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Cuban Missile Crisis: the Essential Reference Guide See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301764009 Cuban Missile Crisis: The Essential Reference Guide. Book · April 2012 CITATIONS READS 0 182 1 author: Priscilla Roberts City University of Macau 551 PUBLICATIONS 85 CITATIONS SEE PROFILE Some of the authors of this publication are also working on these related projects: China, Hong Kong, and the Long 1970s: Global Perspectives View project Women and International Relations View project All content following this page was uploaded by Priscilla Roberts on 13 March 2017. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. Cuban Missile Crisis 44148-493-0FM.indd148-493-0FM.indd i 22/18/2012/18/2012 88:25:20:25:20 PPMM 44148-493-0FM.indd148-493-0FM.indd iiii 22/18/2012/18/2012 88:25:20:25:20 PPMM Cuban Missile Crisis The Essential Reference Guide Priscilla Roberts 44148-493-0FM.indd148-493-0FM.indd iiiiii 22/18/2012/18/2012 88:25:20:25:20 PPMM Copyright 2012 by ABC-CLIO, LLC All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, except for the inclusion of brief quotations in a review, without prior permission in writing from the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Roberts, Priscilla Mary. Cuban Missile Crisis : the essential reference guide / Priscilla Roberts. p. cm. „This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook‰·T.p. verso. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-61069-065-2 (hardcopy : acid-free paper) · ISBN 978-1-61069-066-9 (ebook) 1. Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962. 2. Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962·Sources. 3. Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962·Chronology. I. Title. E841.R55 2012 972.9106 ' 4·dc23 2011051907 ISBN: 978-1-61069-065-2 EISBN: 978-1-61069-066-9 16 15 14 13 12 1 2 3 4 5 This book is also available on the World Wide Web as an eBook. Visit www.abc-clio.com for details. ABC-CLIO, LLC 130 Cremona Drive, P.O. Box 1911 Santa Barbara, California 93116-1911 This book is printed on acid-free paper Manufactured in the United States of America 44148-493-0FM.indd148-493-0FM.indd iivv 22/18/2012/18/2012 88:25:20:25:20 PPMM Remembering Des Robinson (1937ă2012) Spectacular Athlete Inspiring Teacher Most Splendid of Friends 44148-493-0FM.indd148-493-0FM.indd v 22/18/2012/18/2012 88:25:20:25:20 PPMM 44148-493-0FM.indd148-493-0FM.indd vvii 22/18/2012/18/2012 88:25:20:25:20 PPMM Contents List of Entries, ix Introduction, xi Entries, 1 Primary Documents, 193 1. President John F. Kennedy, Report to the American People on the Soviet Arms Buildup in Cuba, October 22, 1962, 193 2. Kennedy-Khrushchev Exchanges during the Cuban Missile Crisis, October 22–28, 1962, 199 3. Meeting between U.S. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy and Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin, October 27, 1962, 223 4. Meeting between U.S. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy and Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin, October 28, 1962, 228 5. Chairman Nikita Khrushchev to President John F. Kennedy, Moscow, October 28, 1962, 230 6. Meeting between U.S. Attorney General Robert F. Kennedy and Soviet Ambassador Anatoly Dobrynin, October 30, 1962, 232 7. Letters between Cuban leader Fidel Castro and Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev, October 26–31, 1962, 236 Chronology, 249 Bibliography, 255 List of Editors and Contributors, 269 Index, 273 vii 44148-493-0FM.indd148-493-0FM.indd vviiii 22/18/2012/18/2012 88:25:20:25:20 PPMM 44148-493-0FM.indd148-493-0FM.indd vviiiiii 22/18/2012/18/2012 88:25:20:25:20 PPMM List of Entries Acheson, Dean Gooderham Dulles, Allen Welsh Alekseev (Shitov), Aleksandr Dulles, John Foster Ivanovich Alliance for Progress Eisenhower, Dwight David anadyr, Operation Arkhipov, Vasili Alexandrovich Feklisov (Fomin), Aleksandr Ball, George Wildman Gilpatric, Roswell Leavitt Batista y Zaldívar, Fulgencio Gribkov, Anatoli Ivanovich Bay of Pigs Invasion Gromyko, Andrey Andreyevich Berlin Crises Guantánamo Bay Naval Base Bissell, Richard Mervin, Jr. Guevara de la Serna, Bohlen, Charles Eustis Ernesto „Che‰ Bolshakov, Georgi Nikitovich Bundy, McGeorge Harriman, William Averell Castro, Fidel Johnson, Lyndon Baines Castro, Raúl Joint Chiefs of Staff Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Jupiter Missiles (Turkey and China, PeopleÊs Republic of (PRC) Italy) Containment, Doctrine and Course of Kennedy, John Fitzgerald Cordier, Andrew Wellington Kennedy, Robert Francis Cuba Khrushchev, Nikita Sergeyevich Kohler, Foy David Dillon, C(larence) Douglas Kozlov, Frol Romanovich Dobrynin, Anatoly Fyodorovich Kuznetsov, Vasili Vasilyevich ix 44148-493-0FM.indd148-493-0FM.indd iixx 22/18/2012/18/2012 88:25:20:25:20 PPMM x| List of Entries Lansdale, Edward Geary Rostow, Walt Whitman Lovett, Robert Abercrombie Rusk, Dean David Malinovsky, Rodion Yakovlevich Schlesinger, Arthur Meier, Jr. Mann, Thomas C. Sorensen, Theodore Chaikin McCloy, John Jay Stevenson, Adlai Ewing, II McCone, John Alex McNamara, Robert Strange Taylor, Maxwell Davenport Mikoyan, Anastas Ivanovich Thompson, Llewellyn Military Balance Edward, Jr. Missile Gap mongoose, Operation U Thant Monroe Doctrine U-2 Overflights United Nations Nitze, Paul Henry U.S. Allies Nuclear Arms Race U.S. Congress Organization of American Vienna Conference States Warsaw Pact Partial Test Ban Treaty Pliyev, Issa Alexandrovich Zorin, Valerian Aleksandrovich 44148-493-0FM.indd148-493-0FM.indd x 22/18/2012/18/2012 88:25:20:25:20 PPMM Introduction: The Cuban Missile Crisis Priscilla Roberts Causes The October 1962 Cuban Missile Crisis was the closest the two Cold War superpowers, the United States and the Soviet Union, ever came to full- scale nuclear war. It represented the convergence of several trends in U.S. foreign policy: the long-time assumption of a hegemonic role in the West- ern Hemisphere (first enunciated in the Monroe Doctrine); the Cold War policy of containing global communism enshrined in the Truman Doctrine declaration; postăWorld War II U.S.-Soviet competition for the loyalties of the developing world; and the nuclear rivalry between the United States and the Soviet Union. From the early 19th century, successive U.S. governments held it al- most axiomatic that their country should rightfully be predominant over the rest of the Western Hemisphere. The Monroe Doctrine was an 1823 declaration that no other power should acquire any further colonies in the Americas nor seek to regain colonies that had become independent. In 1904 President Theodore Roosevelt took this still further, announcing, in what he termed the Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine, that the United States had the right to intervene to restore order in any Latin American nation that failed to conduct its affairs to U.S. satisfaction. U.S. officials treated Latin America as a de facto sphere of influence. Six years earlier, Roosevelt had been among the strongest advocates of war against Spain to end continuing unrest and rebellion in Cuba, then a Spanish col- ony. In 1898 the United States finally declared war on Spain, winning a quick victory over the European power. At the end of the year, Spain ceded Cuba, together with the Philippines, Guam, and Puerto Rico, to the United States. xi 44148-493-00Intro.indd148-493-00Intro.indd xxii 22/18/2012/18/2012 88:26:13:26:13 PPMM 44148-493-00Intro.indd xii 1 4 8 - 4 9 3 - 0 0 CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS, 1962 I n t r o . i n N d d 90°W 70°W 60°W x Charleston i i UNITED STATES Savannah ATLANTIC 30°N OCEAN Miami Gulf of Mexico Key West BAHAMAS Havana CUBA DOMINICAN 20°N REPUBLIC Guantánamo San Juan MEXICO Bay HAITI BELIZE JAMAICA PUERTO GUATEMALA RICO HONDURAS Caribbean Sea NICARAGUA U.S. military bases Panama U.S. naval blockade, October 1962 Canal Zone Soviet missile sites, 1962 COSTA RICA VENEZUELA 0 250 500 mi Cuba-bound Soviet ships, 1962 COLOMBIA PANAMA 0 250 500 km Cuban Missile Crisis, 1962 22/18/2012 8:26:13 PM / 1 8 / 2 0 1 2 8 : 2 6 : 1 3 P M Causes | xiii After four years of U.S. occupation, in 1902 Cuba received indepen- dence, with some qualifications. The U.S. Navy obtained a permanent lease on a base at Guantánamo Bay in Cuba. Cuba was also forced to accept the Platt Amendment, whereby the United States retained the right to intervene in CubaÊs economic, military, and political affairs should the U.S. government disapprove of Cuban conduct of these. American troops returned again in 1906 for three years, and once more in 1912 to suppress domestic unrest. In 1933 the new government of Ramón Grau, brought to power by a military coup, nullified the Platt Amendment, whereupon U.S. president Franklin D. Roosevelt denied diplomatic recognition to Cuba for a year. Gen. Fulgencio Batista, the military strongman who dominated the new regime and served as president from 1940 to 1944 and again from 1952 to 1958, quickly became a reliable U.S. client, aligning himself with U.S. policies in both World War II and the Cold War. Throughout, Cuba remained heavily commercially and financially dependent on the United States, and American-owned firms dominated the Cuban economy. From the late 1940s onward, U.S. foreign policy was dominated by the global competition between the United States, the standard-bearer of lib- eral, democratic, and capitalist values, and the Soviet Union, the worldÊs foremost communist power. In 1947 the Truman Doctrine made contain- ment, the effort to prevent any additional nations becoming communist, the guiding principle of U.S. foreign policy.
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