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The Relation of Wild Parsnip, Pastinaca Sativa L., to Parasitoid Populations Associated with Soybean Pests in Central Iowa

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The Relation of Wild Parsnip, Pastinaca Sativa L., to Parasitoid Populations Associated with Soybean Pests in Central Iowa Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 1983 The elr ation of wild parsnip, Pastinaca sativa L., to parasitoid populations associated with soybean pests in central Iowa Linda Anne Buntin Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the Entomology Commons Recommended Citation Buntin, Linda Anne, "The er lation of wild parsnip, Pastinaca sativa L., to parasitoid populations associated with soybean pests in central Iowa " (1983). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 8455. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/8455 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This reproduction was made from a copy of a document sent to us for microfilming. While the most advanced technology has been used to photograph and reproduce this document, the quality of the reproduction is heavily dependent upon the quality of the material submitted. The following explanation of techniques is provided to help clarify markings or notations which may appear on this reproduction. 1.The sign or "target" for pages apparently lacking from the document photographed is "Missing Page(s)". If it was possible to obtain the missing page(s) or section, they are spliced into the film along with adjacent pages. This may have necessitated cutting through an image and duplicating adjacent pages to assure complete continuity. 2. When an image on the film is obliterated with a round black mark, it is an indication of either blurred copy because of movement during exposure, duplicate copy, or copyrighted materials that should not have been filmed. For blurred pages, a good image of the page can be found in the adjacent frame. If copyrighted materials were deleted, a target note will appear listing the pages in the adjacent frame. 3. When a map, drawing or chart, etc., is part of the material being photographed, a definite method of "sectioning" the material has been followed. It is customary to begin filming at the upper left hand comer of a large sheet and to continue from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. If necessary, sectioning is continued again—beginning below the first row and continuing on until complete. 4. For illustrations that cannot be satisfactorily reproduced by xerographic means, photographic prints can be purchased at additional cost and inserted into your xerographic copy. Tliese prints are available upon request from the Dissertations Customer Services Department. 5. Some pages in any document may have indistinct print. In irll cases the best available copy has been filmed. Universi^ MicnSilms Internatloncil 300 N. Zeeb Road Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 8407054 Buntin, Linda Anne THE RELATION OF WILD PARSNIP, PASTINACA SATIVA L., TO PARASITOID POPULATIONS ASSOCIATED WITH SOYBEAN PESTS IN CENTRAL IOWA Iowa State University PH.D. 1983 University Microfilms 1n t© rn âti 0 n â I 300 N. zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106 Copyright 1983 by Buntin, Linda Anne All Rights Reserved PLEASE NOTE: In all cases this material has been filmed in the best possible way from the available copy. Problems encountered with this document have been identified here with a check mark V . 1. Glossy photographs or pages 2. Colored illustrations, paper or print 3. Photographs with dark background 4. Illustrations are poor copy 5. Pages with black marks, not original copy 6. Print shows through as there is text on both sides of page 7. Indistinct, broken or small print on several pages l/^ 8. Print exceeds margin requirements 9. Tightly bound copy with print lost in spine 10. Computer printout pages with indistinct print 11. Page(s) lacking when material received, and not available from school or author. 12. Page(s) seem to be missing in numbering only as text follows. 13. Two pages numbered . Text follows. 14. Curling and wrinkled pages 15. Other University Microfilms International The relation of wild parsnip, Pastinaca sativa L., to parasitoid populations associated with soybean pests in central Iowa by Linda Anne Buntin A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate Faculty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY' Major: Entomology Approved: Members of the Committee: Signature was redacted for privacy. Signature was redacted for privacy. ïn Charge of Major Work Signature was redacted for privacy. epartment Signature was redacted for privacy. rate College Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 1983 Copyright @ Linda Anne Buntin, 1983. All rights reserved. il TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE INTRODUCTION 1 LITERATURE REVIEW 2 Habitat Diversity 2 Importance of habitat diversity 2 Benefits and detriments of diversity 3 Fencerows 6 Nutrition Supplied by Flowering Plants 9 Positive Impact of Weeds in Agroecosystems 11 Weed retention in pest suppression programs 11 Applications in agriculture 12 Vegetables 12 Corn 13 Cotton and alfalfa 14 Soybeans 15 Sugarcane 15 Orchards 16 Vineyards 17 Ornamentals and forests 17 Green Cloverworm 20 Biology of green cloverworm 20 Natural enemies of green cloverworm 21 Wild Parsnip 25 Biology of wild parsnip 25 Insect associates of wild parsnip 27 Trapping Methods 28 Faunal Lists 32 MATERIALS AND METHODS 34 Field Procedures 34 Soybean studies 34 Parsnip studies 36 Laboratory Procedures 37 Rearing studies 37 Feeding studies 37 Statistical Analyses 38 iii RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 41 Soybean Studies 41 Wild Parsnip Studies 64 Diptera 64 Hymenoptera-Braconidae 83 Hymenoptera-Ichneumonidae 105 Hymenoptera-Parasitica 113 Hymenoptera-Aculeata 137 Laboratory Studies 142 CONCLUSIONS 145 LITERATURE CITED 150 APPENDIX 179 Description of plots 179 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT 181 iv LIST OF TABLES PAGE TABLE 1. Species of larval lepidopterans collected from soybean fields in central Iowa during 1979 41 TABLE 2. Mean seasonal totals (Y+SE) per field and apparent paras itization rates of minor larval lepidopterans collected in 1979 from central Iowa soybean fields .... 43 TABLE 3. Mean seasonal totals (X±SE) per field and apparent parasitization rates of minor larval lepidopterans collected in 1979 from two locations in central Iowa soybean fields 44 TABLE 4. Mean seasonal totals (X±SE) per field of larval green cloverworms collected in 1979 from central Iowa soybean fields with and without wild parsnip borders 46 TABLE 5. Mean seasonal totals (%±SE) per field of green cloverworm larval stages collected in 1980 from central Iowa soybeans with and without wild parsnip borders 47 TABLE 6. Mean seasonal totals (%±SE) per field of green cloverworm larval stages collected in 1980 from two locations in central Iowa soybean fields 48 TABLE 7. Mean (±SE) apparent seasonal mortality (%) per field in 1979 caused by natural enemies of green cloverworm larvae collected from central Iowa soybean fields with and without wild parsnip borders 53 TABLE 8. Mean apparent seasonal mortality (%) per field in 1979 caused by natural enemies of green cloverworm larvae collected from two locations in central Iowa soybean fields 54 TABLE 9. Mean (±SE) apparent seasonal mortality (%) per field in 1980 caused by natural enemies of green cloverworm larvae collected from central Iowa soybean fields with and without wild parsnip borders 56 TABLE 10. Mean (±SE) apparent seasonal mortality (%) per field in 1980 caused by natural enemies of green cloverworm larvae collected from two locations in central Iowa soybean fields 57 V TABLE 11. Mean (±SE) seasonal parasitization (%) per field of green cloverworm instars respectively susceptible to three parasitoid species and collected from central Iowa soybean fields in 1980 58 TABLE 12. Mean (-SE) seasonal parasitization (%) per field of green cloverworm instars respectively susceptible to three parasitoid species from two locations in central Iowa soybean fields in 1980 60 TABLE 13. Mean (-SE) seasonal parasitization (%) per field in 1980 of green cloverworm larval stages collected from central Iowa soybean fields with and without wild parsnip borders ... 61 TABLE 14. Mean (±SE) seasonal parasitization (%) per field of green cloverworm larval stages collected in 1980 from two locations in central Iowa soybean fields with and without parsnip borders 63 TABLE 15. Species list of identified Diptera trapped among wild parsnip in central Iowa during 1979 and 1980 66 TABLE 16. Mean seasonal totals (X^SE) per plot of Tachinidae (Diptera) trapped among wild parsnip in central Iowa during 1979 and 1980 67 TABLE 17. Mean seasonal totals (%±SE) per plot of males and females of selected tachinids trapped among wild parsnip in central Iowa during 1979 and 1980 72 TABLE 18. Mean seasonal totals (X±SE) of Diptera other than Tachinidae trapped among wild parsnip in central Iowa during 1979 and 1980 81 TABLE 19. Species of Braconidae (Hymenoptera) trapped among wild parsnip in-central Iowa during 1979 and 1980 84 TABLE 20. Mean seasonal totals (X±SE) per plot of Microgastrinae (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) trapped among wild parsnip in central Iowa during 1979 and 1980 85 TABLE 21. Mean seasonal totals (X±SE) per plot of braconid species (excluding Microgastrinae) trapped among wild parsnip in central Iowa during 1979 and 1980 94 TABLE 22. Ichneumonid taxa known as green cloverworm associates and trapped among wild parsnip in central Iowa during 1979 and 1980 105 TABLE 23. Mean seasonal totals (X±SE) of ichneumonid taxa trapped per vi plot among wild parsnip in central Iowa during 1979 and 1980 107 TABLE 24. Taxa of Hymenoptera-Parasitica (excluding Ichneumonoidea) trapped among wild parsnip in central Iowa during 1979 and 1980 114 TABLE 25. Mean seasonal totals (X±SE) of Ghalcidoidea (Hyraenoptera) trapped per plot among wild parsnip in central Iowa during 1979 and 1980 116 TABLE 26. Mean seasonal totals (ITiSE) of Hymenoptera-Parasitica other than Ichneumonoidea and Ghalcidoidea trapped per plot among wild parsnip in central Iowa during 1979 and 1980 ...
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