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The Syntax of Copular Clauses in Arabic University of Wisconsin Milwaukee UWM Digital Commons Theses and Dissertations December 2017 The yS ntax of Copular Clauses in Arabic Bader Yousef Alharbi University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee Follow this and additional works at: https://dc.uwm.edu/etd Part of the Linguistics Commons Recommended Citation Alharbi, Bader Yousef, "The yS ntax of Copular Clauses in Arabic" (2017). Theses and Dissertations. 1573. https://dc.uwm.edu/etd/1573 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by UWM Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of UWM Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE SYNTAX OF COPULAR CLAUSES IN ARABIC by Bader Alharbi A Dissertation Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Linguistics at The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee December 2017 ABSTRACT THE SYNTAX OF COPULAR CLAUSES IN ARABIC by Bader Alharbi The University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, 2017 Under the Supervision of Professor Hamid Ouali Copular clauses in several languages have received much attention in recent years, however in Arabic they have been largely overlooked. In general, copular clauses have been classified into four types: the predicational clause, the specificational clause, the identificational clause, and the identity clause. This thesis aims to characterize and analyze the various copular clause types in Arabic, and goes further to discuss the taxonomic status of the copular clause with a postcopular definite description and the nature of the pronominal element (PE) in Arabic copular clauses. The thesis then explores the predicational clause type in more depth, focusing specifically on the copula KWN, the subject NP, and agreement and case in this type of copular clause. I provide an analysis of Arabic copular clauses that condenses the four types of copular clauses into just two types: the predicational clause and the identity clause, which differ in the small clause they contain. The specificational clause, the identificational clause, and the clause with a postcopular definite description can all be considered subtypes of the identity clause. I claim that the PE, which appears in all Arabic copular clauses except the predicational clause, is a realization of the F head in the structure of the identity clause, and cannot be used in a predicational clause due to the presence of predicative expressions in this type of clause. I also claim that Arabic has a single copula KWN, which originates in the vP, however in the structure of the Arabic verbless sentence this vP does not project. Next, I suggest that the definiteness ii constraint on the subject of Arabic predicational clauses follows from the referentiality and topicality requirements on the subject of a predicational clause. Finally, I provide an analysis for case and agreement in the predicational copular clause which suggests that the nominative case on subjects and their predicates in verbless sentences is obtained via Multiple Agree with T, whereas the accusative case on subjects and their predicates in clauses involving the copular verb results from Multiple Agree with v. However, the case on subjects may change in the course of a derivation by other mechanisms, such as presence of the complementizer ʔinna or by cyclic agreement. iii © Copyright by Bader Alharbi, 2017 All Rights Reserved iv إﻟﻰ واﻟﺪ ّي وزوﺟﺘﻲ أطﺎل ﷲ ﻓﻲ ﻋﻤﺮھﻢ To my parents and my wife, may Allah prolong their lives v TABLE OF CONTENTS List of Tables ………………………………………………………………………………...... viii List of Abbreviations ………………………………………………………………………........ ix List of Phonetic Symbols ………………………………………………………….………….… xi Acknowledgments ……………………………………………….…………………………….. xii Chapter 1 Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1 1.1 Introduction ........................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Language and data ................................................................................................................ 2 1.3 Research questions ................................................................................................................ 3 1.4 Significance .......................................................................................................................... 9 1.5 Minimalist Program (MP) ................................................................................................... 10 1.5.1 Merge and Move .......................................................................................................... 11 1.5.2 Agree ............................................................................................................................ 13 1.6 Scope and organization of the thesis ................................................................................... 18 Chapter 2 Literature Review ......................................................................................................... 20 2.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 20 2.2 Copular clauses crosslinguistically ..................................................................................... 20 2.2.1 Heggie (1988) .............................................................................................................. 20 2.2.2 Carnie (1995 & 1997) .................................................................................................. 22 2.2.3 Moro (1997) ................................................................................................................. 24 2.2.4 Heycock and Kroch (1998 & 1999) ............................................................................. 27 2.2.5 Mikkelsen (2005) ......................................................................................................... 29 2.2.6 Hedberg and Potter (2010) ........................................................................................... 33 2.2.7 Bondaruk (2013) .......................................................................................................... 36 2.2.8 Roy (2013) ................................................................................................................... 42 2.2.9 Higginbotham (1987) ................................................................................................... 45 2.3 Copular clauses in Arabic ................................................................................................... 47 2.3.1 Bahloul (1994) ............................................................................................................. 47 2.3.2 Benmamoun (2000) ..................................................................................................... 49 2.3.3 Aoun, Benmamoun and Choueiri (2010) ..................................................................... 51 2.3.4 Ouhalla (2013) ............................................................................................................. 53 2.4 The Pronominal Element (PE) ............................................................................................ 57 2.4.1 Li and Thompson (1977) ............................................................................................. 57 2.4.2 Eid (1991) .................................................................................................................... 58 2.4.3 Ouhalla (2013) ............................................................................................................. 61 2.4.4 Choueiri (2016) ............................................................................................................ 63 2.5 Summary ............................................................................................................................. 68 Chapter 3 Copular Clauses in Arabic ............................................................................................ 69 3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 69 3.2 Arabic copular clause types ................................................................................................ 69 3.3 Properties of Arabic copular clauses .................................................................................. 74 3.3.1 The PE .......................................................................................................................... 74 vi 3.3.2 VP ellipsis .................................................................................................................... 78 3.3.3 Complements of the verb consider .............................................................................. 81 3.3.4 Question types .............................................................................................................. 86 3.3.5 Coordination ................................................................................................................ 88 3.3.6 Agreement .................................................................................................................... 91 3.3.7 Intensive reflexive ........................................................................................................ 94 3.3.8 Inversion .....................................................................................................................
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