Medicinska Fakulteta Univerze V Ljubljani 1919–1945

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Medicinska Fakulteta Univerze V Ljubljani 1919–1945 Medicinska fakulteta Univerze v Ljubljani 1919–1945 Diploma mediko-kirurškega študija ljubljanskega liceja. Študentje Medicinske fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani pri vajah iz (ARS, Osebni fond, AS 972.) anatomije, okrog leta 1930. (Univerza v Ljubljani, Medicinska fakulteta, Inštitut za Inštitut za zgodovino medicine.) Medicinska fakulteta Univerze v Ljubljani 1919–1945 v Ljubljani Univerze Medicinska fakulteta ISBN 978-961-6410-37-3 25 € Medicinska fakulteta Univerze v Ljubljani 1919–1945 Diploma mediko-kirurškega študija ljubljanskega liceja iz leta 1836. Študentje Medicinske fakultete Univerze v Ljubljani pri vajah iz (Arhiv Republike Slovenije, Osebni fond, AS 972.) anatomije, okrog leta 1930. (Zasebni arhiv Žive Držaj Bonač.) Medicinska fakulteta Univerze v Ljubljani 1919–1945 v Ljubljani Univerze Medicinska fakulteta ISBN 978-961-6410-37-3 25 € Medicinska fakulteta Univerze v Ljubljani 1919–1945 Univerza v Ljubljani (Zgodovinski arhiv in muzej Univerze) Občasna razstava od decembra 2012 do februarja 2013 Kazalo Radovan Stanislav Pejovnik Predgovor � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 5 Jože Ciperle Uvod � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 7 Predzgodovina visokošolskega študija medicine v Ljubljani 9 Jože Ciperle Mediko-kirurška študijska stolica na ljubljanskem liceju 1791–1848 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 11 Jože Ciperle Francosko visoko šolstvo v Ljubljani in študij medicine 1809–1813 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 34 Medicinska fakulteta Univerze v Ljubljani 1919–1945 41 Tatjana Dekleva Medicinska fakulteta v Ljubljani 1919–1945 �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 43 Tea Anžur Register imatrikuliranih študentov Medicinske fakultete 1919–1943 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 58 Tea Anžur Abecedni seznam imatrikuliranih študentov Medicinske fakultete 1919–1943 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 71 Tea Anžur Krajevno kazalo imatrikuliranih študentov Medicinske fakultete 1919–1943 � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 84 Jože Ciperle, Tatjana Dekleva Seznam razstavljenega gradiva � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 90 Background of the higher education study of medicine in Ljubljana / Establishment of the Faculty of Medicine in Ljubljana 1919–1945 95 Jože Ciperle The Chair of Medical-Surgical Studies at the Ljubljana Lyceum 1791–1848 �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 97 Jože Ciperle The French Higher Education in Ljubljana and the Study of Medicine 1809–1813� � � � � � � � � � 115 Tatjana Dekleva Establishment of the Faculty of Medicine in Ljubljana 1919–1945 �� � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � � 119 3 Predgovor Zdravje je za človeka najpomembnejša dobrina vse od med sedmimi univerzitetnimi študijskimi smermi najdemo tudi pradavnine do današnjih dni� Arheološki viri nam dokazujejo, smeri za: zdravnike, kirurge in farmacevte� Z ukinitvijo liceja da je že pračlovek opravljal kirurške posege� Antika je že poznala sredi 19� stoletja je Ljubljana izgubila tudi medicinski študij� formalni medicinski študij, v srednjem veku pa so bile ustvarjene V drugi polovici 19� stoletja se je med Slovenci okrepil boj za osnove za medicinski študij na univerzah� Ta se je pod arabskim univerzo, ki je višek dosegel po koncu prve svetovne vojne, ko vplivom začel razvijati v Salernu, od tam pa se je razširil po je akcijo za njeno ustanovitev prevzela Vseučiliška komisija� Evropi� Zaradi vpliva krščanskega nazora, ki je omejeval univer- V njej so delovali tudi slovenski zdravniki in si prizadevali za zitetno avtonomijo srednjeveških univerz in prepovedoval ustanovitev medicinske fakultete� Njihova zahteva pa je bila z operacije, je bila kirurgija odstranjena z univerz, vendar so na ustanovitvijo univerze leta 1919 le delno izpolnjena, saj je novo- nekaterih univerzah že od 13� stoletja opravljali tudi avtopsije� ustanovljena fakulteta obsegala le prva dva, pripravljalna letnika� V času renesanse se je medicina ločila od antičnih vzorov, novo Fakulteta se je s tretjim letnikom razširila šele leta 1940, popolna obdobje v njenem razvoju pa se je začelo v 17� stoletju z eksperi- pa je postala leta 1945� menti Francisa Bacona� Visoko šolstvo habsburške monarhije je Medicinska fakulteta sodi danes med naše najprestižnejše zaostajalo za zahodno Evropo� Reforma univerzitetnega študija članice, kamor se vpisujejo najboljši dijaki in na kateri poučujejo v Avstriji in navezava na študijske sisteme zahodne Evrope profesorji, ki so ponesli ime Univerze v Ljubljani širom po svetu� v drugi polovici 18� stoletja ni uspela� V veljavi je bil dvojni Žal se Medicinska fakulteta sooča z mnogimi težavami: nima sistem terciarnega šolstva: licejski in univerzitetni� Liceji za ustreznih prostorov za kvalitetno izvedbo pouka, nima ustrezne razliko od pravih univerz niso bili usmerjeni v znanstveno delo, opreme za raziskovalno delo, predvsem pa ji proračunska posvečali so se predvsem izobraževanju za poklicno prakso� Z sredstva ne omogočajo normalnih pogojev za delo� ustanovitvijo liceja leta 1791 je Ljubljana prvič dobila višješolski Arhivsko-muzejski službi z dr� Jožetom Ciperletom na čelu se medicinski študij, v času Ilirskih provinc pa pravi univerzitetni iskreno zahvaljujem za opravljeno delo in čestitam k novemu študij medicine, saj na tedanji centralni šoli oziroma akademiji zborniku, ki priča o bogatosti in vsestranskosti naše Univerze� Prof. dr. Radovan Stanislav Pejovnik, rektor 5 Uvod Študij medicine ima dolgo tradicijo� Arheološke najdbe kažejo, da je že pračlovek opravljal presenetljivo precizne kirurške posege, zato zgodovinarji medicine domnevajo, da je že tedaj obstajalo temeljno kvazimedicinsko znanje� V antiki je bil medicinski študij prvič formalno definiran v prisegi, ki se danes imenuje po znamenitem antičnem grškem zdravniku Hipokratu (okoli 460–okoli 380 pred Kristusovim rojstvom) z egejskega otoka Kosa, in v njegovih predpisih in naukih� V srednjem veku so bile ustvarjene prve osnove za medicinski študij na univerzah� Ob arabskih kulturnih vplivih je bila ob koncu 10� stoletja ustano- vljena v Salernu prva zdravstvena ustanova na Zahodu� Salernska šola zdravstva (it� Scuola Medica Salernitana) je prva evropska zdravstvena ustanova, ki že stoletja velja za predhodnico moderne univerzitetne medicinske fakultete� Zgodovina medicine se zato deli na »salernsko obdobje« (približno od enajstega stoletja dalje), zgodnjesrednjeveška medicina pa spada v »predsalernsko obdobje«� V zgodnjem srednjem veku je namreč pogosto prišlo do neproduktivnega zlitja medicine in alkemije, kar je v veliki meri uničilo formalno že ustvarjene temelje študija medicine in ga potisnilo v bližino čarovniških posegov� Med 12� in 15 stoletjem so nastale nove medicinske visoke šole oziroma fakultete: v Montpellieru v Franciji leta 1220, v Bologni konec 12� stoletja, v Pragi 1347, na Dunaju 1365 itd� Do leta 1500 je bilo v Evropi že več kot petsto univerz – s štirimi tradicional- nimi fakultetami: poleg medicinske še z artistično (filozofsko), teološko in pravno – ki so s svojo organizacijsko strukturo in z razumevanjem svoje avtonomije in akademske svobode produkt evropskega krščanskega srednjega veka par exellence� Srednje- veške univerze so bile pod močnim vplivom Katoliške cerkve, ki ni kontrolirala samo znanstvene vsebine, prepovedala je tudi operacije in zlasti anatomijo, kar je vodilo v izločitev kirurgije z univerz� Toda univerze se niso bile pripravljene odpovedati praktičnim izkustvom� V Bologni so verjetno že okrog leta 1260, gotovo pa v začetku 14� stoletja na usmrčenih opravljali prve avtopsije, v Benetkah od leta 1376, severno od Alp pa prvič na Dunaju leta 1404� V renesansi se je medicina ločila od antičnih vzorov, od Hipokrata in Galena, v 17� stoletju pa se je z eksperimenti Francisa Bacona začelo novo obdobje znanstvene medicine, ki traja do danes� V Avstriji so v začetku 18� stoletja poznali slabosti svojega šolstva na terciarnem področju, zlasti na univerzah, in sprožili prve obotavljive poizkuse za njihovo odpravo (reforme Nizozemca Gerarda van Swietna)� Globlji posegi v ta sektor šolstva so bili izpeljani v drugi polovici istega stoletja, ko so bile avstrijske univerze ob odpravi njihove avtonomije, avtoritete 7 in dotedanjega značaja avtonomnih korporacij spremenjene v predložili zahtevo za ustanovitev medicinske fakultete v veliki meri v šolsko organizirane institucije� Navezava na učne Ljubljani� Z zakonom o Univerzi Kraljestva Srbov, Hrvatov programe in študijske sisteme zahodne Evrope ni uspela� in Slovencev v Ljubljani je bila ustanovljena tudi medicinska Drugače je bilo s številnimi malimi višješolskimi oziroma fakulteta, ki pa je obsegala le prva dva, pripravljalna letnika� visokošolskimi učnimi ustanovami v provincah� V začetku 19� Zakonsko določilo, da se bo fakulteta postopoma izpopolnila stoletja so bile v Avstriji s forsiranjem modela terciarnega šolstva, z višjimi, kliničnimi semestri, se dolgo ni uresničilo� Fakulteta katerega osnove so bile po bavarskem vzoru podane že v času se je s tretjim
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