DOCSLIB.ORG

Ancient Iron Smelting Technology and the Settlement Pattern in the Kiri Oya Basin in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Ancient Iron Smelting Technology and the Settlement Pattern in the Kiri Oya Basin in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka ANCIENT IRON SMELTING TECHNOLOGY AND THE SETTLEMENT PATTERN IN THE KIRI OYA BASIN IN THE DRY ZONE OF SRI LANKA By ROSE SOLANGAARACHCHI A DISSERTATION PRESENTED TO THE GRADUATE SCHOOL OF THE UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR THE DEGREE OF DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY UNIVERSITY OF FLORIDA 2011 1 © 2011 Rose Solangaarachchi 2 To my beloved parents Solangaarachchige Don Joseph Solangaarachchi Sembukuttiarachchige Ambrosia Silva & To my beloved aunt Rev. Sister Mary Julia Silva 3 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The success of the project for this dissertation was possible through the hard work and cooperation of the members of survey and excavation teams, who came from the University of Kelaniya, the Central Cultural Fund and Alakolavava, Pollattava, Vavala, and surrounding villages. Villagers at Alakolavava and Vavala, where I spent most time during my PhD field work, as well as where I conducted explorations and excavations since my undergraduate years, always welcomed me to their villages, gave me protection as one of the members in their community, gave their support unconditionally and trusted me. I would like to thank all of them for their support during the field research. I am very grateful for the Wenner-Gren Foundation of the USA for providing financial assistance through a PhD dissertation fieldwork grant for this research project and granting the Wadsworth Fellowship for four years to cover expenses at University of Florida. I thank Dr. Pamela Smith at the Wenner-Gren Foundation for her cooperation in many ways. I also thank the University of Florida for awarding me financial assistance through the Department of Anthropology by granting me tuition scholarships and teaching assistantships. I am grateful to the National Center for Advanced Studies (NCAS) in Sri Lanka for providing financial assistance to cover some of my expenses during the second field season in 2005. My sincere thanks go to the chair of my PhD committee, Professor Peter Schmidt, for his encouragement and guidance at all stages in the development of my PhD program and field project. I appreciate his cooperation with me and his patience during the long-term writing process. Accepting me as one of his students, he gave me the opportunity to gain a different academic experience under the umbrella of the Department of Anthropology at the University of Florida. I also offer my sincere thank to the founder and the former director of the Postgraduate Institute of Archaeology and the former vice chancellor of the University of Kelaniya, Professor 4 Senake Bandaranayake, I gained academic inspiration for archaeology in my home country Sri Lanka. He gave me support, encouragement and the opportunity to gain better wide field experience in archaeology and to develop academic enthusiasm for iron technology. As he often mentioned, it has been my honor to be his first female student who earned the PhD degree in archaeology. I also want to thank members of the PhD committee: Professor Michael Heckenberger and Professor Kenneth Sassaman at the Department of Anthropology, and Professor Abeheim Goldman at the Department of Geography of University of Florida for their guidance, encouragement and cooperation at all stages in my studies. I appreciate the support of Professor Allan Burns, the chair of the department and Professors Steven Brandt, John Krigbaum and Michael Warren. Ms. Karen Jones and Ms. Patricia King who always provided continuous support. I also express my appreciation for the help of following people: Ms. Saleena Robinson, Ms. Rhonda Riley and Ms. Juanita Bagnall, graduate program assistants at the department; Ms. Maud Fraser at the International Center; all staff members at the Applications Support Center at the University of Florida for their help for formatting. I also thank Professor David Killick at the Department of Anthropology of the University of Arizona, for the archaeometallurgical training that he provided me, when I was there in Fall 2002 as a visiting student. Ms. Jeanne Weismantal providing comments and editorial assistance within a short time-frame. I express my appreciation for the support provided by Dr. Mats Mogren, Professor of Archaeology at the University of Lund in Sweden during the Settlement Archaeology Research Collaboration Project from 1988-1992. I thank Professor of Chemistry at the Stockholm University Dag Noreus and his students for their assistance in analyzing the chemical and physical processes of the furnaces at Dehigaha-ala-kanda and Dikyaya-kanda. 5 I also wish to express my appreciation for the support of my friends: Venesa Bravo, Florie Burgarin, Louisa Chang, Matthew Curtis, Lucas Fortini, Mussa Idiris, Paula Mejia, Alicia Peon, Rosana Resende, Alex Rödlach, Renzo Rosales, Zelalem Teka, and Jonathan Walz of the University of Florida, Thomas Fenn and Lara Larg of the University of Arizona. Thanks to all of you for your remarkable friendship. I would like to thank Mrs. Jane Schmidt for her support and Ms. Susan Stewart, manager and the staff of the Sun Bay for providing assistance while I was in Gainesville. In my home institution, the Postgraduate Institute of Archaeology (PGIAR) at the University of Kelaniya, I thank former director Mr. Sirinimal Lakdusinghe and the present director Prof. Nimal de Silva for providing leave for my study. I thank former registrar Mr. H. A. Dhanapala for helping to complete administration work within the short period of time before I left for the USA. My very special thanks to Asoka Perera for his assistance in surveying, supplying materials and being always available without any hesitation, when help was needed during the fieldwork seasons from 2004-2006. He gave invaluable assistance in GIS mapping and continuous support from the beginning of the project until completing my dissertation writing. Inoka Jayasena at the library of the Postgraduate Institute of Archaeology helped me organize post-fieldwork analyses, conduct library research and electronically provide articles without delay. I also thank my friends and colleagues Arjuna Thantilage and Gamini Adikari at the Postgraduate Institute of Archaeology, Mangala Katugampola and Sriyani Haturusinghe at the Department of Archaeology, University of Kelaniya for agreeing to cover my academic duties and signing my leave papers without hesitating. Arjuna deserves special thanks for being at the field the very first week of the project and helping preliminary preparations. Ramani Vithana helped print catalogue cards for the project. I thank security officers at the PGIAR; Mr. 6 Saurjah (late), Mr. R.K. Peter, Mr. Lionel Perera, and Mr. T.D. Andrew for their assistance, protection and providing a late day “unu appa with katta sambol” dinner while I was spending long days at the institute. Mr. Jayarathna at the Department of Archaeology, University of Kelaniya for his assistance during my undergraduate years. I also dearly appreciate for the constant support of my friend Nilu Abeyrathne for her friendship and support. I thank those who assisted my research in Sri Lanka. Professor Prishantha Gunawardhana, Head of the Department of Archaeology, University of Kelaniya assigned students to assist me in fieldwork. Prof. Dayananda Amerasekera, Dr. Siran Deraniyagala, former Director General of the Archaeology Department; Dr. Roland Silva, former Director General of the Central Cultural Fund; Prof. Sudharshan Seneviratne, present Director General of the Central Cultural Fund; Dr. Senarath Disanayake, Present Archaeological Commissioner of Sri Lanka and Prof. Jagath Weerasinghe provided support. Dr. Malini Dias, former Director of Inscriptions at the Department of Archaeology deserves special thanks for providing the Vavala inscription reading without any hesitation. I acknowledge the guidance in pottery typology of Mr. J.A.D.S. Jayaweera (late), the former Project Manager of the Jethavanaya Cultural Triangle Project. His unexpected sudden death in April 2009 marked a great loss in the archaeological ceramic studies in Sri Lanka. I would like to thank Mr. Cyril Hewawitharana, former Project Manager of the Sigiriya Cultural Triangle Project for providing assistance. I also appreciate the support of Ms. Kalyani Hemamala former research officer during my early research programs in Sigiriya. Mr. Jinadasa Welikumbura gave me great help in surveying and mapping. I appreciate the hard work of my research excavation assistants, especially Priyantha Pushpakumara, Harendralal Namalgamuwa, Prageeth Algiriya, Suranjith Karunasekera, Shehan 7 Wijegunawardhana, Hansika Solangaarachchi and the team of village assistants, especially A. G. Rathnayake and S.S. Somarathna (a.k.a. Raja) and to J.A. Karunarathna. All showed great endurance during the field season of the project from 2004 to 2006. I am grateful to Rev. Nalande Jinarama Thero at the Vavala Purana Raja Maha Viharaya for providing permission and guidance to conduct excavations at the Vavala monastery complex and for the help provided when we were at Vavala. Mr. L. Wilson, principal of the Vavala College cooperated at all stages and helped me organize workshops for college students. Mr. Samarasekera of Dikyaya and Mr. T.M. Dingiri Banda (a.k.a. Vanni Mama) of Kosgaha-ala- ulpotha gave me permission to conduct excavations on their farm lands. I am grateful to several departmental people in Sri Lanka. Mr. H. D. Ratnayake, Deputy Director (Research and Training) and S. R. B. Dissanayake Acting Deputy Director (Research and Training) at the Wild Life Department cooperated in providing permission
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Anthropogenic Impacts on Urban Coastal Lagoons in the Western and North-Western Coastal Zones of Sri Lanka
    1 2 Anthropogenic Impacts on Urban Coastal Lagoons in the Western and North-western Coastal Zones of Sri Lanka Jinadasa Katupotha Department of Geography, University of Sri Jayewardenepura Gangodawila, Nugegoda 10250, Sri Lanka [email protected] Abstract Six lagoons from Negombo to Puttalam, along the Western and North Western coast of Sri Lanka, show signs of some change due to urbanization-related anthropological activities. Identified activities have direct implications on morphological features of lagoons, elimination of wetlands (mangrove swamps and marshy lands) and pasture lands, land degradation due to encroachment for shrimp farms, shrinking of lagoons, and production of higher nutrient and heavy metal loads, decline in bird and fish populations and degradation of the scenic beauty. As a result, the lagoon ecosystems have suffered to such a degree that numerous faunal and floral species have disappeared or have diminished considerably over the last few years. All these anthropogenic impacts were identified by the author during 1992, 2002, and 2006 as well as in a study on “Lagoons in Sri Lanka” conducted by IWMI between 2011 and 2012. Key words: Anthropogenic Impacts, Urban Coastal Lagoons, Garbage accumulation, Awareness program Introduction The island of Sri Lanka has 82 coastal lagoons that support a variety of plants and animals, and the economy [1]. Anthropogenic impacts, particularly lagoon fishing, human occupation of the land and water contamination have considerably reduced the faunal and floral population to a point that some of them are in danger of extinction. Such danger of extinction has been accelerated in urban lagoons of the western and northwestern coastal zones, e.g.
    [Show full text]
  • The Entrenchment of Sinhalese Nationalism in Post-War Sri Lanka by Anne Gaul
    An Opportunity Lost The Entrenchment of Sinhalese Nationalism in Post-war Sri Lanka by Anne Gaul Submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Supervised by: Dr. Andrew Shorten Submitted to the University of Limerick, November 2016 Abstract This research studies the trajectory of Sinhalese nationalism during the presidency of Mahinda Rajapaksa from 2005 to 2015. The role of nationalism in the protracted conflict between Sinhalese and Tamils is well understood, but the defeat of the Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam in 2009 has changed the framework within which both Sinhalese and Tamil nationalism operated. With speculations about the future of nationalism abound, this research set out to address the question of how the end of the war has affected Sinhalese nationalism, which remains closely linked to politics in the country. It employs a discourse analytical framework to compare the construction of Sinhalese nationalism in official documents produced by Rajapaksa and his government before and after 2009. A special focus of this research is how through their particular constructions and representations of Sinhalese nationalism these discourses help to reproduce power relations before and after the end of the war. It argues that, despite Rajapaksa’s vociferous proclamations of a ‘new patriotism’ promising a united nation without minorities, he and his government have used the momentum of the defeat of the Tamil Tigers to entrench their position by continuing to mobilise an exclusive nationalism and promoting the revival of a Sinhalese-dominated nation. The analysis of history textbooks, presidential rhetoric and documentary films provides a contemporary empirical account of the discursive construction of the core dimensions of Sinhalese nationalist ideology.
    [Show full text]
  • The Kingdom of Jaffna - Propaganda? Or History?
    The Kingdom of Jaffna - Propaganda? Or History? The history of Sri Lanka during the period of about three and a half centuries between the abandonment of Polonnaruva and the Portuguese conquest of the maritime provinces comprising chiefly the territories incorporated within the kingdoms of Kotte and }affna presents features which are in many ways different from those of the preceding periods. Although this period of the island's history has suffered relatively by neglect and has been represented as one of decline generally by historians influenced by Classical romanticist thinking it has a greater relevance for the understanding of the institutions and problems of modern and even contemporary Sri Lankan history. In his' critical review' of the The Kingdom of lafIna, Gunasinghe in effect accuses the author of having written it, like earlier Tamil scholars, with sectarian and propagandist motives, his aim being the proving of an extensive Tamil or South Indian influence on the history of the island from early times. In other words, his charge is that the author has sought to present an Indo-centric or rather Dravido-centric view of the history of Sri Lanka. "The underlying theme of this book... is basically the propagandist idea of proving a predominantly Dravidian influence on the North and East of the Island from early times." " The propagandist theme of this book." " ••• an obsessive desire to prove an extensive Dravidian influence in the Island from early times." ,•.• , a desire to show an exaggerated picture of the expansion of South Indian and Tamil influence in Sri Lanka from early times." " ..
    [Show full text]
  • Dress Fashions of Royalty Kotte Kingdom of Sri Lanka
    DRESS FASHIONS OF ROYALTY KOTTE KINGDOM OF SRI LANKA . DRESS FASHIONS OF ROYALTY KOTTE KINGDOM OF SRI LANKA Dr. Priyanka Virajini Medagedara Karunaratne S. Godage & Brothers (Pvt) Ltd. Dedication First Edition : 2017 For Vidyajothi Emeritus Professor Nimal De Silva DRESS FASHIONS OF ROYALTY KOTTE KingDOM OF SRI LANKA Eminent scholar and ideal Guru © Dr. Priyanka Virajini Medagedara Karunaratne ISBN 978-955-30- Cover Design by: S. Godage & Brothers (Pvt) Ltd Page setting by: Nisha Weerasuriya Published by: S. Godage & Brothers (Pvt) Ltd. 661/665/675, P. de S. Kularatne Mawatha, Colombo 10, Sri Lanka. Printed by: Chathura Printers 69, Kumaradasa Place, Wellampitiya, Sri Lanka. Foreword This collection of writings provides an intensive reading of dress fashions of royalty which intensified Portuguese political power over the Kingdom of Kotte. The royalties were at the top in the social strata eventually known to be the fashion creators of society. Their engagement in creating and practicing dress fashion prevailed from time immemorial. The author builds a sound dialogue within six chapters’ covering most areas of dress fashion by incorporating valid recorded historical data, variety of recorded visual formats cross checking each other, clarifying how the period signifies a turning point in the fashion history of Sri Lanka culminating with emerging novel dress features. This scholarly work is very much vital for university academia and fellow researches in the stream of Humanities and Social Sciences interested in historical dress fashions and usage of jewelry. Furthermore, the content leads the reader into a new perspective on the subject through a sound dialogue which has been narrated through validated recorded historical data, recorded historical visual information, and logical analysis with reference to scholars of the subject area.
    [Show full text]
  • Ports of the Ancient Indian Ocean Edited by MARIE-Frangoise
    Ports of the Ancient Indian Ocean edited by MARIE-FRANgOISE BOUSSAC JEAN-FRANgOIS SALLES JEAN-BAPTISTE YON BCloKS Contents Editors' Note ix PROM THE RED SEA TO INDIA, THROUGH ARABIA AND THE PERSIAN GULF 1. The Egyptians on the Red Sea Shore during the Pharaonic Era 3 Pierre Tallet 2. Ship-related Activities at the Pharaonic Harbour of Mersa Gawasis 21 Cheryl Ward and Chiara Zazzaro 3. Living in the Egyptian Ports: Daily Life at Berenike and Myos Hormos 41 Roberta Tomber 4. Al-Shihr, an Islamic Harbour of Yemen on the Indian Ocean (AD 780-2007) 59 Ciaire Hardy-Guilbert 5. Indian Inscriptions from Cave Hoq at Socotra 79 Ingo Strauch 6. 'Places of Call' in Madagascar and the Comoros Terminology and Types of Settlement 99 Claude Allibert 7. The Port of Sumhuram: Recent Data and Fresh Reflections on its History 111 Alessandra Avanzini 8. Ports of the Indian Ocean: The Port of Spasinu Charax 125 Jean-Baptiste Yon vi Contents 9. Towards a Geography of the Harbours in the Persian Gulf in Antiquity (Sixth Century BC-Sixth Century AD) 137 Jean-Frangois Salles ANCIENT PORTS AND MARITIME CONTACTS OF INDIA 10. The Ports of the Western Coast of India according to Arabic Geographers (Eighth-Fifteenth Centuries AD): A Glimpse into the Geography 165 Jean-Charles Ducene 11. Ports of Western India in Latin Cartographic Sources, c. 1200 -1500: Toponymy, Localization and Evolutions 179 Emmanuelle Vagnon 12. Ancient Technology of Jetties and Anchorage System along the Saurashtra Coast, India 199 A.S. Gaur and Sundaresh 13. Bharuch Fort during the pre-Sultanate Period 217 Sara Keller 14.
    [Show full text]
  • Polonnaruwa Development Plan 2018-2030
    POLONNARUWA URBAN DEVELOPMENT PLAN 2018-2030 VOLUME I Urban Development Authority District Office Polonnaruwa 2018-2030 i Polonnaruwa 2018-2030, UDA Polonnaruwa Development Plan 2018-2030 POLONNARUWA URBAN DEVELOPMENT PLAN VOLUME I BACKGROUND INFORMATION/ PLANNING PROCESS/ DETAIL ANALYSIS /PLANNING FRAMEWORK/ THE PLAN Urban Development Authority District Office Polonnaruwa 2018-2030 ii Polonnaruwa 2018-2030, UDA Polonnaruwa Development Plan 2018-2030 DOCUMENT INFORMATION Report title : Polonnaruwa Development Plan Locational Boundary (Declared area) : Polonnaruwa MC (18 GN) and Part of Polonnaruwa PS(15 GN) Gazette No : Client/ Stakeholder (shortly) : Local Residents, Relevent Institutions and Commuters Commuters : Submission date :15.12.2018 Document status (Final) & Date of issued: Author UDA Polonnaruwa District Office Document Submission Details Version No Details Date of Submission Approved for Issue 1 Draft 2 Draft This document is issued for the party which commissioned it and for specific purposes connected with the above-captioned project only. It should not be relied upon by any other party or used for any other purpose. We accept no responsibility for the consequences of this document being relied upon by any other party, or being used for any other purpose, or containing any error or omission which is due to an error or omission in data supplied to us by other parties. This document contains confidential information and proprietary intellectual property. It should not be shown to other parties without consent from the party
    [Show full text]
  • Wonders of Sri Lanka – 9 Days
    EMH, Enjoy Myanmar Holiday, Tours & Travel Group Website: www.emhtours.com Wonders of Sri Lanka – 9 Days (Tour Code: SL-9D8N-1) Ø Itinerary Overview Ø Includes & Excludes Ø Hotel Options Ø Detail Itinerary I. Itinerary Overview Day Destination Meals Day 1 Arrival Colombo - Day 2 Colombo – Sigiriya – Safari Jeep Tour B,D Day 3 Sigiriya B,L,D Day 4 Sigiriya - Polonnaruwa B,D Day 5 Sigiriya - Kandy B Day 6 Kandy B Day 7 Kandy - Bentota B,D Day 8 Bentota B,D Day 9 Bentota – Colombo International Airport B Page 1 of 6 II. Includes & Excludes Ø Includes • 8 nights accommodation based on twin/double shared with 3 Star hotels option • 8 breakfasts, 1 lunch and 5 dinners as mentioned • service of English speaking chauffeur guide • transportation by private air-conditioned vehicle • city tour & sightseeing as mentioned • bullock cart tour to explore village on Day 3 • catamaran ride in the lake on Day 3 • highway tickets free • fuel for vehicle • local insurance for the vehicle • passenger insurance cover • including all taxes & service charges • driver meals and accommodation • tea factory & tea tasting • one hour mangrove river boat safari in Bentota • daily bottle of water per person Ø Excludes • visa fees • site entrance fees • tips to guide (optional) • meals not specified in the "Included Meals" section • personal insurance and other personal expense III. Hotel Options Ø Standard Option – 3 Star Hotels • deluxe room at Fairview Hotel in Colombo or similar • deluxe room at Oak Ray Elephant Lake Hotel in Sigiriya or similar • deluxe room at Serene Grand Hotel in Kandy or similar • deluxe room at Coco Royal Beach Hotel in Bentota Lake or similar Page 2 of 6 Ø Premium Option – 4 Star Hotels • deluxe room at Mandarina Colombo Hotel in Colombo or similar • deluxe room at Sorowwa Resort & Spa in Sigiriya or similar • deluxe room at The Tourmaline Hotel in Kandy or similar • superior room at Pandanus Beach Resort & Spa in Bentota Lake or similar IV.
    [Show full text]
  • Thousand Years of Hydraulic Civilization Some Sociotechnical Aspects of Water Management
    Thousand Years of Hydraulic Civilization Some Sociotechnical Aspects of Water Management H.A.H. Jayanesa1 and John S. Selker2 1. Department of Geology, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. [email protected]; [email protected]; 94-81-2389156 (℡); 94-81-2224174(¬) 2. Department of Bioengineering, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331, USA. [email protected]; 541-737-6304 (℡); 541-737-2082(¬) Abstract Sri Lanka had efficient hydraulic civilization for a period of thousand years from 200 BC till 1200 AD. Out of its 103 drainage basins, those underneath in the dry zone were successfully irrigated through system of tanks and diversion canals. Sociotechnical aspects of water management seem efficient and well performed in the construction and maintenance of these tank and canal systems. It is believed that the king and the regional chieftains perform very strong tight management. In addition strategic use of both top-down and bottom-up initiatives as well as private partnerships with their own tanks and maintenance systems were supported for the efficient maintenance and management. Though there are a number of contradictory points affecting the different ethnic and religious groups, the Dublin principles have been used at various decision-making stages by the present governments. However, the current political, economic and technical performances are not geared enough for such efficient water management. The religious, ethical and moral aspects interwove with the ancient civilization, were the basis for maintenance and management of the hydraulic systems and subsequent upheaval in the society. Therefore, we argued that for successful water resources development programs need community engagement, sound technology and timely resources.
    [Show full text]
  • Discontented Categories1: Theravāda and Mahāyāna in the History of Sri Lankan Buddhism
    High Technology Letters ISSN NO : 1006-6748 “Discontented Categories1: Theravāda and Mahāyāna in the History of Sri Lankan Buddhism Dr. Sumudu Dharmarathna, Department of History, University of Peradeniya, Sri Lanka. Introduction The Mahāyāna -Theravāda distinction is an important area of enquiry in historical studies of the Buddhist countries in the South Asian region.2 On the basis of the details reflected in Buddhist canonical texts, both Pāli and Sanskrit, the ancient Buddhist world was divided into two major geographic regions.3 The first region, Sri Lanka and South East Asia belongs to the Sthaviravāda, Theravāda or Southern Buddhism (Hinayāna) and has been named as “The world of Theravāda Buddhism.”4 The second geographic region which corresponds to another major Buddhist tradition is North India and Central Asia up to China. The Buddhism that prevailed in all these countries was called Northern Buddhism. It represents a wide spectrum of Buddhist doctrine and practice within Mahāyāna Buddhism. They used Sanskrit as their religious language.5 So, it is traditionally believed that Sri Lankan Buddhism coming under the Theravāda tradition. In this article, the Theravāda - Mahāyāna distinction will be examined in order to show the inappropriateness of this categorization within the historical studies of Sri Lankan Buddhist culture. Development of Buddhist Sects 1 This term used by Richard S. Cohen, ‘Discontented Categories: Hinayāna and Mahāyāna In Indian Buddhist History’ Journal of the Academy of Religion, Vol. LXIII, No. 1, 1995, pp. 3-9. 2 Ibid. 3 N.N. Bhattacharyya, History of Researches on Indian Buddhism, New Delhi: Munshiram Manohar Lal, 1981, pp. 1-18.
    [Show full text]
  • 42459-014: Local Government Enhancement Sector Project
    Environmental Monitoring Report Project Number 42459-014 Loan 3431 Semestral Report July to December 2020 April 2021 Sri Lanka: Local Government Enhancement Sector Project Additional Financing (LGESP-AF) Prepared by LGESP (Pura Neguma) Project Management Unit for the State Ministry of Provincial Councils and Local Government Affairs, Colombo, Sri Lanka and the Asian Development Bank. This environmental monitoring report is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB’s Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgements as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. Government of Sri Lanka State Ministry of Provincial Councils & Local Government Affairs Semi Annual Environmental Safeguard Monitoring Report (HY2 - 2020 : 01 July 2020 to 31 December 2020) January 2021 Local Government Enhancement Sector Project - Additional Financing ADB Loan Number 3431 - SRI Project Management Unit Local Government Enhancement Sector Project 191 A, J R Jayewardene Centre, Dharmapala Mawatha, Colombo 07, Sri Lanka 2 ABBREVIATIONS ADB - Asian Development Bank AF - Additional Financing CEA - Central Environmental Authority CKD - Chronic Kidney Disease Management DSC - Design and Supervision Consultants EIA - Environmental Impact Assessment
    [Show full text]
  • Chatting Sri Lanka: Powerful Communications in Colonial Times
    Chatting Sri Lanka: Powerful Communications in Colonial Times Justin Siefert PhD 2016 Chatting Sri Lanka: Powerful Communications in Colonial Times Justin Siefert A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Manchester Metropolitan University for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of History, Politics and Philosophy Manchester Metropolitan University 2016 Abstract: The thesis argues that the telephone had a significant impact upon colonial society in Sri Lanka. In the emergence and expansion of a telephone network two phases can be distinguished: in the first phase (1880-1914), the government began to construct telephone networks in Colombo and other major towns, and built trunk lines between them. Simultaneously, planters began to establish and run local telephone networks in the planting districts. In this initial period, Sri Lanka’s emerging telephone network owed its construction, financing and running mostly to the planting community. The telephone was a ‘tool of the Empire’ only in the sense that the government eventually joined forces with the influential planting and commercial communities, including many members of the indigenous elite, who had demanded telephone services for their own purposes. However, during the second phase (1919-1939), as more and more telephone networks emerged in the planting districts, government became more proactive in the construction of an island-wide telephone network, which then reflected colonial hierarchies and power structures. Finally in 1935, Sri Lanka was connected to the Empire’s international telephone network. One of the core challenges for this pioneer work is of methodological nature: a telephone call leaves no written or oral source behind.
    [Show full text]
  • Adivasis of India ASIS of INDIA the ADIV • 98/1 T TIONAL REPOR an MRG INTERNA
    Minority Rights Group International R E P O R T The Adivasis of India ASIS OF INDIA THE ADIV • 98/1 T TIONAL REPOR AN MRG INTERNA BY RATNAKER BHENGRA, C.R. BIJOY and SHIMREICHON LUITHUI THE ADIVASIS OF INDIA © Minority Rights Group 1998. Acknowledgements All rights reserved. Minority Rights Group International gratefully acknowl- Material from this publication may be reproduced for teaching or other non- edges the support of the Danish Ministry of Foreign commercial purposes. No part of it may be reproduced in any form for com- Affairs (Danida), Hivos, the Irish Foreign Ministry (Irish mercial purposes without the prior express permission of the copyright holders. Aid) and of all the organizations and individuals who gave For further information please contact MRG. financial and other assistance for this Report. A CIP catalogue record for this publication is available from the British Library. ISBN 1 897693 32 X This Report has been commissioned and is published by ISSN 0305 6252 MRG as a contribution to public understanding of the Published January 1999 issue which forms its subject. The text and views of the Typeset by Texture. authors do not necessarily represent, in every detail and Printed in the UK on bleach-free paper. in all its aspects, the collective view of MRG. THE AUTHORS RATNAKER BHENGRA M. Phil. is an advocate and SHIMREICHON LUITHUI has been an active member consultant engaged in indigenous struggles, particularly of the Naga Peoples’ Movement for Human Rights in Jharkhand. He is convenor of the Jharkhandis Organi- (NPMHR). She has worked on indigenous peoples’ issues sation for Human Rights (JOHAR), Ranchi unit and co- within The Other Media (an organization of grassroots- founder member of the Delhi Domestic Working based mass movements, academics and media of India), Women Forum.
    [Show full text]