*1 FUJII Tomoyuki*2 and QIN Te-fu *3 Abstract Optical and scanning electron microscopies coupled with a thin-sectioning method and a chemical treatment to remove cell wall material were adopted to investigate morphologically the dispersion of wood fillers and the interface between the wood and polypropylene (PP) matrices in injection-molding composites. Wood fillers were well dispersed in PP matrix with a tendency toward longitudinal and concentric orientation. The interface between wood and PP was well illustrated by the chemical digestion method. It was demonstrated with this method that PP can penetrate into macro-cavities such as fiber lumina inside wood particles through cracks of inter- and intra-wall fractures and comprises a three-dimensional network within the particles and also connecting to PP matrix outside. Wood fillers were always completely isolated and covered by PP probably owing to their high wetability at their interface, although this did not directly result in stiff chemical bonding. This suggests that the chemical bonding of wood fillers and PP matrix is more important for the improvement of the adhesion properties than the surface compatibility. Keywords: composite wood, polypropylene, morphology, SEM, optical microscopy Introduction is that the resulting composites usually have a significantly reduced impact and tensile strength due to poor adhesion There has recently been a dramatic increase of interest between the hydrophilic filler material and hydrophobic in using biomass such as wood fibers, oil palm fibers and thermoplastic. -
Overview of Baltic Forest and Wood Industry | I
23. Internationales Holzbau-Forum IHF 2017 Overview of Baltic Forest and Wood Industry | I. Erele, H. Välja, K. Klauss 1 Overview of Baltic Forest and Wood Industry Ieva Erele Latvian Forest Industry Federation Riga, Latvia Henrik Välja Estonian Forest and Wood Industries Association Kristaps Klauss Latvian Forest Industry Federation Riga, Latvia 23. Internationales Holzbau-Forum IHF 2017 2 Overview of Baltic Forest and Wood Industry | I. Erele, H. Välja, K. Klauss 23. Internationales Holzbau-Forum IHF 2017 Overview of Baltic Forest and Wood Industry | I. Erele, H. Välja, K. Klauss 3 Overview of Baltic Forest and Wood Industry We can certainly call Baltic states the land of forests. Almost every inhabitant is related to forest, forestry and forest products in one or another way. Since long ago wood has been used in heating, construction, production of furniture and other household items. Today forest sector and its wood processing industry have developed into one of the most important sectors of the regional economy. And despite the fact that it occupies only 4,1% of the EU's territory, the commercial forest stock accounts for 6,3% of the EU. Forest has deep roots into Baltic States culture traditions, as well as provides opportunities for spending free time in forest hunting, in sports activities or picking berries and mush- rooms. And furthermore, there are large nature values in our forests that in some cases are unique not only on European, but also global level. However, it’s not an opportunity because it’s simply here. The forest that grows by itself represents beautiful nature values, but it becomes „the green gold” because we have learned to use and manage it wisely – by protecting nature values, by securing resources for national growth and contributing to the wellbeing of our society. -
Wood Industry Report
Wood Industry Report Submitted by Tim Jenks Prosperity Region 3 Wood Industry Proposed Five Year Action Plan Introduction The Wood Products Industries form a broad sector of business activity in Northern Michigan, and particularly in the eleven counties of Region 3. An MSU Extension study in 2012 described the forest industry as “Michigan’s third largest manufacturing sector,” supporting “about 136,000 jobs and adding $17 billion to Michigan’s economy.” (MSUE, 2012) While timber harvests could increase somewhat above their current levels, the greatest opportunity for economic growth lies in the added value provided by manufacturing wood products. Timber harvest, sawmill operations, and wood products manufacturing represent traditional industries for the people of this area of Michigan. The sector offers long- term sustainability, opportunities for positive environmental impact, and lifestyle compatibility. The actions proposed in this section will work to stabilize and maintain the existing industry, as well as to promote the establishment and growth of new entrepreneurial businesses. Overview of the Wood Products Industry Sector The “Wood Industry” sector includes a supply chain of related goods and services, ranging from harvesters to cut the trees to skilled crafts who create finished products. In addition, the sector supports large trucking operations, heavy equipment for harvesting and loading, maintenance services, and other support businesses. Harvesters Harvesters comprise a number of small businesses with a large investment in capital equipment. They sometimes own “tree farm” land, but more often bid on contracts to cut timber, either in behalf of a sawmill, or to sell independently to a sawmill. Northern Michigan’s forest lands – including extensive Federal and State holdings – continue to experience net growth every year. -
Facets of the History of New Bern
Swiss American Historical Society Review Volume 45 Number 3 Article 4 11-2009 Facets of the History of New Bern Michael Hill North Carolina Office of Archives and History Ansley Wegner North Carolina Office of Archives and History Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review Part of the European History Commons, and the European Languages and Societies Commons Recommended Citation Hill, Michael and Wegner, Ansley (2009) "Facets of the History of New Bern," Swiss American Historical Society Review: Vol. 45 : No. 3 , Article 4. Available at: https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/sahs_review/vol45/iss3/4 This Article is brought to you for free and open access by BYU ScholarsArchive. It has been accepted for inclusion in Swiss American Historical Society Review by an authorized editor of BYU ScholarsArchive. For more information, please contact [email protected], [email protected]. Hill and Wegner: Facets of the History of New Bern Facets of the History of New Bern Michael Hill and Ansley Wegner North Carolina Office of Archives and History Survival of New Bern and Its Contribution to the Growth of a New State and Nation The affable climate and geography of the coastal plain of North Carolina made it an attractive settlement point for incoming Europeans. The land is relatively flat, and the rich soils are ideal for agriculture. The mild climate allowed for longer growing seasons, and a number of wide, slow moving rivers provided both navigation and a food source. Indeed, John Lawson, the British naturalist and explorer, described North Carolina as "a country, whose inhabitants may enjoy a life of the greatest ease and satisfaction, and pass away their hours in solid contentment." Old New Bern 57 Published by BYU ScholarsArchive, 2009 1 Swiss American Historical Society Review, Vol. -
Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol. 51, Number 4
Florida Historical Quarterly Volume 51 Number 4 Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol 51, Article 1 Number 4 1972 Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol. 51, Number 4 Florida Historical Society [email protected] Find similar works at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq University of Central Florida Libraries http://library.ucf.edu This Full Issue is brought to you for free and open access by STARS. It has been accepted for inclusion in Florida Historical Quarterly by an authorized editor of STARS. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Recommended Citation Society, Florida Historical (1972) "Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol. 51, Number 4," Florida Historical Quarterly: Vol. 51 : No. 4 , Article 1. Available at: https://stars.library.ucf.edu/fhq/vol51/iss4/1 Society: Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol. 51, Number 4 Published by STARS, 1972 1 Florida Historical Quarterly, Vol. 51 [1972], No. 4, Art. 1 COVER Construction of Fort Zachary Taylor began in Key West in 1845 and it was completed in 1866. The original plans were drawn by Colonel Joseph Totten. A violent hurricane in 1846 destroyed most of the fort’s temporary work buildings and supplies, but construction was quickly resumed. Crafts- men for the brick work were imported from Germany and Ireland. Laborers were local slaves whose owners were paid $1.00 a day for their services. This is a view of the fort as drawn by a member of the garrison. It ap- peared in Harpers Weekly, March 2, 1861. Between 1898 and 1905, deciding that the fortress would be less vulnerable if not so tall, the structure was deliberately torn down to one story. -
Gum Naval Stores: Turpentine and Rosin from Pine Resin
- z NON-WOOD FORESTFOREST PRODUCTSPRODUCTS ~-> 2 Gum naval stores:stores: turpentine and rosinrosin from pinepine resinresin Food and Agriculture Organization of the Unaed Nations N\O\ON- -WOODWOOD FOREST FOREST PRODUCTSPRODUCTS 22 Gum navalnaval stores:stores: turpentine• and rosinrosin from pinepine resinresin J.J.W.J.J.W. Coppen andand G.A.G.A. HoneHone Mi(Mf' NANATURALTURAL RESRESOURCESOURCES INSTITUTEIN STITUTE FFOODOOD ANDAN D AGRICULTUREAGRIC ULTURE ORGANIZATIONORGANIZATION OFOF THETH E UNITEDUNITED NATIONSNATIONS Rome,Rome, 19951995 The designationsdesignations employedemployed andand thethe presentationpresentation of of materialmaterial inin thisthis publication do not imply the expression of any opinionopinion whatsoever onon thethe partpart ofof thethe FoodFood andand AgricultureAgriculture OrganizationOrganization ofof thethe UnitedUnited Nations concernconcerninging thethe legal status of any countrycountry,, territory, city or areaareaorofits or of its auauthorities,thorities, orconcerningor concerning the delimitationdelirnitation of itsits frontiers or boundaries.boundaries. M-37M-37 IISBNSBN 92-5-103684-5 AAllll rights reserved.reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrretrievalieval systemsystem,, oror transmitted inin any form or byby anyany means,means, electronic,electronic, mechanimechanicai,cal, photocphotocopyingopying oror otherwise, withoutwithout thethe prior permission ofof the copyright owner. AppApplicationslications forfor such permission,permission, with a statementstatement -
Adaptive Model Building Framework for Production Planning in the Primary Wood Industry
Article Adaptive Model Building Framework for Production Planning in the Primary Wood Industry Matthias Kaltenbrunner * , Maria Anna Huka and Manfred Gronalt Institute of Production and Logistics, Department of Economics and Social Sciences, BOKU–University of Natural Resources and Life Science, Feistmantelstrasse 4, 1180 Vienna, Austria; [email protected] (M.A.H.); [email protected] (M.G.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 29 October 2020; Accepted: 23 November 2020; Published: 26 November 2020 Abstract: Production planning models for the primary wood industry have been proposed for several decades. However, the majority of the research to date is concentrated on individual cases. This paper presents an integrated adaptive modelling framework that combines the proposed approaches and identifies evolving planning situations. With this conceptual modelling approach, a wide range of planning issues can be addressed by using a solid model basis. A planning grid along the time and resource dimensions is developed and four illustrative and interdependent application cases are described. The respective mathematical programming models are also presented in the paper and the prerequisites for industrial implementation are shown. Keywords: production planning; sawmill; modelling framework; mathematical programming; integrated planning 1. Introduction In production planning, the quantities to be produced are planned taking into account capacities, processes, the availability of raw materials and demanded products. In the primary wood industry, logs are used as raw materials in sawmills and processed into many intermediate products for further processing. These value-adding processes are usually carried out at one location. Three different value-added stages—sawing, drying and planing—are performed by a sawmill. -
Forest Sector and Primary Forest Products Industry Contributions to the Economies of the Southern States: 2011 Update
J. For. 113(2):205–209 BRIEF COMMUNICATION http://dx.doi.org/10.5849/jof.14-054 economics Forest Sector and Primary Forest Products Industry Contributions to the Economies of the Southern States: 2011 Update Consuelo Brandeis and Donald G. Hodges The analysis in this article provides an update on the southern forest sector economic activity after the down- 2009 figures. Information on the economic turn experienced in 2008–2009. The analysis was conducted using Impact Analysis for Planning (IMPLAN) software contribution of forest industries and trends in and data sets for 2009 and 2011 and results from the USDA Forest Service Timber Products Output latest survey of roundwood consumption before and through primary wood processing mills. Although improving economic conditions are reflected by increased mill roundwood the recession can be found in Hodges et al. consumption during 2011, the forest industry’s economic contribution improved slightly but not across all states. At the (2012) and Brandeis et al. (2012). regional scale, the sector displayed a downward trend in employment, value added, and number of active primary mills. Data Sources and Methodology Keywords: southern forest products industry, economic contribution, economic contribution, timber harvest, We conducted two analyses, one esti- North American Industry Classification System (NAICS) mating the economic contribution of the forest sector and one estimating the contri- Ͼ bution of a subset of industries compris- he southern forest products sector starts dropped from a high of 2 million units ing primary forest products mills. Primary makes significant contributions to to a low of 554,000 units (Census Bureau mills use logs, either whole or chipped, to the economies of the southern states 2014). -
2,000 Trees a Day: Work and Life in the American Naval Stores Industry, 1877 to 1940 by Catherine Kim Gyllerstrom a Dissertatio
2,000 Trees a Day: Work and Life in the American Naval Stores Industry, 1877 to 1940 by Catherine Kim Gyllerstrom A dissertation submitted to the Graduate Faculty of Auburn University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Auburn, Alabama December 13, 2014 Keywords: Naval Stores, Turpentine, African American, Labor, Convict Lease, Debt Peonage Copyright 2014 by Catherine Kim Gyllerstrom Approved by Jennifer Brooks, Chair, Professor of History Ruth Crocker, Professor of History Angela Lakwete, Professor of History Tiffany Sippial, Professor of History Abstract This project explores the lives of nineteenth and early twentieth century naval stores workers in Alabama, Georgia, and Florida. After the Civil War, turpentine operators faced a high demand for their product, limited capital to embark on new operations, and an uncertain labor supply. Therefore, these men resorted to deceitful labor recruitment tactics to entice free workers to their camps. In addition, operators also supplemented their work force with convict labor. The preliminary focus of this dissertation is the experience—nature of work, work culture, and daily life—of turpentine employees. Previous historians, with the exception of Robert Outland, have dismissed turpentine harvesting as a makeshift operation on the periphery of civilization. In turn, this assessment has led to the misconception that turpentine workers were wild and violent frontiersmen, who rarely formed social bonds, idolized outlaws, and ascribed to a rough and tumble way of life. This work seeks to restore the reputation of naval stores laborers and contends that these men—both African American and white, both free and captive—shared a similar work culture to other industrial workers and established and supported families within the camps. -
Longleaf Pine Forest Overview Longleaf Pine Is Also Known As Long Needle, Long Straw, Southern Yellow, Hard, Pitch and Georgia Pine Among Other Names
Longleaf Pine Forest Overview Longleaf pine is also known as long needle, long straw, southern yellow, hard, pitch and Georgia pine among other names. The natural range of longleaf pine extends from southeastern Virginia to east Texas in a belt approximately 150 miles wide adjacent to the coasts of the Atlantic Ocean and the Gulf of Mexico. It dips as far south as central Florida and widens northward into west central Georgia and east central Alabama. It occupies portions of three physiographic provinces: the Southern Coastal Plain, the Piedmont, and the Appalachian foothills. Longleaf pine-dominated forests can prosper on a variety of soil types, moisture regimes, geological formations, and topographic features across the wide geographic range of the species - in short, they grow almost anywhere. The tree's species name (Pinus palustris) means "of the marsh." Yet longleaf today is found mostly on dry upland areas, as the moist fertile sites were the first to be cleared for farming. Longleaf-The Virgin Forest The virgin forest offers excellent opportunities for studying the life-histories of trees. .... Several investigations of the life history of the longleaf pine, including observations under virgin forest conditions, have been made within recent years. There is, however, a practical value in pursuing still further the study of this tree. The longleaf pine is commercially of the very first importance. It is extensively distributed throughout one of the best timber- producing sections of the United States and is very well adapted to systematic forest management. Within recent years new and improved methods of exploitation have been managed with too little regard for the future and the supplies are quickly melting away. -
Evaluation of Niche Markets for Small Scale Forest Products Companies
Evaluation of Niche Markets For Small Scale Forest Products Companies Jan J. Hacker Resource Analytics May, 2006 Federal Project Number: MN 03-DG-11244225-492 This Report was Prepared Under an Award from the U.S.D.A. Forest Service and WestCentral Wisconsin Regional Planning Commission 1 Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction.....................................................................................................................3 2.0 Niche Markets in General ...............................................................................................4 3.0 Efforts Undertaken to Help Industries Identify and Enter Niche Markets .....................6 3.1 Direct Technical Assistance to Forest Products Firms .........................................7 3.2 Specialized Research and Marketing Assistance..................................................8 3.3 Establishment of Specialized Networks & Locally Based Programs .................11 4.0 Niche Markets Due to Technology...............................................................................21 5.0 Niche Markets Due to Customer Choice/Specifications and Preferences....................26 6.0 Niche Markets Due to Unique Products or Species .....................................................33 6.1 Unique Products..................................................................................................33 6.2 Unique Species....................................................................................................42 7.0 Niche Markets Resulting From Regulatory Policies