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The Performance of the Baldcypress Leafroller (Archips Goyerana Kruse, Lepidoptera: Torticidae) in Response to Fertilization, Th

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The Performance of the Baldcypress Leafroller (Archips Goyerana Kruse, Lepidoptera: Torticidae) in Response to Fertilization, Th Louisiana State University LSU Digital Commons LSU Master's Theses Graduate School 2004 The performance of the baldcypress leafroller (Archips goyerana Kruse, Lepidoptera: Torticidae) in response to fertilization, thinning, and genetic variation in host baldcypress (Taxodium distichum L. Richard) Crawford Wood Johnson Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Johnson, Crawford Wood, "The performance of the baldcypress leafroller (Archips goyerana Kruse, Lepidoptera: Torticidae) in response to fertilization, thinning, and genetic variation in host baldcypress (Taxodium distichum L. Richard)" (2004). LSU Master's Theses. 2042. https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/2042 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at LSU Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in LSU Master's Theses by an authorized graduate school editor of LSU Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. THE PERFORMANCE OF THE BALDCYPRESS LEAFROLLER (ARCHIPS GOYERANA KRUSE, LEPIDOPTERA:TORTRICIDAE) IN RESPONSE TO FERTILIZATION, THINNING, AND GENETIC VARIATION IN HOST BALDCYPRESS (TAXODIUM DISTICHUM L. RICHARD) A Thesis Submitted to the Graduate Faculty of the Louisiana State University and Agricultural and Mechanical College in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science in The Department of Entomology by Crawford Wood Johnson B.S., Louisiana State University, 2001 May 2004 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I owe a great deal of gratitude to many people in helping me attain this degree, but foremost among them is my major professor Dr. Richard Goyer, who skillfully, faithfully, patiently, and unselfishly aided in all aspects of my research. His guidance was invaluable. I also am indebted to Mr. Gerald Lenhard for his unfaltering guidance, assistance, and good humor throughout the duration of my research. I have not worked for two finer men and am proud to have had them for teachers and mentors. I also thank committee members Dr. Seth Johnson, for his advice and comments on conducting my research, and Dr. Michael Stout for his advice, comments, and assistance with foliar chemical analyses in my research. Dr. James Geaghan of the Department of Experimental Statistics was extremely helpful and always prompt in assisting with data analysis and interpretation. I may not ever have pursued this degree without the encouragement and support of my parents, Dr. Earl C. Johnson and Mrs. Anne W. Johnson, and siblings Catherine A. Johnson and W. Wade Johnson. I often thought of Catherine’s dogged determination and unwillingness to quit. I am grateful to Rebecca Souther Effler, Jay Curole, Will Shepherd, and Tessa Baumann for their help in my research, and friendship, good humor, and willingness to answer incessant, petty questions. I will not forget the faithful help of friend and student worker Ankit Modi, who spent many weekends helping me feed larvae and prepare foliage samples. I also thank Mr. Ken Krauss and Dr. Jim Chambers for their willingness to work on previous research which made my own possible, and the cooperation of New Orleans area landowners Mr. and Mrs. Gatien Livaudais and the Jeanfreau Corporation. ii I also thank the Louisiana State University Dept. of Agricultural Chemistry for assistance in foliar and soil analyses. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements ....................................................................................................ii List of Tables..............................................................................................................v List of Figures...........................................................................................................vii Abstract......................................................................................................................ix Chapter 1 Introduction and Literature Review....................................................1 1.1 Introduction........................................................................................1 1.2 Literature Review.............................................................................13 Chapter 2 Effects of Fertilization and Genetic Variation in Budbreak Phenology on the Growth and Development of an Insect Defoliator, Archips goyerana Kruse (BCLR) on Host Taxodium distichum L. Richard (Baldcypress) ................................24 2.1 Introduction......................................................................................24 2.2 Materials and Methods .....................................................................30 2.3 Results ..............................................................................................46 2.4 Discussion.........................................................................................71 Chapter 3 Effects of Thinning and Genetic Variation on the Growth and Development of an Insect Defoliator, Archips goyerana Kruse (The Baldcypress Leafroller) on Host Taxodium distichum L. Richard (Baldcypress)..................................................................84 3.1 Introduction ......................................................................................84 3.2 Materials and Methods .....................................................................89 3.3 Results............................................................................................100 3.4 Discussion.......................................................................................114 Chapter 4 Summary and Conclusions.............................................................125 4.1 Background and Justification for Study .........................................125 4.2 Delacroix: Effects of Thinning (Chapter 3)....................................126 4.3 Jeanfreau: Effects of Fertilization (Chapter 2) ...............................127 Literature Cited.......................................................................................................133 Appendix A: Chapter Two-Excluded Datapoints ..................................................147 Appendix B: Chapter Three-Excluded Datapoints.................................................151 Appendix C: Cone Production at Delacroix and Jeanfreau Sites 2003..................152 Vita .........................................................................................................................153 iv LIST OF TABLES 2.1 Male and female mean dry pupal weight (mg) by fertilization rate ............................................................................................48 2.2 Percent larval mortality by year ...................................................................52 2.3 Percent larval mortality by fertilization rate.................................................52 2.4 Mean potassium concentration by fertilization treatment ............................57 2.5 Mean branchlet width (mm) by fertilization treatment and family each year.....................................................................................64 2.6 Mean diameter growth (cm) in the full model-year by fertilization rate by family interaction..........................................................68 2.7 Jeanfreau soil analysis ..................................................................................71 3.1 Percent larval mortality due to unknown (left) and other factors (right).....................................................................................104 3.2 Mean foliar nutrient content by family.......................................................106 3.3 Mean branchlet width (mm) and angle of needle appression (degrees) by family...................................................................110 3.4 Mean height growth (feeding bioassay trees) by family and thinning treatment.......................................................................................111 3.5 Mean diameter growth (feeding bioassay trees) by family and thinning treatment.......................................................................................113 A.1 Jeanfreau 2002-2003 mean height growth by family and fertilization rate ..........................................................................................147 A.2 Jeanfreau 2002-2003 percent larval mortality by family ...........................147 A.3 Jeanfreau 2002 larvae data excluded from analysis a priori.......................158 A.4 Jeanfreau 2003 larvae data excluded from analysis a priori.......................149 A.5 Jeanfreau 2003 larvae data removed due to handler injury........................149 A.6 Jeanfreau 2002-2003 outliers-insect data ...................................................150 v A.7 Jeanfreau 2002-2003 outliers-foliage data .................................................150 B.1 Delacroix 2003 outliers-insect data............................................................151 C.1 Delacroix 2003 cone production ................................................................152 C.2 Jeanfreau 2003 cone production.................................................................153 vi LIST OF FIGURES 1.1 Range of host Taxodium distichum L. Rich. (baldcypress) and areas most heavily forested in baldcypress and annually defoliated by Archips goyerana Kruse (baldcypress leafroller)...................15 2.1 Jeanfreau plot map........................................................................................34
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