Hybrid vehicle For other types of hybrid transportation, see Hybrid ve- • Solar hicle (disambiguation). • “Hybrid technology” redirects here. For the company for- Wind merly known as Hybrid Technologies, see Li-ion Motors. A hybrid vehicle is a vehicle that uses two or more 2 Vehicle type Toyota Prius, a hybrid electric car marketed worldwide distinct power sources to move the vehicle; for exam- ple, a conventional internal combustion engine and also a high voltage electric motor.[1] The term most commonly A biodiesel hybrid bus in Montreal refers to hybrid electric vehicles (HEVs), which combine an internal combustion engine and one or more electric motors. However, other mechanisms to capture and use energy may also be included, such as diesel-electric trains 2.1 Two-wheeled and cycle-type vehicles which are powered by both diesel engine and electric mo- tor and submarines that use diesel engines to power the Mopeds, electric bicycles, and even electric kick scooters rotors and also to charge batteries that power the craft are a simple form of a hybrid, as power is delivered both when submerged. via an internal combustion engine or electric motor and the rider’s muscles. Early prototypes of motorcycles in the late 19th century used the same principles to power it 1 Power up. • In a parallel hybrid bicycle human and motor Power sources for hybrid vehicles include: power are mechanically coupled at the pedal drive train or at the rear or the front wheel, e.g. using a • Coal, wood or other solid combustibles hub motor, a roller pressing onto a tire, or a connec- • Compressed or liquefied natural gas tion to a wheel using a transmission element. Hu- man and motor torques are added together. Almost • Electricity all manufactured Motorized bicycles, Mopeds are of this type.[2] • Electromagnetic fields, Radio waves • In a series hybrid bicycle (SH) the user powers a • Electric vehicle battery generator using the pedals. This is converted into • Human powered e.g. pedaling or rowing electricity and can be fed directly to the motor giv- ing a chainless bicycle but also to charge a battery. • Hydrogen The motor draws power from the battery and must • On-board or out-board rechargeable energy storage be able to deliver the full mechanical torque required system (RESS) because none is available from the pedals. SH bi- cycles are commercially available, because they are • Petrol or Diesel fuel very simple in theory and manufacturing.[3] 1 2 2 VEHICLE TYPE The first known prototype and publication of an SH bicy- cle is by Augustus Kinzel (US Patent 3'884'317) in 1975. In 1994 Bernie Macdonalds conceived the Electrilite[4] SH lightweight vehicle which used power electronics al- lowing regenerative braking and pedaling while station- ary. In 1995 Thomas Muller designed a “Fahrrad mit elektromagnetischem Antrieb” in his 1995 diploma thesis and built a functional vehicle. In 1996 Jürg Blatter and Andreas Fuchs of Berne University of Applied Sciences built an SH bicycle and in 1998 mounted the system onto a Leitra tricycle (European patent EP 1165188). In 1999 Harald Kutzke described his concept of the “active bicy- cle": the aim is to approach the ideal bicycle weighing nothing and having no drag by electronic compensation. Until 2005 Fuchs and colleagues built several prototype Bus Rapid Transit of Metz, a diesel-electric hybrid driving system SH tricycles and quadricycles.[5] by Van Hool[7] • In a series hybrid electric-petroleum bicycle (SHEPB) an electric bicycle is fitted with a power lost in the double conversion from typically diesel very-small electric generator that is powered by fuel to electricity to power an electric or hydraulic mo- petroleum. This form of hybrid includes power in- tor. With large vehicles the advantages often outweigh put from the pedals and the electric drive motor, the disadvantages especially as the conversion losses typ- which is powered by batteries, however the battery ically decrease with size. With the exception of non- charge level is maintained by a generator, providing nuclear submarines, presently there is no or relatively lit- range enhancements over electric-only bicycles and tle secondary energy storage capacity on most heavy ve- allowing the bike to operate without needing to be hicles, e.g. auxiliary batteries and hydraulic accumula- plugged in, although the batteries can also facilitate tors—although this is now changing. Submarines are one a plug-in charger. of the oldest widespread applications of hybrid technol- ogy, running on diesel engines while surfaced and switch- The first known prototype of a fully functional SHEPB ing to battery power when submerged. Both series-hybrid bicycle was developed and demonstrated by David Kit- and parallel hybrid drivetrains were used in the Second son in Australia[6] in 2014, who overcame the weight World War. problems associated with small generators by combin- ing a lightweight Brushless DC electric motor from an aerial drone and small hand-tool sized internal combus- 2.2.1 Rail transport tion engine with a drive system and lightweight hous- ing created through 3d printing. The system used high- Main article: Hybrid train volume forced-airflow cooling to maintain operating tem- Europe peratures below the softening point of the plastic, lead- ing to an overall-weight of less than 4.5 kg. The system plugged directly into the charge port of a normal paral- lel hybrid electric-bicycle and monitored charge load and voltage, forming a feedback loop and adjusting power output to maintain the charge level on the batteries under load. This allowed for the bicycle to be powered by ped- als, stored electricity or petroleum-generated-electricity. 2.2 Heavy vehicles Hybrid power trains use diesel-electric or turbo-electric to power railway locomotives, buses, heavy goods vehi- cles, mobile hydraulic machinery, and ships. Typically some form of heat engine (usually diesel) drives an elec- East Japan Railway Company HB-E300 series tric generator or hydraulic pump which powers one or more electric or hydraulic motors. There are advantages The new Autorail à grande capacité (AGC or high- in distributing power through wires or pipes rather than capacity railcar) built by the Canadian company mechanical elements especially when multiple drives— Bombardier for service in France. This has dual mode e.g. driven wheels or propellers—are required. There is (diesel and electric motors) and dual voltage capabilities 2.2 Heavy vehicles 3 (1500 and 25000 V) allowing it to be used on many tages that existing hybrid cars have for use with frequent different rail systems.[8] The locomotive has been on starts and stops and idle periods apply to typical switch- trials in Rotterdam, the Netherlands with Railfeeding, a ing yard use.[12] “Green Goat” locomotives have been Genesse and Wyoming company. purchased by Canadian Pacific Railway, BNSF Railway, China Kansas City Southern Railway, and Union Pacific Rail- The First Hybrid Evaluating prototype locomotive was road among others. designed and contracted by rail research center MATRAI in 1999 and the sample was ready in 2000. It was a 2.2.2 Cranes G12 locomotive that was converted to hybrid by using a 200KW diesel generator and batteries and also was Railpower Technologies engineers working with TSI Ter- equipped with 4 AC traction motors (out of 4) retrofitted minal Systems are testing a hybrid diesel electric power in the cover of the DC traction motors. unit with battery storage for use in Rubber Tyred Gantry Japan (RTG) cranes. RTG cranes are typically used for loading The first operational prototype of a hybrid train engine and unloading shipping containers onto trains or trucks with significant energy storage and energy regeneration in ports and container storage yards. The energy used capability was introduced in Japan as the KiHa E200. It to lift the containers can be partially regained when they utilizes battery packs of lithium ion batteries mounted on are lowered. Diesel fuel and emission reductions of 50– the roof to store recovered energy.[9] 70% are predicted by Railpower engineers.[13] First sys- [14] India tems are expected to be operational in 2007. Indian railway launched one of its kind CNG-Diesel hy- brid train in January 2015. The train have a 1400 hp en- 2.2.3 Road transport, commercial vehicles gine which uses fumigation technology.The first of these train is set to run on Rewari-Rohtak route which is 81 km long.[10] CNG is considered as a green alternative for diesel and petrol and is popular as an alternative fuel in India. North America In the US, General Electric introduced a prototype rail- road engine with their “Ecomagination” technology in 2007. They store energy in a large set of sodium nickel chloride (Na-NiCl2) batteries to capture and store en- ergy normally dissipated in dynamic braking or coasting downhill. They expect at least a 10% reduction in fuel use with this system and are now spending no more than $2 billion/yr on hybrid research.[11] Variants of the typical diesel electric locomotive include the Green Goat (GG) and Green Kid (GK) switching/yard 2008 GMC Yukon hybrid version engines built by Canada’s Railpower Technologies. They utilize a large set of heavy duty long life (~10 yr) Early hybrid systems are being investigated for trucks rechargeable lead acid (Pba) batteries and 1000 to 2000 and other heavy highway vehicles with some operational HP electric motors as the primary motive sources and trucks and buses starting to come into use. The main a new clean burning diesel generator (~160 Hp) for obstacles seem to be smaller fleet sizes and the extra recharging the batteries that is used only as needed. No costs of a hybrid system are yet compensated for by fuel power or fuel are wasted for idling—typically 60–85% savings,[15] but with the price of oil set to continue on its of the time for these type locomotives.