THE INA QUARTERLY BRINGING HISTORY TO LIGHT THROUGH THE SCIENCE OF SHIPWRECKS

CONTINUING RESEARCH SUMMER STUDY IN BODRUM, TURKEY

BUILDING VIRAZON II INA'S NEWEST RESEARCH VESSEL

ANCIENT SHIPWRECK EXCAVATION IN FINDS FROM THE OLDEST SHIPWRECK IN THE

SUMMER 2015 VOLUME 42, NO. 2 s

FOUNDERS DIRECTORS (CONTINUED) BODRUM RESEARCH TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY AFFILIATED SCHOLARS (CONTINUED) George F. Bass, Ph.D. ◊ Lew Ward CENTER STAFF (CONTINUED) GRADUATE FELLOWS Warren Riess, Ph.D. CONTENTS (CONTINUED) University of Maine John Baird † Roger A. Williamson, M.D.* Aysel Tok Edith Trnka Justin Parkoff David Stewart, Ph.D. Michael Katzev † Robyn Woodward, Ph.D. Mr. & Mrs. Ray H. Siegfried East Carolina University DEPARTMENTS Treasurer * Süleyman Türel II Graduate Fellow Jack W. Kelley ◊ Sally M. Yamini Güneş Yaşar Rachel Matheny Kristine Trego, Ph.D. Bucknell University 4 LETTER FROM THE DIRECTOR OFFICERS/ADMINISTRATION Kenan Yılmaz OF THE BRC President* Michael Young, J.D. FACULTY, NAUTICAL AFFILIATED SCHOLARS Peter van Alfen, Ph.D. American Numismatic Society 6 NEWS AND EVENTS Deborah N. Carlson, Ph.D. ARCHAEOLOGY PROGRAM AT Kroum Batchvarov, Ph.D. ASSOCIATE DIRECTORS TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY University of Connecticut 8 BRC SUMMER RESEARCH Vice President Wendy Van Duivenvoorde, Ph.D. Gordon W. Bass Deborah N. Carlson, Ph.D. Flinders University Cemal M. Pulak, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Sara W. John Broadwater, Ph.D. Raynette Boshell Spritsail Enterprises FIELD REPORT Vice President* and George O. Yamini Fellow Gordon P. Watts, Jr., Ph.D. Allan Campbell, M.D. Arthur Cohn, J.D. Tidewater Atlantic Research Kevin J. Crisman, Ph.D. Filipe Vieira de Castro, 12 THE ANCIENT SHIPWRECK William C. Culp, M.D. Lake Champlain Maritime EXCAVATION AT GODAVAYA, Office Manager Ph.D. Professor, Frederick R. Museum RESEARCH ASSOCIATES Glenn Darden Mayer Professor of Nautical SRI LANKA Tamara Hebert Finds from the oldest shipwreck Grace Darden Archaeology II Mariá del Pilar Luna John A. Albertson Diving Safety Officer in the Indian Ocean Erreguerena, M.A. J. Barto Arnold, M.A. 10 Nicholas Griffis Kevin J. Crisman, Ph.D. National Institute of BY DEBORAH CARLSON, ORKAN Laura White KÖYAĞASIOĞLU, AND STACI WILLIS Robin P. Hartmann Associate Professor, Nautical Anthropology and History Piotr Bojakowski, Ph.D. BODRUM RESEARCH CENTER Archaeology Faculty Fellow Lilia Campana, Ph.D. Faith Hentschel, Ph.D. Ben Ford, Ph.D. ARTICLES Director Susan Katzev Donny L. Hamilton, Ph.D. Indiana University of Massimo Capulli, Ph.D. Tûba Ekmekçi, M.A. Professor, George T. & Gladys Pennsylvania 10 NITROX IN UNDERWATER James Kjorlien H. Abell Chair in Nautical Chris Cartellone, Ph.D. Finance Manager Jeremy Green, M.A. ARCHAEOLOGY William C. Klein, M.D. Archaeology, Yamini Family José Luis Casabán, M.A. Learn how Nitrox can be used to Özlem Doğan Chair in Liberal Arts Western Australia Maritime Thomas McCasland, Jr. Museum Alexis Catsambis, Ph.D. safely prolong deepwater dives BY LAURA WHITE DIRECTORS Jeffrey Morris Cemal M. Pulak, Ph.D. Elizabeth S. Greene, Ph.D. Katie Custer Bojakowski, Ph.D. Associate Professor, Oğuz Aydemir Terry A. Ray Brock University Matthew Harpster, Ph.D. 20 BUILDING VIRAZON II Frederick R. Mayer Professor Construction of INA's new Edward O. Boshell, Jr. Anne Darden Self of Nautical Archaeology I Jerome Hall, Ph.D. Rebecca Ingram, Ph.D. research vessel gets underway John Cassils, M.D. University of San Diego Michael Jones, Ph.D. BY JOHN DE LAPA Judy Sturgis C. Wayne Smith, Ph.D. Lucy Darden * Betsey Boshell Todd Associate Professor, Faith Hentschel, Ph.D. Jun Kimura, Ph.D. Bronze spearhead from Thomas F. Darden INA Faculty Fellow Central Connecticut State ON THE COVER: Ken Trethewey, Ph.D. University Margaret Leshikar-Denton, Ph.D. the 2014 excavation season at Godavaya, John De Lapa Sri Lanka; PHOTO: © 2014 SUSANNAH H. Garry A. Weber Shelley Wachsmann, Ph.D. Berta Lledó, M.A. 12 Past Chairman* Professor, Meadows Professor Nicolle Hirschfeld, Ph.D. SNOWDEN/OMNIOPHOTO.COM FOR INA Colin Martin, Ph.D. Carl Douglas of Biblical Archaeology Trinity University BODRUM RESEARCH Veronica Morriss, M.A. Danielle J. Feeney * CENTER STAFF Frederick Hocker, Ph.D. James A. Goold EMERITUS FACULTY, Vasa Museum Robert Neyland, Ph.D. Secretary & General Counsel * Bilge Güneşdoğdu Akman NAUTICAL ARCHAEOLOGY Robert Hohlfelder, Ph.D. Ralph K. Pedersen, Ph.D. Mustafa Babacık PROGRAM AT TEXAS Jeff Hakko University of Colorado at Robin C. M. Piercy Esra Altınanıt Biçer, M.A. A&M UNIVERSITY Boulder Rebecca Martin J. B. Pelletier Mehmet Çiftlikli George F. Bass, Ph.D. Greg Maslow, M.D. Distinguished Professor Mark Lawall, Ph.D. University of Manitoba Juan Pinedo Reyes Zafer Gül Emeritus Pamela Matthews, Ph.D. John Pollack, M.Sc. Sheila Matthews, M.A. Seçil Kayacık Fred van Doorninck, Jr., Ph.D. Justin Leidwanger, Ph.D. Stanford University Mark Polzer, M.A. Gülser Kazancıoğlu Dana F. McGinnis J. Richard Steffy† Donald Rosencrantz Alex G. Nason Şükran Köroğlu, M.A. John McManamon, S.J. Loyola University Jeff Royal, Ph.D. Lynn Baird Shaw Orkan Köyağasıoğlu TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITY Miguel San Claudio, Ph.D. GRADUATE FELLOWS Harun Özdaş, Ph.D. Jason Sturgis Nurgül Külah Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Vice Chairman* Marian M. Cook Randall Sasaki, M.A. 20 Muammer Özdemir Robert L. Walker, Ph.D. Graduate Fellows Irena Radič-Rossi, Ph.D. George Schwarz, Ph.D. Chairman* Adem Şirin Carolyn Kennedy University of Zadar Cheryl Ward, Ph.D. WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 3 * Executive Committee | ◊ Non-voting Board | † Deceased The Institute of Nautical Archaeology is a non-profit organization whose mission is to advance the search for A LETTER FROM THE DIRECTOR OF JOIN US AND the history of civilization by fostering excellence in THE BODRUM RESEARCH CENTER SUPPORT INA TODAY! underwater archaeology Bringing History To Light Through The INA Quarterly (ISSN 1090- 2635) is published by the The Science Of Shipwrecks Institute of Nautical Archaeology Greetings from Turkey! conservation staff. In addition, Esra It has been an eventful year for the Bo- Altınanıt Biçer, who heads the BRC The Institute of Nautical Archaeology (INA) is a Publication of the INA Quarterly drum Research Center (BRC), starting laboratory, obtained her M.A. degree non-profit international research organization committed is made possible by a grant with the INA Annual Board Meeting in the Conservation and Restoration of to locating, excavating, recording, preserving, and from the Ed Rachal Foundation held in Turkey last October (see INAQ Movable Cultural Assets from Istanbul publishing shipwrecks and other archaeological sites 41.3). It was wonderful to host the University. I applaud our collective com- of maritime significance. INA was founded over 40 Editor Directors and their families and we hope mitment to furthering our education in years ago by Dr. George Bass, who in the 1960s Deborah N. Carlson, Ph.D. that everyone enjoyed their time in our archaeology and conservation. pioneered the science of archaeological excavation beautiful Mediterranean home! As soon An archaeologist’s job doesn’t fin- under water. Today there is greater need than ever as the winter rains abated, we initiated ish after the artifacts have been exca- Assistant Editor before to support the work done by INA; dredging replacement of the roof vated and brought to the Stephanie Koenig and commercial fishing have severely damaged or covering the main INA surface. Photography, completely erased sites around the world. INA offices in Bodrum. drawing, conservation, Designer members are institutions, professionals, enthusiasts, Jacqueline Munz Despite a few days of and archival research are unexpected rain, the but a few of the tasks that and students united in their passion for discovering roof was finished in time continue year-round after the untold stories that lie hidden beneath the sea. Printed by Join INA today and become a patron of discovery! Newman Printing Co., Inc. for the arrival of our an excavation comes to an Bryan, Texas summer researchers. end. For example, we stay In early summer, the hard at work on multiple Bodrum Museum of shipwrecks, including Institute of Nautical Archaeology Underwater Archaeol- those from Uluburun, P.O. Drawer HG BENEFITS OF INA MEMBERSHIP ogy received a new Kızılburun, Yassıada, Cape College Station, Texas Interim Director, Tayfun Gelidonya, Pabuç Burnu, 77841-5137 USA > Four print or digital issues of the INA Quarterly, email [email protected] Selçuk. Tayfun Bey is and Tektaş Burnu. Students now in its fifth decade an archaeologist and from Texas A&M Universi- phone (979) 845-6694 > Monthly e-news via the , featuring university classmate of ty, Trinity University, Stan- INA Insider fax (979) 847-9260 behind-the-scenes field reports and announcements www.nauticalarch.org mine, and we look forward to working ford University, Brock University, and about upcoming lectures, publications, and book with him to showcase the work of INA the Université Lumière Lyon 2, along- signings and the Bodrum Museum. side research directors Debbie Carlson, The opinions expressed in the > Exclusive access to members-only content on the In June, INA President Debbie Elizabeth Greene, Nicolle Hirschfeld, INA Quarterly articles are those INA website of the authors and do not Carlson, INA archaeologist Orkan Justin Leidwanger, Cemal Pulak, Kris- > in the National necessarily reflect the views Köyağasıoğlu, and I traveled to Istanbul tine Trego and Fred van Doorninck, 50% discount on membership Maritime Historical Society (NMHS) which includes of the Institute to meet with naval architects at Navtek return each summer to advance research four issues of Sea History magazine who designed and will build INA’s new- and publication of these iconic INA If you are interested in est research vessel, Virazon II. While shipwrecks. Read more about the status > 30% discount on nautical archaeology titles from submitting an article for publica- there, Debbie and Orkan oversaw the of these projects in this issue! Texas A&M University Press tion please contact the Editor at cutting of the first steel plates for our We look forward to the winter rainy > 20% discount on membership in the Nautical [email protected] new ship, and you can read more about season with new confidence in our reno- Archaeology Society (NAS) which includes two issues Virazon II in this issue. vated roof. With thanks, güle güle! of the International Journal of Nautical Archaeology (IJNA) ©October 2015 by the Shortly thereafter, I defended my Institute of Nautical Archaeology thesis and received an M.A. degree in > 10% discount on merchandise available through All rights reserved Archaeology from Muğla Sıtkı Koçman INA’s online store University. One of my fellow graduates Tuba Ekmekçi is Şükran Köroğlu, a member of INA's [email protected] Visit us at www.nauticalarch.org to become a member or call (979) 845-6694 An INA team led by INA Affiliated NEWS & EVENTS Scholar Irena Radiç-Rossi and doctoral student Dave Ruff, INA's redesigned website, new publications, and the M.S. program at TAMU recipient of the 2015 Claude Duthuit Archaeology Grant

INA ONLINE UPDATE FROM DUTHUIT GRANT excavated in 2012 by a team from the Grab your smartphone, tablet, or laptop RECIPIENT IN CROATIA University of Zadar. Results of the 2015 and check out INA’s streamlined and The 2015 Claude Duthuit Archaeology excavation season will be presented at the redesigned website at www.nauticalarch. Grant was awarded to Dave Ruff, a Ph.D. International Symposium on Boat and org. Learn more about INA researchers student in the Nautical Archaeology Pro- Ship Archaeology in Gdansk, Poland in and some of the many projects taking gram (NAP) at Texas A&M University, to September and published in an upcoming place around the world. Our searchable support the excavation of a Roman ship in issue of the INA Quarterly. online content features news about the Bay of Kastela, Croatia. Dave co-di- INA people and projects, blogs from rected the excavation with INA Affiliated NEW ADDITIONS TO THE INA the field, image galleries, INA Quarterly Scholar Dr. Irena Radiç-Rossi (University FAMILY back issues, other scholarly resources, of Zadar) and assembled an international We are delighted to announce that Mrs. and INA merchandise. Join INA today team including students from Texas A&M Judy Sturgis has joined INA’s Board of and gain access to exclusive archival University, the University of Zadar, the Directors as an Associate Director, though material through the members-only University of Leicester, and Oxford Uni- she and her family are no strangers to portal. Members also receive discounts versity, who participated in the month- INA. Judy’s husband Bill was a Director on publications including nautical long excavation from April until May. of INA from 1984 until his death last year archaeology titles from Texas A&M The ancient ship in the Bay of Kastela (INA Quarterly 41.2) and her son Jason, University Press, as well as the monthly was filled with rocks and intentionally who has been an INA Director since 2007, has been a long-time advocate of ethics in is designed to better prepare students edited by Deborah Carlson (INA Presi- INA Insider e-newsletter with “fresh-from- scuttled in approximately 200 A.D. to also serves as Vice Chairman of the Board. nautical archaeology and was responsible for employment in maritime museums, dent), Justin Leidwanger (INA Affiliated the-field” updates about archaeological strengthen a sea wall of a Roman villa Dr. Warren Riess, a Research Associate for the excavation and publication of cultural resource management firms, Scholar), and Sarah M. Kampbell, is surveys and excavations, lectures and near the ancient city of Salona, the capital Professor of maritime history and archae- the Ronson wreck, an 18th-century ship companies affiliated with the offshore oil now available for purchase through Texas events, new publications, and research of the Roman province of Dalmatia. ology at the University of Maine, joins uncovered during construction in Lower industry, and federal and/or state govern- A&M University Press. With a foreword opportunities. Discovered in 2006, the ship was partially the ranks of INA Affiliated Scholars. Riess Manhattan in the 1980s. Read a review ment agencies. All graduate students in by INA Founder George Bass, the anthol- by INA Vice President, Kevin Crisman, of the Nautical Archaeology Program will ogy includes seventeen papers from the The Ship That Held Up Wall Street in the continue to benefit from the research 2007 Yassıada symposium that broadly last issue of the INA Quarterly! opportunities, internships, and funding illustrate varied topics, such as ships and from INA as well as TAMU's Center for seafaring life, maritime , naval texts, FIRST CORHORT ENTERS NEW Maritime Archaeology and Conservation commercial cargoes, and recent develop- M.S. PROGRAM AT TAMU (CMAC). ments in the analysis of the Yassıada ship Founded almost 40 years ago following The new curriculum is designed to allow itself. the Institute of Nautical Archaeology’s students to complete the M.S. degree and Two additional titles from the Ed Rachal affiliation with Texas A&M University write a thesis in a two-year time frame, Foundation Series are available for pur- (TAMU), the Nautical Archaeology with a thesis-based graduate degree being chase in 2015 – Dutch East Compa- Program (NAP) is a graduate program of- a prerequisite for inclusion on the Reg- ny Shipbuilding: the Archaeological Study fering Master of Arts (M.A.) and doctoral ister of Professional Archaeologists (RPA). of Batavia and Other Seventeenth-Century (Ph.D.) degrees provided by a full-time VOC Ships, by Wendy van Duivenvoorde, faculty of seven dedicated archaeologists, NEW TITLES FROM TAMU PRESS and The Origins of the Lost Fleet of the conservators, and educators. Beginning INA’s newest publication in the Ed Mongol Empire, by Randall Sasaki. Fall 2015, NAP will offer a Master of Sci- Rachal Foundation Nautical Archaeology INA members can purchase these books, ence (M.S.) degree in Maritime Archaeol- Series, Maritime Studies in the Wake of the and others, from TAMU Press at signifi- ogy and Conservation. The new degree Byzantine Shipwreck at Yassıada, Turkey, cant savings (30% discount) – contact us at [email protected] for more information and keep an eye out for new Bill, Judy, and New from Warren C. Riess FOLLOW INA ONLINE: Find the latest news, excavation blogs, photos and more titles set to be published by TAMU Press Jason Sturgis TAMU Press at www.nauticalarch.org. Like our Facebook page, too! this fall!

6 INA QUARTERLY 42.2 SUMMER 2015 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 7 BODRUM RESEARCH CENTER Advancing the research and publication of numerous iconic INA-excavated shipwrecks CAPE GELIDONYA LATE peninsula, Greene and Leidwanger use BRONZE AGE SHIPWRECK the Bodrum Research Center (BRC) to INA Affiliated Scholar Nicolle Hirschfeld prepare their gear and assemble their and a team of undergraduate students team, including students from Brock and from Trinity University spent three weeks Stanford Universities. This ongoing proj- in Bodrum photographing and drawing ect aims to contextualize the development artifacts from the Late Bronze Age Cape of the town of Eski Knidos, its ports, and Gelidonya shipwreck. Additionally, she its integration within a broader maritime has begun the process of digitizing this cultural and economic landscape. artifact assemblage and making it avail- able to the public via a dedicated website. ULUBURUN LATE BRONZE AGE SHIPWRECK KIZILBURUN LATE HELLENISTIC INA Vice President Cemal Pulak and SHIPWRECK & TEKTAŞ BURNU a team of graduate students from the CLASSICAL GREEK SHIPWRECK Nautical Archaeology Program (NAP) INA President Deborah Carlson and at Texas A&M University (TAMU) con- INA Affiliated Scholar Kristine Trego tinue their volumetric and typological are studying the ballast stones and wood study of the Canaanite amphoras from fragments from the Tektaş Burnu Clas- the Uluburun shipwreck. A portion of sical Greek shipwreck and continuing the team continued preparation of the analysis of the marble column drums copper bun ingot catalog, while others from the Kızılburun Late Hellenistic cataloged the hundreds of lead fishnet shipwreck. Cécile Moulin, a Ph.D. weights. candidate from the Université Lumière Lyon 2 in France, is conducting a study YASSIADA BYZANTINE of the fineware from Kızılburun. SHIPWRECK Namık Aysal, a geologist from Istanbul INA researcher Fred van Doorninck and University, is sampling stone objects from INA Affiliated Scholar Justin Leidwanger Kızılburun and Tektaş Burnu. continue their restudy of the Yassıada amphoras, assessing the uniformity of BURGAZ HARBORS PROJECT production among the corpus. For more Elizabeth S. Greene and Justin on this ongoing work, see van Doorn- Leidwanger, both INA Affiliated Scholars, inck's chapter in Maritime Studies in have returned to direct another season of the Wake of the Byzantine Shipwreck at fieldwork in conjunction with the Burgaz Yassıada, Turkey (2015). Harbors Research Project. Because the site is located on the neighboring Datça YENİKAPI HARBOR SHIPWRECKS INA Research Associate Michael Jones This page, from top: TAMU graduate students advances his examination of the hull Grace Tsai and José Casabán record lead remains from the Theodosian Harbor fishnet weights from the Uluburun shipwreck; at Yenikapı which yielded evidence for Fred van Doorninck catalogs a transport amphora from Yassıada; Kristine Trego several different merchant vessel types measures a table amphora from Tektaş Burnu. among 37 Byzantine shipwrecks.

This page, from left: Deborah Carlson, Nicolle Hirschfeld, visiting scholar Nicholas Blackwell, and Trinity University undergraduates; FOLLOW INA ONLINE: Want to learn more about the Bodrum Research Center? Graduate students Rachel Matheny (TAMU) and Anja Krieger (Stanford) Go to www.nauticalarch.org/ina-turkey for the history of INA in Turkey! record markings on a Canaanite jar from the Uluburun shipwreck.

8 INA QUARTERLY 42.2 SUMMER 2015 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 9 LAURA WHITE

ties we would face with strong surface future use. an underwater excavation? We set up me- currents, we filled these cylinders with At Godavaya in 2014, we used a con- ticulous procedures for filling, monitoring, 32% Enriched Air Nitrox, and followed a tinuous blending system generously made recording, marking, and checking tanks, so dive profile that allowed longer dives with available to the project by Buddhi De that all divers knew exactly the percentage short decompression stops, eliminating Silva, the managing director of DeepSea of oxygen in their tank. Every member of the need for surface-supplied oxygen. Commercial, a local commercial diving the team was well-versed in these proce- Enriched Air Nitrox (known as EANx or company. Although continuous blending dures. Nitrox) is composed of the same chemical systems are sometimes regarded as dan- This extra effort meant that we extended elements as normal air, but with a higher gerous because they require the handling the morning dives, which were only 15-18 percentage of oxygen (in this case 32%, of pure oxygen, all team members had minutes long in 2013, to a generous 27 rather than 21%). Nitrox has been used previously been certified as DAN Oxygen minutes, with 6 minutes of decompression for decades at moderate depths: it increases Providers in the safe and effective adminis- in 2014. Furthermore, each team member bottom time, decreases surface intervals, tration of oxygen for medical purposes. could dive for an additional 20 minutes in leaves divers feeling more energetic after a The use of Nitrox is, however, not the afternoon. With the gas needed for de- dive, and reduces the risk of DCS. without risk: as one dives deeper, the compression already in their tanks, divers There are two options for creating proportion of oxygen that can be safely no longer had to worry about worsening Nitrox: membrane systems and continu- inspired decreases. For example, 100% sea conditions preventing access to surface- ous blending systems. Divers on INA's pure oxygen is not recommended deeper supplied oxygen. Bozburun Byzantine shipwreck excavation than 25 feet, 36% oxygen mixtures are not As a result of these two modifications to (1995-1998) benefited from the donation recommended deeper than 95 feet, and INA's existing dive safety protocol, our of a Nitrox membrane system, but we 32% oxygen mixtures, which we used in increased productivity was staggering, and were unsure whether this unit could be Sri Lanka, are not recommended beyond we have been inspired to see how Nitrox serviced in Sri Lanka. In general, mem- 110 feet. Failure to respect these limits can be deployed effectively on other INA This page, from left: Field Director Orkan Köyağasıoğlu briefs the team on the operation of brane systems operate more slowly and are can result in a dangerous condition called projects. Read more about the ancient INA’s recompression chamber; Peminda Kumara best deployed in a dive locker where the oxygen toxicity. shipwreck excavation at Godavaya, Sri prepares to dive; Staci Willis Opposite page: FOR INA © 2014 SUSANNAH H. SNOWDEN/OMNIOPHOTO.COM PHOTOS: Nitrox can be prepared and “banked” for What does this mean for dive safety on Lanka on the following page! hands off her gear at the end of a dive.

sion stops, waiting under water at specified depths for nitrogen to be released from NITROX IN the bloodstream. Decompression on pure oxygen can speed this process, and INA pioneered the use of oxygen decompres- UNDERWATER sion for archaeological diving. During the 2013 excavation season at Godavaya, Sri Lanka, the only tanks avail- ARCHAEOLOGY 3 able locally were 80 ft aluminum cylin- ders. By contrast, INA excavations in Tur- How oxygen-enriched air was used to improve diver safety key have relied on steel scuba tanks with on the ancient shipwreck excavation at Godavaya, Sri Lanka twice that capacity for decades. These same INA projects used surface-supplied oxygen BY LAURA WHITE for decompression, but the lurching seas and insecure moorings in Sri Lanka made One of the greatest challenges of under- down too long or ascending too quickly it impossible to replicate this practice. water archaeology is the limited time can introduce nitrogen bubbles in body In 2014 our immediate goal was to ad- on site. This limitation exists for two tissue, resulting in a dangerous condition dress these shortcomings in order to work reasons; first, there is a finite amount of called Decompression Sickness (DCS) or more efficiently and safely on site. We air in a scuba tank. Second, breathing “the bends.” loaded into a shipping container large, compressed air at depth causes a buildup To prevent DCS on long, deep dives, stainless steel, 121-ft3 diving cylinders of nitrogen in the bloodstream; staying divers are required to make decompres- purchased in Texas. Knowing the difficul-

10 INA QUARTERLY 42.2 SUMMER 2015 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 11 n the spring of 2014, with financial support from the National Endow- ment for the Humanities (NEH), INA launched its longest ever archaeo- logical field season at Godavaya, Sri Lanka. Two short campaigns in 2010 and 2012-13 had brought to light the remains of a sunken cargo dated by radiocarbonI analysis to the 1st century B.C. or the 1st century A.D., making it the oldest known shipwreck in the Indian Ocean.

THE ANCIENT SHIPWRECK EXCAVATION AT GODAVAYA, SRI LANKA A large storage jar lies in the foreground as Finds from the oldest shipwreck in the Indian Ocean Assistant Field Director Staci Willis records datum measurements in the background. PHOTO: © 2014 SUSANNAH H. SNOWDEN/OMNIOPHOTO.COM FOR INA © 2014 SUSANNAH H. SNOWDEN/OMNIOPHOTO.COM PHOTO: BY DEBORAH CARLSON, ORKAN KÖYAĞASIOĞLU, AND STACI WILLIS

12 INA QUARTERLY 42.2 SUMMER 2015 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 13 2014 YUKON RIVER STEAMBOAT SURVEY DEBORAH CARLSON, ORKAN KÖYAĞASIOĞLU, AND STACI WILLIS

When we arrived on Sri Lanka for a AUTHORS preliminary site visit in 2010, we were greeted by divers representing both the CCF and the DOA. The DOA is the governmentally-sanctioned archaeologi- cal authority on the island, and CCF was established in 1982 with funding from UNESCO, tasked with preservation of the country’s historical monuments. It is a unique feature of Sri Lanka that archaeol- ogy is a wishbone “shared” by these two DEBORAH CARLSON ORKAN KÖYAĞASIOĞLU STACI WILLIS autonomous groups. In 2012 and 2013 INA President INA Archaeologist Ph.D. Candidate Texas A&M University our international NEH-funded team Texas A&M University Bodrum Research Center worked alongside archaeologists from both units, as well as local fishermen, with great success. fully-refurbished, four-person double-lock almost precisely the same time as our core recompression chamber, supplied by banks excavation team, comprised of four NAP LOGISTICS AND PREPARATION of six oxygen and ten air cylinders. In early graduate students and three staff members Some INA Quarterly readers will recall the January 2014, the INA shipping container from INA’s research center in Bodrum, greatest obstacle to launching a full-scale departed Galveston, Texas filled with 18 Turkey. Once on the island, we were joined underwater archaeological shipwreck new steel scuba tanks, two rigid inflatable by 10 team members from the Sri Lankan excavation in Sri Lanka was procuring the boats (RIBs), underwater lights, digital Department of Archaeology (DOA) necessary diving and safety equipment and video cameras, and all the necessary including divers, conservators, two cooks, to support a team of 10-20 diving twice diving, excavation, and medical supplies and a driver. As in previous seasons, DOA per day in an area that is subject to poor to sustain our team of 15-20 for a four- archaeologists Palitha Weerasinghe and visibility and strong currents. For the 2014 month campaign. Amalka Wijesuriya served as our primary season, therefore, INA purchased a ship- The shipping container safely reached collaborators in the field and oversaw the

PHOTOS: © 2014 SUSANNAH H. SNOWDEN/OMNIOPHOTO.COM FOR INA © 2014 SUSANNAH H. SNOWDEN/OMNIOPHOTO.COM PHOTOS: ping container and installed within it a Colombo, Sri Lanka in early February, at coordination of the Sri Lankan team, while

The ancient shipwreck excavation at ing the calmest possible weather, which Godavaya, Sri Lanka is a collaboration occurs in late winter and early spring. spearheaded by principal investigators The Godavaya shipwreck was discov- Osmund Bopearachchi (Université of ered in 2003 by local Sinhalese fishermen Paris-Sorbonne), Deborah Carlson (INA/ B.G. Preminda and Sunil Ratnaweerapa- Texas A&M University), and Sanjyot tabandige and brought to the attention Mehendale (University of California- of German archaeologists excavating the Berkeley), in partnership with Senerath nearby 2nd-century A.D. harbor and Disanayake, Director General of Sri Lan- Buddhist at Godavaya. In 2010 ka’s Department of Archaeology (DOA). Sri Lankan archaeologists representing the A team of 15-20 individuals comprised Maritime Archaeology Unit (MAU) of the in part of INA staff and graduate students Central Cultural Fund (CCF) carried out from the Nautical Archaeology Program further exploration and mapping of the (NAP) at Texas A&M University spent al- Godavaya wreck. most four months working to advance the scientific practice of nautical archaeology From left: Our diving platform, Sea Horse; in this part of the world. Most underwater Working from Sea Horse; The 2014 team, L-R: archaeology projects take place during the (front) S. Mehendale, L. White (Middle) S. Snowden, S. Karunaratna, Z. Gül, A. Wan- summer months but the Indian Ocean ninayake, M. Collier, R. P. Sunil, A. DiMucci, monsoons necessitated that a protracted K. Martindale, S. Willis, N. Sanjaya (Back) K. dive schedule like ours be carried out dur- Asanga, P. Kumara, P. Weerasinghe.

14 INA QUARTERLY 42.2 SUMMER 2015 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 15 THE ANCIENT SHIPWRECK EXCAVATION AT GODAVAYA, DEBORAH CARLSON, ORKAN KÖYAĞASIOĞLU, AND STACI WILLIS

shuttle divers back and forth between Sea the ingot pile. One of the more enigmatic received copies of the paperwork sanction- exposed artifacts, which they did. In May Horse and port, where the finds is a small blue glass disc that was ing our diving operations and that the pres- we prepared to ship all the equipment we recompression chamber was stationed and clearly designed to be set within another ence of American and Turkish archaeolo- had worked so hard to bring to Sri Lanka tank-filling took place, while the other (ceremonial?) object. Chemical analysis of gists diving in Sri Lankan waters posed a back to Texas. Before leaving the island, tender remained with Sea Horse as a crash several hemispherical blue and black glass problem. DOA Director General Dissanay- we delivered all excavated artifacts into the boat in case of medical emergency. The ingots recovered in previous seasons points ake, under whose authority the project was capable hands of Anusha Kasthuriarachchi, rapidly changing winds and dangerous to an origin in southern India. In addition permitted and who staunchly defended head conservator at the Chemical Conser- surface conditions, strong currents in the to the considerable quantity of raw materi- INA against an anonymous critic lodging vation Laboratory in Colombo, who had water column and surge on the seabed, als transported aboard the Godavaya ship, scurrilous complaints in a local newspaper, been with us on site at Godavaya. often meant that it was possible for team parallels for several of the finished objects attempted to discuss this issue with the The accomplishments of this nascent members to dive only once instead of (stone querns and bronze spearhead) have Navy Commander but was referred up the project cannot be overstated. Our interna- twice per day, which has long been the been found further east in . chain of command to the Secretary of De- tional team overcame significant logistical standard on INA excavations. Although rough sea conditions and fense. Ultimately, the Secretary of Defense and safety challenges to carry out multiple the early onset of the monsoon season decided that the excavation season was seasons of underwater excavation on a ACHIEVEMENTS ON SITE hampered archaeological work on site, over and advised us to leave the country site that has tremendous archaeological While the addition of Nitrox increased the weather proved not to be our greatest with our equipment. The Director General potential and historical value. When the dive times to 47 minutes per diver per challenge. of the DOA requested that Sri Lankan promise of local support failed or proved day, challenging sea conditions and the Sri In late April, the Sri Lankan Navy in- divers be allowed to remove INA’s safety inadequate, we redoubled our efforts to Lankan Navy’s decision to suspend diving formed us that their regional office had not equipment from the seabed and cover any find cost-effective solutions that ensured early – in late April – meant that the 2014 team logged just five weeks of archaeo- logical dives on the Godavaya shipwreck. Here, beyond the large pile of encrusted metal ingots, we uncovered Within that window, we carried out a fragments of several finished metal jars or bowls, a curious metal ring, swimming survey in all cardinal directions from the main 60’-long pile of encrusted and a bronze spearhead. iron ingots. The survey revealed sparsely the two local fishermen who discovered truck in Hambantota in late February, the scattered artifact clusters to the north, the shipwreck (and continue to be its team set to work immediately pressure- more densely-packed concentrations of year-round caretakers) completed the 2014 testing the recompression chamber, artifacts to the south and east, and little or excavation team. assembling the RIBs, and filling scuba nothing to the west. The field team convened on Sri Lanka tanks from a continuous blend Nitrox Artifacts uncovered just beneath the in early February, but it took several compressor provided to us by local busi- sand included four stone querns, several weeks for the shipping container to clear nessman Buddhi De Silva. Nitrox is an cylindrical grinding stones, and a wide Customs at Colombo and be transported oxygen-enriched air that extends bottom array of ceramic vessels ranging from large by truck to Hambantota port. Project field times and increases dive safety by reduc- (more than 3’ tall) storage jars to intact director Orkan Köyağasıoğlu and INA ing the absorption of nitrogen that can round bowls to an intriguing conical flask. diving safety officer Laura White worked lead to decompression sickness; to learn As a result, the team decided to focus the assiduously to speed the release of the con- more about its use at Godavaya, see Laura bulk of our excavation efforts to the south tainer, while the rest of the team, led by White’s article in this issue. and southeast of the ingot pile. Here, assistant field director Staci Willis, traveled The shipping from Texas of our own re- beyond the large pile of encrusted metal to to unpack new and stored compression chamber, tanks, and tenders ingots, we uncovered fragments of several equipment, as well as clean and organize addressed the lack of adequate diving and finished metal jars or bowls, a curious the ten-bedroom rental property that safety equipment in Sri Lanka, but we metal ring, and a bronze spearhead. The served as our base of operations during the still had to find a suitable vessel that could presence of weapons in association with previous field season. be moored directly over the wreck site. an ancient shipwrecked cargo implies the When the shipping container arrived by After spending many months searching presence of armed personnel tasked with for an adequate and affordable vessel for the protection of valuable commodities or hire, we settled on Sea Horse, a 40’-long important people, or both. From left: A nearly complete bronze spear- head and metal ring that may be a handle fiberglass fishing boat that would serve as Additional grinding stones and ce- for a wooden shield; Laura White and Staci the excavation platform over the wreck. ramic artifacts were also uncovered in the Willis excavate in grid squares L10 and N10.

One of two inflatable tenders was used to designated excavation area southeast of FOR INA © 2014 SUSANNAH H. SNOWDEN/OMNIOPHOTO.COM PHOTOS:

16 INA QUARTERLY 42.2 SUMMER 2015 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 17 2014 YUKON RIVER STEAMBOAT SURVEY DEBORAH CARLSON, ORKAN KÖYAĞASIOĞLU, AND STACI WILLIS

Not all of the methodological strategies developed by INA during five decades of working in the Mediterranean translate to the Indian Ocean.

the safety of all participants. Not all of impacting our 2014 season, at the time, technical assistance and deeper ties to the the methodological strategies developed any U.S.-funded project would have suf- U.S. during a visit to the island in May by INA during five decades of working fered from governmental ill-will owing 2015), we expect that governmental in- in the Mediterranean translate to the to heightened tensions between the U.S. stitutions will be positively affected and, Indian Ocean. Nonetheless we successfully government and the regime of former as such, we are optimistic about increased trained and thoroughly enjoyed working President Mahinda Rajapakse over alleged support in the future. Outside of Sri with various staff members of the DOA human rights violations in the Tamil Lanka, the project received positive press in many key aspects of INA’s dive safety north. In addition, the project endured in- in two 2014 articles authored by Andrew and excavation protocol. Where we were terference from local officials who sought Lawler in Archaeology (November/De- unsuccessful has much to do with the fact participation in and control of the project, cember 2014) and Science (Vol. 344, no. that the organization of archaeology (and a result of fragmentation and politicization 6191). Carlson delivered a scholarly pa- particularly maritime archaeology) in Sri of archaeological institutions and person- per about the project at the 2014 annual Lanka is both deeply polarized and politi- nel during the Rajapakse regime (not to meeting of the Archaeological Institute of cally charged. mention the project’s global visibility). America in Chicago, IL, and two gradu- With regard to political challenges Now that a regime change has occurred ate students are researching aspects of in Sri Lanka and new global alliances are the Godavaya assemblage for their M.A. being shaped (Secretary Kerry pledged theses at Texas A&M University. From left: Karen Martindale, Arianna DiMucci, Megan Collier, and Staci Willis process the day's finds; 2014 Godavaya site map (green de- notes iron ingots, red denotes artifacts, yellow FOLLOW INA ONLINE: Find more information about this project at http:// marks the datum towers, and black outlines nauticalarch.org/projects/godavaya-ancient-shipwreck-excavation/

rock formations). FOR INA © 2014 SUSANNAH H. SNOWDEN/OMNIOPHOTO.COM PHOTO:

18 INA QUARTERLY 42.2 SUMMER 2015 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 19 JOHN DE LAPA

In 1964, the U.S. Navy agreed to loan Virazon, a 65-foot steel-hulled U.S. Army T-boat constructed in New Orleans in 1953 by Higgins, Inc., to a young George Bass in order to test equipment in the newly emerging field of underwater archaeology. Her first job was to tow the submersibleAsherah at the Yassıada Byzantine Shipwreck Excavation. Permanently acquired by INA in 1979, the ship was remodeled and con- tinued to be used for archaeological fieldwork in Turkey until 2013, whenVirazon celebrated her 60th birthday in the field, during a shipwreck survey off the coast of Troy. Now, owing to a generous donation from Mrs. Barbara Duthuit in honor of her late husband and INA Director Claude Duthuit, INA has engaged the naval archi- tects at NAVTEK Marine Technologies of Istanbul, Turkey to design and construct Virazon II. John De Lapa, INA's previous Chairman of the Board, tells us how this ship, designed exclusively for underwater archaeological research, came to fruition.

In 2012, on the last night of the annual the waterline, working space and storage meeting of INA's Board of Directors in space would be far less with a catamaran. Bermuda, George Bass called a meeting Having read an article about a recent with Barbara Duthuit, INA President catamaran accident in the Indian Ocean, Debbie Carlson and myself, then Chair- safety was also a concern. George however man of the Board. Barbara had recently persisted in his conviction that a catama- announced her plans to endow an annual ran would be best and no more expensive award to be named the Claude Duthuit to maintain than a monohull. Archaeology Grant, that would fund At the 2013 annual meeting of the INA INA fieldwork, one of many pursuits that Board in San Antonio, Texas, INA Ar- Claude had supported heartily during his chaeologist Orkan Köyağasıoğlu produced life. George commented wryly that if he detailed plans that he had drafted for a had known Barbara was contemplating new research vessel. The plans featured a such a generous donation, he would have unique stern that would allow the two- asked her to finance an ocean-going cata- person submersible Carolyn to be lifted for maran he had been working on for many easy entry and exit by passengers. Having years in anticipation of Virazon's eventual spent considerable time working and liv- retirement. ing aboard Virazon, Orkan had put much Although many believed that the best thought into every aspect of his design. place to build INA's next research vessel After the Board Meeting he and I went to was in Turkey, some were reluctant. In Houston to meet the naval architects se- recent decades, many sophisticated yachts lected by George. Our meeting went well have been built in Turkey, proving local and soon we signed a contract for them to shipbuilders were up to the task. design our vessel using Orkan’s drawings Once back in the U. S., George con- as a starting point. tacted a naval architect in Houston to With the committee members living on discuss his preliminary ideas about the different continents, we were not able to new vessel. Over the next few months, meet with the naval architects routinely BUILDING VIRAZON II we weighed the advantages and disadvan- during the design phase. Flotation calcula- tages of an ocean-going catamaran. With tions soon proved that Orkan’s idea for Construction of INA's newest research vessel gets underway two hulls, painting and other expenses Carolyn's wet well took away necessary would be greater than a monohull. Below buoyancy. With every minor modification BY JOHN DE LAPA that we debated, we realized how much trial and error had gone into making Virazon a vessel ideally suited for archaeo- Before building started, the ship was concep- tualized in three dimensions, and these cross logical investigation. Many new ideas sections show the interior layout of Virazon II. were brought to the table and challenged

20 INA QUARTERLY 42.2 SUMMER 2015 WWW.NAUTICALARCH.ORG 21 BUILDING VIRAZON II JOHN DE LAPA

but not all were embraced by the naval interior changes became major changes, the wheelhouse and a multi-station offices architects. and the hull design was improved as next to the galley on the main deck. The In response, we began exploring other well. Navtek did a considerable amount galley will accommodate all 19 people design options. Tuba Ekmekci, Director of work on this project without asking aboard at two large tables, one of which of INA's Bodrum Research Center, asked for any money long before we signed a can be converted to surgeon's quarters in a friend and respected ship's captain to contract with them to build INA's next the event of a medical emergency. Virazon had become a totally customized vessel, and building a new boat recommend a naval architect in Turkey. research vessel. Virazon II will be fitted with a five- During the summer of 2014 Debbie, With the help of INA’s pro bono legal ton A-frame for lifting the two-person meant taking stock of many lessons that had been learned the hard way. Tuba, and Orkan met with Orkun Ozek counsel, Jim Goold, we negotiated a submersible, Carolyn. There will be at- and Ferhat Acuner from Navtek Marine contract with Navtek to build our new tachments for side-scan and bottom-scan Technologies in Tuzla, the largest ship- research vessel, which Barbara has said sonar, which will assist INA researchers yard in Turkey. Debbie's impressions of she would like to be named Virazon II. I during shipwreck surveys. Diving support Orkun and Ferhat were very positive, but know I speak for the entire INA family includes a brand new Hipertek recom- it was not until the October 2014 INA when I offer a big thank you to Barbara pression chamber, and dedicated high- Board Meeting in Istanbul that I was able for funding our new vessel and to George and low-pressure compressors for tank to meet them. I was as impressed as the for asking her! filling and air lifts, a key component of others. INA's newest research vessel, once com- any archaeological excavation. A year passed since we delivered Or- pleted, will be 24.95 m long and 8.10 m When asked about designing a new kan’s drawings to the naval architects in wide, with a tonnage of 170 m3. Virazon archaeological research vessel, Debbie Houston. By the time we received the II will have a cruising speed of 10 knots, said, "The entire process reminded us that final plans, Orkan had found solutions thanks to twin 425 HP engines. She will what worked best aboard Virazon was the to problems of capacity, comfort, and be built from 70 tons of steel; Debbie and result of decades of trial and error and privacy that the Houston firm could not. Orkan had the honor to cut the first piece minor modifications. Virazon had become As Orkan worked with Navtek, minor of steel in the shipyard outside of Istanbul a totally customized vessel, and building a in late June 2015. new boat meant taking stock of many les- The main cabin on the lower deck will sons that had been learned the hard way." This page, from left: Debbie and Orkan cut accommodate 16 in bunk beds with two Stay updated on the ship's construction the first piece of steel; The team of architects and builders at Navtek Marine Technologies full bathrooms. There is also a two-person via INA's website (www.nauticalarch.org) in Tuzla. Opposite page: The final ship's plans VIP cabin with an ensuite bathroom and and read about the launching of Virazon and design for Virazon II. shower. The captain's cabin is adjacent to II in a future issue of the INA Quarterly.

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