Arthropod Pest Index

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-56787-9 - An Introduction to Arthropod Pest Control J. R. M. Thacker Index More information

Arthropod pest index

Acyrthosiphum pisum, 213 Cochliomyia macellaria, 198 Adoxophyces orana, 153, 161, 165 Contrachelus nenuphar, 150 Aedes aegypti, 37, 45 Cosmopolites sordidus, 161 Aedes scutellaris, 192 Costelytra zealandica, 137, 138 Aedes spp., 288 Culex pipiens,37 Anagrapha falcifera, 153 Culex quinquefasciatus, 192, 204 Anarsia lineatella, 161 Culex spp., 142, 175 Anastrepha ludens, 204 Cyclas formicarius, 150 Anopheles albimanus, 151 Cydia funebrana, 161 Anopheles arabiensis, 192 Cydia nigricana, 161 Anopheles gambiae, 192 Cydia pomonella, 7, 100, 153, 161, 170, 204, 262 Anopheles ludens, 204 Dacus curcurbitae, 161, 204 Anopheles melas, 192 Dacus dorsalis, 204 Anopheles spp., 37, 100 Dacus oleae, 204 Anthonomus grandis, 7, 100, 161, 204 Dacus tryoni, 204 Anthonomus pomorum, 263 Daktulosphaira vitifoliae, 221 Anticarsia gemmetalis, 153, 155, 232 Delia antiqua, 204 Aphis gossypii, 100 Dendroctonus brevicomis, 172 Aphis spp., 267 Dendroctonus frontalis, 161 Archips podana, 263 Dendroctonus ponderosae, 161 Argyrotaenia spp., 260 Dendroctonus pseudotsuga, 161 Atherigona soccata, 236 Dendroctonus ruﬁpennis, 161 Autographa californica, 153 Dermataphagoides spp., 45 Bactrocera oleae, 161 Diabrotica spp., 234, 299 Bemisia spp., 267 Diabrotica virgifera, 215 Bemisia tabaci, 100, 101, 102 Dikrella cruentata, 238 Carposina niponensis, 161 Diuraphis noxia,7 Cephus cinctus, 232 Drosophila melanogaster, 286 Ceratitis capitata, 7, 161, 178, 191, 201, 204, 237, Drosophila spp., 287 colour plate Dyocoetes confusus, 162 Chaeborus astictopus, 100 Dysaphis plantaginea, 262 Chilo suppressalis, 100, 161, 264 Elatobium abietinum, 213 Chrysodeixus spp., 267 Empoasca fabae, 20, 235 Clepsis spectrana, 164 Empoasca spp., 209, 225 Cochliomyia hominivorax, 23, 191, 193, 197, 200, 204, Eotetranychus willametti, 216 colour plate Ephestia elutella, 182

334 Arthropod pest index

Ephestia kuehniella, 138 Operophthora brumata, 119 Eriosma lanigerum, 209 Oryctes rhinoceros, 136, 155, 162 Erythroneura elegantula, 130 Orygia pseudotsugata, 152, 153 Eucosma gloriola, 162 Oryzaephilus surinamensis, 183 Eupoecilia ambiguella, 162, 204 Ostrinia nubilalis, 7, 20, 162, 223 Frankliniella occidentalis, 100 Oulema melanoplus,7,232 Glossina austeni, 202 Panonychus citri, 100 Glossina mortisans, 191 Panonychus ulmi, 100, 263 Glossina palpalis, 202, 204 Papaipema nebris, 231, 232 Glossina spp., 191, 202, colour plate Pectinophora gossypiella, 7, 162, 173, 204, 231, 235 Glossina swynnertoni, 191 Phenacoccus manihoti, 123 Graphognathus leucoloma, 234 Phylloxera vitifoliae, 209, 221, 233 Graphognathus peregrinus, 234 Pieris brassicae,45 Grapholitha molesta, 162 Pieris rapae,7 Helicoverpa spp., 100, 153 Pityogenes chalcographus, 162 Helicoverpa zea, 101, 150, 153, 155, 225 Platynota idaeusalis, 162 Heliothis spp., 100, 153, 225, 232 Platyptilia carduidactyla, 162, 164 Heliothis subflexa, 192 Plutella xylostella, 100, 162, 292 Heliothis virescens, 162, 192 Popilla japonica, 142, 162 Homona magnanima, 162 Prays citri, 171, 163 Hypera postica,20 Prays oleae, 163 Icerya purchasi, 7, 23, 123 Rhagoletis cerasi, 175, 204 Ips paraconfusus, 172 Rhagoletis pomonella, 175 Ips sexdantatus, 162 Rhopalosiphum padi, 235 Ips typographus, 162 Rhyacionia buoliana, 163 Keiferia lycopersicella, 162 Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, 163 Lacanobia spp., 267 Rhynchophorus palmarum, 163 Lasioderma serricorne, 182, 193 Rhyzopertha dominica, 182 Leptinotarsa decemlineata, 138, 266 Sanninoidea exitiosa, 163 Liriomyza spp., 267 Schistocerca gregaria,65 Liriomyza trifolii, 265 Scolytus multistriatus, 163 Lissorhopterus oryzophilus, 235 Sitophilus granarius, 183 Lobesia botrana, 162 Sitophilus oryzae, 183 Lygus hesperus, 234 Spodoptera exigua, 153, 163 Lymantria dispar, 7, 153, 162, 164 Spodoptera frugiperda, 163, 220, 287 Macrosiphum spp., 267 Spodoptera spp., 100, 175, 264, 267 Mamestra brassicae, 153 Stomoxys calcitrans, 204 Mamestra configurata, 153 Synagrapha falcifera, 153 Mayetiola destructor, 207, 209 Synanthedon hector, 163 Melanagromyza obtuse, 216 Synanthedon myopaeformis, 163 Melanophis sacchari, 213 Synanthedon pictipes, 163 Melanoplus spp., 209 Synanthedon tipuliformis, 163 Meloidogyne spp., 267 Tenebrio molitor,37 Melolontha melolontha, 204 Tetranychus pacificus, 113 Mononychellus tanajoa, 123 Tetranychus urticae, 100, 129, 163, 175, 216, Musca domestica, 7, 37, 100, 162, 190 267 Myzus persicae, 100, 213 Thaumetopoea pityocampa, 163 Myzus spp., 267 Tipula spp., 231 Neodiprioan sertifer, 152, 153 Trialeuroides spp., 267 Nephotettix spp., 100, 264 Trialeuroides vaporariorum, 129 Nephotettix virescens, 214 Tribolium castaneum, 181, 183 Nezara viridula, 20, 234 Trypodendron lineatum, 163 Nilaparvata lugens, 100, 224, 264 Varroa spp., 45 Oedaleus senegalensis, 231 Wiseana cervinata, 136 Ommatissus lybicus,65 Zeuzera pyrina, 163

Beneﬁcial species index

Bacteria Metarhizium spp., 144 Bacillus popilliae, 137, 138, 142–143 Paecilomycetes fumoroseus, 145 Bacillus sphaericus, 137, 138, 142–143 Verticillium lecanii, 144–147, 233 Bacillus thuringiensis, 24, 135-143, 145, 149, 157, 208, 209, 215, 263, 268, 284, 291, 292, 295, Lacewings colour plate Chrysoperla carnea, 115, 123 Photorhabdus luminescens, 148 Chrysoperla rufilabris, 115 Pseudomonas fluorescens, 141 Serratia entomophilia, 137, 138 Parasitoids Xenorhabdus bovienii, 148 Agrypon flaveolatum, 119 Agrypon spp., 119 Beetles Aleiodes indiscretus, colour plate Adalia bipunctata, 115 Amitus spp., 119 Crytolaemus montrouzieri, 115 Anagrus atomus, 115 Cybocephalus nipponicus, 115 Anagrus epos, 130, 238 Delphastus pusillus, 115 Anagrus pseudococci, 115 Harmonia axyridis, 115 Anagrus spp., 119 Hippodamia convergens, 115 Anaphes iole, 115 Rhyzobius lophantae, 116 Aphelinus abdominalis, 115 Rodolia cardinalis, 123 Aphidencyrtus aphidivorus, 117 Stethorus punctillum, 116 Aphidius colemani, 115 Aphidius ervi, 115 Birds Aphidius matricariae, 115 Alcippe brunea, 130 Aphidius spp., 119 Aphidoletes aphidimyza, 115 Fish Aphytis lignanensis, 115 Gambusia spp., 130 Aphytis melinus, 115 Aphytis spp., 119 Fungi Bracon hebetor, 115 Beauvaria bassiana, 144–147, colour plate Chrysocharis spp., 119 Beauvaria brongniartii, 144–147 Cotesia plutella, 292 Entomophthora spp., 146 Cotesia spp., 115 Hirsutella thompsonii, 144 Cryptochetum iceryae, 123 Lagenidium giganteum, 144 Cyzenis albicans, 119 Metarhizium anisopliae, 144, 146, 269 Dacnusa sibrica, 115 Metarhizium flavoviride, 144 Dacnusa spp., 119

336 Beneﬁcial species index

Diglyphus isaea, 115 Orius laevigatus, 116 Encarsia formosa, 115, 129 Orius majusculus, 116 Encarsia spp., 101, 129, 267, 268 Podisus maculiventris, 116 Epidinocarsis lopezi, 123 Epidinocarsis spp., 119 Predatorymidges Eretomocerus spp., 101, 115, 268 Aphidoletes aphidimyza, 115 Leptomastix dactylopii, 115 Feltiella acarisuga, 115 Metaphycus bartletti, 116 Metaphycus helvolus, 116 Predatory mites Pediobius foveolatus, 116 Amblyseius barkeri, 115 Peristenuc digeneutis, colour plate Amblyseius californicus, 115 Prosena siberita, 118 Amblyseius cucumeris, 115 Scutellista cyanea, 117 Amblyseius degenerans, 115 Trichogramma bassicae, 116 Amblyseius fallacis, 115 Trichogramma evanescens, 116 Amblyseius montdorensis, 115 Trichogramma spp., 119, 129, 260 Galendromus annectans, 115 Trissolcus spp., 119 Galendromus occidentalis, 115 Hypoaspis aculeifer, 115 Nematodes Hypoaspis miles, 115 Heterorhabditis bacteriophora, 148 Neoseiulus idaeus, 124 Heterorhabiditis megidis, 148 Phytoseilus persimilis, 116, 129 Romanomermis culicivorax, 147 Typhlodromalus aripo, 124 Steinernema carpocapsae, 148 Typhlodromalus manihoti, 124 Steinernema ﬂetiae, 148 Typhlodromus occidentalis, 116 Steinernema glaseri, 148 Typhlodromus pyri, 116, 263 Steinernema riobravis, 148, 149 Steinernema scapterisci, 148 Protozoa Predatoryhemiptera Nosema acridophagous, 152 Anthocoris nemoralis, 115 Nosema algerae, 151, 152 Cytorhinus lividipennis, 214 Nosema bombycis, 151 Deraeocoris brevis, 115 Nosema cuneatum, 152 Macrolophus caliginosus, 115 Nosema locustae, 151, 152, colour plate Orius albidipennis, 116 Nosema spp., 151, 152 Orius insidiosus, 116

Subject index

Abiotic environmental manipulation, 236 Augmentation, 121, 128–129, Glossary page 315 Abu Mansur, 5, Glossary page 302 Aum Shinrikyo, 12 Acari, 120 Australia, 261, 269 Acetylation, Glossary page 307 Autocidal control, 191 Acetylcholine, 66 Autooxidation, 69, Glossary page 307 Active ingredient, 83 Aventis, 13 Adjuvants, 88, 89, 143, Glossary page 310 Azadirachtin, 29, 43, 46, 186, 215 Aerosols, 87 Aggregation pheromones, 160 Bacillus thuringiensis, 138–142 Agostino Bassi, 143 Bacteria, 137–143 Agricultural development, 4 Baculoviridae, 152,153, Glossary page 317 Agrobacterium tumifasciens, 279, 281 Baits, 87 Agrochemical companies, Glossary page 302 Bald eagle, 59 Agroecosystem, Glossary page 317 Balfour, Lady Evelyn Barbara, Glossary page 325 Agronomic characteristics, Glossary page 323 Bangladesh, 55 Agronomic practices, 4, 5, 6, 13, 18 Banker plants, 268 Air assistance, Glossary page 310 Bark beetle, Glossary page 319 Alarm pheromones, 164, 175 Barley, 56 Alkyl thiocyanate, 50 Basil, 48 Allethrin, 12, 67, 68 Beauveriscin, 145 American screwworm, 23, 191, 197–201 Beetle bank, 129, 239 Aldicarb, 73, 74 Belize, 199 Allelochemicals, 159, 177–178 Beneficials, 112 Allomones, 177 Benzoylphenylureas, 186, Glossary page 320 Anhydrobiosis, 149, 150, Glossary page 317 Berliner, 138 Antibiosis, 212, 214 Bhopal, 71, 106 Antisense gene, Glossary page 329 Bible, 222 Antixenosis, 212, 213 Biocontrol agents, 112 Apparent resistance, 212 Biodiversity and transgenic crops, 292, 293 Apple pest management, 262 Biolistics, 279 Application efficiency, Glossary page 310 Biological control, 23, 112–134 Application rate, 13, 14, 52 Biological fitness, Glossary page 310 Araneae, 120 Biomagnification, 59, 103 Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Glossary page 325 Biorational compounds, 180, 241 Argentina, 266 Biotechnological methods, 277 Atropine, 67, Glossary page 307 Biotechnological treadmill, 300

338 Subject index

Biotechnology, 224, 268, 275–301 Coleoptera, 120 Biotechnology (advantages and disadvantages), Columbus, 6, 7 288–295 Columella, 6 Biotype, 222, 224 Compensatory growth, 215 Biotype development, 224, 226 Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, Blackberries, 238 125 Black pepper, 48 Concanavalin A, 285 Bollworms, Glossary page 310 Conservation tillage, Glossary page 326 Bombyx mori, 23, 138, 144, 151, 159, 160 Controlled-droplet application, Glossary page 311 Botanical insecticides, 9, 28–49 Controlled-release formulations, 165 Brazil, 105, 155 Control of Pesticide Regulations (UK), 108 Brevicomin, 172 Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Broad-spectrum, Glossary page 311 (UK), 108 Brown planthopper, 224 Corona discharge, Glossary page 311 Bulk selection, 220 Corn, 56, 224, 282, 284, 299 Burkino Faso, 261 Corpora allata, 181, Glossary page 320 Burma, 192 Costa Rica, 105, 201 Cotton, 55, 56, 95, 101, 174, 224, 232, 235, 269, CABI Bioscience, 125 282, 284 Californian wine industry, 223 Cotton pest management, 259, 261 Canada, 127, 263 Cottony cushion scale, 23 Canete valley, 259, 260 Crop losses, 1, 50, 55, 56 Canola, 46, 282 Crop rotations, 5, 233 Capsaicin, 46 Cross resistance, Glossary page 311 Carbamates, 11, 12, 52, 71–74, 77, 79 Crown gall disease, 279, Glossary page 330 Carbamylation, 74, Glossary page 307 Cultivars, 210, 224, Glossary page 323 Carbaryl, 73 Cultural techniques, 229–239 Carrying capacity, 227, 251, Glossary page 323 Curaçao, 199 Cassava, 123, Glossary page 315 Custard apple, 31, 48 Cato, 6 Cyclodiene, 61 Certified seed, Glossary page 325 Cytoplasmic incompatability, 191, 192 Ceveratrum alkaloids, 31, Glossary page 305 Chagas, 3 DDT, 11, 52, 58, 82, 109 Chalcidoidea, 119 DEFRA (UK), 107, 230, 240 Cell culture, 157 DIMBOA, 223 Ceratocystis minor, 171, Glossary page 319 DNOC, 50, 51 Chemical Manufacturing Association, 106, Deification, Glossary page 305 Glossary page 311 Deltamethrin, 70 Chemical warfare, 62 Deltaendotoxin, 139, 284, 291 Chemoanemotaxis, 160 Democratic People’s Republic of Congo, 123 Chemosterilants, 190, 195, Glossary page 321 Dengue fever, 3, 288, Glossary page 330 Chilli pepper, 31 Density-dependent factors, Glossary page 321 China, 95, 129, 227, 261, 265, 281 Derris, 31, 48 Chitin, Glossary page 317 Diapause, Glossary page 326 Chitin synthesis inhibitors, 186–188 Diarrhoea, 289 Chloride channels, 61 Dictyoptera, 120 Cholera, 289, Glossary page 329 Dieldrin, 62 Cholinergic receptor, 67, Glossary page 307 Diels–Alder reaction, 61, Glossary page 308 Chromosomal translocations, 191, 192 Diflubenzuron, 187, 188 Chrysanthemum, 31, 48 Dimilin, 188 Citronella, 45, 46 Dinitrophenol, 50 Classical biological control, 7, 121, 122–128 Diptera, 120 Classical scholars, Glossary page 302 Dose rate, 67 Clean cultivation, 232 Dusts, 86 Clonal propagation, 278 Cloned gene, Glossary page 329 EPA (USA), 62, 107 Coffee, 56 Ecdysone, 185

Subject index 339

Ecological plant protection, 246 General equilibrium position, 128, 251, Glossary Ecological resistance, 215 page 316 Economic injury level, 16, 19, 21, 252 Genetic engineering, 24, 25 Economics of pest control, 57 Genetically modified organisms, 275 Economic threshold, 16, 19, 20, 252, 255 Genetic pollution, 293 Egg shell thinning, 59 Genetic techniques, 190–206 Egypt, 95, 101, 174 Geological time, Glossary page 303 Electroporation, 279 Geographic Information Systems, 242, 272 Electrostatic sprayers, 91 Germplasm, Glossary page 324 Elephantiasis, 11 Germplasm collections, 216 El Salvador, 199 Germplasm conservation, 218 Emulsifiable concentrates, 85 Gezira, 259 Encapsulation reaction, 288 Ginger, 48 Endosulfan, 62 Global insecticide use, 53 Entomophage, 114, Glossary page 316 Global warming, 300 Environmental contamination, 94 Golden rice, 289 Escherichia coli, 281, Glossary page 330 Good agricultural practice (Europe), Glossary Essential oils, 44 page 326 Ethiopia, 202 Gossypol, 214 Eucalyptus, 45 Gram-positive bacteria, Glossary page 318 Eugenol, 46 Granules, 86 European Adjuvant Association, 84 Granulosis virus, 154 European Biological Control Laboratory, 125 Grape phylloxera, 208, 221–223 European corn borer, 223, 290 Green fluorescence protein gene, 294 Exoskeleton, 180 Greenhouse, 129, 147 Greenhouse pest management, 266 Farmer field schools, 259, 262, 265, Glossary page Grey partridge, 103, Glossary page 311 327 Groundnuts, 234 Farnesene, Glossary page 320 Guatemala, 199 Farnesol, 182 Fenoxycarb, 182, 184 HCH, 60 Fermentation, 140, 146 Habitat manipulation, 121, 129–130 Fertilising, 232 Habituation, Glossary page 320 Filariasis, 3, 192, Glossary page 321 Haemocoel, Glossary page 318 Flagellar serotyping, Glossary page 318 Hairiness, 213 Flavr Savr tomato, 281, 294 Haldane’s rule, 191, Glossary page 322 Flooding, 221 Half-life, Glossary page 308 Flowables, 85 Halofenozide, 185 Fogging machines, 91 Harvest date manipulation, 235 Food and Agricultural Organisation of the United Harvest interval, 107, Glossary page 312 Nations (FAO/UN), 257, 259, 262, 265 Health and Safety at Work Act (UK), 107 Food and Environment Protection Act (UK), 107 Hemiptera, 120 Food Safety Act (UK), 108 Hepatitis B, 289 Food security, 54, 273 Heterorhabditidae, 147 Formulation, 83–88 Homer, 5 Fossil record, 1 Honduras, 199 France, 222 Horizontal resistance, 221 Functional efficiency, 277, 286, Glossary page 330 Horizontal transgene movement, Glossary page Fumigants, 87 330 Fungi, 143–147 Host-feeding, 117, Glossary page 316 Host-plant resistance, 207–228 GABA, 61, 76 Human population, 1, 2, 109, 273, 288 Galanthus nivalis agglutinin, 285, 291 Human exposure to insecticides, 104 Game Conservancy, 103 Hungary, 282 Gametogenesis, 196, Glossary page 321 Hybrid breeding, 219, 220 Gamma-rays, 195, 199 Hybrid plants, 293 Garlic, 31, 46, 48 Hybrid sterility, 191

340 Subject index

Hydraulic sprayers, 88 Isobutylamides, 35 Hydroprene, 182 Isomerism, 176, Glossary pages 308 & 320 Hydroxamic acids, 214, Glossary page 324 Israel, 171, 201 Hymenoptera, 118, 120 Israelites, 5 Hyperparasitism, 118, 125, Glossary page 316 Isthmus of Panama, 199

Ichneumonoidea, 119 Jassids, Glossary page 324 Imidacloprid, 74, 75 Jericho, 4 Inbreeding, 219 Jojoba, 46 India, 55, 95, 105, 130, 233, 261, 282 Jordon, 201 Indonesia, 55 Juvabione, 181, 182 Induced resistance, Glossary page 324 Juvenile hormone, 181–185 Inoculation, 121, 128–129, 136, Glossary page 315 Inorganic compounds, 8 Kairomones, 177 Insect circulatory systems, Glossary page 320 Kanamycin, 294, Glossary page 331 Insect growth regulators, 180–189 Key pests, Glossary page 312 Insecticidal proteins, 285 Kinoprene, 182 Insecticide application, 88–93 Knipling, 193 Insecticide residues, 94 Knockdown, 70, Glossary page 308 Insecticide resistance, 94, 96 KwaZulu-Natal, 82 Insecticides, 50–79

Insect-resistant plants, 282 LD50, 68, Glossary page 305 Institute of Scientific Information, 247, Glossary Ladybirds, 291 page 328 Laminate flakes, 165, 166 Integrated biological control, 132 Landraces, 209 Integrated control, Glossary page 328 Lantana, 48 Integrated crop management, 130, Glossary page Laurel, 45 328 Leafminers, Glossary page 316 Integrated pesticide management, 257 Leatherjackets, Glossary page 326 Integrated pest management, 16, 21, 246–274 Leaving group, 66, Glossary page 308 Integrated pest management (definitions), Lebanon, 201 247–250 Lectins, 285 Integrated pest management programme Leishmaniasis, 3 (establishment of), 257 Lemongrass, 45 Intercropping, 236 Lepidoptera, 3 International Atomic Energy Agency, 201 Lindane, 60, 61 International Centre for Agricultural Research in Liquid concentrates, 85 Dry Areas, 217 Low-input sustainable agriculture, 242 International Centre for Maize and Wheat Low-till, 231 Improvement, 217 Lure and kill, 169, 174–175 International Crop Research Institute for the Lybia, 200 Semi-Arid Tropics, 217 Lygus bugs, 234 International Institute for Tropical Agriculture, 217 Maize, 282 International Labour Organisation, 105, Glossary Malaria, 1, 3, 11, 52, 82 page 312 Malathion, 64 International Organisation for Biological Control, Malaysia, 55, 105, 155, 265 125, Glossary page 318 Mali, 261 International Plant Genetic Resources Institute, Malthus, Glossary page 328 216 Mammey, 31, 48 International Potato Centre, 217 Manuring, 232 International Phytosanitary Certificate, 108, Maple lactone, 46 Glossary page 312 Marigolds, 41, 239 International Rice Research Institute, 217, 224 Marker genes, 294 Inundation, 128, 136, Glossary pages 315 & 318 Mass rearing, 194 Invasive pests, 7 Mass trapping, 169 Irrigation, 233 Mathematical models, Glossary page 329

Subject index 341

Mating disruption, 169, 173–174 Occasional pest, 250 Mauritius, 130 Occluded viruses, 153 Mealybug, Glossary page 316 Occupational exposure, 94 Mediterranean fruit fly, 191, 201 Odonata, 120 Merck, 29, Glossary page 306 Oilseed rape, 292 Methoprene, 182, 183 Oligogenic plant resistance, 221 Methoxychlor, 58 Old testament, 5 Methoxyfenozide, 185 Oman, 65, 155 Methyl parathion, 65 Onchocerciasis, 3 Mexico, 95 Onion, 48 Microbial pest control, 135–158 Operator exposure, 289 Microcapsules, 86, 165 Optomotor landing response, 236, Glossary page Microinjection, 279 326 Microspora, 151 Organic farming, 229, 239–242, 293, 295, Milky disease, 142, Glossary page 318 Glossary page 313 Mistblowers, 90 Organochlorides, 11, 12, 52, 57–62, 77, 79 Monarch butterflies, 291 Organophosphate induced delayed Monogenic insect resistance, 98 polyneuropathy, 105 Monogenic plant resistance, 221, 281 Organophosphates, 11, 12, 52, 62–67, 77, 79 Mosquito fish, 130 Oviposition pheromones, 175 Moulting, 180 Oxfam, 105 Moulting hormone, 181, 185–186 Oxidative phosphorylation, 51, Glossary page 309 Multiparasitism, 118 Multiple compound resistance, Glossary page 312 Pakistan, 174, 261, 262 Muna, 31 Palestine, 201 Muscardine disease, 144, Glossary page 319 Papua New Guinea, 192 Mutant selection, 278 Parasitoid, 114, 116–120, Glossary page 313 Mynah bird, 130 Parthenogenesis, 203, 221, Glossary page 322 Myrcene, 172 Particle acceleration, 279 Pebrine disease, Glossary page 319 NADH, Glossary page 306 Pedigree breeding, 219 Nagana, 202 Pellitorine, 36 Naphthoquinones, 38, Glossary page 306 Penicillin, 109 Native peoples, 28 Peppermint, 45 Natural enemies, 112 Perennial pest, 250 Natural enemy hypothesis, 237 Permethrin, 69 Natural rate of population increase, Glossary page Persian lilac, 31 322 Peru, 95, 174, 259, 260 Neem, 29, 31, 43 Pesticide legislation, 107, Glossary page 313 Neolithic, Glossary page 304 Pesticide poisoning, 105 Negative toxicity correlation, 60 Pesticide residues, 106 Nematodes, 147–150 Pesticide-resistant mites, 287 Neonicotinoids, 12, 52, 74–76, 77, 79 Pesticide-resistant predators, Glossary page 329 Netherlands, 266 Pesticide tax, 230, Glossary page 327 Neuroptera, 120 Pesticide treadmill, 101 Neurotoxin, 59 Pest status, 250 Nicaragua, 95, 199 Pharaohs, 5 Nicotine, 32, 46 Phenological expression , 295, Glossary page 331 Nicotinic receptors, 75 Pheromone isomers, 164, 176 Nigeria, 202 Pheromone monitoring, 169–171 N-methyl carbamate, Glossary page 309 Pheromones, 23, 159–179 Nobel prize, 11, 58 Pheromone traps, 167–169, 176 Nonoccluded viruses, 153 Philippines, 55 Nonpreference, 212, 213 Phosphorylation, 66, Glossary page 307 Nontarget mortality, 94, 100 Physicochemical properties, 90, Glossary page 313 Nontarget species, 291, Glossary page 312 Physostigmine, 12, 71, 72 Nuclear polyhedrosis virus, 154 Phytochemicals, 28

342 Subject index

Phytoseid mites, Glossary page 317 Resistance and transgenic crops, 99 Pink bollworm, 174 Resistance ecology, 98 Plant breeding, 219, 281, 292 Resistance genes, 286 Planting date manipulation, 235 Resistance management, 95, 295 Planting density, 235 Resistance mechanisms, 97 Plasmid, 140, Glossary page 319 Resistant pests, 16, 17 Plasmodium, 287 Resource concentration hypothesis, 237 Plastic ﬁbres, 165, 166 Resurgent pests, 94, 100 Pliny, 5 Rice, 55, 56, 214, 224 Polyembryony, 118 Rice pest management, 264 Polygenic plant resistance, 221 Rickettsiae, 192, Glossary page 322 Polygenic traits, 286 Rig Veda, 5, Glossary page 304 Polynesia, 288 Rotenone, 39, 46 Positive temperature correlation, 61 Rubber septa, 165 Postsynaptic receptor, Glossary page 309 Russia, 95, 282 Potatoes, 56, 284, 285 Ryania, 31, 46 Precocenes, 184, 185 Ryanodine, 37 Predators, 114, 120 Predatory mites, 120 Sabadilla, 7, 30, 31, 46 Preventive pest management, 229, Glossary page Sanibel Island, 199 327 Sarin, 62, 63 Privet, 48 Scale insects, Glossary page 317 Problem-trading, 224, 225 Schradan, 12 Proctotrupidoidea, 119 Screwworm, 23, 191, 197–201 Programa Moscamed, 201 Secondary disease cycling, 141 Promoter gene, Glossary page 331 Secondary pests, 94, 100 Prothoracicotropic hormone, 181, Glossary page Secondary plant substances, 28, 210–212, 321 Glossary page 306 Protoplast fusion, 278 Secondary screwworm, 198 Protozoa, 150–152 Semiochemicals, 159 Pseudoresistance, 215 Severe pest, 250 Pure-line selection, 220 Sex pheromones, 160, 170 Pyrethrin, 46, 67 Shelf-life, 83, 122, 137, 140, 149, Glossary page Pyrethroids, 11, 12, 52, 67–71, 77, 79 314 Pyrethrum, 41 Side-eﬀects of insecticides, 94–107 Pyriproxyfen, 182, 184 Silent Spring, 16, 52, 94 Single compound resistance, Glossary page 314 Quality Protection Act (USA), 272 Snowdrops, 285 Quarantine, 7, 108, 118, 125 Sodium channel, 36, 60 Quassia, 8, 31, 34 Soil Association (UK), 240 Quassin, 35 Soil bacteria, 243, 291 Soluble powders, 87 r–K continuum, 21, 22, 101, 131, Glossary page Somaclonal variation, 278 304 Sorghum, 224 Rachel Carson, 16, 52, 94 Sotto disease, 138, Glossary page 319 Rapeseed, 282 Soursop, 31 Rayleigh limit, 92, Glossary page 314 Soybean, 56, 282, 293 Recombinant DNA, 24, 218, 277, 278, 279, Spearmint, 31 Glossary page 331 Spider mites, 102 Recurrent selection, 219, 220 Spinning disc sprayers, 90 Reduced-rate pesticide applications, Glossary page Steiner, Rudolph, Glossary page 327 314 Steinernematidae, 147 Refractory population, 288, 290, Glossary page Sterile insect release technique, 191, 193–197, 204 331 Sterilisation, 195 Refugia, 295 Subeconomic pest, 250 Reinvasion, Glossary page 314 Sudan, 259 Relay cropping, 234 Superparasitism, 118

Subject index 343

Suspension concentrates, 85 Tsetse fly, 23, 191, 202 Sustainable farming, 230, 242 Turmeric, 31 Sweetsop, 31 Typhus, 11, 52 Sweet flag, 31, 40, 48 Syngenta, 13 Uganda, 105 Synomones, 177 Unguja, Glossary page 323 Systemic activity, Glossary page 309 Ultra low volume, Glossary page 315 Union Carbide, 106 TEPP, 64 Tabun, 62, 63 Vancomycin, 294 Tachinidae, 119 Varro, 6 Tanzania, 191 Vavilov, 216, 217, Glossary page 325 Tasmania, 262, 263 Vector, Glossary pages 315 & 332 Tebufenozide, 185, 186 Vegetable pest management, 265 Technical-grade material, 83 Veratridine, 31, 32 Tefluthrin, 70 Verbenone, 172 Terpenoids, 213, Glossary page 320 Vertebrate biocontrol agents, 130 Thanite, 51 Vertical resistance, 221, 226 Theophrastus, 207, Glossary page 324 Victor Vermorel, 8, Glossary page 305 Thiamethoxam, 75 Vietnam, 55, 265 Thuringiensin, 143 Vitamin A deficiency, 288 Thysanura, 3,180, Glossary page 321 Viruses, 152–157 Tillage, 231 Voltage-dependent sodium channel, Glossary Ti plasmid, 279 page 307 Tissue culture, 277, 278 Tobacco, 284 Waxiness, 212, 213 Tobacco budworms, Glossary page 322 Wettable powders, 86 Tolerance, 212, 215 Wheat, 56, 224 Tomatoes, 267, 284 Wireworms, Glossary page 327 Torrey pine, 172,173 World Health Organization, 105, Glossary page Trap crops, 234 315 Transgenic pests, 287 World Health Statistics, 105 Transgenic plants, 281 World population, 109, 273, 288 Transgenic predators, 286 Transposable elements, 286 Xerophthalmia, 289, Glossary page 332 Trial by ordeal, 12, 71, Glossary page 305 X-rays, 195 Trichome, 210, 233 Tritrophic culturing, 122, 126, 143, 155, Glossary Yellow fever, 3, 11 page 331 Yield drag, 224, 225 Tritrophic hierarchy, 276 Yield infestation relationships, 257 Trophic resource, Glossary page 317 Tropical rainforest, 91 Zaire, 123 Trypanosomiasis, 3, 191, 202, Glossary page 322 Zanzibar, 202, Glossary page 323