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Igarka As a Frontier: Lessons from the Pioneer of the Northern Sea Route

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Igarka As a Frontier: Lessons from the Pioneer of the Northern Sea Route Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences 2020 13(5): 783–799 DOI: 10.17516/1997-1370-0607 УДК 332.14 Igarka as a Frontier: Lessons from the Pioneer of the Northern Sea Route Nadezhda Yu. Zamiatina* Lomonosov Moscow State University Moscow, Russian Federation Laboratory of Historical Geography and Regionalism Tyumen State University Tyumen, Russian Federation Received 05.03.2020, received in revised form 30.04.2020, accepted 12.05.2020 Abstract. The article considers the development trajectory of Igarka, a pioneer export port of the Northern Sea Route. The focus is made on analyzing the possibilities of preserving the town after the collapse of the town-forming enterprises. The main conceptual framework of the analysis is the Jack London’s hypothesis introduced by Alaskan economist Lee Husky (about potential of frontier cities for further development in the post-boom period). The findings are that the reason for the current economic and social crises in Igarka is not only the change in the conditions of timber export and navigation along the Northern Sea Route in the 1990s, but also the reduced economic functions of the town, as well as the decrease in the diversity of the urban environment as a whole, after paradoxically record production indicators in the last Soviet decades. Keywords: resource development, Northern Sea Route, export, transport, frontier, cyclical economic development, boom and bust, dependence on course, Jack London’s effect. The work was carried out within the framework of the state task of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation No. 33.2257.2017/PCh “Russian harbours of Trans-Arctic Railway: spaces and communities of the Arctic coast of Russia on the eve of a new era of the Northern Sea Route development”. Research area: sociological sciences. Citation: Zamiatina, N.Yu. (2020). Igarka as a frontier: lessons from the pioneer of the Northern Sea Route. J. Sib. Fed. Univ. Humanit. Soc. Sci., 13(5), 783-799. DOI: 10.17516/1997-1370-0607. © Siberian Federal University. All rights reserved * Corresponding author E-mail address: nadezam@yandeх.ru ORCID: 0000-0002-4941-9027 – 783 – Nadezhda Yu. Zamiatina. Igarka as a Frontier: Lessons from the Pioneer of the Northern Sea Route Igarka is a port on the river Yenisei which prise, almost three-quarters of the population has been specializing in the transporting the and the status of a town of regional subordina- exported Siberian timber to the sea ships mov- tion. And the deeper one penetrates into Igar- ing along the Northern Sea Route and further ka’s fate, the more one wonders how inevitable to the foreign ports. Being at the 2nd place in this tragedy was. the USSR after Arkhangelsk, Igarka was pos- First of all, the most characteristic point ited as one of their “currency producer” of the is the contrast between the efforts of the first country. builders to create a town with a permanent Founded in 1929, Igarka was one of the population, a diversified economy, self-suf- first Soviet towns in the Arctic, and an icon- ficiency in food supply, a town which was to ic symbol of the success of the Soviet power become a cultural and information centre of in the North exploration. “Look at the map of the vast area of the Transpolar region, and the our North. According to Stalin’s decree, lights final of this classic mono-profile settlement, of new towns and district centres shone across fully dependent on the town-forming enter- the Arctic. Whereas 12 years ago Trans-Polar prise. More than that, even the famous by itself Igarka had only 49 people, now it has 20 thou- Igarsky Pedagogical College of the Indigenous sand inhabitants,” I.D. Papanin reported to the People of the North was closed after the ces- XVIII Congress of the Party in 1939 (XVIII sation of timber transshipment, although there s’ezd Vsesoiuznoi…, 1939: 332). had to be no technological or financial connec- It was with the beginning of timber ship- tion between the college and the town-forming ment through Igarka that systematic, “flow” enterprise. use of the western section of the Northern Sea This article is an attempt to rethink the Route (hereinafter referred to as NSR) as a economic history of Igarka in terms of the commercial mainline began. One should bear concept of the frontier, and in particular Jack in mind that by the time Igarka was founded, London’s effect proposed by the Alaskan econ- many attempts had already been made to en- omist Lee Husky (Huskey, 2017). The main ter the foreign market from the Yenisei: there material used in this work is interviews and had been expeditions of the merchant Mikhail personal observations made during the trips to Sidorov, the voyages of captain Viggins and Igarka in 2013 (3 expert and 1 in-depth inter- captain Schwanenberg; trade operations of the view) and 2018 (18 expert and 15 in-depth in- Norwegian explorer Jonas Lid, the Kara Sea terviews taken during the joint expedition with operations of the Kolchak’s time and the first M. Agapov and F. Korandey, my colleagues years of Soviet power. But it was Igarka’s port from Tyumen State University). Obviously, this where these “flow”, regular exports started, material allows researchers to estimate mainly which made it possible to overcome the eco- the peculiarities of the last stages of Igarka’s nomic barrier of high insurance payments for development (the memories of the majority of merchant shipping through the NSR: “The in- informants did not go earlier than the 1970s, crease in tonnage of vessels entering the Yeni- though in some cases there were earlier ones), sei... testifies to the higher degree of studying and also (this is perhaps the most interesting is- the conditions of passing, and hence to the re- sue) the findings may lead to conclusions about duction of danger of these voyages. There was the possibility of other options for Igarka’s exit a pattern of annually decreasing amount of in- from the frontier cycle. Earlier stages of town surance to be paid by ships leaving for Igarka,” development are analyzed according to earlier the town reported in 1935 (Ostroumova et al., published sources. 1935: 7). Being the “showcase” of the Soviet Trans- Rises and falls of frontier towns: polar region, the “heroine” of many reports and concept of escaping the resource trap books, Igarka went through one of the most The concept of the frontier as a “meet- catastrophic scenarios of transformation in the ing point between savagery and civilization” post-Soviet era; it lost its town-forming enter- (Turner, 2009: 13) was introduced into science – 784 – Nadezhda Yu. Zamiatina. Igarka as a Frontier: Lessons from the Pioneer of the Northern Sea Route by the American historian F.J. Turner in his mote areas, enabling the territory’s economic seminal essay “The Significance of the Frontier development to start with meeting domestic de- in American History” published in 1893 (Turn- mand; these measures may help to prolong the er, 1893); Turner’s concept was later polished in life of the frontier region after a decline in the a book with a similar title (Turner, 2009: 13). He export industry. Jack London’s hypothesis, the paid much attention to the fact that the frontier author writes, can be summed up as follows: is not a line, but rather a border zone, a frontier “Resource exploitation causes such growth zone, and this zone is mobile: as the territory and development of related industries that they becomes developed the frontier is extended to will be able to exist after the come-down of the new lands. That is how the frontier zone has resource boom, which in turn stimulates new “swept” practically all over the United States economic activity.” Jack London’s hypothesis from the east to the Great Plains, and, accord- describes a chance for a more optimistic “post- ing to Turner, the frontier zone had “closed” by boom” life of frontier towns. Structural chang- the time his historical work was written. es that occur during the resource booms may In the Turner’s concept, the closure of the change the economic environment in ways that frontier implied the transition of the territory promote future opportunities. Local policy- to a developed state. Nevertheless, later in the makers may wish to pay attention not simply works on the frontier subject there was often to resource development but also to the part of raised the issue of boom and bust cycles (As- the economy that is left behind after the boom” sche Van et al., 2016): the boom of economic (Huskey, 2017: 344). activity of the frontier is usually caused, as a Today the specialists wonder why the idea rule, by the discovery of a new resource or re- of possible closure of areas of new development moving the barrier to its development, and af- was not clearly covered in the first decades of ter the boom there logically comes the phase the development of the Soviet North, although of resource depletion and the corresponding the agenda was the very resource development, decline in economic activity. The U.S. frontier and American examples of ghost towns at the was mainly associated with the development turn of 19-20th centuries should have been still of new agricultural land, hence the phase of on everyone’s lips. depletion and decline was not as pronounced1 The study of the 1930s materials brings us as in the case of the mountain frontier (the de- closer to the answer to this question: in addi- velopment of mineral deposits, so called gold tion to the narrow task of providing resources and similar fever).
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